Received: 22 September 2017 Revised: 27 November 2017 Accepted: 28 November 2017

DOI: 10.1002/sia.6375

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Antimicrobial activity of functionalized single‐walled carbon

nanotube with herbal extract of Hempedu bumi
Mu Ee Foo1 | Periasamy Anbu2 | Subash C. B. Gopinath1,3 | Thangavel Lakshmipriya3 |

Choul‐Gyun Lee2 | Hyun Shik Yun2 | M. N. A. Uda1 | Ahmad Radi Wan Yaakub 1

1
School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti
Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia The primary purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of functionalized
2
Department of Biological Engineering, single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) using an extract of the herb, Hempedu bumi. H bumi
College of Engineering, Inha University, extract and H bumi extract complexed SWNT were evaluated for biological activities against
Incheon 402‐751, Republic of Korea
Bacillus sp., (pathogen) Escherichia coli (opportunistic pathogen), and Aspergillus niger (pathogen).
3
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering,
The formation of inhibition zones of these 3 microbes was measured to be evident for the
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar,
Perlis, Malaysia functionalized SWNT with H bumi. Further, morphological and structural analyses were

Correspondence
Subash C.B. Gopinath, School of Bioprocess
Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600
Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
Email: subash@unimap.edu.my
conducted to investigate the functionalized SWNT with H bumi using scanning electron micros-
copy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction,
and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, well supporting the intact and crystalline nature
of the SWNT. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy result shows the highest peak at

Periasamy Anbu, Department of Biological

Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha
University, Incheon 402‐751, Republic of
Korea.
Email: anbu25@inha.ac.kr
3371.48 cm−1, representing an andrographolide group from the plant extract. An apparent clear
zone has been noticed with SWNT conjugated H bumi extract, displaying a zone of inhibition
larger than 1.0 cm against the tested microbes. The results indicate that SWNT has the potential
for use as a carrier of components from plant extracts.

KEY W ORDS

antimicrobial, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus sp, Escherichia coli, Hempedu bumi, single‐walled carbon
nanotube

1 | I N T RO D U CT I O N single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/graphene was discovered

The field of nanotechnology is developing rapidly as a result of
nanomaterial, which has been utilized for various purposes, along with
the biomedical, electrical, and mechanical, which have gained
potential interest. Nanotechnology can have a nanostructure in which
1
at least 1 dimension of the nanomaterial is less than 100 nm.
When the material gets to nano size, it is important to forecast its
structure and understand how to synthesize it by scientific methods.
Despite their size, nanomaterial can change color in response to
variations in their forms, such as bulk, sheets, or in cylinders.
Nanomaterial has been widely applied for various biotechnological
and biomedical purposes.2-7 Recently, carbon nanotubes have received
a great deal of attention.
Carbon nanotubes, which primarily exist in 2 forms, single
walled or multi‐walled, have a simple elemental composition and
configuration. In 1991, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes were first
discovered by Japanese Scientist, Sumio Iijima, during an investigation
8
of arc‐discharge evaporation synthesis of fullerene. After 2 years,
by the same group. SWNT comprise a type of allotrope carbon, which
is in the nanoscale range, and has an electronic ground state configura-
tion of 1s22s22p2. SWNT have a hollow cylinder shape with a thick-
ness of 1 atom and can be viewed as a rolled graphene.9 It is from a
sheet of 2‐dimensional carbon, atomic scale, and honey‐comb lattice.
Aside from that, it is bounded by the sp2 bond.
SWNT have a mechanical strength of approximately 1100 GPa,
the excellent electrical conductivity of 1738 Siemens/m,10 large
surface area (2630 m2/g),11 high opacity, high chemical reactivity,
and unparalleled thermal conductivity of 5000 W/m/K.12 In addition,
SWNT can be functionalized easily and have remarkable biocompati-
bility. These feasibilities have led to great interest and attention among
material scientists, physicists, and chemists because of their extraordi-
nary and unique properties.13 SWNT has assets that allow them to be
implemented in various applications. Moreover, it is given due consid-
eration that it has become extra cogent when being compared with
other elements. Therefore, SWNT should be carefully analyzed to
provide insight into the fields of science and technology.

