Chapter 10

Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB334
Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 10: Flow in Conduits
Chapter 10
FLOW IN
CONDUITS
Chapter Summary
Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe Section
Laminar Flow in Pipes
Criterion for Laminar or Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses From Fittings
Single Pump in a Pipeline System
Turbulent Flow in Non-circular Conduits
Introduction
Conduits play very important role in engineering
It is used to transport fluids for various purposes
such as :
– Water distribution network
– Sewage System
– Transporting Oil
– Transporting Gas
– Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
– Controlling Operations of Machinery etc…etc…etc…
Thus it is extremely Important for Engineers to
understand the basic fluid mechanics of flow in
pipes
10.1. Shear Stress Distribution

Across a Pipe Section
Velocity distribution in pipe is directly linked to the
shear stress distribution in the pipe.
Consider a pipe section :
Apply SFFME :
Fs = 0
Shear stress :
r d
τ = − ( p + γz )
2 ds
10.1. Shear Stress Distribution

Across a Pipe Section …
Rearranging : d
( p + γz ) = − 2τ
ds r
Integrating wrt s for pipe of length, L and radius, R :
( p + γz )1 − ( p + γz )2 = ∆p* = 2τ w L = 4τ w L
R D
In term of piezometric head drop : *
hf =
4τ w L
ρgD
Normally head drop is given in term of f, friction
factor : L V 2 4τ L
*
hf = f Darcy-
= w Darcy-
D 2g ρg D Weisbach Eqn
10.2. Laminar Flow in Pipes

For the laminar flow shear stress folows the NLV.
dV dV r d
µ = −µ = − ( p + γz )
dy dr 2 ds
Integrating and Applying Boundary Conditions :
2
ro − r 2 d
V= − ( p + γz ) … Parabolic Profile
4µ ds
10.2. Laminar Flow in Pipes …

2
ro d
The maximum velocity : Vmax = − ( p + γz )
4µ ds
The volume flow rate : πro 2 d

Q= − ( p + γz )
8µ ds
2
r d V
The mean velocity : V = o − ( p + γz ) = max
8µ ds 2
Putting in term of D d
( p + γz ) = − 32µ2V
and rearranging : ds D
10.2. Laminar Flow in Pipes …

p1 p2 32µLV
Integrating wrt s for + z1 − + z2 =
γ γ γD 2
pipe of length L :
Define head loss due to hf =
32µLV
friction as hf (Note that γD 2
for pipe flow mean
velocity is used :
p1 p2
Equation becomes : + z1 = + z2 + h f
γ γ
Define friction hf = f
L V 2 32µLV
= Darcy-
coefficient f as: D 2g γD 2 Weisbach Eqn
64 64
For laminar flow, f: f = =
(ρVD µ ) Re D
10.3. Criterion for Laminar and

Turbulent Flow in a Pipe
ρVD VD
Re D = =
µ ν
Recall Reynolds Experiment

Critical Reynolds Number is between 2000-3000
ReD < 2000 , Laminar … ReD > 3000 , Turbulent
2000 <ReD < 3000, Transition
Most Engineering Problems Falls in Turbulent Regime
10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Turbulence and Its Influence in Pipe Flow
Turbulent pipe flow and turbulent BL is very similar
Can think as turbulent BL as Turbulent pipe flow with
thickness equal to the pipe radius
Apparent shear stress
in pipe ..
Follows pipe line
shear stress
distribution
Close to wall fall to
zero since laminar
viscous effect is
dominant
10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes …

Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Smooth Pipes
Experimental data shows
that very close to the
wall, the velocity
distribution follows the
law of the wall as in BL :
0 < y+ < 5
u+ = y+
20 < y+ < 500
u+ = 5.75 log10 y+ + 5.56

Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Smooth Pipes …
Outside the law of the wall region until the centre
of the pipe, it follows closely the velocity defect law

Experimental data shows that power law formula
profile is applicable except for very close to the wall
1m
u y
= But the value of constant m depend on the Re
umax R
ReD 4 x 103 2.3 x104 1.1x105 1.1x106 3.2 x106
M 6.0 6.6 7.0 8.8 10.0


