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PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
Objectives:
1) Learn to operate the spectrophotometer as a laboratory tool
2) Use the spectrophotometer to assay the light absorbing properties of plant extracts
containing an unknown assortment of plant pigments.
2) Describe the application of this technique to the study of plant pigments.
3) Generate ideas for independent projects on the topic of color in plants.
Recall from the previous lab that “pigments” are molecules capable of absorbing and reflecting
light. Our perception of “color” is a function of our eyes detecting differences in the
wavelengths at which photons are traveling. Different pigments have different abilities to
absorb and reflect photons traveling at different wavelengths. For example, a pigment that
appears “red” is reflecting photons that are traveling in wavelengths of approximately 700 nm,
while at the same time absorbing photons that are traveling in wavelengths that are both
shorter and longer than 700 nm. We perceive the color “red” because only the photons
traveling at 700 nm are reflected back to our eyes (our eyes cannot detect the photons that
are absorbed by a pigment). How do we explain the perception of “black” and “white” pigments
in terms of reflectance/absorbance of light?
Colors vary among pigments because different pigments absorb and reflect different
wavelengths of light, as well as different amounts of the same wavelength. For example, back
to our discussion of red – not all reds appear the same. Some reds are lighter or darker than
others, or they may have different qualities resulting from undertones, hues, or casts of other
colors, such as blues or yellows.
1) Cut a strip of white paper that exactly fits the length and width of a "cuvette" (the
name of the specialized tubes that go into a spectrophotometer). Insert a cuvette with
the paper into the cuvette holder in the spectrophotometer. Align the white stripe on
the cuvette with the line on the cuvette holder.ONLY cuvettes should be inserted into
the spectrophotometer. Never insert a standard test tube into the spec!
2) Leaving the sample holder cover open, place a cylinder of black paper around the opening
that you will look into (think: play telescope).
3) Set the wavelength to 620 nm. Adjust the position of the cuvette tube to maximize the
amount of red light you see on the side of the paper.
4) While one person looks into the cuvette, have another person adjust the wavelength
setting. Record the range of wavelengths at which you see each of the colors of
the rainbow (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet).
This exercise is to 1) account for variation among different machines in the wavelengths
displayed and the color of light transmitted and, 2) to illustrate that adjusting the wavelength
setting will, in fact, change the color of light transmitted through the cuvette.
Note: The actual amount of plant material used to prepare the extract is quite small. If you’re
interested in assaying the pigments of a large flower, fruit, or leaf, you may find it best to first
prepare a homogenate. Homogenize the larger sample of plant tissue by chopping into very fine
pieces using a blender, food mill, or by hand, then mixing thoroughly before removing a
subsample of the homogenate of the appropriate weight for preparing the extract.
1) Tare a weigh boat and weigh 0.5 g of your plant material. Record the exact weight in
your lab notebook. Transfer all the weighed plant material into a mortar (the basin;
the pestle is the grinding device).
2) Add a small amount of liquid nitrogen to the mortar and grind quickly by hand with
the pestle until your plant material resembles a fine powder. Continue adding small
amounts of liquid N if your sample begins to thaw.
WARNING: Though it’s way cool and looks like a lot of fun, liquid N is dangerous
and can cause serious harm when mishandled!! Wear safety goggles and protective
gloves when handling!
3) Measure 15 ml ethanol into a graduated cylinder. Using a transfer pipet, add approx.
5-10 ml of the 15 ml ethanol to your mortar and continue grinding to extract the
pigments into solution. Reserve the remainder of the 15 ml ethanol to rinse the plant
material adhering to the mortar and pestle.
4) Line a glass funnel with a filter paper cone and place the neck of the funnel into a
25ml test tube or flask labeled “100%”. Filter the solid particles out of your sample
solution by pouring the extract into the lined funnel. Use the remainder of your 15
ml ethanol to rinse the mortar and pestle into the funnel. ALL of the 15 ml ethanol
needs to go into the sample extract. THIS IS YOUR ORIGINAL PLANT EXTRACT
(100%).
1) Collect 3 smaller (10 - 15 ml) test tubes (not cuvettes), and label as follows: 50%, 25%,
12.5%
2) Make the 50% solution: Transfer 4 ml of 100% solution to the tube labeled “50%” and
add 4 ml ethanol to it. Mix thoroughly by covering the test tube opening with a finger
and gently tapping the base to create a vortex.
3) Make the 25% solution: Transfer 4 ml of 50% solution to the tube labeled “25%” and
add 4 ml ethanol to it. Mix thoroughly by covering the test tube opening with a finger
and gently tapping the base to create a vortex.
4) Make the 12.5% solution: Transfer 4 ml of 25% solution to the tube labeled “12.5%” and
add 4 ml ethanol to it. Mix thoroughly by covering the test tube opening with a finger
and gently tapping the base to create a vortex.
