International Abbreviations For Polymers and Polymer Processing

Appendices
Appendix I: International Abbreviations

for Polymers and Polymer Processing
AA Acrylic acid (monomer)

AAS, ASA Copolymer of acrylonitrile, acrylate (ester), and styrene
ABA Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate copolymer
ABM Copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-methyl acrylate
ABMA Copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-methacrylic acid
ABR Elastomeric copolymer from an acrylate (ester) and butadi-
ene, a rubber
ABS Thermoplastic terpolymer, an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
copolymer
ABSM Graft copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-methyl
methacrylate
ABSMA Graft copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-maleic
anhydride
ABS-MA Maleated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
ABVC Thermoplastic terpolymer, an acrylonitrile-butadiene-vinyl
chloride copolymer
ACM Acrylate rubber, based on ethyl acrylate with other acrylics
ACM Acrylic elastomer, e.g., alkyl acrylate-2-chloroethyl vinyl
ether copolymer
ACPES Acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene copolymer
ACRYL Poly- or copoly-methyl methacrylate (acrylic)
ACS Thermoplastic blend of acrylonitrile-styrene-chlorinated PE
terpolymer
ACS, ACPES Acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene copolymer
AEM Elastomeric ethyl (or other) acrylate-ethylene copolymer
AES Terpolymer from acrylonitrile, ethylene-propylene elastomer,
and styrene
AF Aniline-formaldehyde molding resins
L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 2155

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
2156 Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing
AFMU Terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoro-nitrosomethane,

and nitrosoperfluorobutyric acid
AK Alkyd resin
AMAB Copolymer from acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and butadiene
rubber
AMC Alkyd molding compound
AMMA Thermoplastic copolymer from acrylonitrile and methyl
methacrylate
AMS a-Methyl styrene
AN Acrylonitrile
ANM Acrylate rubber, based on ethyl acrylate with acrylonitrile
AP, APR Elastomeric ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, now
EPDM
APET Amorphous polyethyleneterephthalate
aPP Amorphous polypropylene
aPP Atactic PP
AR Elastomeric copolymer from acrylates and olefins
ARP Polyarylterephthalate liquid crystal copolymers, also PAT
AS Acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer (see also SAN)
ASA, AAS Thermoplastic copolymer from acrylonitrile, styrene, and
acrylates
ASR Alkylene sulfide rubber
AU Elastomeric polyester or polyurethane with polyester
segments
BA, PBA Polybutylacrylate (incorrectly used for acrylic elastomer,
ACM)
BAAN Butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile copolymer
BAMM Butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer
BFE Bromotrifluoroethylene polymers
BIIR Brominated elastomer from isobutene and isoprene,
bromobutyl rubber
BMC Bulk molding compound (UP resins)
BMI Bismaleimide
BMMM Butyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer
BOPP Biaxially oriented polypropylene film
BP, BR Polybutadiene or an isobutene-isoprene copolymer, butyl or
butadiene rubber
BPA Bisphenol-A
bPC Branched polycarbonate of bisphenol-A
BR Butadiene rubber
Bu-ABS Graft copolymer of butylacrylate and triallyl isocyanurate on
polybutadiene, in turn emulsion grafted with styrene and
acrylonitrile
Appendix I: International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing 2157
CA Cellulose acetate
CAB Cellulose acetate-butyrate
CAN Cellulose acetate-nitrate
CAP Cellulose acetate-propionate
CB Cellulose butyrate (also carbon black reinforcing pigment)
CBR Chlorinated butadiene rubber
CDB Conjugated diene butyl elastomer
CE Cellulose plastics in general
CEM Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (also CFM, CTFEP, PCTFE)
CF Cresol-formaldehyde resins (also reinforcing carbon fiber)
CFM Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (also CEM, CTFEP, PCTFE)
CHR Elastomeric copolymer from epichlorohydrin and ethylene
oxide
CIIR Post chlorinated elastomeric copolymer from isobutene and
isoprene
CM Chloro-polyethylene (also compression molding)
CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose (or critical micelle concentration)
CMHEC Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
CMPS Poly(chloromethyl styrene)
CN Cellulose nitrate (celluloid)
CNR Elastomeric terpolymer from tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoro-
nitrosomethane, and a small amount of an unsaturated mono-
mer, e.g., nitrosoperfluorobutyric acid and nitroso or carboxy
nitroso rubber
CO Polychloromethyl oxirane elastomer, epichlorohydrin rubber
COP Cycloolefin polymers or copolymers
CO-PAI Copolyamideimide
COPE Copolyester elastomer
CO-PI Copolyimide
COPO Poly(carbon monoxide-co- polyolefin), a linear, alternating
terpolymer: ethylene-co- propylene-co-carbon monoxide
COX Carboxylic rubber
CP Cellulose propionate, or chlorinated polyethylene, also CPE
CP2 Alternating copolymer from vinyl ether and maleic acid
CP4 Copolymer from acrylic acid and maleic acid
CPE Chlorinated polyethylene
CPET Crystallizable (or chlorinated) polyethyleneterephthalate
CPI cis-Polyisoprene, also IR
CPVC Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
CR Chloroprene, or neoprene, rubber
CRM Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
CRP Carbon fiber reinforced plastics
CS Casein
CSM, CSPE Chlorosulfonated polyethylene, also CSPE or CSR

CSR Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (also CSPE or CSM)
CT, CTA Cellulose triacetate
CTBN Carboxy-terminated nitrile rubber
CTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
CTFEP Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (also CFM, CEM, PCTFE)
CUT Continuous use temperature
CV Viscose, also VI
DAC Diallylchlorendate
DAF Diallylfumarate
DAIP Diallylisophthalate
DAP Diallylphthalate
DCA Dichloroacetic acid
DMA Dynamic mechanical analysis
DMC Dough molding compound
DMF N,N-dimethylformamide (solvent, also DMT)
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide (solvent)
DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
E/B Copolymers of ethylene and 1-butene
E/P Ethylene-propylene copolymer EA
EAA Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer
EAM Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate
EBA Ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer
EBA-AA Ethylene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid copolymer
EBA-GMA Ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
EBA-MA Ethylene (50–90 parts)-co-butyl acrylate (5 to 49 parts)-co-
maleic anhydride (0.5 to 10 parts) copolymer
EBM Extrusion blow molding
EC Ethyl cellulose
ECA Ethylene-carbonate copolymer
ECB Blends from ethylene copolymers with bitumen
ECO, CO Elastomeric copolymer from ethylene oxide and epichlorohy-
drin (also EO-ECH)
ECPE Extended chain polyethylene
ECTF, ECTFE Poly(ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)
EEA Elastomeric copolymer from ethylene and ethyl acrylate
EEAAA Polyethylene grafted with ethyl acrylate and acrylic acid
EEA-GMA Ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
EGMA Ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
EHEC Hydroxyethyl cellulose
ELAST Elastomer
EMA Copolymer from ethylene and maleic anhydride or ethylene-
methyl acrylate
EMAc Copolymer from ethylene and methacrylic acid
EMAC Ethylene methacrylate copolymer

EMI Electromagnetic interference
EMM Copolymer from ethylene and methyl methacrylate
EMP Ethylene-propylene copolymers (ethylene-modified
polypropylene)
ENR Epoxidized natural rubber
EO-ECH Copolymer of ethylene oxide and epichlorohydrin (also
ECO, CO)
EP Epoxy resins
EPD Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer
EPD, EPDM Elastomeric terpolymer from ethylene, propylene, and
a non-conjugated diene
EPDM-MA Maleic anhydride-modified ethylene-propylene-diene
terpolymer
EPE Ester of an epoxy resin
EP-G-G Prepreg from epoxy resin and glass fabric (German literature)
EP-K-L Prepreg from epoxy resin and carbon fiber fabric (German
literature)
EPR, EPM Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene and propylene
EPR-MA Maleated ethylene-propylene rubber, EPR
EPS Polystyrene foam, expanded PS
EPT, EPTR Ethylene, propylene, and a non-conjugated diene terpolymer,
also EPDM
E-PVC Emulsion polyvinyl chloride, PVC polymerized in emulsion
ES Ethylene-styrene block copolymer
E-SBR Polymerized in emulsion styrene/butadiene copolymer
ESCR Environmental stress crack resistance
ESD Electrostatic dissipation
ETE Engineering thermoplastic elastomer
ETFE Copolymer from ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene
EtOH Ethanol
EU Polyether urethane
EVA Ethylene-vinyl acetal copolymer
EVAc Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl acetate
EVAc-AA Ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylic acid graft copolymer
EVAc-CO Ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monoxide copolymer
EVAc-MA Copolymer from ethylene, vinyl acetate, and methacrylic acid
EVA-GMA Ethylene-vinyl acetate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
EVAl, EVAL Copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol
EVAVC Ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer
EVC Copolymer from ethylene and vinylene carbonate
EVE Ethylene-vinyl ether copolymer
EVM Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, a thermoplastic elastomer
EVOH Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (also EVAl, EVAL)
EVP Ethylene-vinyl pyrrolidinone copolymer

FA Formic acid
FE Fluorine-containing elastomer
FEP Fluorinated EPR, tetrafluoroethylene/hexa-fluoro propylene
rubber
FF Resin from furan and formaldehyde
FFKM Perfluoro rubbers of the polymethylene type, having all
substituent fluoro, perfluoroalkyl, or perfluoroalkoxy groups
on the polymer chain
FK, FRP, GRP Fiber reinforced plastic
FKM Hexa-fluoro propylene- vinylidene fluoride copolymer
FMQ Methyl fluoro silicone rubber
FP Fluoroplastic
FPM Vinylidene fluoride/hexa-fluoro propylene elastomer, rubbers
with fluoro and fluoroalkyl or fluoroalkoxy groups
FPVC Flexible PVC film
FQ Elastomeric silicone with fluorine-containing substituents
FRE Fiber reinforced epoxy
FRP, GRP, FK Glass fiber reinforced polyester
FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
FVMQ Silicone rubber with fluorine, vinyl, and methyl substituents
GC Gas chromatograph
GECO Epichlorohydrin-ethylene glycol- glycidyl ether elastomeric
copolymer
GEP Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin
GF Glass fiber, or glass fiber reinforced plastic
GF-PF Glass fiber reinforced phenolic resin
GF-UP Glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester resin
GMA Glycidyl methacrylate (monomer)
GMT Glass mat reinforced plastics
GP Gutta-percha
GPC Gel permeation chromatograph (now: size exclusion
chromatography, SEC)
GPO Elastomeric copolymer from propylene oxide and allyl
glycidyl ether
GPPS General-purpose polystyrene (also PS)
GPSMA General-purpose styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer
(also SMA)
GR Government rubber from state-owned factories in the USA
during the Second World War
GR-1 Butyl rubber
GR-N Nitrile rubber, now NBR
GR-S Styrene-butadiene rubber
GRP Glass reinforced polyester (thermoset)

GUR Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
HALS Hindered amines (antioxidants)
HAO Higher alpha-olefins
HBV Poly(3-hydroxy butyrate- co-valerate)
HDPE High-density polyethylene (ca. 960 kg/m3)
HDT Heat deflection temperature
HEC Hydroxyethyl cellulose
HIPS High-impact polystyrene
HISMA High-impact styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer
HM Hot melt adhesive
HMC Sheet molding compound with high glass fiber content
HMW High molecular weight
HMW-PE Polyethylene with high molecular weight
H-NBR, HNBR Hydrogenated acrylonitrile- butadiene elastomer
HPC Hydroxy propyl cellulose
HPMC Hydroxy propyl-methyl cellulose
HR High resiliency foams
HTE Hydroxyl-terminated polyether
ICP Intrinsically conductive (or connecting) polymer
IEN Interpenetrating elastomeric network
IGC Inverse gas chromatograph
IHPN Interpenetrating homopolymer network
IIR Isobutene-isoprene rubber (butyl rubber)
IM Polyisobutene, also PIB
IO Ionomer
IPN Interpenetrating polymer network
IPS Impact resistant polystyrene
IR Synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene, synthetic isoprene rubber
IR, FTIR Infrared spectroscopy (or Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy)
LCP Liquid crystal polymer
LDPE Low-density polyethylene (ca. 918 kg/m3)
LIM Liquid impingement molding (now reactive injection mold-
ing, RIM)
LIPN Latex interpenetrating polymer network
LLDPE Linear low-density polyethylene
LMDPE Linear medium-density polyethylene
LPE Linear polyethylene
LRM Liquid reaction molding (now reactive injection molding, RIM)
LRMR Reinforced liquid reaction molding (now reinforced reactive
injection molding, RRIM)
L-SBR Solution-polymerized SBR
LSR Liquid silicone rubber

LTG Low-temperature zinc phosphate glasses
MA or MAH Maleic anhydride (monomer)
MABS Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, butadi-
ene, and styrene
MAN Copolymer from methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile
MAS Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, and
styrene
MBA Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, butadiene, and
acrylonitrile
MBS Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, butadiene, and styrene
MC Methyl cellulose
MC Methylene chloride (solvent)
MDI Methyl di-isocyanate
MDPE Medium-density polyethylene (ca. 930 to 940 kg/m3)
MEK Methyl ethyl ketone (solvent)
MeSAN Copolymer from a-methyl styrene and acrylonitrile
MF Melamine-formaldehyde resins
MFI Melt flow index
MFK Metal fiber reinforced plastic
MFQ Silicone rubbers with methyl and fluorine substituent groups,
also FMQ
MFR Melt flow rate
MI Melt index
MIPS Medium-impact-strength polystyrene
MMA Methyl methacrylate (monomer)
MMA-MAc-EA Copolymer of methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, and
ethyl acrylate
MMBA Copolymer from methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate
MMBA-TPT Copolymer from methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, diallyl
maleate, and trimethylol propane triacrylate
MMEA Methyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate copolymer
MMMA Methyl methacrylate-methyl acrylate copolymer
MMPMI Methyl methacrylate-co-N-phenylmaleimide copolymer
MMS Copolymer from methyl methacrylate and a-methyl styrene
MMVAc Methyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer
MMVAc-AA Copolymer of methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, and acrylic
acid
MMW Medium molecular weight
MPC Tetramethyl polycarbonate (also TMPC, TMBPA-PC)
MPF Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde resin
MPQ Silicone rubbers having both methyl and phenyl substituent
groups, also PMQ
MPR Melt-processable rubber poly(a-methyl styrene)
M-PVC Polymerized in bulk polyvinyl chloride

MPVQ Silicone rubbers with methyl, phenyl, and vinyl groups, also
PVMQ
MQ Elastomeric silicones with methyl substituents
MSABS Methylstyrene-styrene-acrylonitrile-grafted polybutadiene
MSAN Thermoplastic copolymer from a-methyl styrene and
acrylonitrile
MSMA Copolymer of methyl methacrylate, p-methyl-styrene, and
maleic anhydride
MVQ Silicone rubbers having both methyl and vinyl substituent
groups, also VMQ
MWR Molding with rotation
n-C6 n-Hexane
n-C7 n-Heptane
n-C10 n-Decane
NBR Elastomeric copolymer from butadiene and acrylonitrile,
nitrile rubber
NC Cellulose nitrate, also CN
NCR Elastomeric copolymer from acrylonitrile and chloroprene
NDPE Low-density polyethylene (see also LDPE)
NIR Elastomeric copolymer from acrylonitrile and isoprene
NK Natural rubber, also NR
NP Network polymer
NR Natural rubber, also NK
OEP Oil-extended polymer
OPET Oriented polyethyleneterephthalate
OPP Oriented polypropylene, film, or bottles, also PP
OPR Elastomeric polymer from propylene oxide
OPS Oriented polystyrene films
OPVC Oriented polyvinyl chloride
OSA Olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
P3FE Poly(trifluoroethylene)
PA Polyamide; the abbreviation PA is normally followed by a
number, a combination of numbers, a letter, or a combination
of letters and numbers. A single number refers to the polyam-
ide from an a,o-amino acid or its lactam. A combination of
two numbers is often separated by a comma. The first number
following the symbol PA indicates the number of methylene
groups of aliphatic diamines and the second number the num-
ber of carbon atoms of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. An
I stands for isophthalic acid and a T for terephthalic acid.
For example, co-polyamide from caprolactam, hexamethyle-
nediamine condensed with isophthalic and terephthalic acids
is abbreviated as PA-6IT6, or that from caprolactam,

m-xylylenediamine, and adipic acid as PA-mXD6, etc.
PA-6 Poly-e-caprolactam
PA-46 Poly(tetramethylene adipamide), also PTA
PA-66 Poly(hexamethylenediamine-adipic acid), polyhexa-
methylene adipamide
PA-6IT6 Poly(caprolactam-co-hexamethylenediamine-isophthalic and
terephthalic acids)
PAA Polyacrylic acid
PAAE Polyarylamide-polyether
PAAM Polyacrylamide
PABM Polyaminobismaleimide
PAC Polyacrylonitrile fiber (also PAN), polyacrylate
PACE Polyacetylene
PADC Poly(allyl diglycol carbonate)
PAE Polyarylether
PAEB Poly(p-aminoethyl benzoate)
PAEI Polyacrylic ester imide
PAEK Polyaryletherketone
PAES Polyarylethersulfone
PAI Polyamide-imide
PAK Polyester alkyd
PALL Polyallomer – a block copolymer of propylene, ethylene
(1.5 to 3%), butene (8%), and hexene (5%)
PAMS Poly-a-methyl styrene
PA-mXD Poly(m-xylylene adipamide)
PA-mXD6 Poly(m-xylylenediamine and adipic acid-co-caprolactam)
PAN Polyacrylonitrile
PANI Polyaniline
PAPA Polyazelaic polyanhydride
PAPI Polymethylenepolyphenylene isocyanate, also PMPPI
PAr, PAR Polyarylate [j-C(CH3)2-j-CO2–j-CO2-]n, amorphous
polyester of bisphenol-A with isophthalic and terephthalic acids
PARA Polyaryl amide (aromatic, usually amorphous polyamide)
PARS Polyaryloxysiloxane
PArSi Poly(aryloxysiloxane), e.g., poly(dimethylsiloxane
biphenylene-oxide)
PAS Polyarylsulfide copolymers (esp. in German and Japanese
literature)
PAS, PASU Polyarylsulfone [j-SO2- j-O–]0.875 [j-O–]0.125
PAT Polyaminotriazole, also polyarylterephthalate, aromatic LCP
polyester
PAUR Polyester urethane
PB Poly-1-butene, polybutylene, elastic polydiene fiber
PBA Polybutylacrylate, also poly(1,4- benzamide)

PBAN Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile)
PBCD Poly(butylene cyclohexane dicarboxylate)
PBD Polybutadiene
PBE Poly(1-butene-co-ethylene)
PBG Polybutylene glycol, also known as polytetrahydrofuran,
PTHF
PBI Polybenzimidazoles
PBMA Poly-n-butyl methacrylate
PBMI Polybismaleimide
PBN Poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate)
PBNDC Poly(butylene-2,5-naphthalene dicarboxylate)
PBO Polybutylene oxide
PBR Copolymer from butadiene and vinyl pyridine
PBS Copolymer from butadiene and styrene (see also GR-S, SBR)
PB-SMA Styrene-maleic anhydride-grafted polybutadiene
PBT, PBTP Polybutyleneterephthalate
PBT-PBG Copolymer of 1,4-butanediol- polybutylene glycol-
terephthalic acid
PBZ Polybenzobisoxazole
PBzMA Poly(benzyl methacrylate)
PBZT Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole)
PC Polycarbonate of bisphenol-A
PCA Polycarbonate-acrylic
PCD Polycarbodiimide
PCDP Polydicyclopentadiene
PCDT Poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate)
PCE Polycycloenes
PCF Polychlorotrifluoroethylene fiber
PCHMA Polycyclohexyl methacrylate
PCI Poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene isophthalate)
PCME Poly(2,2-dichloromethyltrimethylene ether)
PCN Poly(2-cyano-5-norbornene)
PCO Polycycloolefin
PC-Ph Co-polycarbonate from phosgene with bisphenol-A and
phenolphthalein
PCT, PCTG Poly(cyclohexane terephthalate- glycol), copolymer of
cyclohexanedimethanol (66 mol%), ethylene glycol,
(34 mol%), and terephthalic acid
PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (also CEM, CFM, CTFE)
PCU Polyvinyl chloride (old German literature)
PDAP Polydiallylphthalate (also DAP, FDAP)
PDCP Polydicyclopentadiene
PDMDPhS Poly(dimethyl-diphenylsiloxane)
PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane
PDPS Polydiphenylsiloxane
PE Polyethylene
PEA Polyetheramide
PEAc Polyethylacrylate
PEB Polyethylene-p-oxybenzoate
PEBA Thermoplastic elastomer, polyether block amide
PEC Polyestercarbonate or chlorinated polyethylene, usually CPE
PeCe Chlorinated PVC (also CPVC, PC, PVCC)
PECO Polyethylene carbonate
PEE Polyester ether fibers (containing diol and p-hydroxy benzoate
units, e.g., polyethylene-p-oxybenzoate
PEEI Polyesteretherimide
PEEK Polyetheretherketone
PEG Polyethyleneglycol
PEH High-density polyethylene, also HDPE
PEI Polyetherimide
PEIE Polyetherimide ester copolymer
PEIm Polyetherimine
PEK Polyetherketone
PEKEKK Poly(ether-ketone-ether-ketone-ketone)
PEL Low-density polyethylene, also LDPE
PEM Medium-density polyethylene, also MDPE
PENDC, PEN Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) or
polyethylenenaphthalate
PENi Polyethernitrile
PEO Polyethylene glycol, usually PEG
PEOX Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)
PEP Thermoplastic copolymer from ethylene and propylene
PEPA Polyether-polyamide copolymer
PES Polyethersulfone [j-SO2-j-O–]n
PEsA Polyesteramide
PESK Polyarylenethioetherketone
PEST Thermoplastic polyesters, e.g., PBT, PET, also TPES
PET, PETP Polyethyleneterephthalate
PETG Polyethyleneterephthalate glycol, copolymer with 66 mol%
ethylene glycol and 34 mol% cyclohexylene dimethanol
PEtI Polyethyleneimine
PEUR Polyether urethane
PF Phenol-formaldehyde resin
PFA Polyfluoroalcoxyalkane, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and
perfluorinated
PFEP Copolymer from tetrafluoroethylene and hexa-fluoro propyl-
ene, also FEP
PFF Phenol-furfural resin

PG Poly-a-hydroxy acrylic acid
PGI Polyglutarimide
PH Phenolics
PHB, POB Poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid)
PHBA Poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid)
PHEMA Poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
PHIT Poly(hexylene-isophthalate-terephthalate)
PHMT, PHT Polyhexamethylene terephthalate PHP Physiological hydro-
philic polymers PhPS Poly(p-phenyl styrene)
PHP Physiological hydrophilic polymers
PhPS Poly(p-phenyl styrene)
PHT, PHMT Polyhexamethylene terephthalate
PHZ Polyphosphazene
PI Polyimide but also trans-1,4- polyisoprene, gutta-percha (UK)
PIAN Isoprene – acrylonitrile oil-resistant elastomer
PIB Polyisobutene
PIBI Copolymer from isobutene and isoprene, butyl rubber (also
butyl, GR-I, IIR)
PIBO Polyisobuteneoxide
PIP Synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene (also CPI, IR)
PIPO Polyimidazipyrolone
PIR Polyisocyanurate (foam) PIS Polyisobutylene
PISU Polyimidesulfone
PL Polyethylene (EWG), also PE
PLA Polylactic acid
PMA Polymethyl acrylate
PMAC Polymethoxy acetal
PMAN Polymethyl acrylonitrile
PMB Poly-methylenebenzoate
PMCA Polymethyl-a-chloro acrylate
PMI Polymethacrylimide
PMMA- GMA Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate)
PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate
PMMA-MA Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid)
PMMI Polypyromellitimide
PMP Poly-4-methyl-1-pentene (see also TPX)
PMPhS Polymethylphenylsiloxane
PMPPI Polymethylenepolyphenylene isocyanate, also PAPI
PMQ Silicone rubbers with methyl and phenyl substituents
PMS Poly-a-methyl styrene
PNA Polynuclear aromatics
PNF Polyfluoroalcoxyphosphazene
PNR Polynorbornene rubber
PO Polyolefin but also elastomeric polypropylene oxide and

phenoxy resin
POB, PHB Poly-p-hydroxy benzoate
POBA Polyoxybenzoyl acid, rigid-rod polymer
POBI Polyoxadiazobenzimidazole
POCA Poly(oxy(cyanoarylene)) or polyoxycyanoarylene
POD Polyoctadecene
PODZ Poly(p-phenylene 1,3,4-oxadiaxole)
POM Polyoxymethylene, polyformaldehyde, polyacetal, or “acetal
resin”
POMA Poly(oxetane methacrylate)
POP Polyoxypropylene, usually PPG
POR Elastomeric copolymer from propylene oxide and allyl
glycidyl ether
POT Polyoctyl thiophene
PP Polypropylene or oriented polypropylene (see also OPP)
PPA Polyphthalamide, also polypropyleneadipate
PPAc Polypropyl acrylate
PPBA Polyparabanic acid
PPC Chlorinated polypropylene
PPC Polyphthalate-carbonate, High heat PC with HDT ¼ 160 C
PPCA Poly(polycyclic (meth)acrylate)
PPD-T, PPTA Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) Kevlar™
PPE Poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene ether) (see also PPO)
PPeA Poly(n-pentyl acrylate)
PPE-MA Maleic anhydride-modified poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene
ether)
PPG Polypropylene glycol
PPhA Polyphthalamide
PPI Polymeric polyisocyanate
PP-MA Maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene
PPMA Poly(phenyl methacrylate)
PPMS, PpMS Poly(para-methyl styrene)
PPO GE Co., Polymer Products Operation, trade name for poly
(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene ether) (see PPE)
PPOEA Poly(phenoxyethoxyethyl acrylate)
PPOX, PPO Polypropylene glycol, usually PPG
PPP Poly-p-phenylene
PPR Polypyrrole
PPrA Poly(n-propyl acrylate)
PPS Polyphenylsulfide
PPSK, PKS Polyketonesulfide [j-S-j-CO–]n
PPSS Polyphenylenesulfidesulfone
PPS-S polythioethersulfone
PPSU, PSF, PSO Polyphenylene sulfone, polysulfone

