“Beneficial Effects of Steel Slag on Concrete”

Project Report
Submitted to the Baddi University in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the
award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

done by

13UME103
13UME104
13UCE006
13UCE024
13UCE025
13UCE026
13UCE027
13UCE028
13UCE029
13UCE030

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology

2016
 BADDI UNIVERSITY OF EMERGING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

DECEMBER 2016

Certified that this is a bonafide report of the project titled

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF STEEL SLAG ON CONCRETE

done by

13UCE006
13UCE024
13UCE025
13UCE026
13UCE027
13UCE028
13UCE029
13UCE030
13UME103
13UME104
during the year 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of the Baddi University.

Project Guide: Head of Department

Er. Girish Sharma Er. Rishav Garg

Asst. Professor Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is indeed a great pleasure to present this report on Beneficial Effects of Steel Slag on
Concrete. We would like to express our gratitude to Er Rishav Garg (HOD) for his
valuable suggestions, motivation,guidance and support through out the training. His
methodology to start from simple ant then deepen through made me to bring out this
project report without anxiety.
Thanks to all other faculty members of Civil Engineering Department,
for their help in completing the project and see the light of success.
We are very thankful to friends and all other persons who rendered their assistance
directly or indirectly to complete this project work successfully.
We extend our due thanks to Er Girish Sharma who guided me through various stages
during completion of this project.

Project Undertaken by:

13UCE006
13UCE024
13UCE025
13UCE026
13UCE027
13UCE028
13UCE029
13UCE030
13UME103
Date : December16,2016 13UME104
 ABSTRACT

Global warming and environmental destruction has come forward as a major issue in
the recent years. Started alarming in engineers mind, especially in civil engineers
mind. Looking forward for finding out the solution of these issues and also the use of
more and more environmental- friendly materials in every Industry particularly
construction industry is a paramount importance. Civil engineers start thinking about
concrete, which is more dominant product to be used by civil engineers to make it
environmental friendly. One of its part is natural aggregates which are becoming
increasingly scarce, their production and shipment is becoming difficult for us.
Concrete mixture contains supplementary cementitious material and admixtures
which forms part of the cementitious component. These materials are majority
byproducts from other processes, out of all these materials one of the useful byproduct
material is Steel slag. Steel slag is previously used as aggregate in hot mix asphalt
surface applications, but needs to update for additional work to determine the
feasibility of utilizing this industrial by-product more wisely as a replacement for both
fine and coarse aggregates in a conventional concrete mixture. The primary aim of
study was to evaluate the Fresh, Hardened, and Durability properties of concrete made
with steel slag aggregates. This study presents result of experimental investigations
carried out to evaluate effects of replacing coarse aggregate with that of slag on
various concrete properties.. From these results of the study we can say that as the
percentage of steel slag as replacement is increased (0% to 40%) the strength of
concrete increases. After 30% replacement of Coarse aggregate as steel slag slight
decrease in compressive strength is observed. In today’s scenario steel plants all most
all producing 3-7 tonne of waste which includes the solid, liquid and gas are generated
for every ton of steel produced. Engineers are basically trying to focus on the
principal of Recycling and Reuse of waste also trying to avoid the waste generation,
so that the impact of waste can be minimized on environment. Steel slag is one of the
wastes produced by steel making units in excess quantities, with the increment of
these quantities disposal is big environment concern and a critical issue.
 Content

Chapter Name of Chapter Page No.

Number
Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 What is Steel Slag and why it is used

