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Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Equivalent length and diameter of pipe for combined waterways
Headrace Pipe
Length of the pipe 1956.0
Diameter of the pipe 2.1
Friction coefficient
For upsurge 0.01
For downsurge 0.015
Headloss
upsurge 2.79
downsurge 4.19
Headrace Tunnel
Length of the tunnel 2374.0
Diameter of the tunnel 2.8
Manning's roughness coefficient
For upsurge 0.02
For downsurge 0.03
Headloss
upsurge 2.20
downsurge 4.95
Headloss
upsurge 2.20
downsurge 3.30
Headloss
upsurge 3.30
downsurge 4.95
Calculation Form
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design - Summary
Assumptions
-Surge tank is simple, cylindrical type tank.
-10% increase in tunnel friction loss has been considered for other general and bend losses
- The waterways consist of combination of headrace pipe and tunnel. In The surge
analysis the tunnel length has been changed to equivalent pipe length.
References:
Water Power Development, Volume Two/A, High-head Power Plants, by Emil Mosonyi, Page: 160 onwards
Headrace Pipe
Length of pipe for load rejection 3497.13 m
Length of pipe for load acceptance 4267.70 m
Pide diameter 2.10 m
Darcy Weisbach friction coefficient
(maximum for load acceptance) 0.015
Darcy Weisbach friction coefficient
(minimum for load rejection) 0.010
Surge Tank
Diameter (For load rejection) 6.00 m
Diameter (For Load acceptance) 6.00 m
Penstock
Diameter 1.50 m
Turbine
Type Francis
No. of Units 3.00
Gordon (1970)
S kv d
S= submegence (ft.)
v= velocity of flow at intake (ft. /sec) 8.10 ft/s
d= height of intake (ft.) 7.01 ft
k= coefficient 0.3 for symmetrical approach 0.30
0.4 for unsymmetrical approach
Prosser (1977)
S 1.5d
Submergence (S) 3.15 m
ITDG Manual
v2
S 1.5
2g
v2
S 1.5
2g
Submergence (S) 0.45 m
Elevation
Elevation
Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Stability Conditions
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 3497.13 m C/s Area Aht 3.46
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht 6.60
Width W Hydraulic Radius Rht 0.53
Height to spring level m Flow velocity Vht 2.43
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.010 Frictional headloss hlt 4.86
Surge Shaft
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As 28.27
Factor of Safety F 3.00
hl t
Po
y max Po 0.30
For maximum upsurge and downsurge, with friction taken into consideration
2 1 2
y up y max 1 Po Po yup 12.95
3 9
Time of Oscillation
LAs T 338.95
T 2
gAht
At any time t,
LAht t
y V ht Sin 2
gAs T
LAht t
y V ht Sin 2
gAs T
Cross Sectional Area of the Surge Tank (Stability Consideration)
2
V LAht
As min F ht As,min 15.72
2g hlt H hlt Diameter Ds 4.47
Considered diameter Ds 6.00
m2
m
m
m/s
m
m2
seconds
m2
m
Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Opening Condition
Partial opening from 0 to 33.33% of the discharge
Headrace Pipe
Length L 4267.70 m C/s Area Aht 3.46 m2
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht 6.60 m
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht 0.53 m
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht 0.53 m
Friction coefficient f 0.015 Flow velocity Vht 0.81 m/s
Frictional headloss hlt 1.02 m
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As 28.27 m1
Diameter 2 Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As 28.27 m2
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
1 . 1 fL
1.71 s2/m
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel
2
y o Vht yo 1.12 m
y1 0.00
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m 0.06 /m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Dt y i 1 V 2
g
DV
L
644.00
56 1 0.32 0.0596454 4.71 4.77 0.1766585 4.59 0.01056 638.29
57 1 0.33 0.0583518 4.77 4.83 0.1884534 4.64 0.01067 638.23
642.00 58 1 0.34 0.0570452 4.83 4.89 0.2007549 4.69 0.01077 638.17
59 1 0.35 0.0557259 4.89 4.94 0.2135695 4.73 0.01087 638.11
640.00 60 1 0.36 0.0543946 4.94 5.00 0.2269033 4.77 0.01096 638.06
61 1 0.38 0.0530517 5.00 5.05 0.240762 4.81 0.01105 638.00
638.00 62 1 0.39 0.0516978 5.05 5.10 0.2551505 4.85 0.01114 637.95
63 1 0.40 0.0503333 5.10 5.15 0.270073 4.88 0.01122 637.90
636.00 64 1 0.41 0.0489589 5.15 5.20 0.2855332 4.91 0.0113 637.85
65 1 0.42 0.0475751 5.20 5.25 0.3015343 4.95 0.01137 637.80
634.00 66 1 0.43 0.0461823 5.25 5.29 0.3180787 4.98 0.01144 637.75
67 1 0.44 0.0447812 5.29 5.34 0.3351679 5.00 0.0115 637.71
632.00 68 1 0.45 0.0433724 5.34 5.38 0.3528032 5.03 0.01156 637.66
0 69
100 1
200 0.47
300 0.0419562
400 500 5.38
600 700 800 5.429000.3709848
1000 11005.051200
0.01161 637.62
70 1 0.48 0.0405334 5.42 5.46 0.3897124 5.07 0.01166 637.58
71 1 0.49 Time (Sec)5.46
0.0391044 5.50 0.4089849 5.09 0.01171 637.54
72 1 0.50 0.0376699 5.50 5.54 0.4288006 5.11 0.01175 637.50
73 1 0.51 0.0362303 5.54 5.58 0.4491569 5.13 0.01179 637.46
74 1 0.52 0.0347863 5.58 5.61 0.4700508 5.14 0.01182 637.42
75 1 0.54 0.0333383 5.61 5.65 0.4914781 5.15 0.01185 637.39
76 1 0.55 0.031887 5.65 5.68 0.5134342 5.16 0.01187 637.35
77 1 0.56 0.0304329 5.68 5.71 0.5359139 5.17 0.01189 637.32
78 1 0.57 0.0289766 5.71 5.74 0.5589109 5.18 0.0119 637.29
Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Opening Condition
Partial opening from 33.33% to 66.66% of the discharge
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 4267.70 m C/s Area
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter
Width W m Hydraulic Radius
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.015 Flow velocity
Frictional headloss
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel
2
y o Vht
Damping factor
2 gAs
m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Initial discharge
Q A
Dy o Dt ht Vi Dt Initial velocity
As As
Q A
Dy o Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
y i 1 y i Dy Maximum downsurge
Minimum water elevation
Dt y i 1 V 2
g
DV
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1
As 28.27 m1
As 28.27 m2
1.71 s2/m
yo 4.47 m
y1 1.12
m 0.06 /m
Q1 2.80 m3/s
V1 0.81 m/s
7.70 m
635.30 masl
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Opening Condition
Partial opening from 66.66% to 100% of the discharge
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 4267.70 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.015 Flow velocity Vht
Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel
2
y o Vht yo
y1
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q A
Dy o Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
Q A Initial discharge Q1
Dy o Dt ht Vi Dt Initial velocity V1
As As
y i 1 y i Dy Maximum downsurge
Minimum water elevation
Dt y i 1 V 2
g
DV
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2
640.00
638.00
41 1 Opening 66.66%-100%
1.77 0.08032522 8.17 8.25 5.3513
42 1 1.78 0.07950875 8.25 8.33 5.3917
640.00 43 1 1.78 0.07868126 8.33 8.41 5.4328
44 1 1.79 0.07784319 8.41 8.49 5.4746
45 1 1.80 0.07699496 8.49 8.56 5.517
638.00 46 1 1.80 0.076137 8.56 8.64 5.5601
Elevation