PPT, PPTP Polypropyleneterephthalate; (see also PTT)
PPTA, PPD-T Poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide)
PPX Poly(p-xylylene)
PPy Polypyrrole
PPZ Polyorganophosphazene
PQ Elastomeric silicone with phenyl substituents
PS Polystyrene
P-S, PSA Pressure-sensitive adhesive
PSAB Copolymer from styrene and butadiene (also SB, S/B)
PSAN Thermoplastic copolymer from styrene and acrylonitrile, also
SAN
PSB Styrene-butadiene rubber, also GS-R, SBR
PSBR Elastomeric terpolymer from vinyl pyridine, styrene, and
butadiene
PSF Polysulfone, also PSUL, PSU, PSO
PS-GMA Styrene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
PSI Polymethylphenylsiloxane
PSL Polyspirodilactone
PS-MA Styrene-maleic anhydrite copolymer
PSO Polysulfone, also PSUL, PSU, PSF
PSOX Styrene polymer having reactive (2-oxazoline) groups
PST Polystyrene fiber with at least 85% styrene units
PS-TSG Polystyrene foam, processed by injection (German literature)
PSU Polysulfone [j-SO2-j-O–j-C(CH3)2-j-O–]n
PSUL Polysulfone, also PSF, PSU, PSO
PS-VPh Poly(styrene-b-vinyl phenol) block copolymer
PTA Polytetramethylene adipamide
PTF Polytetrafluoroethylene fiber
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene (also TFE)
PTHF Polytetrahydrofuran [also known as polybutylene glycol,
PBG]
PTMA Polytetramethyleneadipate
PTMC Poly(trimethylene carbonate)
PTMEG Poly(tetramethylene ether glycol)
PTMG Polytetramethylene glycol
PTMT Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) or polybutyleneter-
ephthalate, PBT
PTO Polytransoctanylene
PTR Polysulfide rubber
PTT Poly(trimethylene terephthalate), also PPT
PU, PUR Polyurethane elastomer
PVA Polyvinyl acetal
PVAc, PVAC Polyvinyl acetate
PVAl, PVAL Polyvinyl alcohol

PVBO Polyvinyl butyral
PVBu Polyvinyl butyrate
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
PVCA, PVCAc Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate
PVCC Chlorinated PVC, also CPVC, PeCe
PVC-DC Poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene chloride)
PVD Polyvinylidene chloride fiber with 50 wt% vinylidene
chloride
PVDC Polyvinylidene chloride, also PVC2
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride, also PVF2
PVE Polyvinylethylene
PVF Polyvinyl fluoride
PVFM, PVFO Polyvinyl formal
PVI Poly(vinyl isobutyl ether)
PVID Polyvinylidenecyanide
PVIE Polyvinyl isobutyl ether
PVK Poly-N-vinylcarbazole
PVM Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinyl methyl ether
PVME Polyvinyl methyl ether
PVMQ Silicone rubber with methyl, phenyl, and vinyl substituents
PVOH Polyvinyl alcohol (also PVAL, PVAl)
PVP Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone
PVPh Poly(4-vinylphenol), poly(p-hydroxy styrene)
PVSI Polydimethylsiloxane with phenyl and vinyl substituents
PY Unsaturated polyester resins, also UP
Q Silicone elastomer
QA Quality assurance
QC Quality control
QDS Quality data statistics
QMC Quick molding change
RAM Restricted area molding
RCF Refractory ceramic fiber
REX Reactive extrusion
RF Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin
RH Relative humidity (in %)
RHB Reheat blow molding
RIM Reaction injection molding
RLM Reactive liquid polymer
RMPS Rubber-modified polystyrene
RP, RTP Reinforced plastics, reinforced thermoplastic, also RP/C
RPBT Reinforced polybutyleneterephthalate
RPET Reinforced polyethyleneterephthalate
RPVC Rigid PVC film
RRIM Reinforced reaction injection molding

RTD Residence time distribution
RTM Resin transfer molding
RTP Reinforced thermoplastic
RTPO Reactor-blended thermoplastic olefinic elastomer
RTS Reinforced thermoset
RTV Room temperature vulcanization (of silicone rubber)
RUC Chlorinated rubber
SAA Styrene-acrylic acid copolymer
SAMA Styrene-acrylonitrile-methacrylic acid copolymer
SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile
SAN Thermoplastic copolymer from styrene and acrylonitrile, also
AS, PSAN
SANGMA Styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
SANMA Styrene-acrylonitrile-maleic anhydride copolymer
SAXS Small-angle X-ray scattering
SB, SBR Thermoplastic copolymer from styrene and butadiene, also
PASB, S/B
SB/BA Styrene-butadiene-butyl acrylate copolymer
SBCL Styrene-butadiene-caprolactone copolymer
SBMA Styrene-butadiene-maleic anhydride copolymer
SBMI Styrene-butadiene-maleimide
SBP Styrene-butadiene polymer
SBR Styrene-butadiene elastomer
SBS Styrene-butadiene-styrene
SBS Styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock polymer
SCR Elastomeric copolymer from styrene and chloroprene
SEBS Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene triblock polymer
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
SEP Styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer
S-EPDM Sulfonated ethylene- propylene-diene terpolymer
SF, SFM Structural foam, structural foam molding
SFK Synthetic fiber reinforced plastic (German literature)
SFP Scrapless forming process
SHIPS Super-high-impact polystyrene
SI Thermoplastic silicone
SIN Simultaneous interpenetrating network or semi-
interpenetrating network
SIPN Sequential interpenetrating polymer network
SIR Elastomeric copolymer from styrene and isoprene
SIS Styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock polymer
SMA Copolymer from styrene and maleic anhydride
SMAA Copolymer from styrene and methacrylic acid
SMA-AA Styrene-maleic anhydride-acrylic acid copolymer
SMC Sheet molding compound

SMI Copolymer from styrene and maleimide
SMMA, SMM Styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer
SMM-GM Styrene-methyl methacrylate- glycidyl methacrylate
copolymer
SMM-MA Styrene-methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer
SMS Copolymer from styrene and a-methyl styrene
SP Saturated polyester plastics
SPC Statistical process control
sPP Syndiotactic polypropylene
SPPF Solid-phase pressure forming
SPSF Solid-phase stretch forming
S-PVC Suspension PVC
SR Synthetic rubber, polysulfide rubber
SRIM Structural reactive injection molding
SRP Styrene-rubber plastics
SSE Single-screw extruder
SVA Styrene-vinyl-acrylonitrile copolymer
SVPh Styrene-p-vinyl phenol copolymer
SWP Solvent-welded plastics pipe
TA Cellulose triacetate, also CT, CTA
TC Technically classified natural rubber
TCE Tetrachloroethane
TDI Toluene di-isocyanate
TE Thermoplastic elastomer of any type
TEEE Thermoplastic elastomer, ether-ester
TEO Thermoplastic elastomer, olefinic
TES Thermoplastic elastomer, styrenic
TFE Polytetrafluoroethylene (also PTFE)
TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
TGIC Triglycidyl isocyanurate
THF Tetrahydrofuran (solvent)
TM Thioplasts, transfer molding
TMA Thermomechanical analyzer
TMBA-PC Tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate (or MPC, TMPC)
TMC Thick molding compound
TMPC Tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate (TMBPA-PC)
TOR Trans-polyoctenamer rubber TP Thermoplastic
TPA, TPR 1,5-trans-polypentenamer
TPE, TPEL Thermoplastic elastomer
TPE-A Thermoplastic elastomer-amide
TPE-E Thermoplastic elastomer-ester
TPE-S Thermoplastic elastomer-polystyrene
TPES Thermoplastic polyesters, e.g., PBT, PET (see also PEST)
TPI Thermoplastic polyimide

TPO Thermoplastic olefinic elastomer
TPS Toughened PS (in the UK for HIPS)
TPU, TPUR Thermoplastic urethanes
TPV Thermoplastic vulcanizate
TPX Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (see also PMP)
TR Thermoplastic elastomer or thio rubber (UK)
TREF Temperature-rising elution fractionation
TS Thermoset
TSE Thermoset elastomer
TSI Thermoset polyimide
TSUR Thermoset polyurethane
UE Polyurethane elastomer
UF Urea-formaldehyde resin
UFS Urea-formaldehyde foam
UHMW-PE Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (over 3 Mg/mol)
ULDPE Ultralow-density polyethylene (ca. 900–915 kg/m3)
UP Unsaturated polyester
UP-G-G Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters and textile glass fibers
UP-G-M Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters and textile glass mats
UP-G-R Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters and textile glass rovings
UPVC Unplasticized PVC
UR Polyurethane elastomers, also UP
VAc Vinyl acetate
VAc-AN Copolymer from vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile
VAcE Vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer
VC/E, VCE Vinyl chloride-ethylene copolymer
VCE Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl chloride
VCEMA Copolymer from vinyl chloride, ethylene, and methyl acrylate
(or maleic anhydride)
VCEV Copolymer from vinyl chloride, ethylene, and vinyl acetate
VCM Vinyl chloride (monomer), also VC
VCMA Copolymer from vinyl chloride and methyl acrylate
VCMMA Copolymer from vinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate
VCOA Copolymer from vinyl chloride and octyl acrylate
VCVAc Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate
VCVDC Copolymer from vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride
VDC Vinylidene chloride
VDC/AN Copolymer from vinylidene chloride and acrylonitrile
VF/HFP Copolymer from vinylidene fluoride and hexa-fluoro
propylene
VLDPE Very low-density polyethylene (ca. 885 kg/m3)
VMQ Silicone rubber with methyl and vinyl substituents
VOC Volatile organic compound
VPE Vulcanized (cross-linked) polyethylene, also XLPE

VQ Elastomeric silicone with vinyl substituents
VSI Polydimethylsiloxane with vinyl groups
WAXS Wide-angle X-ray scattering
WR Woven rovings
XABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/acidic monomer, an elasto-
meric copolymer
XLPE Cross-linked polyethylene
XMC Extra-strength molding compound
XNBR Acrylonitrile-butadiene/acidic monomer, an elastomeric
copolymer
XPS Expandable or expanded PS
XSBR Butadiene-styrene/acidic monomer, an elastomeric
copolymer
YBPO Elastomeric polyetherester: [((CH2)4-O)n-CO-j CO-O-]m
YSBR Thermoplastic, elastomeric block copolymer from styrene and
butadiene
YXSBR Block copolymer from styrene and butadiene containing car-
boxylic groups
Note: This list is based on the nomenclature proposed by diverse standardizing

organizations, as well as on the acronyms used in technical literature, viz.,
American Society for Testing Materials, Standard Terminology for Abbreviated
Terms Relating to Plastics, ASTM D1418-01a, ASTM D1600-99, and their
referenced standards; British Standards, schedule of common names, and
abbreviations for plastics and rubbers, BS 3502–1978; Deutsches Institut f€ur
Normung, plastics, symbols and codes for polymers and their special characteris-
tics, DIN 7728 Teil 1 01.88; symbols for reinforced plastics, DIN 7728 Teil 2 03.80;
plastics molding materials DIN 7742 Teil 1 01.88; molding techniques for molding
materials, definitions, DIN 16700 09.67; Association Française de Normalisation,
plastics, vocabulary, T 50–100 08.90; plastics, symbols, T 50-050-1, T 50-050-2,
T 50-050-3 06.89; International Organization for Standardization, plastics,
symbols, ISO 1043–1; 1987, ISO 1043–2; 1988, ISO 1043–3; International Union
for Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 18, 583 (1969); Pure Appl.
Chem. 40, 473 (1974).
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial
Polymer Blends
Polymer
No. A B Name Supplier Comments
1. PS PB(BR) Hostyren Hoechst The blends are formulated
or PE for extrusion, injection and
blow molding
Limera R Dainippon Ink and They show excellent
Chemicals processability, low moisture
Polysar Bayer Miles absorption and shrinkage,
Polystyrol BASF AG improved impact strength.
Composition-dependent
Styroblend BASF AG
modulus, toughness,
Styroplus BASF AG ductility, transparency, and
gloss
2. ABS or Elastomer Cadon* Monsanto Chem. Blends of ABS or ASA with
ASA or SMA* Centrex Monsanto Chem. either acrylic rubber (800) or
Luran S BASF AG PB (900 series) were
formulated for extrusion,
Magnum Dow Chem. Co.
thermoforming, injection,
Rovel Uniroyal and blow molding. They
Starflam ABS Ferro Plastics show excellent
Terluran BASF AG processability,
weatherability, impact
strength, HDT, scratch
resistance, paintability, and
plateability
(continued)