1.3 Material Used

1.4 Objective

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chapter 3 Methodology

3.1 Procedure

3.2 Preliminary test of material

3.3 Mix Design

Chapter 4 Data Collection

4.1 Details of casting of concrete cubes and

checking their compressive strength
Chapter 5 Result and Discussion

Chapter 6 Conclusion
 List of Tables

Sr. No. Table No. Content

1 Table 1.1 Materials Used
2 Table 4.1 7 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with no Steel Slag.
3 Table 4.2 14 Days compressive strength of concrete cube with
no steel slag
4 Table 4.3 7 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 90% Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel Slag.
5 Table 4.4 7 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 80% Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel Slag.
6 Table 4.5 14 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 90% Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel Slag.
7 Table 4.6 7 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel Slag.
8 Table 4.7 7 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 60% Coarse Aggregate and 40% Steel Slag
9 Table 4.8 14 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 80% Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel Slag
10 Table 4.9 28 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with no Steel Slag.
11 Table 4.10 14 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel Slag
12 Table 4.11 14 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 60% Coarse Aggregate and 40% Steel Slag
13 Table 4.12 28 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 90% Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel Slag
14 Table 4.13 28 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 80% Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel Slag
15 Table 4.14 28 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel Slag
16 Table 4.15 28 Days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube
with 60% Coarse Aggregate and 40% Steel Slag
 List of Figures
Sr. Figure Number Detail
No.

1 Figure 1 Formation of Steel Slag as a waste in Steel Industry

List of Charts
Sr. Chart Number Detail
No.

1 Chart 1 Comparison of Compressive Strengths of all casted cubes.

 Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Overview : Global warming and environmental destruction has come forward as a
major issue in the recent years. Started alarming in engineers mind, especially in civil
engineers mind. Looking forward for finding out the solution of these issues and also
the use of more and more environmental- friendly materials in every Industry
particularly construction industry is a paramount importance. Civil engineers start
thinking about concrete, which is more dominant product to be used by civil engineers
to make it environmental friendly. One of its part is natural aggregates which are
becoming increasingly scarce, their production and shipment is becoming difficult for
us. Concrete mixture contains supplementary cementitious material and admixtures
which forms part of the cementitious component. These materials are majority
byproducts from other processes, out of all these materials one of the useful byproduct
material is Steel slag. Steel slag is previously used as aggregate in hot mix asphalt
surface applications, but needs to update for additional work to determine the
feasibility of utilizing this industrial by-product more wisely as a replacement for both
fine and coarse aggregates in a conventional concrete mixture. The primary aim of
study was to evaluate the Fresh, Hardened, and Durability properties of concrete made
with steel slag aggregates. This study presents result of experimental investigations
carried out to evaluate effects of replacing coarse aggregate with that of slag on
various concrete properties.. From these results of the study we can say that as the
percentage of steel slag as replacement is increased (0% to 40%) the strength of
concrete increases. After 40% replacement of Coarse aggregate as steel slag slight
decrease in strength is observed. In today’s sinario steel plants all most all producing
3-7 tonnes of waste which includes the solid, liquid and gas are generated for every
ton of steel produced. Engineers are basically trying to focus on the principal of
Recycling and Reuse of waste also trying to avoid the waste generation, so that the
impact of waste can be minimized on environment. Steel slag is one of the wastes
produced by steel making units in excess quantities, with the increment of these
quantities disposal is big environment concern and a critical issue.
1.2 What is steel slag and why it is used?