1) Prepare a sample cuvette. Label a cuvette tube with a pencil or china marker (do not
use a Sharpie or other permanent marker) to identify your sample. Use a transfer pipet
to add some of your 100% plant extract to the cuvette tube. The cuvette should be
filled to within ½ - 1 inch of the white dot on the cuvette tube. (Note: If you find that
your 100% solution is too concentrated to be read by the spectrophotometer, use your
50% solution for this exercise.)
2) Prepare a blank cuvette. Label another cuvette tube “blank” and fill with ethanol to
within ½ - 1 inch of the white dot. A "blank" is a sample that is prepared with all the
same components as the unknown sample, except for the molecule of interest. In this
case, the molecules of interest are the pigments contained in the plant extract you
prepared. As a result, your blank will contain only ethanol since that is the only thing
present in the unknown extract other than the plant pigments we isolated.
4) Blank the Spectrophotometer. Press the “Mode” button until the display reads
“Absorbance”. Use a kimwipe to clean the surface of the Blank cuvette - there should
be no fingerprints, smears, or other residue on the surface. Insert the cuvette with
blank into the chamber, align the white line on the cuvette with the line in the sample
chamber, and close the chamber door. Adjust the absorbance to 0% by rotating the dial
on the right labeled “100%T/0A”.
*Molecules in the ethanol blank absorb light, but we are only interested in the light-
absorbing properties of the plant pigments in our extract, not the ethanol solvent.
"Blanking" with a cuvette of solvent "subtracts" the light absorption due to non-target
molecules – in our case, ethanol. We have calibrated the blank to transmit 100% of the
light passing through it. This means than none of the light, or 0% of the light is being
absorbed. Absorbance and Transmittance are inversely related to each other.
5) Read the unknown. Use a kimwipe to clean the surface of the cuvette containing your
100% sample extract to remove any residue. Insert the sample into the sample chamber,
close the door, read and record the Absorbance of your sample. This value (the A 450 or,
the Absorbance at 450nm) is the amount of 450 nm wavelength light that can be
absorbed by the pigments contained in your extract.
If your sample causes the display to blink “1.999”, then your solution is too concentrated
and light cannot pass through. Simply remove your sample cuvette and use your 50%
solution for the remainder of the exercise.
6) In increments of 25nm, read the absorbance of your sample from 450 – 800nm.
Change the wavelength setting to 475 nm and reinsert the blank. Adjust the dial until
the blank reads 0 absorbance. Insert your sample and record the absorbance value for
475 (A475).
Continue the sequence of: 1) change wavelength, 2) blank, 3) read sample absorbance,
for your sample at wavelength increments of 25 nm for all wavelengths from 450 -
800nm. Record all your data in your lab notebook.
Note: when you reach 600nm, you will need to shift the filter lever to the “600-950nm”
position.
7) Draw the absorbance spectrum. Plot your data in graphical form with wavelength along
the x-axis and absorbance on the y-axis. Does your sample have more than one peak?
8) Determine the Amax for your sample. The Amax is the wavelength at which your sample
absorbs maximally. You will determine this by looking at your absorbance spectrum and
noting the wavelength which has the highest absorbance value.
PART 3. GENERATE A STANDARD CURVE TO ESTIMATE CONCENTRATION
As you increase the concentration of a substance, you increase the number of molecules present
in the same volume of solution. As a result, more molecules of light-absorbing substance will
cause more light to be absorbed. Because increasing concentration results in increasing
absorbance, we can use spectrophotometry as a method to estimate the concentration of a
molecule of interest in an unknown sample.
Use the dilution series you prepared earlier to observe the relationship between concentration
and absorbance.
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3) Read each of your sample dilutions (100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%) at this wavelength
(Amax) and record the absorbance for each.
Note: In this case, you will be reading all the tubes at the same wavelength. Since you are not
changing wavelength, you do not need to reblank the machine prior to each reading. However,
you should reblank the machine whenever it appears that the display is "drifting" between
readings, or if you're taking several readings over more than just a few minutes.
Estimate the concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b per gram of fresh weight plant
tissue using the equations below:
1. Why do you need to reblank the spectrophotometer every time you change the wavelength
setting?
2. Plot the absorption spectrum for your plant extract. Be sure to include a title and label the
axes!
3. What is the Amax for your sample? Approximately what color of light does this correspond
to?
4. Compare and contrast the Amax with another point on your absorption spectrum that has a low
absorption value. Explain what is happening at these two points in terms of the light absorbing
properties of your plant extract – include in your explanation: wavelength, color, absorption, and
reflection.
5. Plot the “standard curve” you generated as a result of your serial dilutions. Be sure to
include a title and label the axes. Determine the concentration of an unknown with an
absorbance value given to you by your TA – illustrate on your standard curve.