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
2176 Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends
Polymer
3. TPU ABS Prevail Dow Chem. Co. The blends can be injection
Techniace TU Sumitomo Dow molded, extruded, blow
molded, or thermoformed.
Transfer or compression
molding, calendering, and
solid state may also be used.
They show hardness between
that of TPU and ABS, superb
toughness, chemical
resistance, appearance
4. LDPE PIB Lupolen O 250 BASF AG The 1:1 blends are flexible
Pax-Plus Paxon Polymer Co. and resistant to cracking
under stress and show good
water-vapor properties. The
blends are formulated for
extrusion, injection, and
blow molding. The weld-line
strength, resistance to
warpage, and shrinkage
depend on processing
conditions
5. NBR EPDM or Geolast JSR Monsanto JSR The blends are formulated
CPE or PVC NE * for extrusion, calendering,
Chemigum Goodyear Tire & injection, and blow molding.
TPE# Rubber Co. They have either
Krynac NV Polysar, Inc. co-continuous or (less
# frequently) dispersed
Nipol Nippon Zeon
#
morphology. They show
Paracril OZO Uniroyal Chemical good processability; ozone,
oil, and heat resistance; low
compression set;
low-temperature flexibility;
nearly total elastic recovery;
and excellent weather
resistance. Principal use
includes automotive weather
stripping, interior moldings,
tubings, hoses, seals, gaskets,
expansion joints, cable
sheathings, conveying belts,
roofing, pond liners,
geomembranes, floorings,
etc.
(continued)
Appendix II: Examples of Commercial Polymer Blends 2177
Polymer
6. PP TPO or EPR BK 891 Mitsui Chemical The blends are formulated
or EPDM Deflex A. Schulman mainly for injection molding,
Dynaflex JSR but they can also be extruded,
thermo- or vacuum-formed
Ferrolene Ferro Plastics
(e.g., Optum), compression
Ferro Flex Ferro Plastics or transfer molded,
HiFax Himont Adv. Mat. calendered, and blow
Hostalen PP Hoechst molded. Several have
IPCL JSA1986 IPCL dynamic properties, viz.,
hardness and heat resistance.
Kelburon, DSM Polymer
Some blends are vulcanized,
Keltan TP International
showing toughness, and are
Milastomer Mitsui Petrochem. composition dependent
Modylen Tiszagi Vergi Kom. (30 wt%) (e.g., Kelburon)
Moplen SP Himont and reactor made. Reinforced
Oleflex Showa Denko Co. and filled grades (containing
Optum Ferro Plastics glass fiber, talc, CaCO3, or
mineral filler) are available.
Polytrope A. Schulman, Inc. These blends show good
Propathene ICI processability,
PU-21713 Ferro Plastics low-temperature modulus
RPI 507 EP Research Polym. and impact strength,
RxLOY Ferro Plastics dimensional stability, low
shrinkage, good mechanical
Santoprene Monsanto
properties at temperatures
Sarlink Novacor from 40 to 150 C, ozone
Sumitomo Sumitomo Chem. resistance, dynamic fatigue
TPE and abrasion resistance, as
Thermolan Mitsubishi well as high good weather
2000 Petrochemicals ability (especially carbon-
TPO 900 Reichhold Chem. black filled grades) tear
strength and paintability.
Vestolen EM H€
uls A.-G.
Over 200 applications have
been found for these
materials, e.g., they are used
in appliances, hardware and
plumbing, automotive
industry (arm rests, pillar
trim, door panels, radiator
grilles, dashboards, children
seats, side protectors,
bumpers, spoilers), etc.
(continued)
Polymer
7. PVC Acrylics Acrylivin General Tire & Suspension PVC modified by
Rubber 5–15 wt% acrylic elastomer.
Cladux R. Daleman The blends are are
Decoloy GE Plastics formulated for extrusion,
injection, and blow molding,
Fiberloc HTX The Geon Company
vacuum- or thermoforming,
Haibulen Nippon Zeon and calendering. They show
Kane-ace Kanegafuchi Chem. high impact strength,
Kydex Rohm and Haas rigidity, resilience,
Metabulen Mitsubishi Rayon dimensional stability, flame
retardancy, excellent outdoor
Polycast Royalite
performance, and good
Sunloid KD Tsutsunaka flame, abrasion, electrical,
Vinidur BASF AG chemical, and solvent
resistance. These blends are
used in industrial,
commercial, consumer (e.g.,
as wall coverings, corner
guards, column covers,
shelving, counter laminates,
ceiling tiles), medical, food
or beverage equipment,
aircraft or mass transit
interior components, and
applications requiring good
resistance to weathering
8. PVC NBR Carloy Cary Chem. Inc. These blends (containing
Geon/Hycar B. F. Goodrich 30–60 wt% PVC) are
Denka LCS Showa Denko Co. formulated mainly for
extrusion and calendering,
JSR NV Jap. Synth. Rub.
but injection, blow,
Krynac NV Miles-Polysar compression, and transfer
Nipol Nippon Zeon molding can also be used.
Oxyblend OxyChem They show good
Paracril OZO Uniroyal Chem. processability, fast
calendering and extrusion,
Vynite Alpha Chem. Plast.
impact and tear strength, and
oil, fuel, improved chemical,
abrasion, weathering, ozone,
antistatic, flame, and
moisture resistance. Their
applications include cables
and hoses, printing plates and
rollers, shoe soles, bottles for
cosmetics and edible oils,
profiles, etc.
(continued)
Polymer
9. PVC ABS or Abson 042 Abtec Chem. Co. These blends are formulated
ASA* Cycovin K-29 The Geon Co. for injection molding,
Denka Taimel. Denki Kagaku extrusion, and thermo-or
* vacuum forming, but
Geloy GE Plastics
calendering can also be used.
XP2003
The blends show superior
Kaneka Enplex Kanegafuchi Corp. processability to component
Kralastic Uniroyal/Sumitomo polymers, impact strength,
Lustran ABS Monsanto Chem. flame retardance, and cost-to-
860 performance ratio. The blends
Nipeon AL Zeon Kasei Co. with ASA show superior
weatherability, while those
Polyman 500 A. Schulman,
containing SMA high
Inc. DSM
HDT. The main use is for
Ronfaloy V DSM business machines, electrical
Tufrex VB Mittsubishi and electronic equipment
Triax CBE Monsanto Chem. housings, automotive
(discontinued) applications, swimming pool
fittings, irrigation, etc.
10. PA-6 Grilon BT EMS-Chemie Miscible blends show
PA Wellamid MR Wellman, Inc. improved processability,
Zytel 3100 E. I. du Pont solvent resistance,
elongation, low-temperature
impact and tensile strength
11. PA PA Akuloy RM DSM Eng. Plast. The blends are formulated
Dexpro, Dexter Corp. mainly for injection molding
Dexlon and extrusion. Polyamides
Eref Solvay PA-6, PA-66, PA-mXD6, and
PARA. In most blends PA is
Flexloy Sumitomo Chem.
the matrix phase, but those
Gapex Ferro Plastics with PP as a matrix are also
LAX 23 Ube, Inc. available (e.g., from Solvay).
MCX-Q Mitsui Petrochem. The blends show good
NB Toyobo processability; reduced water
absorption; dimensional
Novamid AC Mitsubishi Chem.
stability; low density (i.e., low
Orgalloy R-6 Atochem cost per volume); low liquid
Poliblend NH Poliresins SA and vapor permeability;
Snialoy Nylon Corp. Amer. moderate impact strength;
Systemer S Showa Denko Co. good resistance to alcohols,
Thermocomp LNP glycols, and gasohol;
improved heat aging; primer-
Ube Alloy CA Ube Inc. less paintability; and
Ultramid KR BASF AG resistance to cracking when
UTX Unitika exposed to metal halides (e.g.,
CaCl2). Some grades are
reinforced. Principal blend
uses include appliances,
automotive, tools, building,
furniture, and industrial
(continued)
Polymer
12. PA-6, P E, EPR, Albis Albis Plastics The blends are formulated
PA-66, acrylic Bexloy C E. I. du Pont for extrusion, co-extrusion,
PARA, elastomers, Brilion BT-40 Emser Ind. injection, compression,
or or ionomers transfer, and blow molding.
Capron AlliedSignal
PA-666 They can also be
Durethan Bayer A.-G thermoformed. Grades
Dynyl Rhône Poulenc containing up to 40 wt%
Fiberfil TN DSM Eng. Plast. mineral or glass fibers are
Grilon A EMS-Chem. A.-G. available. Some may contain
PTFE. The blends have good
Maranyl ICI
processability,
Minlon E. I. du Pont low-temperature impact
Nybex Ferro Plastics strength, rigidity, stiffness,
Nycoa Nylon Corp. Amer. high heat resistance, lower
Nydur Bayer A.-G service temperature. The
Nylafil Wilson-Fiberfil Int. molded articles can suppress
vibration, even when dry and
Nylon Celanese Eng. Res. at sub-zero temperatures.
Star X Ferro Plastics The blends find use in
Technyl A Rhône Poulenc a broad range of applications,
and B viz., automotive (stone and
Ultramid A, BASF AG splash guards, under-the-
B, C, and T hood moldings, seals, hoses,
Vydyne Monsanto Chem. tubes, clips, fasteners, fuel
doors, gears), appliances,
Wellamid 22 L Wellman Inc.
sport (e.g., ski bindings,
Zytel ST E. I. du Pont roller skates), business
Zytel 300, 400 E. I. du Pont equipment, consumer
products (office chair seats,
housings, casters, wheels,
rollers, pulleys, gears), etc.
13. PA-66, Brominated Akulon K228 DSM These fire-resistant,
or PA-6 PS Latamid 66 Lati unreinforced blends designed
Starflam PA6 Ferro Plastics for injection molding or
extrusion are used in
Ultramid A3X BASF AG
automotive and electrical
Zytel FR E. I. du Pont applications. They show
good flame retardance,
mechanical properties, and
dimensional stability
(continued)
Polymer
14. PA-6 or ABS Alphaloy MPA Kanegafuchi Chem. The compatibilized blends
PA-66 Elemid GE Plastics (with either PA as matrix or
Diaaloy N Mitsubishi Rayon co-continuity of both phases)
are formulated for injection
Kane ace Kanegafuchi Chem.
molding, extrusion, and
MUH
thermoforming, but blow and
Malecca S Denki Kagaku K. compression molding also
Maxloy A JSR can be used. The blends show
Monkalloy N Monsanto Kasei good processability and flow;
N5 Thermofil Inc. high heat and chemical
resistance; high resistance to
Novaloy-A Daicel Chem. Ind.
oil, wear, and abrasion;
Stapron N DSM Polymer Int. dimensional stability;
SX Toray Ind., Inc. low-temperature impact
Techniace TA Sumitomo Dow strength; reduced moisture
Toyolac alloy Toray Ind., Inc. sensitivity; and economy.
Triax 1000 Monsanto Main application is in
automotive, chemical,
Ultramid BASF AG electrical, customer, and
sport industries. Some grades
are glass fiber reinforced.
The material has been also
used in anti-vibration
damping structures
15. PA Cyclic - PO Elmit ZF Mitsui Processability, impact
Petrochemicals strength, moisture
insensitivity
16. PA PC Dexcarb D & S Int. Processability,
Iupilon Mitsubishi Gas HDT > 200 C, impact
SC 720 Idemitsu strength, low mold
shrinkage, solvent, and
Petrochemicals
moisture sensitivity
17. PC TPU Texin 3000 Bayer/Miles PC blends with polyester
Texin 4000 urethane were designed for
extrusion or molding articles
used in automotive and
consumer goods’ industries
18. PC Elastomer Idemitsu Idemitsu The blends for extrusion or
SC-150 Petrochemicals injection molding
Makrolon T-78 Bayer/Miles contain < 6 wt% elastomer
Novarex AM Mitsubishi Chem. (e.g., butyl acrylate-co-
methacrylate) and thus are
opaque. They show low
temperature toughness, high
impact strength, good weld-
line strength, and HDT
(continued)
Polymer
19. PC ABS (and Alphaloy Kanegafuchi Chem. The blends are formulated for
SAN in Bayblend T Bayer/Miles injection molding, extrusion,
some Cycoloy GE Plastics and thermo-or vacuum
blends) forming, but they can also be
Denka HS Denki Kagaku
compression or transfer
Dialoy C Mitsubishi Rayon molded. They show good
Exceloy JSR processability, excellent
Iupilon MB Mitsubishi Gas plating, HDT and impact
Lynex B Asahi Chem. strength, high stiffness and
strength, dimensional
Malecca P Denka
stability, toughness,
Multilon PX Teijin Chem. Ltd. delamination resistance,
Novaloy-S Daicel Chem. Ind. low-temperature impact
Proloy/Lexan GE Plastics strength, good weld-line
Pulse Dow Chem. Co. strength, and solvent and
Ronfalin DSM chemical resistance. These are
three-phase blends, with
Royalite R11 Uniroyal 30–65 wt% PC usually being
Ryulex Dainippon the matrix. Grades with glass
SC 250 Idemitsu fiber reinforcement are
Petrochem. available. The blends are used
Techniace TC Sumitomo Dow for housings of computers,
Toplex Multibase, Inc. business machines and
electrical appliances,
Terblend B BASF AG
electrical and electronic parts,
Triax 2000 Monsanto Chem. connectors, carriages,
ABS/PC 7901 Diamond Polymers switches, fans, power and
agricul-tural, garden and lawn
tools, cameras, optical
instruments, exterior
automotive components,
electronic or
telecommunication parts,
sporting goods, etc.
20. PC ASA, or Baitaloy* Hitachi Chem. High impact strength,
AAS* high- thermal stability, improved
Dialoy A Mitsubishi Rayon resistance to temperature
Geloy XP4001 GE Plastics aging and UV degradation,
excellent weatherability,
Terblend S BASF AG
rigidity, and dimensional
stability. The blends are
formulated mainly for
extrusion, injection molding,
and thermoforming
21. PC PS Novadol Mitsubishi Chem. Impact strength, thermal
SC 200 Idemitsu stability, and weatherability
Petrochemicals
(continued)
Polymer
22. PC SMA Arloy 1000 ARCO Chem. Co. The blends are designed for
Ektar MB Eastman Kodak extrusion, thermoforming, or
R4 9900 Thermofil Inc. injection molding. They
show excellent
processability, toughness,
and heat resistance
23. PC PBT or PET Azloy Azdel, Inc. The blends are formulated
or PCTG BCT 4201 Toray for injection molding,
(and Defsan Russia extrusion, and blow molding,
10–20 wt% but they can be transfer or
Dialoy P Mitsubishi Rayon
impact compression molded, formed
modifier) Ektar MB, Eastman Chemical in solid state, or
Company thermoformed. In most
blends PC is the matrix
phase. The impact modifier
can be PE, ABS, or acrylic
copolymer, e.g., MBS. The
blends show good
processability; heat
resistance; ductility; HDT;
high modulus, impact,
tensile, and flexural strength
over a wide temperature
range; good adhesion;
solvent, chemical, and UV
resistance. They can be
painted, hot stamped,
metallized, and plated. Some
blends (containing
polybutadiene as impact
modifier) may have poor
weather-ability. The blends
are mainly used in
automotive industry
Eastalloy DA Eastman Chemical
(PCTG) Company
Idemitsu SC Idemitsu
600 Petrochem.
Makroblend Bayer A.-G.
MB4300 Mitsubishi Gas
Novadol Mitsubishi Chem.
Pocan Bayer
R2-9000 Thermofil Inc.
Sabre Dow
Stapron E DSM Polymer Int.
Ultrablend KR BASF
Valox GE Plastics
Xenoy 1000 GE Plastics
(continued)
Polymer
24. PET Elastomer Arloy 2000* ARCO Chem. Co. The blends are formulated for
or SMA* Celanex Celanese Eng. Res.extrusion, injection,
Rynite E. I. du Pont compression, blow, and
transfer molding. The blends
SC-150 Idemitsu
contain up to 35 wt% glass
Petrochemicals
fiber. They show good
processability, rigidity, impact
and tensile strength, as well as
excellent weatherability
25. PET or PC (and *Ektar MB Eastman These blends can be injection
PCTG* 15–20 wt% Hyperlite Kanegafuchi Chem. molded or extruded. They are
impact Impact AlliedSignal partially miscible, with
modifier) co-continuous morphology
Makroblend Mobay
showing improved
UT
processability, solvent
MB 3500 Mitsubishi Gas resistance, elongation,
Petsar Polysar low-temperature impact and
Sabre 1600 Dow tensile strength (possible
SC Idemitsu reduction of crystallinity upon
Petrochemicals blending) Ektar resins are
based on poly(cyclohexane-
Xenoy 2000 GE Plastics
terephthalate-glycol) mixed
with PC and/or with
SMA. They are primarily used
in business machines,
appliances, consumer goods,
garden tools, lightning,
automotive, sports equipment,
fluid handling, etc.
26. PBT PET C, CN Teijin Good surface properties,
Celanex Hoechst Celanese HDT, impact strength,
EMC Toyobo dimensional stability, and
economy
Valox GE Plastics
27. PBT Acrylic BU Dai Nippon Ink Improved processability and
rubber BX Toray impact resistance
Novadol Mitsubishi Chem.
Vandar Hoechst
28. PBT Elastomer Bexloy J E. I. du Pont These impact-modified PBT
Celanex Hoechst Celanese blends are formulated for
Gafite GAF injection molding, but they
can also be extruded and
Macroblend Bayer Miles
thermoformed. They show
Pibiter HI Montedipe good processability,
Starflam PBT Ferro Plastics electrical properties, high
Techster T Rhône Poulenc stiffness and strength, HDT,
Ultradur KR BASF AG dimensional stability, impact
strength, and solvent and
chemical resistance
(continued)
Polymer
29. PBT ABS or A, AN Teijin The blends contain
AAS* Alphaloy MPB Kanegafuchi Chem. 0–30 wt% glass fiber or
BA Dai Nippon Ink mineral fillers. They are
formulated for injection
Baitaloy VL* Hitachi Chem.
molding but can be extruded,
Cycolin GE Plastics thermoformed, or solid state
Diaaloy B Mitsubishi Rayon formed. They show excellent
Lumax Lucky Co., Ltd. processability, high gloss,
Malecca B Denka Kagaku K. stiffness at high temperature,
good electrical properties,
Maxloy B JSR
thermal stability, mechanical
Novaloy-B Daicel Chem. Ind. strength, HDT, low
Techniace TB Sumitomo Dow shrinkage, good dimensional
Triax 4000 Monsanto stability, impact strength, as
Ultrablend S BASF AG well as solvent (e.g., to
VX Toray gasoline and motor oils) and
chemical resistance. The
main consumption includes
electronics, automotive and
electrical industry, as well as
office, sports, and household
equipment
30. PAr PET or PC Ardel D-240 Amoco Corp. Processability, high HDT,
U-8000 Unitika tough, high impact strength
31. POM PBT Duraloy Celanese HDT, toughness, softness,
Lynex T Asahi Chem. high impact strength
32. POM TPU Celcon Celanese Eng. Res. The blends are formulated
Delrin E. I. du Pont for extrusion, injection,
Duraloy H.-Celanese compression, blow, and
transfer molding. They show
Formaldafil Wilson-Fiberfil
excellent processability;
Fulton KL LNP Corp. rigidity; high impact
Hostaform S Hoechst A.-G. strength; high fatigue,
RTP 800 RTP Corp. flexural, and tensile strength;
TC Polyplastics high toughness; low water
absorbency; gloss; and
Thermocomp LNP
resistance to chemicals. In
Ultraform BASF AG most blends POM is impact-
modified with 10–30 wt%
TPU. Some grades contain
PTFE. Co-continuous
morphology gives especially
good performance. These
blends find use in sports
equipment, plumbing,
electronic/mechanical parts,
automotive, appliances,
hinges, etc.
(continued)
Polymer
33. PPE PS (HIPS, Gepax GE Plastics These blends, with
SBS, SEBS, Luranyl BASF AG 25–60 wt% PPE, were
ABS, Noryl GE Plastics designed for injection or blow
SB,. . .) molding, calendering,
Prevex GE Plastics
thermoforming, and
Verton H€
uls extrusion. Some grades are
Vestoran 1900 H€
uls-Nuodex rein-forced with < 30 wt%
and 2000 glass fibers. They show good
Xyron 200 Asahi Chem. Ind. processability, heat
resistance,
HDT ¼ 90–150 C,
toughness, good dimensional
stability, resistance to hot
water, flame retardance, low
density, cost/performance
ratio, and low moisture
absorption
34. PPE PA Artley Sumitomo Chem. The blends are designed for
Dimension AlliedSignal extrusion, thermoforming, or
Lynex A Asahi Chem. Ind. injection molding. They are
compatibilized, with
Noryl GTX GE Plastics
40–60 wt% PA, showing
Remaloy Mitsubishi moderate processability and
Petrochemicals impact strength; good tensile
Ultranyl BASF AG and flexural strength; high-
Vestoblend H€
uls A.-G. temperature creep, solvent,
Xyron A and G Asahi Chem. Ind. and chemical resistance; and
low moisture absorption.
They are dimensionally
stable, paintable, and
palatable
35. PPE PBT (+ PC Dialoy X Mitsubishi Rayon Excellent processability,
+ impact BE Dai Nippon Ink high solvent and temperature
modifier) Gemax GE Plastics resistance, and dimensional
stability
Iupiace Mitsubishi Gas
36. PPE PPS DIC PPS Dainippon Ink & The blends are designed for
Chemicals injection molding, but
Iupiace Mitsubishi Gas extrusion, compression
Noryl APS GE Plastics molding, or thermoforming
can also be used. The blends
have to be compatibilized
and contain up to 40 wt%
glass fibers. They show good
compatibilized and contain
up to 40 wt% glass fibers.
They show good
processability, reduced flash,
toughness, and high heat
resistance
(continued)
Polymer
37. PVDF PMMA Polycast Royalite Used for electrets or as
outdoor films with good
clarity and chemical and UV
stability
38. PSF ABS Arylon Uniroyal The blends can be either
Mindel A Amoco Corp. extruded or injection molded.
They show good
processability, toughness,
dimensional stability, high
HDT, hot water resistance,
plateability, and paintability.
The applications include
plumbing, food service, and
fiber optics controlled system
39. PSF PET Mindel B Amoco Corp. The blends can be either
extruded or injection molded.
They show improved
processability and impact
strength, low shrinkage and
warpage, high HDT, good
stress crack chemical and
solvent resistance, and good
economy. The blends find
applications as molded
electrical parts, viz.,
connectors, relays, switches,
motor starters, control
housings, etc.
40. PSF PA Reo-alloy Riken Vinyl Processability, low viscosity,
and low water absorption
41. SMI SAN Malecca A Denka High heat and impact
resistanc
42. SMI ABS Malecca K Denka High heat and impact
resistance
43. SMI PA Malecca N Denka High heat, solvent, and
impact resistance
44. PEEK PES Sumiploy SK Sumitomo Chem. The blends are designed for
injection molding, but
extrusion, compression
molding, or thermoforming
can also be used. SK 1660
grade contains glass fibers.
The materials show good
processability, excellent high
temperature, and chemical
and hot water resistance
(continued)
Polymer
45. PEEK LCP Sumiploy EK Sumitomo Chem. The blends are designed for
injection molding, but
extrusion, compression
molding, or thermoforming
can also be used. They show
good processability, high
strength, modulus, and HDT
46. PEI PC Ultem LTX GE Plastics Designed for injection
molding and extrusion.
Processability; HDT;
flexural, tensile, and impact
strength; flame retardancy;
long-term hydrolytic
stability; stain and chemical
resistance; and lower cost
than PEI
47. PI LCP Aurum Mitsui Toatsu Good processability, low
viscosity, HDT, and low
water absorption
48. HIPS Hydrophilic Toray Permanent antistatic
polymer properties
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in
Polymer Science and Technology
A-, B-, and C-stages Expressions used by Baekeland to differentiate poly-

merization steps of phenolic resins. A-stage, initial;
resins are still fusible and soluble. B-stage, advanced
degree of condensation; resins are still capable of swell-
ing but no longer soluble. C-stage; complete cross-
linking and insolubility.
AB, AABB Step-growth polymerization, in which the two types of
polymerization functional group (A and B) are attached to the same or
two different monomers, viz., hydroxy acid (AB) and
diol-diacid (AABB).
Ablation Decomposition of a material caused by heat friction.
Abrasion The wearing away of some surface area by its contact
with another material.
Abrasion resistance Ability of material to withstand mechanical action such as
rubbing, scraping, or erosion that tends to progressively
remove material from its surface; to resist surface wear.
ABS A thermoplastic classified as an elastomer-modified
styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
Accelerated aging Aging by artificial means to obtain an indication on how
a material will behave under normal conditions over long
period. Also tests in which conditions are intensified to
reduce the time required to obtain deteriorating effects,
similar to these resulting from normal service conditions.
Accelerated weathering Duplicating or reproducing weather conditions by
machine-made means. Test in which the normal
weathering conditions are accelerated by means of
a device.

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
2190 Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Accumulator A device for conserving energy in hydraulic systems

of molding equipment, or an auxiliary ram extruder
used to provide fast material delivery in a molding
machine.
Acetal resins Polyoxymethylene – a crystalline thermoplastic
material made from formaldehyde, viz., Delrin™ or
Celcon™.
Acrylic elastomer An elastomer based on polyethylacrylate and/or poly-n-
butylacrylate with thermal stability up to T ¼ 200 C,
usually cross-linked by heating with peroxides or with
alkali. To improve the solvent resistance, 20–50 wt% of
ethoxy or methoxyethyl-acrylate may be added.
Acrylics Name given to plastics produced by the polymerization
of acrylic acid derivatives, usually including methyl
methacrylate. An amorphous thermoplastic material. In
technological jargon polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
or polyacrylonitrile fiber with at least 85 wt% of PAN.
Adapter A mechanical reducing mechanism between the barrel
and either a nozzle or a die.
Additive A material added to a polymer during the final synthe-
sis stages or in subsequent processing to improve or alter
some characteristics of the polymer. Additives, as a
class of materials, are not intended to increase strength
properties. Examples of additive include pigments,
lubricants, antistatic agents, flame retardants, and
plasticizers.
Adhesion The state in which two surfaces are held together at an
interface by mechanical or chemical forces, by
interlocking action, etc.
Adhesive A substrate capable of holding two materials together by
surface attachment. Adhesive can be in film, liquid, or
paste form.
Advanced composites Composite materials that are reinforced with continuous
fibers having a modulus higher than that of glass fibers.
The term includes polymeric matrix, metal matrix, and
ceramic matrix composites, as well as carbon-carbon
composites.
Aging The change of a material over time under defined natural
or synthetic environmental conditions, leading to
improvement or deterioration of properties. Also,
changes caused by exposure to physical and chemical
factors (viz., light, temperature, chemicals, weather),
leading to irreversible deterioration. A process of expos-
ing plastics to natural or artificial environmental
Appendix III: Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science and Technology 2191
conditions for a prolonged time. See also “Accelerated

aging,” “Artificial aging,” “Chemical aging,” and
“Physical aging.”
Alkyd resins Name given to synthetic, thermosetting resins processed
from polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acid or anhy-
drides. These unsaturated polyesters are prepared by
esterification of a polyfunctional alcohol (e.g., glycerin)
with phthalic anhydride in combination with fatty acids
or rosin acids (molecular weight about 2,000 to 5,000).
These resins are frequently modified by incorporation
of, e.g., nitrocellulose, NC, or phenolics. Alkyds are
used mainly as lacquers.
Alloy A material made by blending polymers or copolymers with
other polymers or elastomers under selected conditions,
e.g., styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) blended with
butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer (NBR). A mixture of
two chemically different polymers to form a material
having properties different from but often comprising
those of the original resins. Also see “Polymer alloy.”
Allyl resin Low-molecular-weight polymerization product of
allyl monomer, CH2 ¼ CHCH2X, where, for example,
X ¼ OH, –OOCCH3.
Ambient temperature Temperature of the medium surrounding an object. Used
to denote prevailing room temperature (RT).
Amino resin Collective term for resins that are capable of being
cross-linked. Terms, aminoplast and amino plastic, are
also used. The materials are based on compounds
containing NH2 group and formaldehyde. The represen-
tatives are urea-, melamine-, and dicyanodiamide-based
resins used for laminating and molding.
Amorphous polymer A noncrystalline polymeric material that has no definite
order or crystallinity. A polymer in which the macromo-
lecular chain has a random conformation in solid (glassy
or rubbery) state. On the one hand, an amorphous poly-
mer may show a short range order, while on the other,
a crystalline polymer may be quenched to the amor-
phous state (viz., polyethylene terephthalate (PET)).
Amplitude The maximum value of a periodically varying function,
e.g., used to describe the energy transmitted from the
ultrasonic welding horn to the weld joint.
Analysis of variance A statistical technique where the total variation of the
investigated response is being analyzed or divided into
meaningful components, such as a portion due to regres-
sion and a portion due to error.
Anionic polymerization Chain polymerization in which the active center is an

anion, usually carbanion. The method is mostly used to
polymerize vinyl monomers carrying electron-
withdrawing substituents (e.g., CN, COOR,
COR, aryl). The polymerization is frequently initi-
ated by n-butyllithium.
Anisometry The difference in the magnitude of the dimensions of
a particle that depend on the direction. Thus, sphere is
isometric – it has a minimum of anisometry. It is
customary to define anisometry in terms of the aspect
ratio, p. For platelets, p is defined as the thickness
divided by the longest orthogonal dimension; thus,
for platelets, p 1. By contrast, for fiber-like particles,
p is the length-to-diameter ratio, i.e., p 1. Macromol-
ecules show high anisometry with a typical value
p ¼ 1,000.
Anisotropy The material properties being dependent on the direc-
tion. Most multiphase polymeric systems show some
degree of anisometry. The mechanical performance in
the machine direction can be as much as a hundred times
higher than those in the transverse direction. In homo-
polymers, the anisotropy is a reflection of the molecular
orientation in either a glassy or a semicrystalline state
(see “Birefringence”).
Annealing To heat a molded plastic article to a predetermined
temperature and slowly cool it to relieve stresses.
Annealing of molded or machined parts may be done
dry, as in an oven, or wet, as in a heated tank of mineral
oil. To relieve the stresses without introducing major
change of the molecular structure in the formed article,
the annealing is frequently carried out at a temperature
being few degrees below the glass transition tempera-
ture, Tg. The treatment is also used to increase polymer
crystallinity. The process requires keeping the polymer
at a temperature T < Td (where Td is the thermal deg-
radation temperature). The best results are usually
obtained when (Tg + Tm)/2 T < Tm, where Tm is the
melting temperature.
Antioxidant A substance that, when added in small quantities to the
resin during mixing, prevents its oxidative degradation
and contributes to the maintenance of its properties.
Antiplasticization An increase of stiffness, tensile strength, and/or the glass
transition temperature and a decrease of the elongation
at break caused by addition of small amount of
a plasticizer. For example, maximum hardness of
polyvinylchloride was observed at 5–10 phr of

diethylhexyl phthalate, PVC/DOP, and minimum
impact strength at 12 phr. Antiplasticization occurs in
many polymers, viz., PVC, polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), poly-
amides (PA), and silk (by water).
Antistatic agents Substances that, when added to the molding material or
(antistats) applied on the surface of the molded part, make it less
able to store static electrical charge.
Apparent or bulk Weight of unit volume of material including voids (air)
density inherent in the material.
Arc resistance The time required for a given electrical current to render
the plastic surface of a material conductive because of
carbonization by the arc flame. Also ability to resist the
action of a high voltage electrical arc, usually in terms of
time required to render the material electrically conduc-
tive. The total time (in sec) that intermittent arc may
play across the plastic surface with rendering the surface
conductive.
Aromatic Description used for chemicals that have at least one
ring structure derived from benzene in their chemical
structure. Benzene rings are made by six carbon atoms
forming a hexagonal structure with alternating single
and double bonds. The description is general and covers
a wide range of chemicals. The word “aromatic” is used
because of the strong smell of benzene. Many of the
chemicals classified as aromatics have a very different
smell or no smell at all. A benzene ring structure with
one bonding site is a “phenyl” ring or group. See also
“Benzene.”
Aromatic polymer A polymer containing aromatic ring structures, viz.,
polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, polysulfides,
polysulfones, polysiloxanes.
Artificial aging The exposure of a plastic to conditions that accelerate
the effects of time, such as heating, exposure to cold,
flexing, application of electrical field, immersion in
water, exposure to chemicals and solvents, ultraviolet,
light stability, and resistance to fatigue. The accelerated
testing of plastic specimens to determine their changes
in properties carried out over a short time. The tests
indicate what may be expected of a material under
service conditions over extended periods. Typical inves-
tigations include those for dimensional stability,
mechanical fatigue, chemical resistance, stress cracking
resistance, dielectric strength, and so forth, under the
conditions that reflect the conditions under which the

article will be used. Usually, the time the article is
exposed to these test conditions is relatively short. See
also “Aging.”
Ashing The reduction of a polymer by high heat to yield any
inorganic material, e.g., fillers or reinforcements, used to
verify the percentage of nonorganic content in the resin.
Aspect ratio The relative comparison of one dimension of an object
to another. For fibers, the aspect ratio is the length
divided by the diameter. For mica, it is the shorter of
the length and width of a platelet to its thickness. For
complex objects like a particle of clay, it is a relative
number approximating the ratio of the longer of two
dimensions to the shorter. This ratio is key in how
effective a reinforcement is within a matrix of polymer
molecules. Given uniform composition and coupling
agents, higher aspect ratio reinforcement results in
a higher increase in strength. The aspect ratio deter-
mines how much stress can be transferred to the fibers
or platelets before being transferred back into polymer
matrix.
ASTM Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and
Materials.
Atactic polymer A polymer in which at least one chain atom in a mer can
exhibit stereoisomerism (e.g., –CH2C*HX–), but has no
preference for one particular configuration, e.g., atactic
vinyl polymers (PVC or PS), atactic polypropylene,
and PP.
Atom The most basic compositional unit of the elements com-
posed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Elements are
any substance composed solely of chemically identical
atoms, viz., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen,
iron, and aluminum.
Attenuation The diminution of vibrations or energy over time or
distance. The term is also used to describe a process of
making thin and slender articles, e.g., the formation of
fiber from molten glass.
Autoclave A closed vessel for conducting either a chemical reac-
tion or other operation (e.g., cooling) under pressure and
heat. Autoclaves are widely used for bonding and curing
reinforced plastic laminates.
Autoclave molding A process in which after lay-up, winding, or warping, an
entire assembly is placed in a heated autoclave, usually
at 340–1,380 kPa (50–200 psi). The pressure results
in higher density and improved removal of volatiles.
The lay-ups are usually vacuum bagged with a bleeder

and release cloth.
Automatic mold A mold or die in injection or compression molding that
repeatedly goes through the entire cycle without human
assistance.
Auxiliary equipment Refers to equipment, other than the principal processing
unit (e.g., an extruder or an injection molding machine),
required to ensure that the manufactured part would be
made correctly. The auxiliary equipment comprises
dryers, chillers, material and part conveyors, robots,
process monitoring and controlling units, etc.
Average molecular Summation over the distribution of molecular weights
weight of a polymeric substance, e.g., with respect to the num-
ber, Mn, weight, Mw, or higher moments. Depending on
the method of determination, Mn, Mw, or higher average
molecular weight is obtained.
Back pressure A pressure against the free flow of material during
extrusion that causes the material to have a high mixing
action. Also resistance of a material caused by its vis-
cosity to flow when mold is closing.
Back taper or draft Reverse draft used in mold to prevent molded articles
from drawing freely.
Backing plate In mold construction, a plate used as a support for the
cavity blocks, guide pins, bushings, etc.
Ball valve A screw melt seal or valve, similar to a check ring valve,
but designed differently. Uses a roundball to seal off the
melt so it does not flow back over the screw flights
during the injection cycle.
Banbury An internal mixer for compounding, composed of a pair
of counterrotating rotors that masticate the materials.
Barrel In extrusion, injection molding, or blow molding machine
a hollow tube in which the plastic material is gradually
heated and melted and from which it is extruded.
Batch A quantity of materials formed during the same process
or in one continuous process and having identical char-
acteristics throughout.
Benzene A chemical structure composed of six carbon atoms
arranged in a stable cyclic structure. Each carbon atom
is single bonded to the next carbon atom on one side and
double bonded to the carbon atom on the other side.
Each also has a hydrogen atom bonded to it. Phenyl
groups are benzene rings where one of the carbon
atoms is bonded to another molecule, making the entire
cyclic structure a substituent or side group of that
molecule.
Bezel A grooved rim or flange.