28.27 m1
28.27 m2
1.71 s2/m
10.05 m
4.47
0.06 /m
5.60 m3/s
1.62 m/s
11.80 m
631.20 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.00 0 638.53
0.10 0.0002 638.53
0.20 0.0005 638.43
0.29 0.0007 638.33
0.39 0.0009 638.24
0.48 0.0011 638.14
0.57 0.0013 638.04
0.67 0.0015 637.94
0.76 0.0017 637.84
0.84 0.0019 637.74
0.93 0.0021 637.64
1.02 0.0023 637.55
1.10 0.0025 637.45
1.18 0.0027 637.35
1.27 0.0029 637.25
1.35 0.0031 637.16
1.42 0.0033 637.06
1.50 0.0034 636.97
1.58 0.0036 636.87
1.65 0.0038 636.78
1.72 0.004 636.68
1.79 0.0041 636.59
1.86 0.0043 636.49
1.93 0.0044 636.40
2.00 0.0046 636.31
2.06 0.0047 636.22
2.13 0.0049 636.12
2.19 0.005 636.03
2.25 0.0052 635.94
2.31 0.0053 635.85
2.37 0.0054 635.76
2.42 0.0056 635.67
2.48 0.0057 635.59
2.53 0.0058 635.50
2.58 0.0059 635.41
2.63 0.0061 635.33
2.68 0.0062 635.24
2.73 0.0063 635.16
2.77 0.0064 635.08
2.82 0.0065 634.99
2.86 0.0066 634.91
2.90 0.0067 634.83
2.94 0.0068 634.75
2.98 0.0068 634.67
3.01 0.0069 634.59
3.05 0.007 634.51
3.08 0.0071 634.44
3.11 0.0072 634.36
3.14 0.0072 634.28
3.17 0.0073 634.21
3.20 0.0073 634.14
3.22 0.0074 634.06
3.25 0.0075 633.99
3.27 0.0075 633.92
3.29 0.0076 633.85
3.31 0.0076 633.78
3.33 0.0077 633.71
3.35 0.0077 633.65
3.36 0.0077 633.58
3.38 0.0078 633.52
3.39 0.0078 633.45
3.401600
0 1200 1300 1400 1500 0.0078 633.39
1700 1800
3.41 0.0078 633.33
3.42 0.0079 633.26
3.43 0.0079 633.20
3.43 0.0079 633.14
3.44 0.0079 633.09
3.44 0.0079 633.03
3.44 0.0079 632.97
3.44 0.0079 632.92
3.44 0.0079 632.86
3.44 0.0079 632.81
3.44 0.0079 632.76
3.44 0.0079 632.70
3.43 0.0079 632.65
Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Opening Condition
Partial opening from 0 to 66.66% of the opening
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 4267.70 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.015 Flow velocity Vht
M 66.67 Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel
2
y o Vht yo
y1
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q A
Dy o Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
Q A Initial discharge Q1
Dy o Dt ht Vi Dt Initial velocity V1
As As
y i 1 y i Dy Maximum downsurge
Minimum water elevation
Dt y i 1 V 2
g
DV
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2
28.27
28.27 m2
1.71 s2/m
4.47 m
0.00
0.06 /m
0.00 m3/s
0.00 m/s
12.27 m
630.73 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.00 0 643.00
0.20 0.0005 643.00
0.40 0.0009 642.80
0.59 0.0014 642.60
0.79 0.0018 642.41
0.99 0.0023 642.21
1.19 0.0027 642.01
1.38 0.0032 641.81
1.58 0.0036 641.62
1.78 0.0041 641.42
1.97 0.0045 641.22
2.17 0.005 641.03
2.36 0.0054 640.83
2.55 0.0059 640.64
2.74 0.0063 640.45
2.94 0.0067 640.25
3.13 0.0072 640.06
3.32 0.0076 639.87
3.50 0.0081 639.68
3.69 0.0085 639.49
3.87 0.0089 639.30
4.06 0.0093 639.11
4.24 0.0097 638.93
4.42 0.0102 638.74
4.60 0.0106 638.56
4.78 0.011 638.37
4.95 0.0114 638.19
5.13 0.0118 638.01
5.30 0.0122 637.83
5.46 0.0126 637.66
5.63 0.0129 637.48
5.79 0.0133 637.31
5.96 0.0137 637.13
6.12 0.0141 636.96
6.27 0.0144 636.79
6.42 0.0148 636.62
6.58 0.0151 636.46
6.72 0.0155 636.29
6.87 0.0158 636.13
7.01 0.0161 635.97
7.15 0.0164 635.81
7.28 0.0167 635.66
7.41 0.017 635.50
7.54 0.0173 635.35
7.67 0.0176 635.20
7.79 0.0179 635.05
7.91 0.0182 634.90
8.02 0.0184 634.76
8.13 0.0187 634.62
8.24 0.0189 634.48
8.34 0.0192 634.34
8.44 0.0194 634.21
8.53 0.0196 634.07
8.62 0.0198 633.94
8.70 0.02 633.82
8.79 0.0202 633.69
8.86 0.0204 633.57
