Group 3:

- Andre Yana Wijaya

- M. Sapta Rengga
- Nurul Fitriani

Mechanism of Greenhouse Effect and Ozone Hole

A. The Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is the process of heating the surface of a celestial body (especially a
planet or satellite) caused by its composition and atmospheric state. The greenhouse effect is
caused by increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) gases and other gases in the
atmosphere. The increase in CO2 gas concentration is due to an increase in the burning of fuel
oil, coal and other organic fuels that go beyond the ability of plants and seas to absorb them.

Mechanism of the occurrence of the Greenhouse Effect:

The Earth constantly receives energy, mostly from sunlight but some of it is also obtained
from the earth itself, through the energy liberated from the radioactive process. Visible beams
and ultraviolet light are emitted from the sun. The radiation of the rays is partially reflected by
the atmosphere and partly up to the surface of the earth. On the surface of the earth some of
the radiation of the rays is reflected and some are absorbed by the surface of the earth and
warm it.

But some of the absorbed energy is re-radiated in the form of infrared radiation. The infrared
radiation emitted by the earth exists that can pass through the atmosphere and be liberated into
space. But some of the infrared radiation is absorbed by the gases in the atmosphere, the gases
are commonly called greenhouse gases. The absorbed energy is then retained in the
atmosphere resulting in a warm effect.

While the process in a nutshell that is started when the heat of the sun propagate and enter the
surface of the earth. Then the heat of the sun will be reflected back by the surface of the earth
into space through the atmosphere. Some of the reflected solar heat will be absorbed by
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The heat of the sun is then trapped on the surface of the
earth, can not pass through the atmosphere so that the earth's temperature becomes hotter.
Impact of Greenhouse Effect:

1) Increased global temperatures

The warming that occurs in the Earth's climate system is clear, as evidence of observed
increases in air and sea temperatures, melting of snow and ice in various parts of the world,
and rising global seas. The changes that scientists have measured in the atmosphere, oceans,
ice surfaces and glaciers show that the earth has been warming as a result of past greenhouse
gas emissions. These changes are part of a consistent pattern as evidence of greater heat
waves, new wind patterns, more severe droughts in some areas, increased precipitation in
other regions, melting glaciers and ice in the Arctic and rising face sea.

2) Climate change

The warm areas will become moist because more water evaporates in the ocean. Scientists
themselves are not quite sure whether the moisture will actually increase or decrease global
warming even further. This is because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, so its presence will
increase the insulation effect on the atmosphere. However, more water vapor will also form
more clouds, which will reflect sunlight back into outer space, where it will lower the
heating process.

In addition, high humidity will increase rainfall by an average of about 1% for every degree
of heating Fahrenheit, the storm will also occur more often, the water will evaporate faster
 than the soil some areas will become drier than before, as well as the wind will blowing
harder with different patterns. These will make the weather pattern unpredictable and more
extreme.

3) Increased sea levels

Reduced ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica contribute 0.4 mm per year. One of the
biggest impacts of global warming is rising sea levels. The iceberg in the Arctic continent
has been on average reduced by 2.7% per decade. The global average sea temperature has
increased at a depth of at least 300 meters. Changes in mean sea level are measured from
regions with geologically stable environments. When the atmosphere warms up, the ocean
surface layer will also warm up, so the volume will expand and raise the sea level. Sea levels
around the world have risen 10-25 centimeters (4-10 inches) during the 20th century, and
IPCC scientists predict a further increase of about 9-88 cm (4- 5 inches) in the 21st century.

4) Ecological disorders

In global warming, animals tend to migrate toward the poles or up the mountains. Plants will
change the direction of growth, looking for new areas because their old habitat becomes too
warm. However, human development will hinder this movement. Species migrating north or
south blocked by cities or farms may die. Some types of species that are not able to rapidly
move toward the poles may also be destroyed.

B. The Ozone Layer

The ozone layer is a layer in the atmosphere at an altitude of 19 - 48 km (12 - 30 miles) above
the Earth's surface containing ozone molecules. The concentration of ozone in this layer
reaches 10 ppm and is formed by the influence of the sun's ultraviolet rays on oxygen
molecules. This event has occurred since millions of years ago, but a mixture of nitrogen
molecules emerging in the atmosphere keeps the ozone concentrations relatively stable.

Mechanism of the occurrence of the Ozone Hole:

The ozone layer in the stratosphere (20-35 km altitude) is a natural protector of the earth that
serves to filter out ultraviolet B radiation from the sun. The formation and decomposition of
ozone molecules (O3) occurs naturally in the stratosphere. CFR emissions that reach the
stratosphere and are very stable cause the rate of decomposition of ozone molecules faster
than its formation, thus forming holes in the ozone layer.
Impact of ozone damage:

 Impact on the environment:

a. Rising earth surface temperatures
b. Melting of the iceberg
c. The number of natural disasters
 Impact on living things:
a. Eye damage
b. Widespread infectious diseases
c. Increased cases of skin cancer
d. Increased respiratory disorders
e. The decrease of the human body immune to sick easily, etc.