354 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/sia Surf Interface Anal. 2018;50:354–361.
FOO ET AL.
On the other hand, medicinal plants (herbal plants) have long been
used for the remedial purpose, as it is the safer compared with the
synthesized drugs and ethno‐botanically important. The plant extracts
have different medicinal values, generated by the traditional system
and also extracted from the indigenous species. The efficient usage
of the components from plant extract depends on the stability; immo-
bilization is one of the strategies to make these stable components.6
Among different herbal plants, “Andrographis paniculata (Hempedu
bumi)” is one of the potential plants for the remedial source, which
can be found in southern and south‐eastern regions of the Asia. The
leaf and root of this plant have been used traditionally for treating
the infectious disease.
In the current study, we evaluated the properties of functionalized
SWNT using herbal extract from H bumi. The biological activities of the
conjugated compounds from the herbal plant extracts with SWNT
were revealed with 3 different microorganisms, Bacillus sp. Escherichia
coli, and Aspergillus niger, then compared with the herbal extract alone.
Further, we conducted microscopic and structural analyses to reveal
the insights of the H bumi functionalized SWNT. These analyses
included scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy
(AFM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray powder diffrac-
tion, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results of
this study provide additional evidence for the suitability of SWNT to
for use in biological applications.
2 | EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 | Reagents and biomolecules
Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) were purchased from Sigma‐
Aldrich, USA, while H bumi was obtained from a local plant market in
Malaysia. Bacillus sp., E coli, and A niger were acquired from microbial
culture collections of the School of Bioprocess Engineering, Perlis,
Malaysia. Microbiological media were from Merck. All other reagents
used were of analytical grade and stored as recommended.
2.2 | Agar plate preparation for culturing the
microbes
Nutrient agar was used to culture Bacillus sp. and E coli, while potato
dextrose agar was used for A niger. Both were prepared using 7 g of
agar media powder suspended in 500 mL of water and autoclaved at
121°C. Following autoclaving, samples were aseptically poured into
20‐cm Petri plates and kept at 4°C until further use.
2.3 | Hempedu bumi preparation and dilutions
To extract the H bumi, 5 g of the herb was weighed and mixed with
50 mL of sterile distilled water and then boiled at 55°C for
10 minutes.14 Next, H bumi was cooled and filtered through 0.45‐μm
filter paper to obtain the extract. A syringe filter was used to filter
sterilize the solution, after which it was kept at 4°C until use. To check
the minimum inhibition of microbes by H bumi, we diluted different
amounts of H bumi extract and measured the anti‐microbial activity.
To accomplish this, we made serial dilutions of the original stock
355
(100%) to give final concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.3% with
a dilution ratio of 1:1 using distilled water. A control experiment was
done without H bumi.
2.4 | Inhibition of Bacillus sp. and E coli by H bumi
extract
First, 25 μL of overnight cultured Bacillus sp. was mixed with 100 μL of
sterile distilled water and spread onto nutrient agar plates. A small circle
of sterile filter paper was then aseptically placed on the surface of the
agar plate. Each filter paper acquired the same amount of solution from
the diluted solutions of H bumi. Finally, the agar plates were transferred
into an incubator overnight at 37°C and observed the next day. Differ-
ent amounts of diluted solutions were examined to determine the min-
imum inhibition concentration, which was based on an inhibition zone
measured from the center of the filter disc to the outer edge of the
cleared zone. The inhibition zone with a perfect circle was measured
and averaged based on the replications, whereas zones with the
irregular circle were measured at different angles on the same disc
and averaged. The effects on E coli were evaluated in a similar fashion.
All samples were analyzed in triplicate.
2.5 | Inhibition of A niger by H bumi extract
Labelling was conducted as above; however, the center of the agar plate
was marked with a pen to indicate the point at which A niger was inoc-
ulated. A small circle of sterile filter paper was then aseptically placed on
the agar plate, after which the H bumi extract was carefully dropped
onto the paper. An inoculation needle was then used to transfer the A
niger to the center of the agar plate. Finally, the agar plates were incu-
bated for 2 to 3 days at 37°C. Zones of inhibition were then measured
from the point of inoculum. All samples were analyzed in triplicate.
2.6 | Inhibition of microbes by H bumi extract
conjugated with SWNT
First, 200 μL of extracted H bumi solution was mixed with 0.005 g of
SWNT and shaken thoroughly for 10 minutes. Next, 25 μL of Bacillus
sp. and 100 μL of sterile distilled water were spread on the nutrient
agar plate as described previously. A small circle of sterile filter paper
was then carefully placed on the surface of the agar plate. The sterile
distilled water was labeled as the control, while H bumi with SWNT
was used to find the inhibition zone. In both cases, 35 μL was dropped
on the filter placed on the nutrient agar plate using a micropipette,
after which samples were incubated overnight at 37°C. E coli were
analyzed using the same method.
Inhibition of A niger using H bumi extract conjugated to SWNT was
evaluated using similar steps as mentioned earlier. After dropping the
solution on the filter paper placed on the surface of the agar plates,
it was incubated for 2 to 3 days at 37°C.15 In all the cases, 20 μL of
1 mg/mL ampicillin was used as the control.
2.7 | Analysis of SWNT performance
The herbal extract conjugated SWNT was subjected to morphological
and structural analyses to obtain more insights into the SWNT.
356 FOO ET AL.