8.94 0.0205 633.45
9.01 0.0207 633.33
9.07 0.0208 633.22
9.13 0.021 633.10
9.19 0.0211 632.99
9.24 0.0212 632.88
9.28 0.0213 632.78
9.32 0.0214 632.68
9.36 0.0215 632.58
9.40 0.0216 632.48
9.42 0.0217 632.39
500 9.45 600
0.0217 632.29
9.47 0.0218 632.20
9.48 0.0218 632.12
9.50 0.0218 632.03
9.50 0.0218 631.95
9.50 0.0218 631.87
Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Opening Condition
Complete opening from 0 to 100%
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 4267.70 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.015 Flow velocity Vht
Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Height Hs 18.00 m
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel
2
y o Vht yo
y1
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Initial discharge Q1
Q A Initial velocity V1
Dy o Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
Maximum downsurge
y i 1 y i Dy Minimum water elevation
Dt y i 1 V 2
g
DV
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2
630.00
625.00
Water Elevatio
645.00
640.00
28.27
28.27 m2
1.71 s2/m
10.05 m
0.00
0.06 /m
0.00 m3/s
0.00 m/s
18.85 m
624.15 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
0.00 0 643.00
0.30 0.00068 643.00
0.59 0.00137 642.70
0.89 0.00205 642.41
1.19 0.00273 642.11
1.48 0.00341 641.81
1.78 0.00409 641.52
2.07 0.00477 641.22
2.37 0.00545 640.93
2.66 0.00612 640.63
2.96 0.00679 640.34
3.25 0.00746 640.04
3.54 0.00813 639.75
3.83 0.0088 639.46
4.11 0.00946 639.17
4.40 0.01012 638.88
4.69 0.01077 638.59
4.97 0.01142 638.30
5.25 0.01206 638.02
5.53 0.0127 637.73
5.80 0.01334 637.45
6.08 0.01397 637.17
6.35 0.01459 636.89
6.62 0.01521 636.61
6.88 0.01582 636.33
7.14 0.01642 636.06
7.40 0.01701 635.79
7.66 0.0176 635.52
7.91 0.01818 635.25
8.16 0.01875 634.98
8.40 0.01931 634.72
8.64 0.01986 634.46
8.87 0.0204 634.20
9.11 0.02093 633.94
9.33 0.02145 633.69
9.55 0.02196 633.44
9.77 0.02246 633.19
9.98 0.02294 632.94
10.19 0.02341 632.70
10.39 0.02387 632.45
10.58 0.02432 632.22
10.77 0.02476 631.98
10.95 0.02518 631.75
11.13 0.02559 631.52
11.30 0.02598 631.29
11.47 0.02636 631.07
11.62 0.02672 630.85
11.78 0.02707 630.64
11.92 0.0274 630.42
12.06 0.02772 630.21
12.19 0.02803 630.01
12.32 0.02831 629.80
12.43 0.02858 629.60
12.55 0.02884 629.41
12.65 0.02908 629.21
12.75 0.0293 629.02
12.84 0.02951 628.84
12.92 0.02969 628.66
12.99 0.02987 628.48
13.06 0.03002 628.30
13.12 0.03016 628.13
13.17 0.03028 627.97
13.22 0.03039 627.80
13.26 0.03048 627.64
13.29 0.03055 627.48
13.31 0.0306 627.33
13.33 0.03064 627.18
13.34 0.03067 627.04
13.34 0.03067 626.90
13.34 0.03066 626.76
800 900 1000 1100
13.33 0.03064 626.63
13.31 0.0306 626.50
13.29 0.03054 626.37
13.25 0.03047 626.25
13.22 0.03038 626.13
13.17 0.03028 626.01
13.12 0.03016 625.90
13.06 0.03003 625.79
13.00 0.02988 625.69
12.93 0.02973 625.59
Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Different Methods
Headrace Tunnel
Length L 3497.13 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter D 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.010 Flow velocity Vht
M 100.00 Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel and headrace pipe yo
Mises Relation
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m
LAht
LAht Y
Y
2 gAst
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
5.49 m
0.0428 /m
0.6736
0.6736
681.52 masl
23.39 m
5.49
16.03
0.34
(12.57) m
655.57 masl
5.49
16.03
17.03
16.67
16.71
625.97 masl
Units Engineering Consultancy P Ltd.