Combination of Experimental data and Analytical
solutions shows that the frictional head drop for
turbulent flow is given by :
LL VV 22
hhff == ff
D 22gg
D
Where : 1
f
( )
= 2 log Re f − 0.80 for ReD > 3000
Another expression as given by Blausius following

analogy with laminar expression is :
14
f = 0.3164 Re D 4000 < ReD < 105

Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Rough Pipes
Experimental data shows that the velocity distribution in
rough pipe follows closely the semilog profile
Nikuradse (1933) performed extensive experiment on
pipe artificially roughened with sand grain. He found
that the equation is :
u y
= 5.75 log10 + 8.5
uτ ks
where y is the distance from the wall and ks is the sand
grain size.
Nikuradse plotted graph of f against ReD for different
values of relative sand grain roughness (ks /D).

Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Rough Pipes …
Some Observations :
At low Re and small ks, f
follows those of smooth
pipe. This is because the
roughness elements are
fully within the sublayer
At high Re or high ks, f
remains constant and is
independent of Re. This is
because the roughness
element protrude into the
main stream and causes
drag.

Moody (1944) has
developed a similar
chart for
commercial pipes
known as Moody
Diagram

If pipe materials, length, diameter ad flow rate are
know…Reynolds number and relative roughness can be
calculated … Then f can be determined from the graph…
Then Darcy-Weisbach Eqn can be used to determine the head
loss due to friction
If the pipe materials, length, diameter and head loss are
known, but the flow rate is to be determined….Calculate Ref1/2
and Relative roughness number … Then use the graph to
determine f…Then Darcy-Weisbach Eqn can be used to
determine the mean velocity .. Then calculate flow rate
D3 2
Re f 12
= (2 g h f L)
12
ν

Example : Water is to be transported along a 1 km long pipe
at 0.05 m3/s. Determine the head loss in meter if :
1 m diameter cast iron pipe is used
0.5 m diameter cast iron pipe is used
0.5 m diameter concrete pipe is used
0.6 m diameter riveted steel pipe is used
Note that the head loss will need to be supplied by a pump of
at least the same capacity in order to deliver water at the
required flow rate.

There is an empirical formula given by Swamee & Jain (1976)
that can be used to calculate f directly :
0.25
f = 2
ks 5.74
log10 +
3.7 D Re D 0.9
It is reported that this formula differs less than 3% from those
on the Moody Diagram for 4 x 103 < ReD < 108 and 10-5 <
ks/D < 2 x 10-2.
There are also explicit expressions for Q and D :
ks 1.78ν Swamee and Jain (1976)
Q = −2.22 D 5 2 g h f L log + 32
3.7 D D g hf L
4.75 5.2 0.04
2
LQ L
D = 0.66 k s +νQ 9.4 Streeter & Wiley (1979)
gh f gh f
10.4. Turbulent Flow

in Pipes
Velocity Distribution
and Resistance in
Rough Pipes …
Using Computer Program

10.5. Flow at Pipe Inlets and

Losses from Fittings
Minor Losses Through Fittings
Apart from pressure losses due to friction, along a pipeline
there will be other minor losses due to pipe inlet, exit, elbow
and other fittings… These are called MINOR LOSSES
The head loss that is produced by these MINOR LOSSES is
expressed by equation :
hL = K
V2 Where … K is the minor loss coefficient
2g V is the reference velocity
Thus the head loss due to these minor losses along a pipeline
system is the summation of all the losses through the fittings :
V2
hL = K
All _ Fittings 2g

Flow in a Pipe Inlet
Consider flow at a pipe inlet …
The length of the developing flow region is called THE

ENTRANCE LENGTH, Le. Le is 0.05DRe for laminar flow and
50D for turbulent flow
In this region.. The flow is not fully developed. The velocity
profile is changing. The wall shear and hence the rate of
pressure drop are changing.