Specifically, scanning electron microscopic analysis was conducted
using a Hitachi, S‐4300 SE (Japan) scanning electron microscope at a
working voltage of 15 kV. During analysis, samples were observed at
3500× and 5000× magnification. Atomic force microscope analysis
was conducted using a Nanoscope, Ica (Vecco, USA). Scanning was
conducted with a maximum height of 300 nm and a minimum of
0 nm. The scan size of the cantilever was 2 μm, and the scan rate
was 0.5003 Hz. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed
using a Thermo Scientific, K‐Alpha, UK. X‐ray powder diffraction
analysis was accomplished using a Rigaku DMAX‐2500 X‐ray
diffractometer (Japan). Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy analysis was conducted using a Perkin Elmer
Spectrum 65 (USA). H bumi herb extract alone was also analyzed
by FTIR spectroscopy.
3 | RESULTS A ND DIS CUS SION
In this study, we evaluated the properties of functionalized SWNT and
characterized them using a variety of analytical equipment. SWNT was
functionalized using the extract of H bumi, which is an annual herb
commonly utilized in the traditional system of Indian medicine.16
Biological assays were conducted to evaluate the effects of SWNT
conjoined with components from H bumi extract against Bacillus sp.,
E coli, and A niger, a Gram‐positive pathogen, a Gram‐negative
opportunistic pathogen, and a pathogenic fungus, respectively, based
on the formation of a zone of inhibition.
3.1 | Inhibition of Bacillus sp. and E coli using H bumi
herbal extract
Table 1 and Figure 1A (i‐iii) showed antimicrobial activity against
Bacillus sp. We initially used 15 μL of each diluted plant extract. The
results showed that treatment with 6.3, 12.5, and 25% extracts did
not generate a zone of inhibition against Bacillus sp.; however, clearing
zones were observed after treatment with 50% and 100%. Specifically,
the 50% dilution generated a 0.5‐cm zone of inhibition, while the
100% treatment generated the largest zone of 0.6 cm (Table 1). These
results confirm that the microbial inhibition of H bumi was not
sufficient with the volume (15 μL) used.
Next, the same experiment was repeated using a higher volume
(20 μL) of H bumi extract as recommended earlier.17 All dilutions
produced inhibition zones. Specifically, the 6.3% and 12.5% treatments
produced 0.6‐cm inhibition zones, whereas the 25% and 50% treat-
ments produced 0.7‐cm zones, and the 100% treatment produced a
0.8‐cm zone (Table 1). These results confirmed that 20 μL of H bumi
was the minimum inhibitory concentration.
We also measured the inhibition zone generated by the maximum
(FTIR) volume (35 μL) that could accumulate on a single filter disc. The results
revealed inhibitory activity against Bacillus sp. at all dilutions. When
6.3% of H bumi extract was used, the zone of inhibition was 0.6 cm,
while 12.5% and 25% produced a 0.7‐cm zone, 50% a 0.8‐cm zone,
and 100% generated a 0.9‐cm inhibition zone (Figure 1A (ii)). Overall,
an extra 0.1‐cm zone was observed compared with the same dilution
of Bacillus with 20‐μL H bumi extract.
Figure 1B (i‐iii) shows the effects of H bumi herbal extract on E
coli. Treatment with 20 μL of H bumi herbal extract at 6.3% generated
a 0.6‐cm zone of inhibition, while concentrations of 12.5% to 50%
generated a 0.7‐cm zone and 100% produced a 0.8‐cm inhibition
zone (Table 1). As shown in Table 1, the inhibitory activity of 35 μL
of H bumi extract against E coli was greater than that of 20 μL of H
bumi, which was likely because the concentration of H bumi was
relatively higher. Specifically, the 6.3% treatment generated a
0.6 cm zone of inhibition, while the 12.5% and 25% treatments
produced a 0.7‐cm cleared zone, 50% generated a 0.8‐cm zone,
and 100% a 0.9‐cm zone (Figure 1A (ii)). Both results clearly
indicate that the highest dilution (100% stock) generated the
largest inhibition zone, while the lowest dilution (6.3%) produced
the smallest inhibition zone. In all cases, ampicillin was used as the
control for comparison.
3.2 | Inhibition of A niger using H bumi extract
Treatment of A niger with 35 μL of H bumi herb extract produced
the shortest distance between the center of the inoculum and the