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Closure Condition
Total closure from 100% to 0
Headrace Tunnel
Length Lt 3497.13 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter Dt 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.010 Flow velocity Vht
Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel and headrace pipe
2
y o Vht yo
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q A
Dy 1 Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
Q A
Dy 1 Dt ht Vi Dt Final discharge Q1
As As
y i 1 y i Dy
Maximum upsurge
DV Dt y i 1 V 2
g Maximum upsurge elevation
Minimum downsurge elevation
L
(1.64)
Negative surge or upsurge (rising water surface)
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
5.49 m
0.043 /m
0.00 m3/s
(12.56) m
655.56 masl
633.78 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Closure Condition
Partial closure from 100% to 66.66%
Headrace Tunnel
Length Lt 3497.13 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter Dt 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.010 Flow velocity Vht
Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel and headrace pipe
2
y o Vht yo
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q A Final discharge Q1
Dy 1 Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
Q A
Dy 1 Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
y i 1 y i Dy Maximum upsurge
Maximum upsurge elevation
Dt y i 1 V 2
g Minimum downsurge elevation
DV
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
5.49 m
0.043 /m
5.60 m3/s
(0.70) masl
643.70 masl
637.51 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Closure Condition
Partial closure from 100% to 33.33%
Headrace Tunnel
Length Lt 3497.13 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter Dt 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.010 Flow velocity Vht
Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel and headrace pipe
2
y o Vht yo
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q A Final discharge Q1
Dy 1 Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
Q A
Dy 1 Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
y i 1 y i Dy
Maximum upsurge
DV Dt y i 1 V 2
g Maximum upsurge elevation
Minimum downsurge elevation
L
Negative surge or upsurge (rising water surface)
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
5.49 m
0.043 /m
2.80 m3/s
(6.71) m
649.71 masl
636.38 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
Calculation Form
Project: Mai Beni Hydropower Project
Component: Surge tank
Subject: Hydraulic design
Closure Condition
Partial closure from 66.66% to 0
Headrace Tunnel
Length Lt 3497.13 m C/s Area Aht
Diameter Dt 2.10 m Wetted Perimeter Pht
Width W m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Height to spring level m Hydraulic Radius Rht
Manning's roughness coefficient 0.010 Flow velocity Vht
M 100.00 Frictional headloss hlt
Surge Shaft
Diameter 1 6.00 C/s Area As
Diameter Ds 6.00 m C/s Area As
Static water elevation 643.00 m
Calculations
1 . 1 fL
2 gD
Headloss in the tunnel and headrace pipe
2
y o Vht yo
Damping factor
2 gAs
m m
LAht
Transient Analysis
Q A Q1
Dy 1 Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
Q A
Dy 1 Dt ht Vi Dt
As As
y i 1 y i Dy Maximum upsurge
Maximum upsurge elevation
Dt y i 1 V 2
g Minimum downsurge elevation
DV
L
t Dt vi Dy yi yi+1 vi2
28.27
28.27 m2
0.93 s2/m
2.44 m
0.043 /m
0.00 m3/s
(9.11) m
652.11 masl
635.78 masl
yi+1 - vi2 Dv WL
CALCULATION FORM
Date: 2016.07.20 Calc. by