Binder The resin or a cementing constituent that holds the other
components together. The agent applied to mats or pre-
forms to bond the fibers before molding.
Binomial distribution A discrete probability distribution based on two possible
outcomes, which may be labeled success (with proba-
bility p) or failure (with probability q ¼ 1 p); the
probability function expresses the number of
X successes in n independent trials.
Bimodal distribution A probability distribution in which the differential dis-
tribution function has two maxima.
Biopolymer Polymer produced by biosynthesis in nature, viz., poly-
saccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, cellulose, lignin,
and natural rubber.
Binodal The line on the temperature vs. composition phase dia-
gram for a mixture of two components, which separates
the metastable region from the single-phase regions.
Hence, it represents the limits of stability in a two-phase
system, viz., a polymer solution or polymer blend.
Birefringence (double The difference between index of refraction in two direc-
refraction) tions, measured with polarized light. The birefringence
originates in the molecular orientation in either a glassy
or crystalline phase. Positive birefringence occurs when
the principal optic axis lies along the chain and negative
when it is perpendicular. See also “Dichroism.”
Bleed To give up color when in contact with water or a solvent.
Also a “migration,” undesired movement of additives in
a plastic (e.g., plasticizers in PVC) to the surface of the
finished article or into an adjacent material. The term is
also used to describe a passage at the parting line of
a mold (such as a vent, but deeper) that makes it possible
for the material to escape or bleed.
Bleeding Diffusion of an additive in or out of a plastic part. See
“Bleed.”
Blending Preparation of polymer blends or alloys, usually involv-
ing mixing of two polymeric liquids.
Blends see “Polymer blends.”
Blister A raised area on the surface of a molded part caused by
the pressure of gases inside it.
Blister packaging Packaging method based on sealing articles inside
thermoformed, transparent cases.
Block copolymers Copolymer synthesized from two or more monomers in
such a way that monomers of the same kind are arranged
in homopolymeric blocks.
Block polymerization An older expression for bulk or mass polymerization.

Blocking The adhesion between layers of plastic that may develop
under pressure during storage or use.
Bloom A visible exudation or efflorescence on the surface of
a plastic – it may be caused by lubricant, plasticizer, etc.
Blow film extrusion Techniques for making film by extruding the plastic
through a circular die, followed by expansion (by the
pressure of internal air admitted though the center of the
mandrel), cooling, and collapsing the bubble.
Blow molding A molding process used to produce hollow objects in
which a hollow tube (parison) is forced into a shape of
the mold cavity using internal air pressure. The two
primary types are injection blow molding and extrusion
blow molding. Blow molding is a method of fabrication
in which a warm plastic parison is placed between the
two halves of a mold and forced to assume the shape of
that mold cavity by use of air pressure introduced
through the inside of the parison that forces the melt
against the surface of the mold.
Blow pin A hollow pin inserted or made to contact the blowing
mold so that the blowing media can be introduced into
the parison or hollow form and expanded to conform to
the mold cavity.
Blowing agent Additive capable of producing a cellular structure in
a plastic or rubber mass.
Blueing off Checking the accuracy of mold cutoff surfaces by put-
ting a thin coating of Prussian blue on one-half and
checking the blue transfer to the other half.
Blush The tendency of a plastic to turn white or chalky in areas
that are highly stressed (viz., gate blush).
Bonds Forces between atoms that hold them in relative prox-
imity to each other resulting in larger structures called
molecules. Primary bonds result from the sharing of two
electrons of two atoms of the same molecule and are
strongest. Secondary bonds are between atoms of differ-
ent molecules or remote sections of the same molecule.
They are the result of attractions due to polarity, induced
polarity due to displaced electrons, and temporary polar-
ity due to vibration and spinning. These bond forces are
weak in comparison to primary bonds.
Boss A projection on a plastic part designed to add strength,
facilitate alignment during assembly, and provide for
fastening.
Bottom plate Part of the mold containing the heel radius and push-up.
Branched chains Side chains attached to the main, original chain.

Branched polymer A nonlinear polymer in which the molecules consist of
linear main chain to which there are randomly attached
secondary chain branches, viz., low density polyethyl-
ene. A fraction of repeat units in a polymer that statis-
tically contain one branch is defined as the branching
density: l ¼ ab/n, where a is the branching coefficient
(dependent on functionality of the branch point), b is
the number of branch points, and n is the number of
repeat units.
Breaker plate A perforated plate located at the end of an extruder or at
the nozzle end of an injection cylinder. It often supports
the screens that prevent foreign particles from entering
the die.
Breathing or degassing The opening and closing of a mold to allow gases to
escape early in the molding cycle. When referring to
plastic film, “breathing” indicates permeability.
Brittle failure Failure resulting from inability of material to absorb
energy, resulting in instant fracture upon mechanical
loading.
Brittle or brittleness Temperature at which plastics and elastomers exhibit
temperature brittle failure under impact conditions – the lowest tem-
perature at which the material withstands given condi-
tion without failure.
Brittle point The highest temperature at which a material fractures in
a prescribed impact test procedure.
Buckling Crimping of the fibers in a composite material, often
occurring in glass-reinforced thermosets due to resin
shrinkage during cure.
Bulk or apparent Average density of material in a loose or powdered form
density of plastic (granular, nodular, etc.) expressed as a ratio of
weight to volume.
Bulk factor Ratio of volume of any given quantity of the loose
plastic material to the volume of the same quantity of
the material after molding or forming. It is a measure of
volume change that may be expected in fabrication.
Bulk polymerization Polymerization where only the monomer and initiator
(or catalyst) are involved. Owing to heat of polymeriza-
tion and difficulty of safe dissipation of generated heat,
the conversion rarely exceeds 50 %. Older terms: block
or mass polymerization.
Burning Overheating the resin in the barrel causing discoloration
and, if long enough, charring the material. Burning can
be caused by trapped gases in poor or nonvented area of
the mold. The gases may ignite, due to pressure and
temperature (as in a diesel engine) and discolor or char

the part.
Burst strength The internal pressure required to break a pressure vessel
such as a pipe or fitting. The pressure (and therefore the
burst strength) varies with the rate of pressure buildup
and the time during which the pressure is held.
Butadiene A common name of a synthetic elastomer,
polybutadiene – BR, e.g., used in butadiene-styrene,
butadiene-acrylonitrile, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene copolymers.
Butt fusion A method of joining similar forms of thermoplastic
materials using heat.
Buttress thread A type of thread used for transmitting power in only one
direction. It has the efficiency of the square thread and
the strength of the V-thread.
Calendering The passing of sheet materials between sets of pressure
rollers to produce a smooth finish sheet of desired
thickness.
Calorimeter An instrument capable of making absolute measure-
ments of energy absorbed in a material by measuring
changes of temperature.
Capillary rheometer Instrument for measuring the flow properties (viscosity)
of polymer melts. Composed of a capillary tube of
specified diameter and length, means for applying
a pressure to force molten polymer through the capil-
lary, means for maintaining the desired temperature of
the apparatus, and means for measuring differential
pressures and flow rates.
Carbon black A black pigment or filler produced by the incomplete
burning of natural gas or oil. It is widely used in the
rubber industry and for wire/cable applications. Since it
possesses ultraviolet protective properties, it is also used
in formulations intended for outside weathering
applications.
Carbon fiber Fibers produced by the pyrolysis of organic precursor
fibers, such as rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and pitch,
in an inert environment. The term is often used inter-
changeably with the term graphite; however, carbon
fibers and graphite fibers differ. The differences lie in
the temperature at which the fibers are made and heat-
treated, as well as in the amount of elemental carbon
produced. Carbon fibers typically are carbonized at
around 1,315 C and contain 94 1 % carbon, while
graphite fibers are graphitized at 1,900–2,480 C and
contain 99 % carbon.
Carborane polymer A polymer containing carborane structures, viz.,

–C(B10H10)C–, known for their high decomposition
temperature Td } 500 C. Owing to the hydrogen pres-
ence, the oxidative stability is limited to about 300 C.
Carreau-Yasuda Relation between viscosity, Z, and the deformation rate,
equation y, was originally derived for monodisperse polymers:
h ið1nÞ=2
Z ¼ Z0 1 þ ðtyÞ2
where Zo is the zero-shear viscosity, t is the principal

relaxation time, and n is the power-law exponent. For
polydispersed systems, the above equation was later
modified by other authors to read:
m2
Z ¼ Z0 ½1 þ ðtyÞm1
where m1 and m2 are polydispersity parameters:
n ¼ 1 m1 m2
Cartridge heaters Electrical heaters enclosed in a jacket that can be selec-

tively located to heat the surrounding metal.
Catalyst A substrate that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
without itself undergoing permanent change in compo-
sition or becoming a part of the molecular structure of
the product. By contrast, either curing agents or hard-
eners may not only catalyze the reaction but also partic-
ipate in it. Also accelerator, curing agent, hardener,
inhibitor, and promoter.
Cationic Chain polymerization in which the active center is
polymerization a cation, usually carbonium ion, –C+. Generally, the
method is used to polymerize vinyl monomers carrying
electron-releasing substituents (e.g., alkyl or alkoxy
groups). The polymerization is initiated by an initiator
and co-initiator, viz., BH3 + H2O.
Cavity A depression in the mold that usually forms the outer
surface of the part. Depending on the number of such
depressions, molds are designated as a single cavity,
a multicavity, or a family cavity mold.
Cavity number A sequential number engraved in a mold cavity and
reproduced on the molded part for later reference in
case a problem ever occurs with the part.
Cavity retainer plates Plates in a mold that hold the cavities and usually
contain the guide pins and bushings.
Ceiling temperature Temperature at which the free polymerization energy is

zero. Thus, above this temperature, no further polymer-
ization takes place.
Cellular plastic A plastic with greatly decreased density because of the
presence of numerous cells or bubbles dispersed
throughout its mass. Also foamed plastics and synthetic
cellular plastics.
Cellulose acetate An acetic acid ester of cellulose, obtained by the action
of acetic acid or acetic anhydride on purified cellulose
(e.g., from cotton linters). All three hydroxyl groups of
each glucose unit can be acetylated. For plastics’ appli-
cations, it is usual to acetylate fully and then lower the
acetyl value to 54 2 % by partial hydrolysis.
Cellulosic plastics Plastics based on cellulose derivatives, such as esters
(cellulose acetate) or ethers (ethyl cellulose).
Cementing A process of joining two similar plastic materials to
themselves or to dissimilar materials by means of
solvents.
Center-gated mold An injection or transfer mold in which the cavity is filled
with molding material through a sprue or gate directly
into the center of the part.
Chain member number Number of atoms involved in building a macromolecule.
Chain polymerization An addition polymerization in which a monomer is
converted to polymer in a chain reaction. Here initiator
activates the monomer to which other monomers are
added:
I þ M ! IM
IM þ M ! IMM
preserving the active status of the terminal mer. The

active center may be a free radical, an anion or a cation.
Chalking A dry, whitish, powdery chalk-like appearance or
deposit on the surface of a plastic caused by material
degradation (usually from weather). See also “Haze”
and “Bloom.”
Change request A request to modify or alter the dimensions, material,
tolerances, or manufacture of a part now in or soon to be
in production. Used to ensure all interested and involved
department personnel are informed and can comment
and approve or disapprove of the pending change.
Charpy A common name of a type of pendulum tests for
toughness.
Charpy impact test A test for shock loading in which a centrally notched
sample bar is held at both ends and broken by striking
the back face in the same plane as the notch. A destructive

test measuring impact resistance, consisting of placing
the specimen in a horizontal position between two sup-
ports, then striking the specimen with a pendulum striker
swung from a fixed height. The magnitude of the blow is
increased until specimen breaks.
Check ring A material shutoff ring mounted on the front of the
screw, behind the screw tip, that allows melt to flow
past it when the screw is retracting so that a supply of
melt builds up in front of the screw. When the screw
moves forward to inject melt into the mold, the check
ring moves rearward and seals off the screw flights so
that the melt is pushed into the mold.
Chemical aging The long-term deleterious effects on a material under
defined natural or artificial environmental conditions
(viz., light, temperature, humidity), leading to irrevers-
ible deterioration of properties. A process of exposing
plastics to natural or artificial factors for prolonged time.
See also “Aging,” “Accelerated aging,” “Artificial
aging,” and “Physical aging.”
Chemical resistance Ability of a material to retain utility and appearance
following contact with chemical agents.
Chi-square (w2) test Test of normality of distribution or a goodness of fit.
Chromatography The separation, especially of closely related compounds,
caused by allowing a solution or mixture to seep through
an absorbent, such that each compound becomes
adsorbed in a separate layer.
Chromium plating An electrolytic process that deposits a hard film of
chromium metal onto working surfaces of other metals.
Used when resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and/or
erosion is needed.
Clamping area The largest rate molding area an injection or transfer
press can hold closed under full molding pressure.
Clamping force or In injection molding, the pressure applied to the mold to
pressure keep it closed despite the fluid pressure of the com-
pressed molding material within the cavity and runner
system.
Clamping plate A plate used to fasten the mold to a molding machine.
Clarity or transparency Frequently considered as evidence of blends miscibility
or at least that of fine domains. This, however, is mis-
leading when the refractive indices of the two polymers
approach each other. Also material clearness or lack
of haze.
Closed loop A feedback system used with microprocessor for control
of a processing unit operation.
Coefficient of expan- The fractional change in a specified dimension or vol-

sion or thermal ume of a material for a unit change in temperature.
expansion Values for plastics range from 10 to 200 ppm per 1 C
(ASTM D696).
Coefficient of friction A measure of the resistance to sliding of one surface in
contact with another. The value calculated under
a known set of conditions, such as pressure, surface,
speed, temperature, and material, to develop a number,
either static or dynamic, of the resistance of the material
to slide – the lower the value, the higher the material’s
lubricity.
Coefficient of linear A measure of the change in dimension of an object
expansion caused by a change in temperature; specifically mea-
sured by the increase in length of an object per one
degree.
Coefficient of regres- Measure of the degree of relationship between a model
sion, or coefficient of obtained by regression (curve fitting) and the indepen-
correlation, R dent variables; if reported as 100R2 (%), it can be
interpreted as the percentage variation explained by the
postulated model.
Coefficient of thermal The change in volume per unit volume produced by
expansion a one degree rise in temperature.
Coining The peening over or compressing of a material to change
its original shape or form.
Cold flow A plastic exhibits cold flow when it does not return to its
original dimensions after being subjected to stress. See
also “Creep.”
Cold shot Incomplete parts formed while cycling a molding
machine during heating.
Cold slug The first material to enter an injection mold so called
because in passing through sprue orifice, it is cooled
below the effective molding temperature.
Cold slug well Space provided directly opposite the sprue opening in an
injection mold to trap the cold slug.
Colloid A system in which at least one component exists in state
of fine dispersion with particle diameter d ¼ 1 to
1,000 nm. Three types, colloidal dispersions, lyophilic
colloids, and colloidal associations, are distinguished.
Colloidal molecules A discrete macromolecule is the colloidal particle.
Color concentrate A mixture of a measured amount of dye or pigment and
a specific plastic material base. A more precise color can
be obtained using concentrates than using neat colors.
Note: Care should be taken to verify that the color
concentrate base is miscible with the plastic it is to
color. Color concentrate may contain up to 60 wt% of
pigment and it is normally used at 1–4 % of the plastic

material to be colored.
Color standard The exact color a plastic resin or part must match to be
acceptable. Resin suppliers often submit color chip sam-
ples of the matched resin color to be compared to the
molded part. The color chip, or standard, is usually
51
76 mm with one polished surface and various
textured surfaces on the opposite side. Suppliers use
similar standards to verify the color of each lot of resin
shipped to their customer.
Colorfast The ability to resist change in color.
Colorimeter Instrument for matching colors with results approxi-
mately the same as those of visual inspection but more
consistently.
Commodity resin The term associated with the high-volume low-price
resins having low-to-medium physical properties, used
for less critical applications. The principal five resin
types are polyethylenes (PE), polypropylenes (PP),
styrenics (PS, HIPS, ABS, MBS, etc.), acrylics, and
vinyls (PVC, EVAc, etc.).
Compatibility Ill-defined term pertaining to ability of one material to
coexist with another without undesirable effects – to be
avoided.
Compatibilization A process of modification of interfacial properties of an
immiscible polymer blend, leading to creation of
a polymer alloy.
Compatible polymer Ill-defined, utilitarian term indicating a commercially
blend attractive polymer mixture, normally homogenous to
the eye, frequently with enhanced physical properties
over the constituent polymers – to be avoided.
Complex modulus The ratio of stress to strain in which each is a vector that
may be represented by a complex number. It may be
measured in tension or flexure, E*; compression, K*; or
shear, G*.
Compliance Tensile compliance is the reciprocal of Young’s modulus.
Shear compliance is the reciprocal of shear modulus. The
term is also used in the evaluation of stiffness and
deflection.
Composites Any solid material that consists of a combination of two
or more types retaining their separate identity. In poly-
mer technology, the term is reserved for these polymeric
systems in which additions of solid particles result in
reinforcing effect. The composites are divided into
reinforced filled systems (with a particle size:
d ¼ 50 nm), short fiber composites, long fiber compos-

ites, and continuous fiber composites.
Compound A mixture of polymer(s) with all materials necessary for
the finished product. In reinforced plastics and compos-
ites, the intimate admixture of a polymer with other
ingredients, such as fillers, softeners, plasticizers, rein-
forcements, catalysts, pigments, dyes, etc.
Compounding Preparation of a compound.
Compression molding A molding technique in which the preheated compound
is placed in the heated open mold cavity, the mold is
closed, pressurized (what causes the material to flow and
fill the cavity), and then pressure is held until the mate-
rial has cured.
Compression ratio In an extruder is a ratio of volume available in the first
flight (at the feed) to the last flight at the end of the screw
(near the die).
Compressive strength The ability of a material to resist a compressive force. It
is expressed as maximum load sustained by a test spec-
imen in a compressive test divided by original cross-
sectional area of the specimen or, in other words,
a crushing load at the failure divided by the original
sectional area of the specimen (ASTM D695).
Concentricity The relationship of all circular surfaces with the same
center. Deviation from concentricity is often referred to
as a runout.
Condensation polymer A polymer obtained in step-growth polymerization,
often accompanied by elimination of small molecules
(e.g., water). Polyesters, polyamides, phenol-,
melamine-, and urea-formaldehyde resins are typical
condensation polymers.
Conditioning The subjection of a material to standard environmental
and/or stress history before testing, so that it will
respond in a uniform way to subsequent testing or
processing. The term is frequently used to refer to the
treatment given before testing. ASTM standard condi-
tions for a plastic testing laboratory are 23 2 C and
50 + 5 % relative humidity.
Conditioning chamber An enclosure used to prepare parts for their next step in
the assembly or decorating process. Parts can be stress
relieved, humidity or moisture conditioned, or impreg-
nated with another element.
Configuration Spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The chem-
ical constitution of a polymer chain, which can be
changed only by breaking the chemical bonds.
Conformation Arrangements of the chain elements in space, which

may be changed by rotation about bonds. The confor-
mation depends on the internal and external forces, e.g.,
interactions, pressure, temperature, and stresses. For
polymers with the carbon-carbon main chain, two con-
formations are important: trans or t and gauche or g:
CH3
CH3
H H
H CH3
H H
H H
H CH3
gauche trans
The helical conformations are defined by the long

sequences of these two, viz., tgtgtgtgtgt and
tggtggtggtggt.
Conjugated polymer A polymer with sequence of conjugated double bonds,
such as polyacetylene, polyphenylene, and
dehydrogenated polyvinyl chloride.
Continuous use Maximum temperature at which material may be
temperature (CUT) subjected to continuous use without fear of premature
thermal degradation.
Cooling channels Passageways within the body of a mold through which
a cooling or heating medium (e.g., chilled water, steam,
hot oil, or other fluids) can be circulated to control
temperature on the mold surface.
Cooling or shrink A block of steel, wood, or composite material that
fixture is similar to the shape of the molded piece. The hot
molded part is taken from the mold, placed on it, and
allowed to cool, without distorting.
Cooling time The time required after the gate freezes for the part to
cool and becomes rigid enough for ejection from the
mold cavity.
Copolycondensation Polycondensation of different monomers having either
a different constitution or different functional groups
following different reaction mechanisms.
Copolymer A polymer obtained from polymerization of two or more
monomers, where the repeating structural units of both
are present within each molecule, thus comprising more
than one chemical species. In most cases, the term refers
to a polymer containing two monomer types, e.g.,

styrene and butadiene (SBR). When a copolymer
contains three or four different mer species terms,
terpolymer, tetrapolymer, or multipolymer may be
used. Seven types of copolymers are recognized: statis-
tical, random, alternating, periodic, graft, block, and
core-shell. The copolymers may be prepared in reactive
blending, with properties intermittent between those of
polymers of the two composing monomers.
Copolymerization Ratio of the velocity constants during copolymerization.
parameter
Copolymerization Polymerization with more than one species of monomer,
which can react with one another, forming a copolymer.
Core Either a male element in die that produces a hole or
recess in a part, a part of a complex mold that molds
undercut parts (cores are usually withdrawn to one side
before the main sections of the mold open), a channel in
a mold for circulation of a heat-transfer medium or the
central part of a laminate.
Coring Removal of excess material from the cross section of
a molded part to attain a more uniform wall thickness.
Corona treatment Exposing a plastic part to a corona discharge increases
receptivity to inks, lacquers, paints, and adhesives. See
also “Surface treatment.”
Corrosion Material that is eaten away by chemical reactions at the
surface.
Corrosion resistance The ability of a material to withstand contact with ambi-
ent natural factors or those of a particular artificially
created atmosphere.
Coupling agent A material used to improve the interfacial properties
between two phases. The term most frequently refers
to the material used to improve an adhesion between
polymer matrix and filler or reinforcing particles.
Covalent bond A bond where electrons are equally shared between two
atoms producing a stable electron configuration and
a very stable molecule. Covalent bonds are the strongest
of the molecular bonds.
Crack A fracture, a separation of material, visible on opposite
surfaces of the part, and extending through the
thickness.
Crazing A series of or the forming of very fine cracks in the
surface of a material, usually a polymeric substance.
The cracks may extend in a network on or under the
surface or through a layer of plastic material. These are
undesirable defects, characterized by distinct cracks or

minute, frost-like internal cracks, resulting from stresses
within the article. These stresses result from molding
shrinkage, machining, flexing, impact shocks, tempera-
ture changes, or action of solvents. Crazing is generally
caused by chemical attack or other degrading
agents such as ultraviolet radiation.
Creep The change in dimension of a plastic under load over
a period of time (excluding the initial instantaneous
elastic deformation). Owing to viscoelastic nature,
a plastic subjected to a load for a period of time tends
to deform more than it would from the same load
released immediately after application. The degree of
this deformation depends on the load duration. Creep is
the permanent deformation resulting from prolonged
application of stress below the elastic limit. Data
obtained in creep test are presented as creep vs. time,
with stress and temperature constant. Slope of the curve
is the creep rate, and the end point of the curve is the
time for rupture. Creep at room temperature is called
cold flow (ASTM D674).
Creep modulus Ratio of initial applied stress to creep strain.
(apparent modulus)
Creep rupture strength Stress required to cause fracture in a creep test.
Creep strength Maximum stress required to cause specific creep in
specific time.
Cross-links Covalent bonds, or a short sequence of chemical bonds,
joining two macromolecules to form a cross-linked or
network polymer.
Cross-linking The chemical reaction between polymeric molecules to
form covalently bonded three-dimensional macromole-
cules. The reaction progresses from a linear chain to
branched elastomeric macromolecules, than to hard
and brittle resin. When extensive, as in most thermoset-
ting resins, cross-linking engenders a single, infusible
supermolecule of all the chains. Cross-linking can be
achieved by irradiation with high energy electron beams
or by chemical means.
Cross-linked polymer A polymer in which initially linear macromolecules
are joined by a covalent bond or a short sequence of
chemical bonds either during the polymerization
[e.g., poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)] or in a post-
polymerization cross-linking reaction (cross-linking,
curing, or vulcanization). The cross-linked materials
are insoluble and they do not flow when heated.
Crystalline polymer A material having an internal structure in which the