TABLE 1 Zones of inhibition against pathogens by H bumi extract

Hempedu bumi Extract H bumi + SWNT
6.3% 12.5% 25% 50% 100% H2O 100%
Microbe Inhibition (cm)

Bacillus sp. (15 μL) 0 0 0 0.5 ± 0.01 0.6 ± 0.01 0 ND

Bacillus sp. (20 μL) 0.6 ± 0.01 0.6 ± 0.01 0.7 ± 0.02 0.7 ± 0.02 0.8 ± 0.02 0 ND
Bacillus sp. (35 μL) 0.6 ± 0.01 0.7 ± 0.02 0.7 ± 0.02 0.8 ± 0.02 0.9 ± 0.03 0 1.1 ± 0.05
E coli (20 μL) 0.6 ± 0.01 0.7 ± 0.02 0.7 ± 0.02 0.7 ± 0.02 0.8 ± 0.02 0 ND
E coli (35 μL) 0.6 ± 0.01 0.7 ± 0.02 0.7 ± 0.02 0.8 ± 0.02 0.9 ± 0.03 0 1.0 ± 0.05
A niger (35 μL) 0.18 ± 0.005 0.19 ± 0.005 0.23 ± 0.005 0.26 ± 0.005 0.26 ± 0.005 0 1.5 ± 0.06

For bacteria, inhibition zones were measured from the center of the disc until the outer edge of the clear zone, whereas for A niger, they were measured from
the point of inoculum.
Error values are calculated based on triplicates.
Parentheses in the first column indicate the volume of H bumi extract used.
ND: not determined
FOO ET AL. 357

FIGURE 1 (A) Microbial inhibition of Bacillus sp. by H bumi extract. (i) 20 μL; (ii) 35 μL; (iii) 20 μL of ampicillin (1 mg/mL). (B) Microbial inhibition of
E. coli by H bumi. (i) 20 μL; (ii) 35 μL; (iii) 20 μL of ampicillin (1 mg/mL). The clear zones are indicated by the horizontal bars

