Ans 1 page 413

Ans 2 405 -407

Ans 3 In single point cutting of metals, a built up edge (BUE) is an accumulation of material against
the rake face, that seizes to the tool tip, separating it from the chip

Because shear is strongest at the contact surface with the cutting tool, the first layer of metal
impacting and seizing on it work-hardens more than the rest of the volume of metal. As a
consequence of this work hardening, this first layer of metal is stronger than the adjacent metal
moving away from the workpiece. Effectively, said first layer becomes part of the tool. The process
repeats itself and, after some time, a built up edge (which could be several
hundred micrometres thick) forms

Ans 5 page 427