Flow in a Pipe Inlet ….
V2
hL = K
2g
The K values depends on the shape of the entrance.
Round inlet … K = 0.1
Sharp inlet … K = 0.5
V is the mean velocity in the
pipe.

Flow through a Elbow
There will be associated
head loss through pipe
bend /elbow because of the
flow separations etc.
The K values depends on
the shape of the elbow
namely r/D.
V2
hL = K
2g

Summary of Minor Loss Coefficients Through Fittings

Summary of Minor Loss Coefficients Through Fittings ….

Transition Losses and Grade Lines
The EGL and HGL
will drop
accordingly across
pipe fittings and
transitions.
V2
hL = K
2g
10.6. Single Pump in a Pipeline

General Equation for Single Pipeline System
Consider a single pipeline system :
2
Apply the SFEE :

2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2 V2 L V2
+ + z1 + h p = + + z2 + KL + f
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g All _ Fittings 2 g All _ Length D 2 g

General Equation for Single Pipeline System
Example : If the water surface elevation of reservoir B is 110 m,
what must be the water surface elevation in reservoir A is a flow of
0.03 m3/s is to occur in the cast iron pipe? Draw the HGL and
EGL, including relative slopes and changes in slope.

Matching of Pump and System Characteristic
Rearranging for hp : h = (z − z ) + V K +
2
f
L
p 2 1 L
2g All _ Fittings All _ Length D
For any given discharge (Q=VA), the pump need to

supply this amount of head.
The curve of hp against Q is called the SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTIC of the pipe system
Any given pump will have a head vs discharge curve
called the PUMP CHARACTERISTIC supplied by
pump manufacturer.
The Intersection point between the 2 curves is the
OPERATING POINT

Referring to the
diagram :
The head
produced will be
~ 39 m
The discharge
deliver will be
0.27 m3/s
In general to solve
pump matching
problem…Draw
the system curve
and obtain the
operating point

Referring to the
diagram :
The head
produced will be
~ 40 m
The discharge
deliver will be
0.28 m3/s
The pump
efficiency will be
~ 82 %

Example : If a pump with characteristic as shown earlier is used
determine (a) the pump head (b) the flow rate (c) the efficiency (d)
the electrical power used (e) energy consumed for 24 hours
operation
10.7. Turbulent Flow in

Noncircular Conduit
For non circular conduit Darcy-Weisbach Equation is
still applicable.
However equivalent hydraulic diameter has to be used
4 Area 4A
De = =
Wetted _ Perimeter P
The head loss is given by :
L V2
hL = f
De 2 g
ρVDe
Re D =
µ
End of Chapter 10

Chapter 10

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Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB334

Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 10: Flow in Conduits

10.1. Shear Stress Distribution

10.1. Shear Stress Distribution

10.2. Laminar Flow in Pipes

10.2. Laminar Flow in Pipes …

The volume flow rate : πro 2 d

10.2. Laminar Flow in Pipes …

10.3. Criterion for Laminar and

Recall Reynolds Experiment

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes …

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes …

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes …

ReD 4 x 103 2.3 x104 1.1x105 1.1x106 3.2 x106

M 6.0 6.6 7.0 8.8 10.0

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes …

Another expression as given by Blausius following

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

10.4. Turbulent Flow in Pipes

10.4. Turbulent Flow

Using Computer Program

10.5. Flow at Pipe Inlets and

10.5. Flow at Pipe Inlets and

The length of the developing flow region is called THE

10.5. Flow at Pipe Inlets and

10.5. Flow at Pipe Inlets and

10.5. Flow at Pipe Inlets and

10.5. Flow at Pipe Inlets and

10.5. Flow at Pipe Inlets and

10.6. Single Pump in a Pipeline

Apply the SFEE :

10.6. Single Pump in a Pipeline

10.6. Single Pump in a Pipeline

For any given discharge (Q=VA), the pump need to

10.6. Single Pump in a Pipeline

10.6. Single Pump in a Pipeline

10.6. Single Pump in a Pipeline

10.7. Turbulent Flow in

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