inhibition area, with 6.3% extract generated a zone of 0.18 cm and
50% and 100% extract producing a zone of 0.26 cm (Figure 2A).
3.3 | Inhibition using H bumi extract complexed SWNT
To reveal the inhibition activity of H bumi extract complexed
SWNT against Bacillus sp., 35 μL of herbal extract was complexed
(Figure 2B). When graphene is oxidized, it generally produces
oxygen‐containing groups such as carboxyl, epoxide, hydroxyl, and car-
bonyl, which results in the production of surface charges correspond-
18,19
ing to the specific groups. These groups can react with different
compounds from the extract of H bumi. For example, the amino groups
in the extract can interact with the carboxyl groups on the SWNT
(Figure 2B). The results from the current investigation showed a prom-
inent inhibition zone against Bacillus sp. in the presence of SWNT of
1.1 cm. Similarly, 35 μL of H bumi extract mixed with SWNT produced
an inhibition zone of 1.0 cm against E coli (Figure 2B). In both experi-
ments described above, the mixed SWNT and H bumi exerted better
and stronger microbial inhibition activity when compared with the
zones obtained in the absence of SWNT. The SWNT and H bumi bind-
ing may also be influenced by electrostatic forces and/or covalent
bonding, which can enhance its inhibition of microbial activity.
Conducting the same experiment to evaluate the inhibition of A niger
revealed a prominent zone of 1.5 cm (Figure 2A). These findings clearly

FIGURE 2 (A) Inhibition of A niger by H bumi

extract. Both H bumi extract alone and
complexed with SWNT are shown with
inhibition. (B) Inhibition of Bacillus sp. and E.
coli by the mixture of SWNT and H bumi. The
possible mechanism for complex formation is
shown. The clear zones are indicated by the
horizontal bars
358
demonstrate that the best inhibition of A niger was obtained when we
mixed the SWNT with H bumi. The obtained inhibition area was much
higher than the zone obtained using only H bumi extract.
3.4 | Morphological and structural analyses of
functionalized SWNT
3.4.1 | Field emission scanning electron microscopy
(FESEM) analysis
The results of the FESEM analysis are shown in Figure 3A,B. The image
clearly indicates that the SWNT was fine and aligned naturally into
FIGURE 3 Field emission scanning electron microscopy. (A) Analysis
of graphene with a magnification of 3500×; (B) with a magnification
of 5000×
FIGURE 4 Atomic force microscopy on graphene. (A) Forward view. (B) X‐Z view. Scanned at the μm scale. In the color bar, the dark region is the
low region, while the bright region is the high region. Additionally, the number of samples is referring to the number of the data point
FOO ET AL.
“ropes” via weak Van der Waals forces of attraction.20 The SWNT
was not assembled in good order, but instead randomly formed a bent
or irregularly circle. Figure 3A shows the SEM image at 3500× magni-
fication with a 10‐μm scale bar, whereas Figure 3B shows the image at
the same magnification with a 1‐μm scale bar.
3.4.2 | Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis
Figure 4A,B shows the AFM analysis of SWNT in the forward direction
and the height. The number of data point should be higher enough so
that the smaller features can be detected with a 2‐μm scan width. As
shown in the image, the structure of the SWNT is the same as
that observed upon FESEM analysis, namely, fine and aligned naturally
into “ropes” together. Figure 4B shows the X‐Z axes at a 45° angle. The
x‐axis has a maximum of 0.5 μm/div, while the Z‐axis has 300 μm/div.
This view clearly shows the structure, especially the Z‐axis, which had
a height direction of 300 μm. Upon roughness analysis, smaller spacing
indicated a smoother surface. In the image, the Z range is the same as
the image Max, which was 224.69 nm. In the image, Rq is the root
mean square average of height, which is 28.21 nm, while image Ra is
the arithmetic average of the absolute values of the surface height
deviations measured from the mean plane of 22.91 nm.
3.4.3 | X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis
Small pieces of the functionalized SWNT were analyzed by XPS
to identify the surface composition. In a survey scan, there were
prominent signals for carbon and oxygen and a weak signal for nitro-
gen (Figure 5A–E). As shown in Figure 5A, there was a clear peak
located at 284.39 eV of binding energy. The binding energy for the
C―C chemical state was around 284.8 eV and very close to the binding
energy of the peak as stated.21 Figure 5B shows a single peak located
at 532.04 eV. The binding energy for C―O and metal carbonates of the
chemical state was around 532.0 eV and close to the binding energy of
the peak. Next, Figure 5C shows that N1s is the scan of primary XPS
region for nitrogen which is non‐metals. As shown in the figure, there
was a prominent peak at 399.52 eV, which is similar to NSi2O. Finally,
Figure 5D shows the I3d scan, which is the primary XPS region for
iodine located in the halogen group. The graph displays 2 peaks, with
the highest peak located at 635.98. The binding energy of metal
iodides is near the peak value of 619 eV. The highest peak was the
FOO ET AL. 359