atoms are arranged in an orderly three-dimensional con-
figuration. More accurately a semicrystalline polymer,
since only a portion of the macromolecules is in
crystalline form.
Crystallinity A state of molecular structure attributed to existence of
solid crystals with a definite geometric form. Such struc-
tures are characterized by uniformity and compactness.
A regular arrangement of the atoms of a solid in space.
In most polymers, including cellulose, this state is
imperfect. The crystalline regions are submicroscopic
volumes in which there is a degree of regularity suffi-
cient to obtain X-ray diffraction patterns. High crystal-
linity causes a polymer to be less transparent or opaque.
Cup flow test Test for measuring the flow properties of thermosetting
materials. A standard mold is charged with preweighed
material, and the mold is closed using sufficient pressure
to form a required cup. Minimum pressures required to
mold a standard cup and the time required to close the
mold fully are determined.
Cup viscosity test Test for making flow comparison under strictly compa-
rable conditions. The cup viscosity test employs a
cup-shaped gravity device that permits the timed flow
of a known volume of liquid passing through an orifice
located at the bottom of the cup.
Cure That portion of the molding cycle during which the
plastic material in the mold becomes sufficiently rigid
to permit ejection.
Curing Cross-linking or vulcanizing a polymer to improve such
properties as modulus, strength, thermal stability, etc.
Cushion The 5–10 mm of resin in front of the screw tip that
remains at the end of the injection cycle. It is used to
maintain packing pressure on the melt until the cavity
gate freezes.
Curing time The time between the end of injection pressure and the
opening of the mold.
Cycle Complete, repetitive sequence of operations in a process
or part of a process. In molding, the cycle time is the
period, between a certain point in one cycle and the
same point in the next.
Cyclopolymerization Polymerization leading to ring structures, with usually
low molecular weight and low viscosity. These
prepolymers or cyclomers can be used at a higher tem-
perature in the subsequent catalyzed reaction to generate
a high molecular weight, linear polymers, viz.,
polycarbonates and polyesters. The cyclomer technol-

ogy facilitates preparation of polymer alloys, compos-
ites, or nanocomposites.
Damping The loss in energy, as dissipated heat, that results when
a material system is subjected to an oscillatory load or
displacement.
Daylight opening Clearance between two platens of a press in the open
position. Mold daylight describes the opening distance
of mold halves for part removal.
Deboss(ed) Indent or cut in design, or lettering of a surface.
Decompression The removal of the melt pressure by an increase in screw
flight depth and a positive vent opening in the barrel of
a vented barrel extruder or injection molding machine.
Deflashing The term is used for a variety of finishing methods used
to remove the flash (excess, unwanted material), viz.,
filing, sanding, milling, tumbling, and vibrating.
Deflection temperature The temperature at which a simple beam has deflected
under load (DTUL) a given amount under load (formerly called heat distor-
tion temperature (HDT)).
Deformation Any change of form or shape in a body, in particular
a linear change of dimension of a body in a given direc-
tion produced by the action of external forces.
Degating The removal of the part from the runner system.
Degradation A deleterious change in the chemical structure, physical
properties, and/or appearance of a plastic, usually
caused by exposure to heat. Also any undesirable
change of polymer chemical structure leading to delete-
rious change of properties, viz., thermal, hydrolytic,
oxidative, photo, bio, and radiation.
Degree of The number of mers in a macromolecule, i.e., the num-
polymerization ber of repeat units in the chain of a molecule, DP. In
a condensation polymer, a repeating unit is composed of
a monomer group from each reactive species.
Delaminate To split or separate a laminated plastic material along
the plane of its layers.
Density The weight per unit volume of a substance, expressed in
kilograms per cubic meter.
Depropagation or A degradation reaction in which the consecutive mers
unzipping are gradually removed from one macromolecular chain
end to another. Few polymers undergo this reverse
kinetics process, viz., PMMA, POM, and PTFE.
Desiccant A substance that can be used for drying purposes
because of its affinity to water.
Design of experiments Process of planning the experiment so that sufficient
(DOE) data will be collected for the statistical analysis, to
provide valid and objective conclusions. It includes the

choice of the factors, levels, and treatments, as well as
the use of certain tools called randomization and repli-
cation. The term is frequently used to indicate a problem-
solving technique developed by Taguchi, i.e., by using
a testing process with an orthogonal array to analyze
data and determine the main contributing factors in the
solution to the problem.
Degree of freedom The number of degree of freedom in statistical analysis
is the number of independent elements used in the com-
putation of that statistic.
Design stress The long-term stress, including creep factors and safety
factors, that is used in designing structural fabrication.
Destaticization Treating plastic materials to minimize their accumula-
tion of static electricity.
Destructive test Any test performed on a part in an attempt to destroy it;
often performed to see how much abuse the part can
tolerate without failing.
Deterioration Permanent change in the physical properties of a plastic
evidenced by impairment of these properties.
Devolatilization The removal of volatile components during processing.
Diaphragm gate The gate used in molding annular or tubular articles that
forms a solid web across the opening of the part.
Diblock copolymer A block copolymer made of two blocks, one having
a chain of AAAAA mers and the other of BBBBB to
form AAAAAA BBBBBBB polymer. The two block
copolymers are used as compatibilizers in the poly-A +
poly-B mixtures.
Dichroism The dependence of absorbency of polarized radiation on
the direction of polarization. For polymers the magni-
tude of dichroism, expressed as dichroic ratio, depends
on the orientation of the radiation absorbing groups, thus
the macromolecules. In consequence, the infrared
dichroism is a powerful method to measure the molec-
ular orientation.
Dichroic ratio The ratio of absorbencies of polarized radiation, usually
the infrared region. The dichroic ratio is used as
a measure of molecular orientation in oriented poly-
mers. The dichroic ratio may provide information on
the orientation in the glassy and at the same time in the
crystalline phase.
Die A metal form in making or punching plastic products.
Die adapter The part of an extrusion die that holds the die block.
Die drips Carbonized resin drool formed on the face of an extru-
sion die face during the resin production cycle. If the die
face is not kept clean, it can solidify, break off, and

contaminate the product.
Dielectric constant or Normally the relative dielectric constant, in practice,
permittivity a ratio of the capacitance of a given configuration of
electrodes with a material as dielectric to the capaci-
tance of the same electrodes’ configuration with
a vacuum or air as dielectric. A relative measure of
nonconductance. Capacitance is the ability of
a material to store electrical charge when exposed to
electrical current. A low dielectric constant is desired for
plastic components used to insulate and isolate electrical
components from each other. High dielectric constant
materials are desirable for use as the insulator portion of
capacitors, so that the electrical energy can be stored in
as small a volume of material as possible.
Dielectric heating The plastic to be heated forms the dielectric of
(also electronic, or a condenser to which a high frequency (20–80 MHz)
R.F. heating) voltage is applied. Dielectric loss in the material is the
basis of the process (e.g., used for sealing vinyl films).
Dielectric strength The maximum electrical voltage a material can sustain
before it is broken down, or “arced through.” Also an
electrical voltage gradient at which an insulating mate-
rial is broken down or “arced through.”
Dielectrometry An electrical technique to measure changes in loss fac-
tor and capacitance during cure of the resin. Also called
dielectric spectroscopy.
Differential scanning Thermal analysis technique that measures the quantity
calorimetry (DSC) of energy absorbed or evolved (given off by a specimen
as its temperature is changed). Also measurements of
the energy absorbed (endotherm) or produced
(exotherm) while undergoing glass transition, melting,
crystallizing, curing, evaporating of solvents, and other
processes involving energy change.
Differential shrinkage Nonuniform material shrinkage in part caused by
nonuniform distribution of stresses, thus orientation.
Differential thermal An analytical method in which a specimen and a control
analysis (DTA) are simultaneously heated and the difference in their
temperatures is monitored. The difference provides
information on the relative heat capacities, presence of
solvents, changes in structure, and chemical reactions.
See also DSC.
Diffusion The movement of a material, such as a gas or liquid, in
the body of a polymer. If the gas or liquid is adsorbed on
one side of a test piece and given off on the other, the
phenomenon is related to permeability. Diffusion and
permeability are controlled by the chemical not physical

mechanisms.
Digital device Numerical output device that must index from the initial
to the final output reading. More accurate than a similar
analog device, but slower.
Dimensional stability Ability to retain the precise shape to which it was
molded, cast, or otherwise fabricated.
Discoloration Either a change from an initial color possessed by
a plastic or lack of uniformity in color over the whole
area of an object caused either by overheating, light
exposure, irradiation, or chemical attack.
Dished Showing a symmetrical distortion of a flat or curved
section of a plastic object, so that as normally viewed,
it appears concave or more concave than intended. See
“Warpage.”
Dispersion Finely divided particles of one material suspended in
another.
Dispersive mixing A mixing process in which agglomerates are reduced in
size by fracture due to stresses generated during mixing
and/or drops of the dispersed phase are deformed and
broken.
Dissipation factor Ratio of the conductance of a capacitor in which the
material is dielectric to its substance, or the ratio of its
parallel reactivity to its parallel resistance. Most plastics
have a low dissipation factor, a desirable property
because it minimizes the waste of electrical energy
as heat.
Distribution A method of describing the variation of a stable system,
in which individual values are not predictable but in
which the outcome as a group forms a pattern that can
be described in terms of its location, spread, and shape.
Distribution function A differential or integral description of population. For
the polymer molecular weight a mathematical descrip-
tion of the polydispersity.
Distributive mixing A mixing process in which the dispersed phase domains
are uniformly distributed – a reduction of
nonuniformity.
Domain A morphological term used in noncrystalline systems,
such as block copolymers, in which the chemically
different sections of the chain separate, generating
amorphous phases.
Domed Showing a symmetrical distortion of a flat or curved
section of a plastic object, so that as normally viewed,
it appears convex or more convex than intended. See
“Warpage.”
Double strand polymer Rigid rod “ladder polymer,” consisting of two parallel
chains of polymer regularly joined by covalent
bonding, viz., pyrrones, polyquinoxalines, and
polyphenylsilsesquioxane.
Double-shot molding A method of producing two-color pieces in thermoplas-
tic materials by successive injection molding operations.
Draft A taper or slope in a mold that facilitates removal of
the molded piece. The opposite of this is called back
draft, q.v.
Drool Melt oozing from a nozzle that is not correctly temper-
ature controlled, or presence of drip on the face of
extruder die.
Drop impact test Impact resistance test in which a predetermined weight
is allowed to fall freely onto the specimen from varying
heights.
Dry as molded (DAM) Term used to describe a part immediately after it is
removed from a mold and allowed cooling down. All
physical, chemical, and electrical property tests are
performed on nonconditioned test bars and the results
recorded on the data sheets. Parts and test bars in this
DAM state are felt to be their weakest in some properties
as they have not had time to condition or relieve the
molded-in stresses.
Dry blend Molding compound containing all necessary ingredients
mixed in a way that produces a dry, free flowing, par-
ticulate material (commonly used for PVC
formulations).
Dry coloring A method commonly used to color plastic by tumble
blending uncolored particles of the plastic material with
selected dyes and pigments.
Dryers Auxiliary equipment used to dry resins before
processing to ensure that surface properties are within
manufacturer specifications. There are several styles of
dryers, including ovens, microwave, hot-air desiccant
bed, and refrigeration types.
Ductility The amount of plastic strain that a material can with-
stand without fracturing, the extent to which a solid
material can be drawn into a thinner cross section with-
out breaking. Also, the ability of material to deform
plastically before fracturing.
Duromer Old German name for thermosets, i.e., strongly cross-
linked, insoluble polymer.
Durometer hardness Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics, usually
understood as hardness measured by the Shore
Durometer as an extent to which a spring-loaded steel

indenter protrudes into the material.
Dwell A pause in the application of pressure to a mold, just
before the mold is completely closed, to allow the
escape of gas from the thermoset molding material.
Also the time between when the injection ram is fully
forward holding pressure on the material within the
mold and the time the ram retracts.
Dyes Intensely colored synthetics or natural chemicals that
are soluble in most common solvents and can be
dissolved in a resin to impart color. Dyes are character-
ized by good transparency, high tinctorial strength, and
low specific gravity.
Dynamic mechanical A technique in which either the modulus or damping of
measurement a substance under oscillatory load or displacement is
measured as a function of temperature, frequency,
time, or their combination.
Ebonite A material consisting of rubber cured with large quantity
with sulfur (one sulfur atom per 4–8 main chain
carbons).
Ejection The removal by mechanical means of the finished part
from the mold cavity.
Ejection time Time in the cycle when the mold opens, the part is
ejected, the mold closes, and clamping pressure is
applied.
Ejector pin (ejector A rod, pin, or sleeve that pushes a molding off a core or
sleeve) out of a cavity. It is attached to an ejector bar or plate
that can be activated by the ejector rod(s) or the press or
by auxiliary hydraulic or air cylinders.
Ejector pin retainer A retainer plate onto which ejector pins are assembled.
Plate
Ejector return pins Projections that push the ejector assembly back as the
mold closes. Also called safety pins or position push
backs.
Ejector rod or bar A bar that activates the ejector assembly when the mold
is open.
Elastic deformation A deformation in which a substance returns to its orig-
inal dimensions on release of the deforming stress – any
portion of the total deformation of a body that occurs
immediately when load is applied and disappears imme-
diately and completely when the load is removed.
Elastic limit The greatest stress a material is capable of sustaining
without permanent strain remaining after the complete
release of the stress. A material is said to have passed its
elastic limit when the load is sufficient to initiate plastic,

or non-recoverable, deformation.
Elastic recovery The fraction of a given deformation that behaves elasti-
cally. A perfectly elastic material has an elastic recovery
of one, while a perfectly plastic material has an elastic
recovery of zero.
Elasticity That property of plastic materials because of which they
tend to recover their original size and shape after
removal of a force causing deformation. If the strain is
proportional to the applied stress, the material is said to
exhibit Hookean or ideal elasticity.
Elastomers A customary name for substances showing the
plastic–elastic behavior, characteristic for vulcanized
rubberlike synthetic or natural polymers, viz., rubbers
and weakly cross-linked polyether and polyester
urethanes.
Elastomeric The property of a material that at room temperature can
be stretched under low stress to at least twice its original
length and, upon immediate release of the stress, will
return with force to its approximate original length.
Electric discharge A metal-working process applicable to mold construc-
machining (EDM) tion in which controlled sparking is used to erode the
workpiece.
Electrical strength That property of an insulating material that enables it to
[dielectric strength] withstand electrical stress. The electrical strength is
defined as the highest electrical stress that an insulating
material can withstand for a specified time without the
occurrence of electrical breakdown.
Electroformed molds A mold made by electroplating metal on the reverse
pattern of the cavity. Molten steel may be then sprayed
on the back of the mold to increase its strength.
Electronic data Exchange of data by customer and supplier computers,
interchange (EDI) usually through a third neutral company that safeguards
the host computers from unwanted entry. Used for order
placement, shipment, receiving, billing, and payment.
Electroplating A deposition of metals on certain plastics and mold for
finish.
Elongation at break Elongation recorded at the moment of rupture of
a specimen, often expressed as a fraction or percentage
of the original length.
Elongation Deformation caused by stretching, or fractional increase
in length of a material in tension, expressed as
a percentage difference between the original length
and the length at the moment of the break – higher
elongation indicates higher ductility.
Embossing Techniques used to create depressions of a specific pat-

tern in plastics’ films or sheeting. Also development of
surface patterns on the molded part by photoengraving
or a similar process.
Embrittlement Reduction in ductility due to physical or chemical
changes.
Emulsion A stable dispersion of one liquid in another created in
the presence of an emulsifying agent (that has affinity
with both phases). The emulsifying agent, discontinuous
phase, and continuous phase produce the third phase, the
interphase, which serves as an enveloping protective
layer around each dispersed drop.
Emulsion Free radical polymerization of an emulsion, consisting
polymerization of aqueous phase containing an initiator and emulsified
oil phase containing the monomer.
Endothermic An action or reaction that absorbs heat.
Endurance or fatigue Maximum fluctuating stress a material can endure for infi-
lifetime nite number of cycles – determined from the S-N diagram.
End use Function the part or assembly was originally designed
and manufactured to perform.
Engineering polymer A processable engineering material containing two or
alloy more compatibilized polymers, capable of being formed
to precise and stable dimensions, exhibiting high perfor-
mance at the continuous use temperature above 100 C,
and having tensile strength exceeding 40 MPa.
Engineering polymer A processable polymeric material capable of being
formed to precise and stable dimensions, exhibiting
high performance at high temperature and high tensile
strength. Usually to qualify for the term, the material
must have the continuous use temperature above 100 C
and the strength exceeding 40 MPa. Five types of poly-
mers are customarily qualified as engineering resins:
polyamide (PA), polycarbonates (PC), thermoplastic
polyesters (EST), polyoxymethylene (POM), and mod-
ified polyphenylene ethers (PPE).
Engineering polymer A polymer blend either containing engineering polymer(s)
blend or having properties of an engineering polymer.
Engineering resin Term associated with plastics having medium to high
physical properties used for structural and demanding
applications. Five types of resins belong to this group:
PA, PEST (viz., PBT, PET, PAr), PC, PPE, and POM.
Environmental stress The susceptibility of a thermoplastic resin to crack or
cracking (ESC) craze when in the presence of surface-active agents or
other environments, e.g., under the influence of certain
chemicals or aging, weather, and stress.
Epoxide A compound containing 1,2-epoxide, CH2(O)CH–R, or

its derivative.
Epoxy plastics A thermoset polymer containing one or more epoxide
groups and curable by reaction with amines, alcohols,
phenols, carboxylic acids, acid anhydrides, and mercap-
tans. It has been primarily used as a matrix resin in
composites and adhesives.
Epoxy resin An oligomer containing two or more epoxide groups per
molecule cross-linked with a hardener, usually
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A or pentaerythritol:
RH þ CHðOÞCH ! CðRÞH CðOHÞH
The OH group may further react with the hardener,

which leads to highly cross-linked thermoset polymer.
Etch To treat with an acid, leaving parts of the surface in
relief to form the desired design.
Ethylene plastics Plastics based on polymers of ethylene or copolymers of
ethylene with other monomer, the ethylene being in
greatest amount by mass.
Ethylene-propylene An elastomeric copolymer based on ethylene and
rubber (EPR) propylene prepared in Ziegler-Natta polymerization.
When small amount of a diene monomer is added,
the resulting polymer becomes ethylene-propylene
terpolymer, EPDM.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate A thermoplastic copolymer made from ethylene and
(EVAc) vinyl acetate. This copolymer is similar to polyethylene
but has considerably increased flexibility.
Exfoliated clay Individual clay platelets dispersed in a matrix polymer
with the interlayer distance d001 > 8.8 nm. The platelets
can be randomly dispersed individually or as short
stacks or tactoids.
Exfoliation Chemical and/or mechanical means of dispersing clay
platelets in a polymer matrix. The process usually starts
with intercalated clay (q.v.).
Exothermic Pertaining to an action or reaction that gives off heat.
Extensibility The ability of a material to extend or elongate upon
(or extendibility) application of sufficient force, expressed as a percentage
of the original length.
Extensometer Instrument for measuring changes in linear dimensions
(also called strain gauge).
Extrudate swell The ratio of the outer parison diameter to the inner
(sometimes improperly diameter of the die. The swell is influenced by polymer
called die swell) nature, die construction, land length, extrusion speed,
additives (viz., external lubricants), and temperature.
Extruder A machine that accepts solid (pellets or powder) or

liquid feed, conveys it through a surrounding barrel by
means of a rotating screw(s), and pumps it, under pres-
sure, through an orifice called “die.”
Extrusion blow Most often the process, in which a parison is extruded
molding from a polymeric melt and is then entrapped between the
halves of a mold. The parison is expanded by com-
pressed air against the mold cavity, and then it is cooled,
removed, and trimmed.
Extrusion Compacting a plastic material (powders or granules)
into a uniform melt and forcing it through an orifice in
a continuous fashion to yield a desired shape. While held
in the desired shape, the melt must be cooled to solidify.
The term also describes plasticization of a resin in an
extruder (barrel-and-screw or plunger assembly) and
forcing of the molten material or extrudate through
a die or into a mold. Extrusion is the initial part of the
molding process.
Extrusion plastometer A primitive viscometer used for determining the melt
or melt indexer flow index, MFI. It is composed of a vertical cylinder
with two longitudinal bored holes (one for measuring
temperature and one for containing the specimen, the
latter having an orifice of stipulated diameter at the
bottom and a plunger from the top). The cylinder is
heated by external bands, and weight is placed on the
plunger to force the polymer specimen through the ori-
fice. The result is reported in g/10 min. See also “Melt
index.”
Exudation Formation of liquid plasticizer on the surface of
a plasticized (usually PVC) resin.
Fabricate To work a material into a finished form by machining,
forming, or other operation. In the broadest sense, it
means to manufacture.
Fading Any lightning of an initial color possessed by a plastic.
Fadometer Apparatus for determining the resistance of materials to
fading by exposing them to ultraviolet rays of approxi-
mately the same wavelength as those found in sunlight.
Family mold A multicavity mold in which each cavity forms a part
that often has a direct relationship in usage to the other
parts in the mold. Family molds can have more than one
cavity making the same part, but they will still always
have the same direct relationship to usage. The term is
often applied to molds in which parts for different cus-
tomers are grouped for economy of production. Some-
times called a combination mold.
Fan gate A shallow gate somewhat wider than the runner from
which it originates.
Fatigue Permanent structural changes that occur in a material
subjected to fluctuating stress and strain, which cause
decay of mechanical properties. See “S-N diagram.”
Fatigue ductility The ability of a material to plastically deform before
fracturing in constant strain amplitude and low-cycle
fatigue tests. See “S-N diagram.”
Fatigue failure The failure or rupture of a plastic under repeated cyclic
stress, at a point below the normal static breaking
strength. See “S-N diagram.”
Fatigue limit The stress below which a material can be stressed cycli-
cally for an infinite number of times without failure. See
“S-N diagram.”
Fatigue strength Magnitude of fluctuating stress required to cause failure
in a fatigue test specimen after specified number of
cyclic loading – determined from the S-N diagram.
Also the maximum cyclic stress a material can with-
stand for a given number of cycles before failure. The
residual strength after being subjected to fatigue. See
“S-N diagram.”
Feathered thread A thread that is thin at one end and does not end
abruptly. Usually found in screw machine parts.
Feed throat The section of the hopper mounted on the extruder to
feed resin into the feed section of the barrel and screw.
Feedback Information returned to a system or process to maintain
the output within specified limits. See also “Closed loop.”
Fiber Often the term is used synonymously with filament
having a finite length, L ¼ 100d, where the diameter is
typically d ¼ 100–130 mm. In most cases, it is prepared
by drawing from a molten bath, spinning, or depositing
on a substrate. Fibers can be continuous, long
(10–50 mm) or short (about 3 mm). In the plastics
industry almost synonymous with thin strands of glass
used to reinforce both thermoplastic and thermosetting
materials.
Fiber-reinforced plastic A general term for a plastic that is reinforced with cloth,
(FRP) mats, strands, or any other fiber form.
Fiberglass Filaments made by drawing molten glass. Continuous
filaments have indefinite length. Staple fiber mat is made
of glass fibers of the length generally 430 mm, the length
depending on the forming or spinning process used.
Fiberglass Major material used to reinforce plastic, available as
reinforcement mat, roving, fabric, and so forth. It is incorporated into
both thermosets and thermoplastics.
Filament The smallest unit of a fibrous material. The basic units