Job: Likhu 2 Hydroelectric Project Job no. 930063 Chkd.
Subject: Water hammer pressure in penstock pipe Drg. No.
Parameters:
Design discharge Qd 10.30 m3/s
Static water elevation 643.00 masl
Turbine elevation 812.00 masl
Gross head hs (169.00) m
Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s2
Sp. Wt. of water g 9810.00 N/m3
Turbine
Type Francis
No. of units 3.00
No. of jets -
Penstock
Material Mild steel
Internal Diameter Dp 2.20 m
Modulus of Elasticity Est 2.00E+11 N/m2
Page 73 of 95
0 22 0.022
0 25 0.025
0 28 0.028
0 32 0.032 685.00
0.848 0 25 0.025
Total length L 685.00
Page 74 of 95
Modulus of Elasticity of water Ew 2.07E+09 N/m2
[For 10oC and 500 m water column]
When Tc=T/2
Time of closure Tc 1.43 s
overpressure ha 264.05 m
distance to constant overpressure from penstock inlet xo 685.00 m
When Tc>T/2
Case of slow closure
Time of closure Tc 10.00 s
overpressure ha 264.05 m ha 2 L
hmax
h max
maximum pressure developed at the valve 37.84 m aT c
Page 75 of 95
ha 2 L
h max
aT c
time to reach the pressure value of hmax t 1.43 s
distance to constant overpressure from penstock inlet xo 1334.17 m
Page 76 of 95
When Tc<T/2 When Tc=T/2
Surge
Penstock center Penstock soffit Static pressure Length of
Horizontal distance Overpressure pressure Overpressure
level level elevation penstock
elevation
L h h
Page 77 of 95
1672.70 1262.18 1263.28 643.00 1739.04 264.05 907.05 264.05
1728.15 1261.68 1262.78 643.00 1794.49 264.05 907.05 264.05
1763.32 1241.11 1242.21 643.00 1835.23 264.05 907.05 264.05
Page 78 of 95
Condition of total opening
Let the time of opening be To
2H o
()
hmax ho 1 1
ho
When To<T/2
a 2v 2
Case of rapid opening ho
2g 2 H o
When To>T/2
2v 2 L2
Case of slow opening ho
g 2To2 H o To 10.00
When To<T/2
L Ho ho hmax(-)
0.00 643.00 1615.15 1616.25 0.00 (973.25) (35.82) (230.65)
38.80 643.00 1614.76 1615.86 38.80 (972.86) (35.83) (230.64)
106.01 643.00 1614.09 1615.19 106.02 (972.19) (35.86) (230.61)
169.01 643.00 1613.46 1614.56 169.02 (971.56) (35.88) (230.59)
215.71 643.00 1612.99 1614.09 215.72 (971.09) (35.90) (230.58)
262.21 643.00 1612.53 1613.63 262.22 (970.63) (35.92) (230.56)
322.07 643.00 1611.93 1613.03 322.09 (970.03) (35.94) (230.55)
398.86 643.00 1611.16 1612.26 398.88 (969.26) (35.97) (230.52)
500.83 643.00 1610.14 1611.24 500.85 (968.24) (36.00) (230.49)
556.03 643.00 1609.59 1610.69 556.06 (967.69) (36.02) (230.47)
598.95 643.00 1609.16 1610.26 598.98 (967.26) (36.04) (230.46)
682.88 643.00 1608.32 1609.42 682.91 (966.42) (36.07) (230.43)
745.06 643.00 1591.97 1593.07 747.21 (950.07) (36.69) (229.89)
790.18 643.00 1573.02 1574.12 796.15 (931.12) (37.44) (229.25)
828.54 643.00 1558.01 1559.11 837.34 (916.11) (38.05) (228.72)
884.64 643.00 1541.33 1542.43 895.87 (899.43) (38.76) (228.12)
940.74 643.00 1524.65 1525.75 954.39 (882.75) (39.49) (227.49)
963.12 643.00 1511.25 1512.35 980.48 (869.35) (40.10) (226.98)
1010.57 643.00 1498.10 1499.20 1029.71 (856.20) (40.72) (226.45)
Page 79 of 95
1042.30 643.00 1480.64 1481.74 1065.93 (838.74) (41.56) (225.74)
1105.90 643.00 1460.00 1461.10 1132.79 (818.10) (42.61) (224.85)
1135.90 643.00 1445.54 1446.64 1166.10 (803.64) (43.38) (224.21)
1165.89 643.00 1434.40 1435.50 1198.09 (792.50) (43.99) (223.70)
1242.76 643.00 1396.43 1397.53 1283.83 (754.53) (46.20) (221.86)
1319.64 643.00 1358.47 1359.57 1369.57 (716.57) (48.65) (219.84)
1382.37 643.00 1342.60 1343.70 1434.27 (700.70) (49.75) (218.94)
1444.48 643.00 1315.18 1316.28 1502.17 (673.28) (51.78) (217.30)