FIGURE 5 X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy of SWNT. (A) C1s scan; (B) O1s scan; (C) N1s scan; (D) I3d scan; (E) survey scan

C―C peak, while the lowest was NSi2O. The peak area percentage for
C―C was 95.87%, while that of C―O was 3.08%, NSi2O was 0.73%,
and metal iodide was 0.32%, while the total percentage is 100%.

3.4.4 | X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis

Figure 6 shows the XRD analysis of SWNT and its intensity versus
degree 2θ. Diffraction angles (2θ) 10–90 were analyzed at 1°/min.
The X‐ray used was 40 kV/100 mA, and continuous scanning was
applied for the analysis. The highest peak of the analysis was located
at 15.9° with an intensity of 393. As shown in the graph, there was
a slight broad peak for the SWNT because their size was smaller
than 100 nm.22

3.4.5 | Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

analysis
Analyses of 3 samples were conducted using H bumi extract, H bumi
complexed with SWNT, and SWNT alone. The peak shown in the
figure was used to determine the composition of the samples. As
shown in Figure 7A, there were 13 peaks, and some of spectrum peaks
FIGURE 6 X‐ray powder diffraction analysis of SWNT. Intensity versus
were appeared with only SWNT. Almost all components were carbon‐
degree 2θ. Diffraction angles (2θ) 10–90 were analyzed at 1°/min.
hydrogen compounds such as alkynes and alkanes. The higher range
X‐ray used was 40 kV/100 mA, and scanning was continuous
peaks, such as those found at 3602 and 3859.1 cm−1, reflected C―H
and O―H, respectively.23 Figure 7B shows the analysis of SWNT with
H bumi. This sample produced 10 peaks, with a high range peak of bonds. Figure 7C displays the analysis of H bumi, which produced only
3277.3 cm −1
reflecting an andrographolide group, as well as a peak 5 peaks. The highest peak at 3371.48 cm−1 reflected an
−1
at 947.03 cm reflecting an alkene group. The andrographolide group andrographolide group with a melting point of 228°C to 230°C.24
from H bumi was bound with the surface of the SWNT by covalent The andrographolide group was found to be the major component of
360
FIGURE 7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. (A) SWNT; (B) SWNT mixed with H bumi; (C) H bumi. Peak positions were identified
H bumi, while another peak at 714.3 cm−1 reflected the alkane group25
and peaks at 1639.24 cm −1
and 2135.1 cm −1
likely belonged to the
alkene group.26 In the past, carbon nanotube‐assisted herbal extracts
towards the biologically important applications have been demon-
strated.27-29 The present study has been added as additional evidence,
by showing the potential SWNT‐mediated antimicrobial activity. With
the evidences demonstrated, the current study serves as the model
system for developing stable medicinally important components, can
also be immobilized on the recent novel materials, and may create
new opportunities.30-38
4 | C O N CL U S I O N S
In this study, antimicrobial activity for the conjugated sample or SWNT
and H bumi herb extract alone varied. The most concentrated form of
H bumi inhibited microbial growth on agar plates, with a major inhibi-
tion zone being observed in response to treatment with 35 μL of H
bumi extract at 100%. The SWNT conjugated with H bumi showed a
zone of inhibition larger than 1.0 cm when 35 μL was applied. The
bonding of SWNT with H bumi via covalent bonds of carbon enhanced
the antimicrobial activity as indicated by the large zones of inhibition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN TS
The author Periasamy Anbu would like to thank Inha University
Research grant for sample analysis.
ORCID
Periasamy Anbu http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-5254
Subash C. B. Gopinath http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8347-4687
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How to cite this article: Foo ME, Anbu P, Gopinath SCB, et al.
Antimicrobial activity of functionalized single‐walled carbon
nanotube with herbal extract of Hempedu bumi. Surf Interface
Anal. 2018;50:354–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6375