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CHAPTER 3

BUOYANCY & STABILITY


CO2: Acquire and apply knowledge on hydrostatic
concepts and buoyant force and its engineering
application.

PO2: Ability to identify, formulate, research


literature and analyse complex civil engineering
problems in reaching substantiated conclusions
using principles of mathematics, sciences and
engineering knowledge.

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CEW 441 FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 3
BUOYANCY & STABILITY
Be able to define, state and apply basic 3.1
knowledge of upthrust (buoyant force) UPTHRUST (BUOYANT FORCE)
by a fluid on a body (submerged or BY A FLUID ON A BODY
floating). (SUBMERGED OR FLOATING)
3.2
Be able to define metacentre and
METACENTRE & METACENTRIC
metacentric height.
HEIGHT
Be able to determine the stability of 3.3
floating bodies STABILITY OF FLOATING BODY

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Ability to float If there is no
WHAT IS
in liquid, such buoyancy, the
BUOYANCY?
as water. object will sink.

ARCHIMEDES
PRINCIPLE
When an object is completely or partially immersed in a fluid,
the fluid exerts an upward force on the object = to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the object
The immersed object will be “lighter” i.e. It will be buoyed up
by an amount equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

FLOATING: weight of object = buoyant force


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Body Floating in a Fluid
For a body floating in equilibrium in a fluid, there is no
resultant horizontal force by the fluid on the body and
the 2 vertical forces present (which are equal and act in
the same straight line) are:

Force upward – Force downward –


the upthrust, Fb, the weight of the
acting through the body, W or FG, acting
centre of buoyancy, through its centre of
CB gravity, CG

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The center of gravity, CG or G is the Centre of
average location of the weight of an Buoyancy, CB, is
object defines as the
centroid of the
volume of fluid
displaced and
depends on the
shape of that
volume.

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i. Force upward – the upthrust, FB, acting through the
centre of buoyancy, CB.
FB = g Vd = Vd
where,  = specific weight of fluid.
Vd = volume of fluid being displaced

ii. Force downward – the weight of the body, W, acting


through its centre of gravity, CG.
W = objgVobj = objVobj
where, o = specific weight of object
Vo = volume of the object

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Partially Immerse (Floating)
Density of Object (obj) < Density of Water (w)

Upthrust = Weight
FB = W
w gVd = objgVobj

OR
wVd = objVobj

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Fully Immerse (Floating)
Density of Object (obj) < Density of Water (w)

Upthrust = Weight +External force

FB = W + FE

w gVd = objgVobj + FE

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Fully Immerse (Floating)
Density of Object (obj) > Density of Water (w)

Upthrust +External force = Weight

FB + FE = W

w gVd + FE = objgVobj

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Fully Immerse (Sink)
Density of Object (obj) > Density of Water (w)

Upthrust < Weight


FB < W

w gVd < objgVobj

where Vd = Vobj

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PROCEDURES FOR SOLVING BUOYANCY PROBLEMS

STEP 1
STEP 2
Draw a free body diagram
Write the equilibrium
equation in the
Show all force acting on the vertical direction
free body in vertical direction Fv = 0
• the weight of the body
• buoyant
•external forces

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Solve the required
STEP 3 parameters using the
buoyancy principles

BUOYANCY WEIGHT OF
FORCE OBJECT
CALCULATED CALCULATED

Fb   Vd W  V
WHEN W < Fb – OBJECT FLOATS ON THE DEPTH OF
SURFACE OF THE FLUID IMMERSION
(DRAFT)
WHEN W = Fb OBJECT FLOATS WITH
CONSTANT DEPTH OF IMMERSION IN THE CALCULATED
FLUID
V
WHEN W > Fb OBJECT SINKS IN THE FLUID x
A

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Be able to define metacentre and 3.2 METACENTRE AND
metacentric height. METACENTRIC HEIGHT

METACENTRE, M M
in fluid mechanics, the
theoretical point, at which an G
imaginary vertical line passing
B
through the centre of gravity
and centre of buoyancy when
in its equilibrium position.
METACENTRIC HEIGHT, GM is the
distance from metacentre, M to
the centre of gravity
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M

When the body is G


displaced, or tipped or B’
rotated slightly, in the
water, metacentre
intersects the imaginary
vertical line through a
new centre of buoyancy

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Be able to determine the stability of floating 3.3
bodies STABILITY OF
Be able to use the concept of upthrust and FLOATING BODY
metacentre in solving and describe the stability
of submerged/floating bodies in fluid engineering
problem.

If the body is rotated slightly, the center of


buoyancy shifts to a new position because the
geometry of the displaced volume has changed.

The buoyant force and the weight now produce a righting


couple that tends to return the body to its original
orientation.
A floating body is stable if its THE METACENTER ABOVE
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CENTRE OF GRAVITY, ( M > G)
CEW 441 FLUID MECHANICS
GM = BM - BG M

GM – distance from CG to M

G
BG – distance from CB to CG
B

BG = OG - OB
O

BM = Iyy / Vd BM – distance from CB to M


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yMC > yCG = Stable
M
yMC < yCG = unstable
G
yMC = yCB + BM
B
yMC – distance from O to M
O
yCB – distance from O to CB
= di/2

yCG – distance from O to CG


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Prepared by CPD CEW 441 FLUID MECHANICS
Prepared by CPD CEW 441 FLUID MECHANICS

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