ORIGIN

Steel slag, a by-product of steel making, is produced during the separation of the
molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces. The slag occurs as a molten
liquid melt and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon
cooling. Virtually all steel is now made in integrated steel plants using a version of the
basic oxygen process or in specialty steel plants (mini-mills) using an electric arc
furnace process. The open hearth furnace process is no longer used. In the basic
oxygen process, hot liquid blast furnace metal, scrap, and fluxes, which consist of
lime (CaO) and dolomitic lime (CaO.MgO or "dolime"), are charged to a converter
(furnace). A lance is lowered into the converter and high-pressure oxygen is injected.
The oxygen combines with and removes the impurities in the charge. These impurities
consist of carbon as gaseous carbon monoxide, and silicon, manganese, phosphorus
and some iron as liquid oxides, which combine with lime and dolime to form the steel
slag. At the end of the refining operation, the liquid steel is tapped (poured) into a
ladle while the steel slag is retained in the vessel and subsequently tapped into a
separate slag pot. There are many grades of steel that can be produced, and the
properties of the steel slag can change significantly with each grade. Grades of steel
can be classified as high, medium, and low, depending on the carbon content of the
steel. High-grade steels have high carbon content. To reduce the amount of carbon in
the steel, greater oxygen levels are required in the steel-making process. This also
requires the addition of increased levels of lime and dolime (flux) for the removal of
impurities from the steel and increased slag formation. There are several different
types of steel slag produced during the steel-making process. These different types are
referred to as furnace or tap slag, raker slag, synthetic or ladle slags, and pit or
cleanout slag. Figure 18-1 presents a diagram of the general flow and production of
different slags in a modern steel plant. The steel slag produced during the primary
stage of steel production is referred to as furnace slag or tap slag. This is the major
source of steel slag aggregate. After being tapped from the furnace, the molten steel is
transferred in a ladle for further refining to remove additional impurities still
contained within the steel. This operation is called ladle refining because it is
completed within the transfer ladle. During ladle refining, additional steel slags are
generated by again adding fluxes to the ladle to melt. These slags are combined with
any carryover of furnace slag and assist in absorbing deoxidation products
(inclusions), heat insulation, and protection of ladle refractories. The steel slags
produced at this stage of steel making are generally referred to as raker and ladle
slags. Pit slag and clean out slag are other types of slag commonly found in steel-
making operations. They usually consist of the steel slag that falls on the floor of the
plant at various stages of operation, or slag that is removed from the ladle after
tapping. Because the ladle refining stage usually involves comparatively high flux
additions, the properties of these synthetic slags are quite different from those of the
furnace slag and are generally unsuitable for processing as steel slag aggregates.
These different slags must be segregated from furnace slag to avoid contamination of
the slag aggregate produced. In addition to slag recovery, the liquid furnace slag and
ladle slags are generally processed to recover the ferrous metals. This metals recovery
operation (using magnetic separator on conveyor and/or crane electromagnet) is
important to the steelmaker as the metals can then be reused within the steel plant as
blast furnace feed material for the production of iron.

Figure 1

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Physical Properties

Steel slag aggregates are highly angular in shape and have rough surface texture. They
have high bulk specific gravity and moderate water absorption (less than 3 percent).
Table 18-1 lists some typical physical properties of steel slag.
Chemical Properties

The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides

calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. Table 18-2 lists
the range of compounds present in steel slag from a typical base oxygen furnace.
Virtually all steel slags fall within these chemical ranges but not all steel slags are
suitable as aggregates. Of more importance is the mineralogical form of the slag,
which is highly dependent on the rate of slag cooling in the steel-making process. The
cooling rate of steel slag is sufficiently low so that crystalline compounds are
generally formed. The predominant compounds are dicalcium silicate, tricalcium
silicate, dicalcium ferrite, merwinite, calcium aluminate, calcium-magnesium iron
oxide, and some free lime and free magnesia (periclase). The relative proportions of
these compounds depend on the steel-making practice and the steel slag cooling rate.
Free calcium and magnesium oxides are not completely consumed in the steel slag,
and there is general agreement in the technical literature that the hydration of unslaked
lime and magnesia in contact with moisture is largely responsible for the expansive
nature of most steel slags.(1,2) The free lime hydrates rapidly and can cause large
volume changes over a relatively short period of time (weeks), while magnesia
hydrates much more slowly and contributes to long-term expansion that may take
years to develop. Steel slag is mildly alkaline, with a solution pH generally in the
range of 8 to 10. However, the pH of leachate from steel slag can exceed 11, a level
that can be corrosive to aluminum or galvanized steel pipes placed in direct contact
with the slag. Tufalike precipitates, resulting from the exposure of steel slag
aggregates to both water and the atmosphere, have been reported in the literature.
Tufa is a white, powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3). It occurs in nature and is usually found in water bodies. The tufa
precipitates associated with steel slags are attributed to the leachate combining with
atmospheric carbon dioxide. The free lime in steel slags can combine with water to
produce calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH2)) solution. Upon exposure to atmospheric carbon
dioxide, calcite (CaCO3) is precipitated in the form of surficial tufa and powdery
sediment in surface water. Tufa precipitates have been reported to clog drainage paths
in pavement systems.
1.3 Material Used

Sr. Material
No.