formed during drawing and spinning, which are gath-
ered into strands of fiber for use as reinforcements.
Filaments usually are of great length and small diameter,
d < 25 mm.
Filler A relatively inert substance added to plastics to improve
their physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, or other
properties or to lower cost or density. A compound or
substance added to a polymer during the initial synthesis
process or in subsequent processing to decrease the
volume of resin needed to produce a given product.
Fillers are generally much lower in cost than the resins
they are used in, thus reducing resin cost per part. Fillers
or extenders are generally not used with engineering
resins.
Fillet A rounded inside corner of a plastic piece. The rounded
outside corner is called a bevel.
Fines Small particles mixed in with larger particles.
Finish The secondary work on a part so that it is ready for use:
filing, deflashing, buffing, drilling, tapping, and degating
are commonly called finishing operations.
Finite element analysis A stress analysis technique of a part using a computer-
generated model that can take finite sections of the part
for analysis of the forces and loads the part will experi-
ence in service. It generates a part-section analysis that
shows the force concentrations in the section and deter-
mines if the material selected will be suitable for the part.
First surface The front surface of a plastic part, nearest the eye.
Fisheye A small, globular mass that has not completely blended
into the surrounding polymeric material. This condition
is particularly evident in a transparent or translucent
film, fiber, or sheet.
Fishbone diagram A problem analysis technique used to list all the vari-
ables and steps in the solution to a problem. All contrib-
uting elements are associated with each factor and taken
back to their starting point to ensure that all variable
elements are considered.
Fissure A narrow opening crack in a material.
Fixture Means of holding a part during a machine or other
operation.
Flakes A term used to describe resin residue formed on the
inside of pipes during material transfer, created by the
friction of the pellets against the surface of the transfer
piping. With time, they build up, flake off, and can cause
feed problems at the throat of the extruder.
Flame resistance Ability of a material to extinguish flame once the source

of heat is removed.
Flame retardants Chemicals used to reduce the tendency of a polymer
to burn.
Flame retarded A resin modified by flame-inhibiting additives so that
exposure to a flame will not burn or will self-extinguish.
Some resins will not burn and others can be modified to
meet flame burning specifications, while others may not
be able to be modified.
Flame treatment A type of surface treatment that oxidizes a plastic sur-
face for better reception of paint, inks, and adhesives.
See also “Surface treatment.”
Flammability Measure of the extent to which a material will support
combustion.
Flash Extra plastic attached to a molding along the parting
line. Under most conditions, it is objectionable and must
be removed before parts are judged acceptable.
Flash gate Usually a long gate extending from a runner parallel to
an edge of a molded part along the flash or parting line
of the mold.
Flash line A raised line appearing on the surface of a mold and
formed at the junction of mold faces. “See Parting line.”
Flash mold A mold in which the faces are perpendicular to the
clamping action of the press. The higher the clamping
force, the tighter the mold seam.
Flash trap A molded-in lip or blind recess on a part that is used for
trapping excess molten material during an assembly oper-
ation. It negates flash trimming secondary operations.
Flex life The time of heat aging that an insulating material can
withstand before failure when bent around a specific
radius (used to evaluate thermal endurance).
Flexural modulus The ratio within the elastic limit of the applied stress to
specimen’s strain during flexural deformation mode
testing – a measure of relative stiffness.
Flexural strength Ability of a material to flex without permanent distor-
tion or breaking. The resistance of a material to being
broken by bending stresses.
Flock Short fibers of cotton, wood, glass, etc., used as inex-
pensive filler.
Flocking A decorating and/or sound-deadening technique where
fibers of different materials are attached to the surface of
a plastic part. Fibers can be oriented in specific direc-
tions and patterns determined by the techniques used,
and adhesive patterns lay down on the surface of
the part.
Flow A qualitative description of the fluidity of a plastic

material during processing. A quantitative value of flu-
idity may be expressed by the flow curve, melt index
(MI), or melt flow index (MFI).
Flow chart A line chart that traces the whole process.
Flow curve A log-log plot of the isothermal viscosity as a function
of the deformation rate.
Flow length The actual distance a material will flow under a set of
molding machine conditions. Influenced by the
processing and mold design variables, the composition
of the polymer, and any additives in the polymer.
Flow line A mark on a molded piece made by the meeting of two
flow fronts during molding. Also called weld line or
weld mark.
Flow marks Wavy surface appearance of an object molded from
thermoplastic resins, caused by improper flow of the
resin into the mold. Also see “Splay marks.”
Flow coating A painting process in which the article to be painted is
drenched under a curtain of lacquer. The part is with-
drawn and rotated until the coating dries.
Fluidized bed coating Process in which small particles of a thermoplastic resin
are suspended in a gas stream (generally air) and behave
like a liquid. A heated article is immersed in this fluid-
ized bed of powder. The particles melt and fuse to the
heated surface, forming a smooth coating.
Fluoropolymer A polymer whose mers contain fluorine, F.
Fluoropolymers The family of fluorinated polymers that include
polytetrafluoroethylene, (PTFE), polychlorotrifluor-
oethylene (PCTFE), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF),
and fluorinated ethylene-propylene. These resins are
characterized by good thermal and chemical resistance,
nonadhesiveness, low dissipation factor, and low dielec-
tric constant. They are available in a variety of forms,
such as moldings, extrudates, dispersions, films, or
tapes.
Foamed plastics or Plastics with numerous cells disposed throughout its
cellular plastics mass. Cells are formed by a blowing agent or by the
reaction of the constituents. Resins in sponge form may
be flexible or rigid; the cells may be open or closed.
Foil decorating Molding paper, textile, or plastic foils printed with com-
patible inks directly onto a plastic part so that the foil is
visible below the surface of the part as an integral
decoration.
Force That which changes the state of rest or motion in matter,
measured by the rate of change of momentum.
Forming The term usually applied to a process in which the shape

of plastic pieces such as sheets, rods, or tubes is changed
to a desired form. Usually the term does not include
extrusion, molding, or casting, in which forms are
made from molten polymers or solutions.
Fourier transform An analytical method used in advanced forms of spec-
troscopic analysis such as infrared and nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy.
Fractionation Experimental methods for separating and isolating frac-
tions, each with the more uniform molecular weight, and
thus of low polydispersity. The process also serves for
ascertaining the distribution function.
Fracture strength The normal stress at the beginning of fracture. Calcu-
lated from the load at the beginning of fracture during
a tension test, and the original cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
Fracture The separation of a body, defined both as rupture of the
surface without complete separation of the laminate and
as complete separation of a body because of external or
internal forces.
Free radical Polymerization in which the active centers of reaction
polymerization are radicals. The polymerization can be initiated by
thermally activated or redox initiator, by irradiation, or
through thermal activation of monomer.
Freeze drying A method of removing volatiles from solidified material
at low temperatures.
Freeze-off Refers to the gate area when polymer solidifies, as well
as any area in the flow system when the melt becomes
too cool to flow and solidifies.
Frequency The number of times a specified phenomenon occurs
within a specified interval, e.g., number of completed
energy transmissions imparted to the welding horn in
a vibratory motion.
Friction welding A means of assembling thermoplastic parts by melting
them along their line of contact through friction. See
also “Spin welding.”
Full IPN Any material containing two or more polymers in an
intimate network form without induced cross-links
between the individual polymers.
Fusion bond The joining of two melt fronts that meet and solidify in
a mold cavity. A bond formed during the assembly
operation where the joint line is melted before assembly.
See “Hot-plate welding,” “Induction welding,” and
“Ultrasonic sealing.”
Fusion Heating of a vinyl dispersion to produce a homogeneous

material.
Galling A surface area that is worn away by another by rubbing
against it.
Gas-assisted injection An injection molding process that introduces a gas
molding (GAM) (usually nitrogen) into the plasticized material, to form
voids in strategic locations.
Gaseous blowing agent A compressed gas, such as compressed air or nitrogen,
used to create a cellular structure or controlled voids in
a rubber or plastic’s mass.
Gate In injection and transfer molding, the orifice through
which the melt enters the cavity.
Gauges Measuring devices used to determine if the part meets
customer specifications, including micrometers and
vernier calipers.
Gaussian (or normal) A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution function:
distribution h i n o
y ¼ 1=sð2pÞ1=2 exp ½ðx xÞ=s2 =2
where x is a variable and s is the standard deviation.

Gaylord A term used to identify a box of resin vs. a bag or drum.
Box size and weight of resin can vary depending on the
density of the resin and the supplier’s box size. Box size
usually conforms to the size of a standard pallet on
which it is shipped.
Gel or Trommsdorff Auto-acceleration at the end of chain growth polymeri-
effect zation. With increasing size of the macroradicals, their
mobility decreases and terminations are less frequent.
However, the diffusion of the monomer remains
unhindered and the polymerization proceeds exother-
mally, resulting in auto-acceleration.
Gel permeation chro- A form of liquid chromatography in which the polymers
matography (GPC, are separated by their ability or inability to penetrate the
more recently size material in the separation columns. Column chromatog-
exclusion chromatogra- raphy technique employing a series of columns
phy, SEC) containing closely packed rigid gel particles. The poly-
mer to be analyzed is introduced at the top of the column
and then is eluted with a solvent. The polymer mole-
cules diffuse through the gel at rates depending on their
molecular size. As they emerge from the columns, they
are detected by differential refractometer, viscometer,
FTIR device, etc. From the output of these detectors,
a molecular weight distribution curve can be obtained.
Gel point The stage at which a liquid begins to exhibit pseudo-

elastic properties. Also known as “gel time.”
Gel solutions Concentrated solutions; intermediate state between gel
and sol.
Gel That cross-linked part of polymer in liquid state, which
having its network character may swell but not
dissolve.
Generic Descriptive of an entire type or class of plastic resins.
The base resin is one of a family of polymers, but there
may be hundreds of product combinations.
Glass A material that solidifies from the molten state without
crystallization, a supercooled liquid whose shear viscos-
ity is Z 1012.5 Pas, a liquid whose rigidity is great
enough to be put to use, or a glassy state of matter.
A typical glassy material is hard and brittle (tensile
modulus E } 70 GPa, tensile strength s } 0.5 GPa).
Typical polymeric glasses are atactic polystyrene, atac-
tic polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, etc.
Glass-mat thermoplas- A mat consisting of long glass fibers that are impreg-
tics, (GMT) nated with a thermoplastic resin to produce a flat, homo-
geneous, semifinished composite blank.
Glass transition tem- The center of the temperature range in which
perature, or glass tran- a noncrystalline solid changes from being glass brittle
sition point, Tg to being viscous or rubbery. The temperature, or a range
of temperatures, separating the rigid (glassy) from elas-
tic (rubbery or liquid) state of a polymer. For the transi-
tion to occur, 20 to 50 main chain atoms must be able to
move in a cooperative manner. For the organic polymers
160 “Tg” 400 C depending on the intrinsic flexibility
of the polymeric chain and its molecular weight. Since
the transition is kinetic in nature, it depends on the rate
or frequency. The measured Tg value depends consider-
ably on the test rate, frequency, or mechanical
deformation.
Gloss Brightness or luster of a plastic resulting from a smooth
surface. The shine or luster of the surface of a material
(ASTM D 673). See “Specular gloss” and “Surface
finish.”
Grades Polymers that belong to the same chemical family and
are produced by the same manufacturer. They may vary
in processing or performance due to differences in
molecular weight, additives, or other structural features.
For example, a supplier of PC may have flame-resistant
grades, glass fiber-reinforced grades, a conductive
grade, and easy flowing grades.
Graft copolymers A copolymer whose macromolecules consist of two

or more macromolecular parts of different composi-
tion, covalently joined in such a way that one of the
parts forms the main chain (polymer A) and the
other(s) the side chains (polymer B). In a sense
the block copolymers are graft copolymers in which
the graft block B is attached to the end of main
chain A. Graft copolymers are frequently used as
compatibilizers.
Graining The term refers to wood graining on plastics. This can be
done by hand, roller coating, hot stamping, or printing.
Graphite A crystalline allotropic form of carbon.
Graphite fiber A fiber from either pitch or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
precursor by an oxidation, carbonization, and graphiti-
zation processes. See also “Carbon fiber.”
Grinder or granulator A machine (in many sizes, styles, and capacities) with
a series of knife blades and a sizing screen to chop up
plastic materials for reuse.
Grit blasted A surface treatment of a mold in which grit or sand
materials are blown onto the walls of the cavity to
produce a roughened surface. Air escape from mold is
improved and special appearance of the molded article
is often obtained by this method.
Guide or leader pins Devices that maintain proper alignment of parts.
Guideway Usually a T-shaped slot in a mold.
Gusset An angular piece of material used to support or
strengthen two adjoining walls.
Hand molds Molds that are removed from the press by the operator,
who opens the mold and extracts the part by hand.
Hardenable substance Thermoset resin that, under the influence of temperature
and/or reactive agent, undergoes cross-linking that irre-
versibly changes the chemical constitution and thereby
physical properties.
Hardeners Polyfunctional substances that are able to cause cross-
linking in thermosets.
Hardening, curing A chemical cross-linking of material, initially soft or
that can be made so by warming, into a more viscous
form or hard solid.
Hardness The resistance to compression and surface indentation,
usually measured by the depth of penetration of a blunt
point under a given load using a particular instrument
according to a prescribed procedure. Among the most
important methods of testing are Barcol hardness,
Brinell hardness, Knoop hardness, Mohs hardness,
Rockwell hardness, and Shore hardness.
Haze The degree of cloudiness in a plastic material. The

cloudy or turbid aspect of appearance of an otherwise
transparent specimen caused by light scattered from
within the specimen or from its surface.
Head The end section of the molding machine that consists of
the core, die, mandrel, mold, and other parts necessary
to form the plastic.
Head-to-head structure A structure of the type –CH2CHX—CHXCH2– in
polymers where the monomer placement in the growing
chain has two isomeric possibilities: head-to-head
(as shown) or head-to-tail, viz., –CH2CHX—
CH2CHX–. The latter structure predominates.
Heading The mechanical, thermal, or ultrasonic deformation of
a pin to form a locking attachment.
Heat resistance The property or ability of plastics and elastomers to
resist the deteriorating effects of elevated temperatures.
Heat sealing A process of joining two or more thermoplastic films or
sheets by heat.
Heat stability The resistance of a plastic material to chemical deterio-
ration caused by exposure to heat during processing.
Heat stabilizer An ingredient added to a polymer to improve its processing
or end-use resistance to elevated temperatures. The term is
used in different contexts depending on the benefit to be
derived from the additive. For processing, it retards
changes of color. For end use, it protects the surface of
the part exposed to elevated temperatures. It does not
imply that a resin can be used beyond its recommended
end-use temperature rating if it is heat stabilized.
Heat distortion temper- The temperature at which a standard test bar deflects
ature (HDT) by an arbitrary value under a stated load. In ASTM
D648, it is defined as a total deflection of 250 mm in
a rectangular bar supported at both ends under a load of
0.5 or 1.8 MPa. The temperature is increased at a rate
2 C/min.
Heated manifold mold A hot-runner mold that is both heated and insulated; an
insulated mold is a hot-runner mold that does not con-
tain heaters.
Heater bands The heat source for the barrel and nozzle. The temper-
ature control is usually divided into rear, middle, front,
and nozzle sections. The bands are accurate resistance
heaters with high heat output.
Heating chamber In injection molding that part of the machine in which
the cold feed is reduced to a hot melt. Also called
heating cylinder.
Helix A helical conformation of polymeric chain in which all main

chain atoms can be placed on a cylindrical surface in such
a way that all elements on that surface are cut at constant
angle or, in other words, that the conformation is exactly
repeated at constant intervals. For example, 31 helix in
polypropylene has three repeating units per one helix turn.
Hermetic As in seal, to form a bond that is pressure tight, so that
air or gases cannot enter or escape.
Heterogeneous Materials consisting of identifiable dissimilar constitu-
ents separated by internal boundaries. It is noteworthy
that not all nonhomogeneous materials are necessarily
heterogeneous.
Hiding power The opacity that can be effected with a coating.
High-density polyeth- Linear polyethylene copolymers with low branching,
ylene (HDPE) having density r ¼ 940–960 kg/m3. The regular struc-
ture engenders material with greater strength, rigidity,
chemical resistance, and higher softening temperature
than the branched one.
High-impact polysty- A thermoplastic resin from a styrene and elastomer. It
rene (HIPS) has good dimensional stability and low-temperature
impact strength, high rigidity, and ease of processing.
Histogram A bar chart with the height of each bar indicating how
many data points were collected within certain interval.
The width of the bar provides a measure of the interval.
Hob A master model in hardened steel used to sink the shape
of a mold cavity into a soft steel block.
Hobbing Forming multiple mold cavities by forcing a hob into
soft steel cavity blanks. Also called sinking.
Holding pressure The pressure maintained on the melt after the cavity is
filled until the gate is filled and freezes.
Homologous polymer A mixture of two or more homologous polymers, usu-
blend ally narrow molecular weight distribution fractions of
the same polymer.
Homologous polymers Polymers identical in structure and composition and
differing only in molecular weight. A polydispersed
polymer is a miscible blend of homologous polymers.
Homopolymer The product of the polymerization of a single
monomer, i.e., a polymer containing one type of repeat-
ing units, viz.
½CH2 CHX CH2 CHX

n:
Hone, honing, honed To impart a precise accuracy to the surface finish by

using a fine-grained whetstone.
Hooke’s solid An ideal elastic material where stress is directly propor-

tional to strain.
Hoop stress The circumferential stress in a material of cylindrical
form subjected to internal or external pressure.
Hopper A conical reservoir from which the molding powders or
pellets are fed into the extruder.
Hopper feeder Usually part of the resin drying system that also can be
an independent unit, to convey material to the machine’s
feed hopper using vacuum or pressure.
Hot stamping or Engraving operation in which roll leaf is stamped with
branding heated metal dies onto the face of the plastics.
Hot tip The precise controller and gating mechanism of
a hot-runner mold.
Hot-plate welding The use of a heated tool to cause surface melting of
a part at the joint area. It is then removed before the joint
surfaces being pressed together to form a fusion bond.
Hot-runner mold A thermoplastic injection mold in which the runners are
insulated from the chilled cavities and remain hot so that
the center of the runner never cools in normal cycle
operation. Runners are not usually ejected with the
molded pieces.
Hot/heated manifold A thermoplastic injection mold in which the mold that
mold contains the runner system has its own heating elements
to keep the molding material in a plastic state ready for
injection into the cavities, from which the manifold is
insulated.
Hydrolysis Chemical decomposition of a substance involving the
addition of water.
Hydrophilic Capable of absorbing water.
Hydrophobic Capable of repelling water.
Hygroscopic Material capable of absorbing and retaining atmospheric
moisture from air. Plastics such as PA, PEST, or ABS
are hygroscopic and must be dried before molding.
Hysteresis The failure of a property that has been changed to return
to its original value when the cause of the change was
removed. The cyclic noncoincidence of the elastic load-
ing and the unloading curves under cyclic stressing. The
area of the resulting elliptical hysteresis loop is equal to
the heat generated in the system.
Immiscible polymer Any polymer blend whose free energy of mixing is
blend positive: DGm > 0.
Impact strength The ability of a material to withstand shock loading,
expressed as an amount of energy required to fracture
a specimen subjected to impact. The work done in
fracturing, under shock loading, using a specified test
specimen and a specified procedure. Also, the relative

susceptibility of plastic articles to fracture under stress
applied at high speeds.
Impact test Often associated with the Gardner (ball or falling dart)
test, with a known weight falling at a known distance
and hitting a part, thereby subjecting it to an instanta-
neous high load. ASTM impact tests for material prop-
erties are the Izod, Charpy, and tensile impact tests. The
test can also be a pendulum type.
Induction welding The use of radio, magnetic, or electrical energy to form
a melt through the application of a foreign medium at
the joint line to form a fusion bond.
Inert pigment A pigment that does not react with any component of
paint.
Infrared (IR or FTIR) Pertaining to that part of the electromagnetic spectrum
between the visible light range and the radar range.
Radiant heat is in this range, and infrared heaters are
frequently used in the thermoforming and curing of
plastics and composites. Infrared analysis is used for
identification of polymer constituents. The powerful
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, uses
a method of splitting a beam into two waves, and the
spectral information is obtained from the phase differ-
ence between the two waves, recombining them in the
Michelson interferometer. The interferogram is obtained
by digitizing the detector signal and transforming it
from the time domain by means of the Fourier transform
operation into a conventional IR spectrum. See “Infrared
spectroscopy.”
Infrared spectroscopy A technique used to observe the wavelengths in the
or spectrometry electromagnetic spectrum lying beyond the red, from
about 750 nm to a few mm.
Inhibitor A substance that reacts with the active polymerization
site either to form a totally nonreactive product or to
reduce the system reactivity. In radical polymerization,
the radical scavengers, viz., diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and
quinones, are used as inhibitors.
Initiator Either an additive mixed in a material to cause
a chemical or physical reaction in the melt or a
substance able to engender reaction of a monomer,
radical or ionic.
Injection blow molding Blow molding in which the parison is directly formed by
injection molding.
Injection molding A method of forming a plastic to the desired shape by
forcing the softened plastic into a relative cool cavity
using a screw or ram – used with thermoplastics or

thermosets. See “Thermoplastic injection molding”
and “Thermoset injection molding.”
Injection pressure The pressure in the mold during the injection of plasti-
cized material into the mold cavity.
Injection ram See “Ram.”
Injection time The time it takes for the screw’s forward motion to fill
the mold cavity with melt.
Inorganic A mineral compound not composed of carbon atoms.
Inorganic pigments Natural or synthetic metallic oxides, sulfides, and other
salts that impart color, as well as heat and light stability,
and weathering resistance.
Inorganic polymer A polymer with high proportions of non-carbon atoms.
In principle, most inorganic materials can be considered
inorganic polymers, viz., silicates. In polymer science,
the inorganic materials containing organic groups are
considered inorganic polymers, e.g., polysiloxanes
(silicones), phosphonitrilic elastomers, polycarboranes,
organometallic polymers, polymetaphosphates,
polyphosphazenes, and sulfurnitride polymers. See also
“Organic polymers.”
Insert An integral part of plastics molding. It consists of metal
or other material that may be molded into position or
may be pressed into the molding after the molding is
completed. Also a removable or interchangeable com-
ponent of the mold.
Intercalated clay Clay having organic or inorganic molecules inserted
between its platelets, thus increasing the interlayer spac-
ing between them to at least 1.5 nm.
Intercalation Process of inserting organic or inorganic molecules
between platelets of a layered material, thus increasing
the interlayer spacing.
Interface The boundary or surface between two different, physi-
cally distinguishable media. With fibers, the contact area
between the fibers and sizing or finish. In laminates, the
contact area between the reinforcements and the lami-
nating resin.
Interpenetrating poly- Historically, any material containing two or more poly-
mer network, (IPN) mers, each in network form, without induced cross-links
between the individual polymers, usually produced by
polymerizing and/or cross-linking at least one compo-
nent in the immediate presence of the other, thus ther-
moset in character. Currently, the term IPN
encompasses the thermoplastic co-continuous polymer
blends, as well as ionomers and block and graft
copolymers. The later materials are known as

thermoplastic IPN.
Interphase The boundary region between two phases in polymer
blends, the matrix polymer and the dispersed phase, or
(in case of phase co-continuity) between two polymeric
phases. In compatibilized blends, the interphase con-
tains the compatibilizer as well as low-molecular-
weight additives and fractions.
Intrinsic viscosity The limiting value (at infinite dilution) of the ratio of
specific viscosity of the polymer solution to
concentration.
Ion exchange resins Cross-linked polymers that form salts with ions from
aqueous solutions.
Ionic polymers or Polymers of linear or network structure with ionic
ionomers groups which by addition of the appropriate counterions
can be ionically cross-linked. A copolymer of ethylene
and acrylic acid is used as a compatibilizer in polyamide
blends. Converted to ethylene-zinc acrylate copolymer,
Surlyn™ is used as packaging film. Other ionic poly-
mers are applied as polyelectrolytes, ion exchange
resin, etc.
Ionomer Polyethylene that contains both covalent and ionic
bonds. The polymer exhibits strong interchain ionic
forces. The anions hang from the hydrocarbon chain,
and the cations are metallic, e.g., Na, K, Li, Zn, and
Mg. The resins have similar properties as polyethylenes,
with high transparency, tenacity, resilience, and
increased resistance to oils, greases, and solvents.
Ishakawa See Fishbone diagram.
Isomeric polymers Polymers that are basically homogeneous but in which,
by secondary alterations or by a small number of differ-
ent kinds of linking of the primary molecules
(e.g., branching), variations are introduced.
Isotactic polymer A polymer in which the constitutional repeating units
have the same stereochemical configuration, for exam-
ple, isotactic polypropylene.
Izod impact test A type of pendulum impact test in which a notched
sample bar is held at one end and broken by a blow.
This is a test for shock loading.
Izod impact strength Determination of the resistance of a plastic material to
a shock loading, in which a notched specimen bar is held
at one end and broken by striking, and the energy
absorbed is measured.
Jetting Turbulent flow of plastic from an undersized gate or thin
section into a thicker mold section, as opposed to
laminar flow of material progressing radially from a gate

