Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PERNAFASAN ATAS
INFECTIONS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
© Dennis Kunkel
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
Group D
• Includes the fecal streptococci (enterococci)
• Normal colon flora
in humans & other animals
• Genus Enterococcus
• Several species; eg. Enterococcus faecalis
• Occasionally pathogenic;
often in urinary tract infections
• Usually gamma reactive
• Detected biochemically
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF THE
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (URT)
▪ Laryngitis & Epiglottitis
▪ Otitis media, mastoiditis, and sinusitis
▪ Pharyngitis
▪ Diphtheria
Laryngitis & Epiglottitis
▪ Laryngitis is swelling and irritation
(inflammation) of the voice box (larynx) that is
usually associated with hoarseness or loss of
voice-Haemophilus influenzae & Streptococcus
pneumoniae, could be fungal and viral.
▪ Epiglottitis- Inflammation of the cartilage that
covers the trachea (windpipe)-Haemophilus
influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or
Streptococcus pyogenes.
Otitis (URT)
Otitis media- general term for infection or inflammation
of the ear-fluid/exudates/pus/in the middle ear due to
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or
Streptococcus pyogenes.
OTITIS MEDIA, MASTOIDITIS, AND
SINUSITIS
▶ Middle ear, mastoid cavity, and sinuses are connected to the
nasopharynx.
▶ Sinuses and eustachian tubes have ciliated epithelial cells.
◦ A virus initially invades the ciliated epithelium.
◦ This destroys the ciliated cells, allowing bacteria to invade.
▶ Mastoiditis is uncommon but very dangerous. Mastoid cavity
is close to the nervous system and large blood vessels.
▶ Sinusitis- Inflammation of the sinuses and nasal passages,
upper respiratory tract infection, the most common three
causative agents are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis
PHARYNGITIS
▪ A variety of bacteria can cause infection in the
pharynx.
▪ A classic infection is strep throat.
▫ Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
◾ Contains M proteins which inhibits phagocytosis
◾ Produces pyrogenic toxins which cause the
symptoms seen with pharyngitis
▪ Group A streptococci can cause abscesses on the
tonsils.
▪ S. pyogenes can cause scarlet fever and toxic shock
syndrome.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis-reddened
adenoids -side of the throat (URT
Bacterial Diseases)
43
DIPHTHERIA
© Visuals Unlimited
….DIPHTHERIA
▪ TWO types:
A . Atypical pneumonia
▫ Coughing without sputum
▫ Caused by a variety of bacteria
▪ Bacterial pneumonia can progress to the
production of lung abscesses.
…BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
B. Typical or Classic Pneumonia
▪ Typical bacterial pneumonia is a respiratory
condition with inflammation of the lung.
▪ Often characterized as inflammation of the
parenchyma of the lung (the alveoli) and
abnormal alveolar filling with fluid.
▪ Typical symptoms associated with pneumonia
include cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty in
breathing.
▪ Bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics.
..Further Classification of Pneumonia
Lobar Pneumonia:
▪ Streptococcus pneumonia that affects a part of a lobe in the
lung or it may affect more than one lobes.
Bronchial Pneumonia:
▪ pneumonia spreads to several patches in one or both lungs
▪ is most prevalant in infants, young children and aged adults
▪ cough (with or without mucus), chest pain, rapid breathing,
and shortness of breath
▪ Transmitted by respiratory droplets
Types of bacteria causing
pneumonia
Gram-positive bacteria:
Streptococcus pneumoniae, often called
"pneumococcus" , Staphylococcus aureus, with
Streptococcus agalactiae.
Gram-negative bacteria:
▪ Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Moraxella catarrhalis.
…..BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Treatment
▪ Course of treatment depends on:
▫ Severity of the infection.
▫ Type of organism causing the infection.
▪ Most common pathogen is Streptococcus
pneumoniae.
▫ Treated with penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate,
and erythromycin.
2. CHLAMYDIAL PNEUMONIA
▪ Caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae:
▫ Found throughout the world
▫ Responsible for 10% of pneumonia cases-
pharyngitis
▫ Lower-respiratory-tract infection
Infection occurs throughout the year.
▫ Spread by person-to-person contact
▫ More infections in the elderly
▫ Can cause both community-acquired and
nosocomial infections
▫ Similar to Mycoplasma pneumonia.
▫ Tetracycline or erythromycin
3. MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA
▪ Mild form of pneumonia
▪ Accounts for about 10% of all pneumonias
▪ Referred to as walking pneumonia
▫ No need for hospitalization.
▪ Most common age for infections between 5 and 15
years.
▫ Causes approximately 30% of all teenage
pneumonias.
..MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA
▪ Zoonotic pneumonia
▪ Contracted by inhalation of bird droppings
infected with Chlamydia psittaci.
▫ Found in many birds, including turkeys
▪ Some strains of C. psittaci are extremely
contagious.
▪ Acute onset of fever, headache, malaise, muscle
aches, dry cough
▪ Tetracycline and erythromycin are effective if given
early.
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
▪ 75-80% of all acute respiratory tract infections
in the US are of viral origin.
▫ Everyone has 3 or 4 per year
▪ Incidence varies inversely with age.
▫ Greatest in young children
..VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
▪ Majority of acute viral infections are in the lower
respiratory tract and caused by:
▫ Influenza virus.
▫ Respiratory syncytial virus.
▪ Common characteristics of infection are:
▫ Short incubation period of 1 to 4 days.
▫ Transmission from person to person.
▪ Transmission can be direct or indirect.
▫ Direct – through droplets
▫ Indirect – through hand transfer of contaminated secretions
1. INFLUENZA