1 PPC Cement (Ambuja Cement)

2 Coarse Aggregate

3 Fine Aggregate(Zone 2)

4 Steel Slag

Table 1.1

1.4 Objective

To compare the compressive strength of concrete cubes casted with steel slag as some
percentage of coarse aggregate with the concrete cubes casted with cement + sand +
coarse aggregate and analyze the results .The grade of concrete is M35.The
replacement of coarse aggregate was done in percentage starting from 10% and up to
40%.
 Chapter 2

Literature Review

[1] Beneficial Effects of Steel Slag on Concrete IJRRA Research Paper

[2] Concrete Technology by M.L.Gambhir

[3] Abdulaziz I. Al-Negheismish, Faisal H. Al-Sugair and Rajeh Z. Al-Zaid (June

1996).Utilization of Local Steelmaking Slag in concrete
[4]. IS 10262:2009- Concrete Mix Design - Guidelines, Bureau of Indian
Standards,(BIS), New Delhi India
[5]. IS 383:1997 — Specification for course and fine aggregates from Natural Sources
for Concrete
[6]. IS-516: 1959 — Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete.
[7]. IS-1199:1959 – Method of Sampling and analysis of Concrete.
[8]. IS 456:2000
[9] User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Material in Pavement Construction-
[10] Benefits of Slag – The Stein Companies
[11] EFFECT OF USING STEEL SLAG AGGREGATE ON MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE- American Journal of Applied Sciences.

Books Referred

[1]Concrete Technology Theory and Practice by M.S.Shetty

[2] Advanced Concrete Technology Testing And Quality By John Newman And Ban
Seng Choo

[3] Engineered Concrete Mix Design And Test Methods By Irving Kett.
 Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1 Procedure
This whole study is focused on the replacement of the coarse aggregate in concrete
with the steel slag up to some percentage. In this project we first bought the material.
Then we prepared a mix design of M35 Grade of concrete. Then we casted 9 concrete
blocks according to the mix design and placed them for curing. The next step was to
cast concrete cubes with 90% coarse aggregate and 10% steel slag. Then further we
casted concrete cubes with 80% coarse aggregate and 20% Steel slag. The Cement
and Fine Aggregate were kept in same quantity. After this we casted concrete cubes
with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel Slag. At last Concrete cubes with 60%
Coarse Aggregate and 40% Steel Slag were casted. Then all these cubes were placed
in curing tank on the day they were casted and their 7days, 14days and 28 days
strength were checked by applying loading on them. The detail of casting of cubes,
placing in curing tank and checking of strength is given in detail in Chapter 4 of this
Report. We tested only the compressive strength of concrete however split tensile
strength and flexural strength could also be tested. After Checking the Compressive
Strength of all cubes the strength was compared to the Compressive Strength of
Concrete Cubes casted according to the Mix Design. The results which came out are
discussed in Chapter 5.

3.2 Preliminary Tests on Materials

CEMENT PROPERTIES

Cement Brand: Ultratech Cement

Cement Type: Portland Pozzolana Cement
Specific Gravity of Cement: G = 3.13

Standard Consistency of cement:

Quantity of Cement: W1=400gms
Quantity of Water: W2= 33%= 132ml

Penetration of Plunger from Top = 33 mm (Desirable is 33 to 35 mm)

Initial Setting Time: Quantity of Cement: W1=400gms

Weight of Water as per Standard Consistency: P = 33 % = 132 ml

Initial Setting Time of the Cement : 28mins.

Final Setting Time of the Cement : 560 mins.

Fineness of Cement: W = 225m2/kg

Compressive strength of Cement

3days: 23
7days: 31
28days: 43

SAND (Fine Aggregate)

The sand used for the work was locally procured and conformed to Indian Standard
Specifications IS: 383-1970. The sand was sieved through 4.75 mm sieve to remove
any particles greater than 4.75 mm. The various other tests conducted are specific
density, bulk density, fineness modulus, water absorption and sieve analysis. The
results are given below in Table 4.7 and 4.8. The fine aggregated belonged to grading
zone II. This Aggregate has absorption of 1.23%. The Bulk Specific Gravity of the
fine aggregate was 2.60 while its SSD Specific Gravity was 2.63.