1477.57 643.00 1296.45 1297.55 1540.19 (654.55) (53.26) (216.11)
1523.78 643.00 1292.59 1293.69 1586.56 (650.69) (53.58) (215.85)
1603.44 643.00 1282.51 1283.61 1666.86 (640.61) (54.42) (215.18)
1672.70 643.00 1262.18 1263.28 1739.04 (620.28) (56.20) (213.76)
1728.15 643.00 1261.68 1262.78 1794.49 (619.78) (56.25) (213.73)
1763.32 643.00 1241.11 1242.21 1835.23 (599.21) (58.18) (212.20)
Page 80 of 95
ha 2 L
aT c -22.4%
Page 81 of 95
ha 2 L
aT c
Page 82 of 95
When Tc=T/2 When Tc>T/2
Surge Surge
pressure Overpressure pressure
elevation elevation
h
Page 83 of 95
907.05 37.84 680.84
907.05 37.84 680.84
907.05 37.84 680.84
Page 84 of 95
en To<T/2 When To>T/2
Surge Surge
pressure pressure
elevation elevation
ho hmax(-)
873.65 (5.28) (96.24) 739.24
873.64 (5.28) (96.24) 739.24
873.61 (5.29) (96.23) 739.23
873.59 (5.29) (96.23) 739.23
873.58 (5.29) (96.23) 739.23
873.56 (5.29) (96.22) 739.22
873.55 (5.30) (96.22) 739.22
873.52 (5.30) (96.22) 739.22
873.49 (5.31) (96.21) 739.21
873.47 (5.31) (96.21) 739.21
873.46 (5.31) (96.21) 739.21
873.43 (5.32) (96.20) 739.20
872.89 (5.41) (96.12) 739.12
872.25 (5.52) (96.01) 739.01
871.72 (5.61) (95.93) 738.93
871.12 (5.71) (95.83) 738.83
870.49 (5.82) (95.73) 738.73
869.98 (5.91) (95.64) 738.64
869.45 (6.00) (95.56) 738.56
Page 85 of 95
868.74 (6.13) (95.44) 738.44
867.85 (6.28) (95.29) 738.29
867.21 (6.39) (95.19) 738.19
866.70 (6.48) (95.10) 738.10
864.86 (6.81) (94.80) 737.80
862.84 (7.17) (94.46) 737.46
861.94 (7.33) (94.31) 737.31
860.30 (7.63) (94.03) 737.03
859.11 (7.85) (93.83) 736.83
858.85 (7.90) (93.79) 736.79
858.18 (8.02) (93.68) 736.68
856.76 (8.28) (93.43) 736.43
856.73 (8.29) (93.43) 736.43
855.20 (8.58) (93.17) 736.17
Page 86 of 95
3.73 6
14.92 28.27433
7.48372 43.98705
Water hammer pressure in closing
2400.00
Tc<T/2
2200.00
Elevation
Tc=T/2
2000.00
Tc>T/2
1800.00
Static line
1600.00
Penstock
center
1400.00
1200.00
0 0 8 0 0 1 0 1 7 1 2 1 0 7 8 6 8 3 0 3 9 5 8 8 0 6 1 8 5 4 6 4 7 4 1 2 5 7 30 9 0 9 0 89 76 6 4 37 4 8 5 7 7 8 44 7 0 1 5 32
0. 38. 0 6. 6 9. 15. 62. 2 2. 9 8. 00. 56. 9 8. 82. 45. 9 0. 28 . 84. 4 0. 6 3. 10. 42. 05. 35. 65. 42. 19. 82. 44. 77. 2 3. 03. 72. 28. 63 .
1 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 17
Chainage
Water hammer pressure in Opening
1650.00
1600.00
1550.00
Elevation
1500.00
1450.00
1400.00
1350.00
1300.00
1250.00
1200.00
00 80 01 01 71 21 07 86 83 03 95 88 06 18 54 64 74 12 57 30 90 90 89 76 64 37 48 57 78 44 70 15 32
0. 38. 06. 69. 15. 62. 22. 98. 00. 56. 98. 82. 45. 90. 28. 84. 40. 63. 10. 42. 05. 35. 65. 42. 19. 82. 44. 77. 23. 03. 72. 28. 63.
1 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 17
To<T/2
To>T/2
penstock center Chainage
static head
Sabha Khola A Hydropower Project
Hydraulic analysis of Surge tank
Z* 1 Z* 3
hf hor hf
2 4 2 4
l f
Z * vo
g F
2
Qo
h or 2 2
C d F0 2 g
Where,
hor= Head loss in orifice for restricted orifice surge tank
z*= Surge height corresponding to change in discharge neglecting friction and orifice loss
Ao= Area of Orifice
Cd= Coefficient of Discharge of Orifice=0.6 to 0.9 = 0.72
hf= Steady State Loss upto Surge Tank
hor= 2.22 m
Z*= 12.02 m
Z* 1
hf
2 4 11.22 m
not ok
Z* 3
hf
2 4 16.68 m
β= 0.93
Head loss coefficient of orifice, η= 0.72
0.5646
v= 2.42522 m/s
l f
Z* Vo 12.02
g F
( )v 2
0.81
Z*
Where Z* = Surge height corresponding to change in discharge neglecting friction and orifice losses
From Graph, for the value of D22
Z max
Z*
0.46 for 0.6
Z max
0.48 for 0.4
Z*
Z max
0.475 0.5646007081
Z*