to the extremities of the cavity. May also result from
shooting material into a mold cavity where there is no
core or immediate cavity wall to break up the flow of the
material coming through the gate.
Just-in-time (JIT) A practice developed to minimize customer inventory.
The supplier provides the product, at predetermined
intervals, so that it can proceed directly to the cus-
tomer’s assembly line. This practice demands excellent
quality control and production schedules. Customers
who use JIT must demand the same care and treatment
from their own suppliers. Suppliers and customers are
usually located within a few hours shipping time of each
other.
Kirksite An alloy of aluminum and zinc used for the construction
of prototype molds. It imparts a high degree of heat
conductivity to the mold
Kneading elements, Three types of elements are used to assemble screws in
kneading blocks a twin-screw extruder: kneading, mixing, and
transporting. The kneading elements are mostly two-
or three-lobe self-wiping that mainly provide for the
dispersive mixing by pressing, stretching, and folding
actions. An assembly of kneading elements is known as
a kneading block, characterized by the individual disk
length, number of disks, and stagger angle between the
disks in the kneading block. See also “Mixing
elements.”
Knit line A line on a part where opposing melt fronts meet.
Created by material flow around obstructions or multi-
ple gating. See “Weld line.”
Knockout or ejector pin A pin that pushes a cured molded article out of a mold.
Kurtosis The state or quality of peakedness or flatness of the
graphic representation of a statistical distribution
expressed as a4 ¼ m4/m22, where m4 and m2 are the
fourth and second moment of the distribution function.
The excess of kurtosis is given as a4 – 3. The kurtosis is
large when on a distribution function there is a relatively
high concentration in the middle and out on the tails,
with a relatively steep drop in between.
Lack of fill-out An area occurring usually at the edge of a laminated
plastic, where the reinforcement has not been wetted
with resin.
Ladder polymer A rigid rod polymer, consisting of two parallel macro-
molecular chains regularly joined by covalent bonding,
forming a sequence of interconnecting rings, e.g.,
pyrrone, polyquinoxalines, polyphenylsilsesquioxane,

and poly(bisbenzimid-azobenzo-phenanthroline).
Lamella The basic morphological unit of a crystalline polymer,
usually ribbonlike or platelike in shape. Generally
(if ribbonlike), about 10–50 nm thick, 100 nm wide,
and 1,000 nm long.
Lamellar thickness A characteristic morphological parameter, usually
estimated from X-ray studies or electron microscopy,
usually 10–50 nm.
Laminar flow Flow of thermoplastic resins accompanied by solidifica-
tion of the layer in contact with the mold surface that
acts as an insulating tube through which material flows
to fill the remainder of the cavity. This type of flow is
essential to duplication of the mold surface.
Land Either a horizontal bearing surface of a semipositive or
flash mold by which excess material escapes, a bearing
surface along the top of the flights of a screw in an
extruder, or the surface of an extrusion die parallel to
the direction of the melt flow. In injection molding, the
gate, when entering a part, has always the length of the
gate itself that is called the land.
Latex, lattices Aqueous dispersion of polymeric particles, a polymer
emulsion, a product of emulsion polymerization used in
paints, adhesives, coatings, etc.
LCST (lower critical The lowest temperature of immiscibility, where binodal
solution temperature) and spinodal curves meet. This type of phase separation
predominates in polymer blends.
Let-down ratio The quantity of one ingredient to be mixed with a base
material to obtain the desired results.
Level of significance, The probability of committing the error of rejecting
“a” a given hypothesis when it is true; “a” is usually set to
0.05 for most of the statistical tests.
Light resistance The ability of a plastic material to resist fading after
exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light (ASTM D1501).
Light stability is the measure of this resistance.
Limit switch An electromechanical switch positioned to stop or start
an action. It is operated by mechanical action on
a movable control arm.
Liquid crystal polymer A thermoplastic polymer (polyamide or polyester) that
(LCP) contains primarily benzene rings in its backbone, is melt
processable, and can be highly oriented during
processing. Available with or without fiber
reinforcement.
Living polymer An ionic polymer in which, in the absence of
a monomer, the active centers of polymerization are
preserved. Formation of living polymers in anionic or

Ziegler-Natta polymerizations makes it possible to pro-
duce block copolymers.
Loading or charging A device used to load the charge of material or metal
tray inserts simultaneously into each cavity of a multicavity
mold by the withdrawal of a sliding bottom from
the tray.
London dispersion Weak intermolecular forces based on dipole-dipole
forces interactions.
Long chain branching Branches of comparable length as the main polymer chain
as in low-density polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, etc.
Loss modulus A quantitative measure of energy dissipation, defined as
the ratio of stress 90 out of phase with oscillating strain
to the magnitude of strain. The loss modulus may be
measured in tension of flexure, E”, compression, K”, or
shear, G” (see also “Complex modulus”).
Lubricants Processing aids to assist material flow during extrusion
or injection molding. The internal and external lubri-
cants are recognized. Internally lubricated resins use
oils, Teflon™, MoS2, or other materials to give the
molded part a lower coefficient of friction. The external
lubricant can be a solid, such as sodium or zinc stearate,
a fluoropolymer, or silicone resin or liquid.
Macbeth A lighting system used for checking color.
Macromer An oligomeric or telomeric chain capable of entering
into a polymerization reaction.
Macromolecule A large molecule in which neither the end groups nor the
substitution of a group has any significant influence on
the material properties.
Manifold A pipe channel, or mold, with several inlets or outlets.
Mass spectrometer An instrument capable of separating ionized molecules
of different mass/charge ratios and measuring the
respective ion currents.
Master curve The acceptable or required curve that all subsequent test
curves must match.
Matched metal, or die, A method of molding reinforced plastics between two
molding close-fitting metal molds mounted in a press.
Matrix Either the base resin used for a molded part or the main
phase in polymer blends.
Matte finish A type of dull, nonreflective finish. See “Surface finish.”
Mean or average The sum of values divided by their number.
Mechanical properties The properties related to the relationships between stress
and strain, such as compressive and tensile strengths and
moduli, associated with elastic and inelastic reaction to
the applied force.
Median The middle value when all values are arrayed in order of
magnitude.
Melt fracture An elastic strain set up in a molten polymer as the
polymer flows through the die. It may show up as irreg-
ularities on the surface of the plastic. Several stages (and
different mechanisms responsible for these) are recog-
nized, viz., shark skin, pressure oscillation (or spurt),
and gross distortions.
Melt front The exposed surface of molten resin as it flows into
a mold. The melt front advances as the molten resin is
continuously pushed through its center section.
Melt index (MI), melt The amount in grams of a thermoplastic resin forced
flow index (MFI), or through a 2.10 mm (0.0825 in. orifice when subjected to
melt flow rate (MFR) the prescribed force, e.g., 2.16 kg force during 10 min at
the prescribed temperature ( C) using an extrusion
plastometer (ASTM D1238). It is customary to refer to
the flow rate of polyethylene as “melt index.” However,
for all other materials, the term “melt flow rate” should
be used.
Melt strength The strength of a plastic while in the molten state.
Melt temperature The temperature at which a resin melts or softens and
begins to flow. The temperature of resin melt taken with
a pyrometer melt probe.
Melting point The temperature at which a resin changes from a solid to
a liquid.
Metal plating The process of plating a plastic part by chemically
etching the surface to accept a base metal on which the
subsequent layers of metal are deposited. Usually
a multistep process. Not all plastics can be metallized.
Metallizing A general term used to cover all processes by which
plastics are coated with metal.
Metallocenes Metallo-organic sandwich compounds in which two
cyclopentadienlidene, Cp, rings form a sandwich around
a metallic ion of, e.g., Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Ti, V, and Zr. They
have been used to catalyze the coordination polymeri-
zation of olefinic or vinylic monomers into highly reg-
ular macromolecules, viz., with narrow molecular
weight, high regularity of comonomer placement,
and/or high tactic purity. For example, ethylene was
catalyzed with R’s(Cp)2MeQ [Me is metal from group
4b, 5b, or 6b (preferably Zr); R’ is a C1–C4 alkylene
radical, a dialkyl germanium, or silicone; Q is an
alkylidene radical having from 1 to about 20 carbon
atoms, s ¼ 0–1, p ¼ 0–2, m ¼ 4–5], in combination
with alumoxanes.
Meter SI length unit equal to 100 cm molecular dimension, or

39.37 in.
Metering equipment A machine or system to accurately meter additives to the
machine’s hopper or feed throat. Comes in many sizes
and types to suit each particular application, including
augers, shuttle plates, photoelectric eyes, and positive or
negative weight loss belt feeders.
Metering screw An extrusion or injection molding screw that has con-
stant shallow depth and pitch section, usually over the
last three to four flights.
Micelle colloids Low-molecular-weight, mainly homogeneous mole-
cules, held together by secondary forces to form
a colloidal particle.
Microcracking Cracks formed when local stresses exceed the strength
of the matrix. In composites, because microcracks do
not penetrate the reinforcing fibers, in cross-ply or cloth
prepreg tape laminates, they are usually limited to the
thickness of a single ply.
Micro-morphology Structural constitution on a submicron scale as related to
crystallinity, viz., crystalline unit cells, lamellae shape
and size, and stress-induced shish kebab crystals.
Microprocessor Computer system that stores, analyzes, and adjusts the
controls of a machine based on the parameters
established during the operation of the machine it is
controlling. It continuously analyzes output data to
adjust and maintain the machine’s cycle within
programmed limits. Can also store data and output it as
directed by programming.
Microstructure The molecular structural features of a single polymer
chain: tacticity, isomerism, chain branching, structural
irregularities, etc.
Migration of plasticizer Loss of plasticizer from a polymeric compound, with
subsequent absorption by an adjacent medium that
lowers its concentration and induces brittleness.
Migration The transfer of a material from a plastic to other
contacting solids.
Mil English unit of length equal to 0.001 in. or 25.4 mm.
Miscible polymer blend A polymer blend, homogenous down to the molecular
level, in which the domain size is comparable to macro-
molecular dimension, associated with the negative value
of the free energy and heat of mixing, DGm and DHm <
0, and @ 2DGm/@j2 > 0. Operationally, it is a blend
whose domain size is comparable to the dimension of
the macromolecular statistical segment.
Mixing General term associated with the physical act of homog-

enization (e.g., mixing of fractions). Mixing of liquids is
usually called blending (e.g., preparation of polymer
blends or alloys), while incorporation of solids into
molten polymer is usually called compounding (e.g.,
preparation of a compound).
Mixing elements Three types of elements are used to assemble screws in
a twin-screw extruder: kneading, mixing, and
transporting. The mixing elements of different types
are provided by the equipment manufacturers, viz., tur-
bine, gear, notched disk, and blister rings. Depending on
the type, these elements are responsible for either or for
both the distributive and dispersive actions. Several
authors consider kneading and mixing elements as
belonging to the same class, alternatively labeled as
kneading or as mixing blocks. See also “Kneading
elements.”
Modified natural Plastics or fibers that are prepared by chemical trans-
products formation of natural substances, e.g., cellulose
nitrate or acetate and casein or gelatin hardened by
formaldehyde.
Modifiers Any additive that improves the processing or end-use
properties of the polymer, e.g., PVC plasticizers added
to make it soft and pliable and improve its impact
strength. Almost all plastic resins use different modifiers
to meet desired product requirements.
Modulus of elasticity The ratio of the stress to the strain produced in a material
that is elastically deformed (ASTM D790). If a tensile
stress of 20 MPa results in an elongation of 1 %, the
modulus of elasticity is 2 GPa.
Modulus of resilience The energy that can be absorbed per unit volume with-
out creating a permanent distortion. Calculated by inte-
grating the stress–strain curve from zero to the elastic
limit and dividing by the original volume of the
specimen.
Moisture absorption The pickup of water vapor from the atmosphere by bulk
of a material. It relates only to vapor withdrawn from the
air by a material and must be distinguished from water
absorption, which is the gain in weight due to the take-
up of water by immersion.
Moisture adsorption Surface retention of moisture from the atmosphere.
Moisture vapor trans- The rate at which water vapor permeates through
mission rate (MVTR) a plastic film or wall at a specified temperature and
relative humidity (ASTM E96).
Mold deposits Material build up on a cavity’s surface due to plate out

of resin, usually in a gaseous state. Can be attributed to
additives in a resin adhering to the mold’s surface.
Mold release agent A lubricant, liquid, or powder (often silicon oils and
waxes) used to coat a mold cavity to prevent the molded
piece from sticking to it, thereby facilitating its removal
from the mold. Additives put into a material to serve as
a mold release.
Mold shrinkage Shrinking a molded part while it is removed from a mold
and cooled to room temperature. The difference in
dimensions between a piece and the mold cavity. The
incremental difference between the dimensions of the
molding and the mold from which it was made,
expressed as percentage of the mold dimensions.
Molding A group of plastics processes used to form polymers or
composites into solids with shape and size defined by
the mold cavity, by the application of pressure and heat
for a given time.
Molding cycle The time required to complete a cycle and produce
a part.
Molding compound Plastic material, often comprising resin, filler, pigments,
powder or material plasticizers, and other ingredients, ready for molding
operation.
Molding pressure The pressure applied directly or indirectly on the com-
pound to allow the complete transformation to a solid
dense part. The pressure developed by a ram or screw to
push molten plastic into a mold cavity. See “Injection
pressure.”
Molding shrinkage See “Mold shrinkage.”
Molecular weight, or an The sum of the atomic masses of the elements forming
average molecular the molecule expressed in units of 1/12 the mass of 12C
weight (MW) atom, or a mass of one mole of the substance (kg/mol),
indicating the relative size typical chain length of the
polymer molecule. Owing to polydispersity the molec-
ular weight of a polymer is expressed as an average:
X
Ni Mkþ1
i
Mk ¼ X
i
Ni Mki
i
For k ¼ 1, the number average; for k ¼ 2, the weight

average; for k ¼ 3, the z-average; for k ¼ 4 (z + 1),
average molecular weight is generated; etc. (viz., Mn,
Mw, Mz, Mz + 1, respectively).
Molecularly A polymer in which all the molecules possess the same

homogeneous chemical structure.
Molecular weight A statistical description of the sizes and frequency of
distribution (MWD) occurrence of different molecular chain lengths within
a given sample or lot of polymers, i.e., the distribution of
molecular sizes in a polydispersed polymer. Several ana-
lytical functions f(M) have been proposed. Some of them
are general statistical expressions (e.g., log-normal distri-
bution, q.v.) and the others are based on assumed kinetics
of polymerization (e.g., Schultz-Flory distribution).
MWD is normally determined using a size exclusion
chromatography, SEC (an old GPC). Wide and skewed
distributions result in significant variation of properties.
Narrow distributions are more consistent.
Molecule A group of atoms bonded together which forms the
fundamental structural unit of most organic sub-
stances. The number of atoms can range from two
to millions. A molecule is the smallest unit of
a substance that still retains the properties of that
substance.
Monomer A small molecule of an organic substance capable of
(monomer ¼ single entering into a polymerization reaction with itself or
unit)’ with other similar molecules or compounds, viz., vinyl
monomers, dienes, a,o-lactams, and diamines.
A low-molecular-weight-reactive chemical that poly-
merizes to form a polymer. Monomers are generally
gases or liquids. When bonded together in long chains,
they form solid materials or polymers.
Morphology The study of the physical form and structure of
a material. The overall physical form of the physical
structure of a material on a submicron and micron scale.
Common units are dispersed phase domains, lamellae,
spherulites, etc. The term comprises notion of the global
structure (e.g., stress-induced skin core), as well
as shape, size, orientation, and distribution of the
dispersed phase (solid, liquid, or gaseous).
Mottle The desired or accidental mixture of colors or shades of
a color giving approximately distinct or complicated
patterns or specks, spots, or streaks of color.
Movable platen The moving platen of an injection or compression mold-
ing machine to which half of the mold is secured during
operation. The platen is moved either by a hydraulic ram
or a toggle mechanism.
Multiblock copolymer A block copolymer with more than three blocks, e.g.,
-[AB]n-.
Multicavity mold A mold having more than one cavity or impression for
forming finished items during one machine cycle.
Multichain polymer A polymer with more than two chains extending from
a center, e.g., comb or star polymer.
Multiple-screw An extruder machine that has two or more screws, as
extruder contrasted with conventional single-screw extruders.
Nanocomposite (NC) A matrix material (metallic, ceramic, or polymeric in
nature) having dispersed particles, with at least one
dimension that does not exceed 10 nm. Polymeric
nanocomposites (PNC) of commercial interest comprise
2–5 wt% of exfoliated clay.
Necking Localized reduction in cross section that may occur in
a material under tensile loading during a tensile test.
Necking is disregarded in calculation of the engineering
stress, but is taken into account in determining the true
stress.
Network polymer A cross-linked polymer forming infinite network,
obtained in a step-growth polymerization with
multifunctional monomers.
Newtonian fluid An ideal fluid characterized by a constant ration of the
shear stress to the rate of shearing in a simple shear defor-
mation and with zero normal stress difference (nonelastic).
Nondestructive evalua- An analysis to determine whether the material is accept-
tion (NDE) or nonde- able for its function.
structive inspection
(NDI)
Nondestructive inspec- A process or procedure, such as ultrasonic or radio-
tion (NDI) graphic inspection, for determining the quality or char-
acteristics of a material, part, or assembly, without
permanently altering the subject or its properties. Used
to find internal anomalies in a structure without
degrading its properties.
Nonpolar Incapable of having a significant dielectric loss. Poly-
styrene and polyethylene are nonpolar.
Nonreturn valve See “Ball or checking valve.”
Nonrigid plastic A plastic that has a modulus of elasticity (either in
flexure or in tension) of not over 69 MPa (10,000 psi)
at 25 C and 50 % relative humidity (ASTM D747).
Normal distribution See “Gaussian distribution.”
Notch sensitive A plastic material is said to be notch sensitive if it will
break when it has been scratched, notched, or cracked.
Glass is considered to be highly notch sensitive.
Notch sensitivity A measure of reduction in load-carrying ability caused
by stress concentration in a specimen. Brittle plastics are
more notch sensitive than ductile.
Nozzle A hollow metal nose screwed into the extrusion end of

either the heating cylinder of an injection machine or
a transfer chamber (where this is a separate structure).
Nuclear magnetic Relates to the radio frequency-induced transitions
resonance (NMR) between magnetic energy levels of atomic nuclei.
NMR instrument consists essentially of a magnet,
radio frequency accelerator, sample holder, and detec-
tor, capable of producing an oscilloscope image or line
recording of NMR spectrum. See also “Nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy.”
Nuclear magnetic reso- When an organic molecule containing certain atoms
nance (NMR) (e.g.,13C, H, D, F) is placed in a strong magnetic field
spectroscopy and irradiated with radio frequency, transition between
different nuclear spin orientational states takes place,
and energy is absorbed at specific frequencies. Several
different types of NMR measurements have been devel-
oped for characterization of polymer molecules, viz.,
high-resolution NMR of polymer solutions, wide-line
solid-state NMR, magic-angle spinning NMR, and
pulse-induced NMR.
Nucleating agent A foreign substance, often crystalline, usually added to
a crystallizable polymer to increase its rate of solidifi-
cation and reduce size of spherulites.
Nucleation Any additive that assists or acts as a starting site for
crystallization of a polymer. These initiators can reduce
cycle time by speeding up the crystalline formations,
thereby causing the part to solidify faster so its ejection
from the mold can occur sooner.
Nylon™ A generic term for polyamides (a trademark of E. I. du
Pont de Nemours, adduct of New York and London). To
be avoided – use polyamide, PA, instead.
Olefins Plastics produced from olefins, viz., polyethylene or
polypropylene.
Oligomer Low-molecular-weight polymeric material with the
degree of polymerization, 10 < DP < 50; from Greek
oligos ¼ few, little.
Opalescence Limited clarity of vision through a sheet of transparent
plastic at any angle, caused by light scattering within or
on the surface of the plastic.
Opaque A material that will not transmit light and is not
transparent.
Open-hole insert An insert having a hole drilled completely through it.
Optical comparator An inspection machine using optics to compare the
outline of a part to its required dimensions on
a graphic screen.
Optical distortion Any apparent alteration of the geometric pattern of an

object when observed through a plastic or as reflection
from a plastic surface.
Orange peel An unintentional rugged surface that gives an appear-
ance resembling the skin of an orange.
Ordered polymer A polymer with monomers arranged in regular
sequence, viz., alternating or block copolymers.
Organic The term refers to a general class of substances whose
composition is based on the element carbon. Organic
infers some relationship to materials, which at some
point in time were alive.
Organosol Fine PVC suspension in a volatile, organic liquid. At
room temperature, the resin is swollen, but not appre-
ciably dissolved. At elevated temperatures, the liquid
evaporates, and the residue upon cooling forms homog-
enous plastics. Plasticizers may be dissolved in the vol-
atile liquid. See also “Plastisols.”
Orientation The alignment of the molecular structure in polymeric
materials to produce anisometric material properties. It
can be accomplished by drawing or stretching during
fabrication, especially at low temperatures.
Orifice An opening in a die or other metal piece used to meter
the flow of fluid material.
Out-of-round Nonuniform radius or diameter.
Overflow Tab A small, localized extension of a part at a weld-line
junction to allow a longer material flow path for the
purpose of obtaining a better fusion bond of the meeting
melt fronts.
Overlay sheet See “Foil decorating.”
Oxidation Any chemical reaction in which electrons are trans-
ferred. The chemical reaction involving oxygen to
form an oxide; the deterioration of an adhesive film
due to atmospheric exposure; the breakdown of a hot
melt adhesive due to prolonged heating and oxide for-
mation. Degradation of a material through contact with
air. A chemical reaction involving a combination with
oxygen to form new compounds.
Oxygen index The minimum concentration oxygen expressed as
a volume percentage in a mixture of oxygen and nitro-
gen that will just support flaming combustion of
a material initially at room temperature under the spec-
ified conditions. An indication of flammability.
Pack time The amount of time that packing pressure is kept on the
screw until the gate freezes. It takes time immediately
after the injection stroke ends.
Packing pressure The pressure applied just before the part cavity fills,
which is about 50 % of the injection pressure required
to continue filling the mold without flashing it. Packing
pressure is maintained until the gate freezes.
Pad See “Cushion.”
Paint line The point where two colors meet.
Paint step Break in a smooth surface that allows a mask to rest.
Parallel to the draw The axis of the cored position or insert parallel to the
up-and-down movement of the mold as it opens and
closes.
Parallels (risers or The support spacers between the mold and press platen
support fillers) or clamping plate.
Pareto analysis An analytical and statistical technique used to determine
part defect type and quantity. Ranks each type of defect
as a percentage of the total number of defects found,
based on the quantity of each type of defect.
Parison Hollow plastic tube from which a part is blow molded.
Part separator A machine or system used to automatically separate
parts from the runner system after molding. Separated
parts go to their next station and the runner moves to
a granulator for reuse if permitted. The system may use
blades, rigid pins, or a degating station with parts placed
by a robot for separation.
Parting agent See “Mold release.”
Parting line The point in the mold where two or more metal surfaces
meet creating a shutoff. Mark on a molding or casting
where halves of a mold met in closing.
Partitioned mold See “Bubbler.”
cooling
Pastel A tint, a tone to which white has been added.
Paucimolecular Polymers that consist of only a few different molecular
weight components. Also called the paucidisperse
polymers.
Peak exothermic The maximum temperature reached by reacting thermo-
temperature setting plastic composition is called peak exothermic
temperature.
Permeability The passage or diffusion of a gas, vapor, liquid, or solid
through a barrier without affecting it. The rate of the
passage.
pH Negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ions,
log [H+], a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of
a substance. Acid solutions have pH < 7, at neutrality
pH ¼ 7, and in alkaline solutions pH > 7.
Phase A separate, but not necessarily separable, portion of
a system.
Phenolic resins Cross-linked resins based on phenol and formaldehyde

of a complex, not fully known, structure.
Photodegradation Degradation caused by long wavelength ultraviolet radi-
ation that is the main cause of outdoor weathering.
Photoelasticity Experimental technique for the measurement of stresses
and strains in material objects by means of the mechan-
ical birefringence.
Physical aging The relaxation process that takes place in plastics after
fabrication. Upon cooling a melt, the molecular mobility
decreases, and when the relaxation time exceeds the
experimental time scale, the melt becomes a glass
in nonequilibrium thermodynamic state (density,
enthalpy, etc.). Thus, the value of the thermodynamic
parameters continues to change toward an equilibrium
state. The process may lead to development of cracks
and crazes that initiate critical failure. See also “Aging,”
“Accelerated aging,” “Artificial aging,” and “Chemical
aging.”
Physical cross-link A physical bond that joins two or more chains together.
They may arise from crystalline portions of
a semicrystalline polymer, the glassy or crystalline por-
tion of a block copolymer, or the ionic portion of an
ionomer. The physical cross-link forces are affected by
the temperature.
Physical cross-linking An existence of restraining force between polymer
chains other than covalent bonding; viz., entanglements,
presence of microcrystallinity, and glassy blocks in
block copolymer.
Piece part price Calculated finished part cost based on material,
processing, assembly, decorating, and packaging,
including productivity and overhead costs.
Pigment Imparts color to plastic while remaining a dispersion of
undissolved particles.
Pigmented A plastic resin comprising pigments to produce a desired
color after molding. The pigments can be either organic
or inorganic based.
Pinpoint or restricted A restricted orifice through which molten plastic flows
gate into a mold cavity.
Pit Small regular or irregular crater in the surface of
a plastic, usually with width approximately of the same
order of magnitude as its depth.
Pitch With respect to extruder or injection molding, the dis-
tance from any point on the flight of a screw line to the
corresponding point on an adjacent flight, measured
parallel to the axis of the screw line or threading.
Plastic A synthetic or natural organic substance (exclusive of