AGGREGATE (COARSE AGGREGATE)

The material which is retained on IS sieve no. 4.75 is termed as a coarse aggregate.
The crushed stone is generally used as a coarse aggregate. The nature of work decides
the maximum size of the coarse aggregate. Locally available coarse aggregate having
the maximum size of 20 mm was used in this work. The aggregates were washed to
remove dust and dirt and were dried to surface dry condition. The aggregates were
tested as per IS: 383-1970. The results of various tests conducted on coarse aggregate
are given in Table 2.6 and 2.7.

STEEL SLAG
This is a waste material which is environment friendly in nature. As this is waste
product so we tried to introduce its use in concrete. Although it is already been done
before but this time the cement being used is PPC. Since this study was a minor
project so we didn’t tested steel slag.

3.3 Mix Design

Grade of Concrete: M35

Water Cement Ratio: 0.45
Nominal Size of Aggregate: 20mm
Plasticizer Used: No
Value of slump: 50mm
Type of Concrete: M35
Zone of Aggregate: II
Specific Gravity of cement: 3.15
Specific Gravity of Coarse aggregate: 2.67
Specific Gravity of Fine aggregate: 2.62
Water Absorption of Fine aggregate: 1.0%
Water Absorption of Coarse aggregate: 0.2%
Free Moisture of Coarse Aggregate: 0.2%
Free Moisture of Fine Aggregate: 0.2%
Quantity of Mix = 1 m3
Target Strength: 43.25N/mm2
Final Value of cement: 413.333 kg
Final water content: 194.741kg
Mass of Fine Aggregate: 661.906 kg
Mass of Coarse Aggregate: 1148.538kg
 Chapter 4

Data Collection

4.1 Details of casting of concrete cubes and checking their compressive strength

Date: October9,2016
Work Done: Casting of nine Concrete Cubes with cement+ sand + coarse aggregate
according to the mix design.

Date: October10,2016
Work Done: Opening the moulds and placing the concrete cubes for curing.

Date: October17,2016
Work Done: (1)Checking the 7days compressive strength of concrete cubes casted
with no Steel Slag in it.

Observations :
Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 506.45 22.50
Trial2 510.65 22.69
Trial3 520.10 23.11
Table 4.1

Compressive strength on 7days curing : 22.76Mpa

(2) Casting of Concrete Cubes with 90% Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel Slag.

Date: October18,2016
Work Done: Opening of Moulds and placing concrete cubes in curing tank.

Date: October 19,2016

Work Done: Casting of Concrete Cubes with 80% Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel
Slag.

Date: October20,2016
Work Done: Opening of moulds and placing Concrete Cubes in Curing tank.

Date: October24,2016
Work Done: (1) Casting of Concrete Cubes with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30%
Steel Slag.
(2)Casting of Concrete Cubes with 60% Coarse aggregate and 40% Steel Slag.

(3) Checking of 14 days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes casted according to

mix design with no Steel Slag.

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 718.35 31.92
Trial2 715.50 31.8
Trial3 713.15 31.69
Table 4.2

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel
Slag after 14 days curing is 31.80 MPa.

Date: October25,2016
Work Done: (1) Opening of Moulds and placing Concrete Cubes in curing tank.

(2)Checking of 7days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 90% Coarse

Aggregate and 10% Steel Slag.

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 520.40 23.12
Trial2 524.80 23.32
Trial3 528.55 23.49
Table 4.3

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 90% Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel
Slag after 7 days curing is 23.31MPa.
Date: October27,2016

Work Done: Checking of 7 days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 80%
Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel Slag.

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 535.10 23.78
Trial2 540.15 24.06
Trial3 538.90 23.95
Table 4.4

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 80% Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel
Slag after 7 days curing is 23.93MPa.

Date: November1,2016

Work Done: (1)Checking 14days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes Casted

with 90% Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel Slag in it.

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 738.50 32.82
Trial2 742.60 33.04
Trial3 740.90 32.92
Table 4.5

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 90% Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel
Slag after 7 days curing is 32.92MPa.
(2) Checking of 7days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 70% Coarse
Aggregate and 30% Steel Slag.

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 545.45 24.24
Trial2 550.65 24.47
Trial3 554.10 24.62
Table 4.6

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel
Slag after 7 days curing is 24.44 MPa.

(3) Checking of 7days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 60% Coarse
Aggregate and 40% Steel Slag.

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 535.95 23.82
Trial2 515.45 22.90
Trial3 530.80 23.59
Table 4.7

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 60% Coarse Aggregate and 40% Steel
Slag after 7 days Curing is 23.43MPa.

Date: November3,2016
Work Done: Checking of 14days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 80%
Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel Slag.
Area of specimen = 22500mm2
Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)
Specimen(kN)
Trial1 760.45 33.79
Trial2 748.55 33.26
Trial3 754.20 33.52
Table 4.8

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 80% Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel
Slag after 14 days curing is 33.52MPa.

Date: November7,2016

Work Done: Checking 28 days compressive strength of Concrete Cubes casted with
no steel slag in it.
Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 810.45 36.02
Trial2 805.10 35.78
Trial3 790.25 35.12
Table 4.9

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with no Steel Slag after 28 days curing is
35.64MPa.
Date: November8,2016

Work Done: (1) Checking of 14 days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with
70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel Slag.

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 760.10 33.78
Trial2 765.50 34.02
Trial3 753.60 33.49
Table 4.10
Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel
Slag after 14 days curing is 33.76MPa.

(2) Checking of 14 days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 60% Coarse
Aggregate and 40% Steel Slag.

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 720.80 32.03
Trial2 740.60 32.91
Trial3 710.95 31.59
Table 4.11

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 60% Coarse Aggregate and 40% Steel
Slag after 14 days curing is 32.17MPa.

Date: November15,2016
Work Done: Checking 28 days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 90%
Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel Slag.

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Table 4.12

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 830.10 36.89
Trial2 820.80 36.48
Trial3 840.15 37.34

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 90% Coarse Aggregate and 10% Steel
Slag after 28 days curing is 36.90MPa.
Date: November17,2016
Work Done : Checking of 28days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 80%
Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel Slag.

Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 845.60 37.58
Trial2 851.65 37.85
Trial3 850 37.77
Table 4.13

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 80% Coarse Aggregate and 20% Steel
Slag after 28 days curing is 37.73MPa.

Date: November22,2016
Work Done : (1) Checking 28days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with
70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel Slag.
Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 880.40 39.12
Trial2 870.65 38.69
Trial3 856.90 38.08
Table 4.14

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 70% Coarse Aggregate and 30% Steel
Slag after 28 days curing is 38.63MPa.
(2) Checking 28 days Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 60% Coarse
Aggregate and 40% Steel Slag.
Area of specimen = 22500mm2

Trial Load Applied on Compressive Strength(MPa)

Specimen(kN)
Trial1 800.55 35.58
Trial2 810.40 36.01
Trial3 790.65 35.14
Table 4.15

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes with 60% Coarse Aggregate and 40% Steel
Slag after 28 days curing is 35.57MPa.
 Chapter 5

Results and Discussions

After the analysis of Compressive Strengths of all the Concrete Cubes following
results were concluded

(1)Comparison of Compressive Strengths of Concrete Cubes with Percentage of Steel

Slag.

Sr.No. Percentage of Steel 7 days 14days 28days

Slag(%) Compressive Compressive Compressive
Strength(MPa) Strength(MPa) Strength(MPa)
1 0 22.76 31.80 35.64
2 10 23.31 32.92 36.90
3 20 23.93 33.52 37.73
4 30 24.44 33.76 38.63
5 40 23.44 32.17 35.57

The Comparison of Compressive Strengths of Cubes is represented in the form of

chart as follow

45

40

35

30
7days Compressive
Strength
25
14days Compressive
20 Strength

15 28days Compressive
Strength
10

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Graph 1
 Chapter 6

Conclusion

So the conclusion comes out to be that the compressive strength of concrete increases
by replacing coarse aggregate with steel slag but only up to some percentage. In our
study the strength increased up to 30% replacement of coarse aggregate with steel slag
and started decreasing with further increase in percentage of steel slag.
Strength of M35 grade of concrete increases with increases in steel slag quantity. The
improvement in strength may be due to shape, size and surface texture of steel slag
aggregate, which provide better adhesion between the particles and cement paste.
The cost of slag is almost 50% of that of natural aggregate also it is economical to use
the Steel Industrial waste product. Also it could be easily used as coarse and fine
aggregate in all plain concrete applications.