adhesives and rubbers) formable or pliable at some stage
during its formation or subsequent manufacturing pro-
cess, thus a polymeric material that is capable of being
shaped through plastic flow under influence of
deforming forces, a thermoplastic or thermoset material.
It either melts and flows with heat and pressure, as with
a thermoplastic, or it chemically “sets,” as with
a thermoset material. Many materials, such as glass,
become plastic under the right conditions.
Plastic deformation Any portion of the total deformation of a body that
occurs immediately when load is applied but that
remains permanently when the load is removed. The
deformation of a material under load that is not recov-
erable after the load is removed. Opposite of elastic
deformation.
Plastic memory A phenomenon of a plastic to return, in some degree, to
its original form upon heating.
Plasticate To soften by heating and/or kneading.
Plasticating extruder An extruder fed with solid polymer that melts and
plasticates it while conveying toward the die.
Plasticity A property of plastics that upon the application of
a force allows the material to be deformed continuously
and permanently without rupture (the opposite of
“elasticity”).
Plasticization Softening, enhancement of flexibility engendered by
incorporation of low-molecular-weight liquid, a plasti-
cizer, such as 2-ethylhexylphthalate (DOP).
Plasticize To make a material soft and moldable with the addition
of heat, pressure, or a plasticizer.
Plasticizer A material incorporated in a thermoplastic to reduce its
glass transition temperature, thus to increase its flexibility.
Plastisols Mixtures of PVC and plasticizers that can be molded,
cast, or converted to continuous films by the application
of heat. The mixtures that contain volatile thinners are
known as organosols, q.v.
Plate dispersion plug See “Breaker plate.”
Platens The mounting plates of a press to which the entire mold
assembly is bolted.
Plunger The part of a transfer or injection press that applies
pressure to the unmelted plastic material to push it into
the chamber. This, in turn, forces the melt out through
the nozzle.
Poisson distribution Discrete probability function, derived by Simeon
Poisson in 1837, for the situation when the probability
of a single event is very small, but the number of events

approaches infinity.
Poisson’s ratio, r The ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding axial
strain in axially loaded specimens, below the propor-
tional limit. It is a material constant that relates the
modulus of rigidity, G, to Young’s modulus, E, in the
relation: E ¼ 2G(r + 1), viz., ASTM E1321.
Polarized light Polarized electromagnetic radiation whose frequency is
in the optical region.
Polarizer A medium or a device used to polarize the incoherent
light.
Polyacrylonitrile Product of free radical polymerization in solution or
(PAN) suspension. Used primarily for production of fibers
(it may contain up to 10 % comonomer to improve
dyeability). Homopolymer of PAN is a base material
in the manufacture of carbon fibers.
Polyaddition A step-growth polymerization from two types of bi- or
polyfunctional primary molecules, e.g., polyurethane
formation. This irreversible, rapid process is caused,
usually through heteroatoms, by bond displacement
without the splitting off any component.
Polyallomers Crystalline thermoplastic polymers made from two or
more different monomers, usually ethylene and propylene.
Polyamide-imide (PAI) A family of polymers based on the combination of
trimellitic anhydride with aromatic diamines. In the
uncured form (ortho-amic acid), the polymers are solu-
ble in polar organic solvents. The imide linkage is
formed by heating, producing an infusible resin with
thermal stability up to 290 C. These resins are used
for laminates, prepregs, and electrical components.
Polyamides (PA) A group of semicrystalline thermoplastics containing
the amide group (NHCO–) in the main chain, resulting
from polycondensation of either a,o-lactam or a diacid
with a diamine. Natural polyamides, polypeptides, and
synthetic polyamides belong to this family.
Polyarylates (PAr) Wholly aromatic polyesters from dihydric phenols and
dicarboxylic acid chlorides. They are characterized by
high melting point (up to 500 C), good thermal stabil-
ity, and solubility in chlorinated solvents. Commercial
polymers are produced by polycondensation of iso- and
terephthalic acids with bisphenol A, having glass tran-
sition temperatures near 170 C and the continuous use
temperature of 140–150 C.
Polyarylsulfone (PAS) Alternative name for aromatic polyethersulfone. See
“Polyethersulfone.”
Polybenzimidazole The polycondensation product of tetraaminobiphenyl

(PBI) with terephthalic acid has the highest thermal stability
of all commercial organic polymers. Its continuous use
temperature is 400 C, and it has good chemical
stability.
Polybutylene Polycondensation product of dimethylterephthalate and
terephthalate (PBT) 1,4 butanediol, with melting temperature Tm }
224 C. PBT can be easily blended with number of
other thermoplastics. Major uses include automotive
parts (interior, under-the-hood, and exterior), electrical
connectors, small appliances, and pump housings.
Polybutylenes, BR A group of polymers consisting of isotactic, stereoregu-
lar, highly crystalline polymers based on butene-1. Their
properties are similar to those of polypropylene and
linear polyethylene, with superior toughness, creep
resistance, and flexibility.
Polycarbonate (PC) An amorphous thermoplastic derived from the direct
reaction between aromatic and aliphatic dihydroxy com-
pounds with phosgene or by the ester exchange reaction
with appropriate phosgene-derived precursors. Highest
impact resistance of any transparent plastic. It is trans-
parent and can be injection molded, extruded,
thermoformed, or blow molded (esp. branched PC).
Polycondensation A polymer synthesis from bi- or multifunctional mono-
mers with liberation of a low-molecular, volatile
by-product.
Polyesters Polymers containing the ester group (COO–) in the
main chain, products of polycondensation of a,o-lactones
or diacid with diols. Both unsaturated (alkyd) polyesters
and thermoplastic polyesters (including PC, PET, PBT,
and PNT) enjoy wide commercial use.
Polyether-imide (PEI) An aromatic polymer containing both ether and imide
groups in the polymeric chain. It has a heat distortion
temperature of 200 C, continuous use temperature of
170 C, and low flammability. It can be blended with
several engineering thermoplastics for a wide range of
properties and applications (mainly in automotive and
electronic/electrical industries).
Polyethersulfone (PES) An aromatic polymer containing benzene rings linked
by both ether and sulfone groups in the polymeric chain.
Several commercial products of this type have been
developed. Their glass transition temperature varies
from 190 to 285 C. The materials have high rigidity,
low creep, high electrical resistance, transparent, self-
extinguishing, and low flammability. They can be
blended with several engineering thermoplastics. The

applications include printed circuit boards, TV compo-
nents, and diverse electronic/electrical parts.
Polyethylenes (PE) Thermoplastic materials composed of ethylene units.
They are normally translucent, tough, waxy solids that
are unaffected by water and by a large range of
chemicals. These plastics have >85 % ethylene
and >95 % of total olefins.
Polyethylene Polycondensation product of dimethylterephthalate and
terephthalate (PET) ethylene glycol, with Tm ¼ 260–270 C. Oriented PET
has outstanding tensile strength. Its principal use
includes bottles, X-ray films, electrical insulation, and
food packaging.
Polyimide (PI) Polymer produced by reacting an aromatic dianhydride
with an aromatic diamine. It is highly heat-resistant
(at T ¼ 315 C) resin, similar to a polyamide, differing
only in the number of hydrogen atoms per mer. The
polymer is suitable for the use a binder or adhesive and
may be either a thermoplastic or a thermoset. Initially, it
could not be processed by conventional molding
methods. The polymer has rings of four carbon atoms
tightly bound together. It has excellent resistance to heat.
Poly-liner A perforated, longitudinally ribbed sleeve that fits inside
the cylinder of an injection molding machine. Used as
a replacement for conventional injection cylinder torpe-
does/older machines. Also a plastic bag placed inside
a carbon or box to prevent material contamination
during shipment.
Polymer Material composed of many (Greek poly) units (Greek
meros). A high molecular weight organic
compound – natural or synthetic, formed by a chemical
reaction in which two or more small organic units join to
form large units composed of repeating small units.
Its structure can be represented by repeated small
units, the mers. Synthetic polymers are formed by addi-
tion or condensation polymerization of monomers.
Some polymers are elastomeric, and others thermoplas-
tic or thermoset. The term was coined by Berzelius in
1832 to describe hydrocarbons of a general formula
(CH2)n with n ¼ 1 to 4 (sic!). Today a substance may
be called polymer if it shows high degree of polymeri-
zation, DP >50.
Polymer alloy An immiscible polymer blend having a modified inter-
face and/or morphology.
Polymer blend A mixture of at least two macromolecular materials: two

or more polymers, polymer with copolymers, two or
more copolymers, etc. Polymer blends are either misci-
ble or immiscible. See “Miscible polymer blend” and
“Immiscible polymer blend.”
Polymer conversion Preparation of polymer derivatives during which the
number of macromolecules or the degree of polymeri-
zation is preserved.
Polymerization The process or chemical reaction in which the molecules
of a monomer are linked together to form macromole-
cules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the
original substance nM ! [M]n, where n is a degree of
polymerization, DP. It is said that the polymerization
leads to oligomer if 10 < DP < 50 and to polymer if
DP > 50. When two or more monomers are involved,
the process is called copolymerization. Most polymeri-
zation processes are classified as condensation (step)
reactions or addition (chain) reactions.
Polymethylme- Crystal-clear radical polymerization product of methyl
thacrylate (PMMA) methacrylate. PMMA has the glass transition tempera-
ture of 105 C, excellent weatherability, and scratch
resistance, as well as useful combination of stiffness,
density, and toughness. It can be easily modified by
co-reacting or blending.
Polymolecularity Practically all polymers are mixtures of impossible to
separate homologues or fractions. Mathematically the
polymolecularity is expressed by a molecular weight
distribution, MWD, q.v.
Polyphenylene ether An amorphous thermoplastic with useful temperature
(PPE) range that depending on composition varies from
135 C to 190 C.
Polypropylenes (PP) A crystalline thermoplastic made by polymerizing pro-
pylene gas. It has the lowest density of all plastics,
except methylpentene. Tough, lightweight thermoplas-
tics made by the polymerization of propylene in the
presence of an organometallic catalyst at relatively low
pressures and temperatures.
Polystyrenes (PS) An amorphous thermoplastic made by polymerizing
styrene. Thermoplastics produced by the polymerization
of styrene, having outstanding electrical properties and
good thermal and dimensional stability. Because it
is somewhat brittle, it is often copolymerized or blended
with other materials to obtain desired properties
(see HIPS).
Polysulfones A family of engineering thermoplastics with excellent

(PSF or PSU) high-temperature properties, high strength, high service
temperature, low creep, and self-extinguishing proper-
ties, produced either by a Friedel-Crafts reaction of
sulfonyl chloride groups with aromatic nuclei or by
reacting dichlorosulfone with diphenyls. The continuous
use temperature is about 160 C. They can be formed by
extrusion and molding method, directly competing with
metals and more expensive materials for electronic
circuitry.
Polytetrafluoroe- A linear polymer obtained by radical polymerization of
thylenes (PTFE) tetrafluoroethylene. PTFE has a melting point of 327 C
and outstanding resistance to chemical attacks or disso-
lution. Its uses include liners for chemical processing
equipment, high-temperature cable insulation, bushings,
seals, and nonstick surfaces.
Polyurethanes (PU) Polymers containing urethane groups (NHCOO–) in
the main chain. Thermoplastic or thermoset materials
made from isocyanates and polyols. The linear poly-
urethanes (thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU) are for-
mulated with rigid and soft segments, thus (as block
copolymers) showing interesting elastomeric character.
However, most polyurethanes are produced as cured
rubbers (polyurethane rubber, PUR) by means of com-
bining isocyanate having functionality about 2.7 with
diols. The principal use of PUR is in manufacture of
rigid and flexible foams.
Polyvinyl chloride A thermoplastic material composed of polymers of vinyl
(PVC) chloride. It is a colorless solid with outstanding resis-
tance to water, alcohols, and concentrated acids and
alkalis. It is obtainable as granules, solutions, lattices,
and pastes. Compounded with plasticizers, it yields
a flexible material superior to rubber in aging properties.
It is widely used for cable and wire coverings, in chem-
ical plants, and in the manufacture of protective gar-
ments. The pure polymer is brittle and difficult to
process. It yields a flexible material when compounded
with plasticizers.
Polyvinylidene chloride A thermoplastic material composed of polymers of
(PVDC) vinylidene chloride. Its principal uses are in flexible
films and coatings.
Porosity A condition of trapped pockets of air, gas, or vacuum
within a solid material, expressed as percentage of the
total nonsolid volume to the total volume.
Post annealing Stress relieving of molded parts by external means, hot

air or oil, humidity chambers, or submersion in a fluid.
Post mold shrinkage The shrinkage occurring after a part has been removed
from the mold is influenced by the material properties of
the resin and its molding conditions.
Post-forming A process used to impart a shape to a previously molded
article.
Pot life The time span during which a cross-linking resin-
hardener system can still be processed.
Potentiometer An electrical control device that senses changes in volt-
age or a potential difference by comparison to a standard
voltage and can transmit a signal to a control switch.
Preplastication Technique of premelting injection molding powders in
a separate chamber and then transferring the melt to the
injection cylinder. The device used for preplastication is
known as a preplasticizer.
Prepolymer A chemical intermediate with a molecular weight
between that of the monomer or monomers and the
final polymer.
Press fit An interference assembly between two mating parts,
with friction holding the parts together under consider-
able stress.
Pressure drop The decrease in pressure of a fluid related to the number
of turns it has to make and the distance it must flow to fill
a cavity.
Pressure gradient lines A hypothetical set of pressure lines in a part created by
the material’s pressure drop as the part is filled. The
further the material flows from the gate, the lower the
packing pressure.
Pressure pads Reinforcements distributed around the dead areas in the
faces of a mold to help the land absorb the final pressure
of closing.
Primary molecule, The smallest molecular unit from which the macromol-
monomer ecule is built.
Printing on plastics The decoration of plastics by means of various printing
processes, e.g., offset, silk screen, letterpress, electro-
static, or photographic methods.
Process control A separate document, often included as an attachment to
procedures the quality control manual that provides detailed
description of the methods to be followed in the manu-
facture of a product. A copy may be attached to the work
order for reference and revision as required should
changes in the product occur.
Processing aid An additive that improves processing characteristics.
Product certification The certificate or letter stating that the material or prod-
uct meets or exceeds customer requirements. Values are
often listed for the tested or measured results. To be
signed by a key representative of the company to verify
accuracy.
Projected surface area The exposed resin area of a mold on the parting line that
transmits the injection pressure on the closed mold
halves. It includes part, runner, and sprue surfaces.
Propagation A series of reaction steps in a chain polymerization in
which the monomers are being added to the active
polymerization center.
Proportional limit The greatest stress that a material is capable of sustain-
ing without deviation from proportionality of stress and
strain (Hooke’s law).
Prototype mold A simplified mold construction often made from a light
metal casting alloy or from an epoxy resin to obtain
information for the final mold and/or part design.
Pseudo-IPN Simultaneous IPN in which one polymer is in network
form and the other linear.
Pultrusion A continuous process for manufacturing composites
that have a constant cross-sectional shape. The
process consists of pulling a fiber-reinforcing mate-
rial through a resin impregnation bath and then
through a shaping die, where the resin is subse-
quently cured.
Purging Cleaning one color or type of material from the
processing machine by forcing it out with the new
color or material to be used in subsequent production.
Special purging materials are also available.
Pyrometer An electrical thermometer for measuring high tempera-
tures. The units come with two probes to measure melt
and surface temperatures.
Quality assurance A separate department established to direct the quality
function of the business areas. Major efforts are directed
to assisting and auditing the activities of the quality
control department in their efforts to ensure that quality
products are manufactured.
Quality circles A quality analysis group consisting of employees with
specific departmental knowledge used to provide sug-
gestions and ways to solve a procedural or manufactur-
ing quality problem. If found acceptable, the group’s
findings and solutions are then passed on to upper man-
agement for implementation.
Quality control (QC) A department set up to be technically involved in the
control of product quality. Involved in the principal
inspection and testing of a product, with limited systems

responsibility.
Quality control manual A document that states the company’s quality objec-
tives, and how they will be implemented, documented,
and followed in the manufacture of products.
Quality rated See “Approved supplier.”
Quenching A method of rapidly cooling thermoplastic parts when
they are removed from the mold, usually by submerging
the parts in water.
Radical polymerization Polymerization in which the active centers of reaction
are radicals. The polymerization can be initiated by
thermally activated or redox initiator, irradiation, or
through thermal activation of monomer (also known as
free radical polymerization).
Radio frequency, RF, A method of preheating used to mold materials to facil-
preheating itate the molding operation and/or reduce the molding
cycle. The frequencies commonly used are between
10 and 100 MHz/s.
Ram The press member that enters the cavity block and exerts
pressure on the molding compound designated as the
“top force” or “bottom force” by position in the assem-
bly. See “Plunger.”
Ram travel Distance ram moves during a complete molding cycle.
Random copolymer A copolymer in which the different monomers are ran-
domly placed in the main chain. A perfectly random
copolymer is produced by polymerization of different
mers having identical reactivity ratios, rA ¼ rB ¼ rC.
Randomness A condition in which individual values are not predict-
able, although they may come from a definable
distribution.
Reactive extrusion Execution of chemical reactions during extrusion of
polymers and/or polymerizable monomers. The reac-
tants must be in a physical form suitable for extrusion
processing. Reactions have been performed on molten
polymers, on liquefied or dispersed monomers, or on
polymers dissolved or suspended in or plasticized by
a solvent (also reactive compounding or reactive
processing).
Reactive injection A semicontinuous manufacturing process in which two
molding (RIM) liquid components are metered in the calculated ratio by
high pressure piston pumps, mixed by impingement
mixing and injected into a mold cavity or cavities,
where the reactants are polymerized or cured. The pro-
cess has been used to polymerize polyamides, elasto-
meric polyurethanes, and polyurethane foams.
Reactivity ratio A ratio of two kinetic constants r ¼ kAA/kAB where kAA

represents the self-propagation and kAB the transfer
from A* active center to B* active center caused by
addition of monomer-B to a growing copolymer chain.
Real time The present time or as an activity is occurring.
Reciprocating screw A combination injection and plasticizing unit in which
an extrusion device with a reciprocating screw is used to
plasticize the material. Injection of material into a mold
can take place by direct extrusion into the mold, by
reciprocating the screw as an injection plunger, or by
a combination of the two. When the screw serves as an
injection plunger, this unit acts as a holding, measuring,
and injection chamber.
Recycled plastics A plastic material prepared from previously used or
processed plastic materials that have been cleaned and
reground.
Redox initiator An initiator capable of generating free radicals at low
temperature by oxidation-reduction reaction between
two components, viz., H2O2 + FeSO4.
Regrind Waste material from industrial operations that has been
reclaimed by shredding or granulating. Regrind is usu-
ally incorporated, at a predetermined percentage, with
virgin material.
Reinforced molding A material reinforced with special fillers to meet specific
compound requirements, such as rag or glass.
Reinforced Polypropylene that is reinforced with mineral fillers,
polypropylene such as talc, mica, and calcium carbonate, as well as
with glass and carbon fibers. The maximum concentra-
tion is about 5 wt%, although concentrates with higher
levels of filler or reinforcement are available.
Reinforcement A substance or material added to a polymer during the
final synthesis stages or in subsequent processing to
improve the strength properties of the polymer. Usually,
a high strength material bonded into a matrix to improve
its mechanical properties. Reinforcements are usually
long fibers (glass, carbon or aramid), chopped fibers,
whiskers, particulates (glass beads, mica, clay, and
organic fibers), and so forth. The term is not synony-
mous with filler.
Relative viscosity Ratio of the kinematic viscosity of a polymer solution to
the kinematic viscosity of the pure solvent.
Relaxation time The time required for a stress under a sustained constant
strain to diminish by a stated fraction of its initial value.
Release agent See “Mold release.”
Release or parting agent A material that is applied in a thin film to the surface of
a mold to keep the resin from bonding (also mold release
agent).
Relief angle The angle of the cutaway portion of the pinch-off blade
from a line parallel to the pinch-off land. In a mold, the
angle between the pitch-off land and the cutaway
portion adjacent to the pinch-off land.
Repeatability The variation obtained when one person measures the
same quantity several times using the same instrument.
Reprocessed plastic A thermoplastic material, prepared from melt-processed
scrap or reject parts, or from nonstandard or nonuniform
virgin material. The term scrap does not necessarily
connote feedstock that is less desirable or usable than
the virgin material from which it may have been gener-
ated. Reprocessed plastic may or may not be
reformulated by the addition of fillers, plasticizers, sta-
bilizers, or pigments.
Reproducibility The variation in measured averages obtained when sev-
eral persons measure the quantity using the same instru-
ment or when one person measures the quantity using
different instruments.
Residence time Time a resin spends in a given processing machine
(an extruder, injection molding unit, etc.) and is
subjected to heat and stress.
Residence time The distribution of residence time provides information
distribution how long different parts of the resin reside in the
processing equipment. The spread of the residence
times reflects, on the one hand, the uniformity of flow
inside the processing unit and, on the other, the quality
of the product, the degree of mixing, or the extent of
a chemical reaction.
Residual stress The stresses remaining in a plastic part as a result of
thermal or mechanical treatment.
Resin An organic material, usually of high molecular weight,
that tends to flow when subjected to stress. Any of
a large class of synthetic substances that have some of
the properties of natural resin (or rosin) but differ chem-
ically. “Resin” is often used as a general term for poly-
mers or plastics and denotes a class of material. It
usually has a softening or melting range and fractures
conchoidally. Most resins are polymers. Also any of
a class of solid or semisolid organic products of natural
or synthetic origin, generally of high molecular weight
with no definite melting point (also see “Polymer”).
In reinforced plastics, the material used to bind together

the reinforcement material; the matrix.
Resin pocket An apparent accumulation of excess resin in a small
localized section that is visible on cut edges of molded
surfaces. Also called resin segregation.
Resin transfer molding A fabrication process that involves the transfer of
(RTM) catalyzed resin into an enclosed mold cavity
containing a previously positioned reinforcement pre-
form. The process has been used for manufacturing
from components consisting of glass fiber mats and
polyester resins.
Restricted gate Sometimes referred to as pinpoint gate. A small opening
between the runner and cavity in an injection or
transfer mold.
Retainer plate The plate, usually drilled for steam or water, on which
demontable pieces, such as mold cavities, ejector pins,
guide pins, and bushings, are mounted.
Retaining pin A pin on which an insert is placed and located before
molding.
Rheology The study of the deformation and flow of materials of
the interrelations between the force and its effects. The
science considers deformation of all materials from the
elastic deformation of Hookean solids to the flow of
Newtonian liquids.
Rib An object designed into a plastic part to provide lateral,
longitudinal, or horizontal support.
Rigid plastics A plastic that has a modulus of elasticity either in flexure
or in tension greater than 690 MPa at 23 C and 50 %
relative humidity, RH.
Ring gate A gate or annular opening that circles around a core pin
or molded part.
Rockwell hardness A common method of testing materials for resistance to
indentation in which a diamond or steel ball, under
pressure, is used to pierce the test specimen.
Rubbers Cross-linked polymers having glass transition tempera-
tures below the room temperature that exhibit highly
elastic deformation and have high elongation.
Runner In an injection or transfer mold, the channel that con-
nects the sprue with the gate to the cavity.
Runner system The sprues, runners, and gates that lead the material
from the nozzle of an injection machine to the mold
cavity.
Rupture A cleavage or break resulting from physical stress.
Work of rupture is the integral under the stress–strain
curve between the origin and the point of rupture.
Salt and pepper blends Resin blends of different concentrate additives, in pellet
form, mixed with virgin resin to make a different product.
Usually associated with color concentrate blends, that,
when melted and mixed by the injection molding
machine’s screw, yield a uniform colored melt for a part.
SAN An abbreviation for styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers.
Scanning electron Electron microscopy that uses the secondary emission of
microscopy (SEM) electrons from a surface when bombarded with an elec-
tron beam. The main advantage is the depth of field.
Technique in which the surface of a specimen is scanned,
point by point, with a finely focused electron beam.
Image formation is made by detecting the secondary
electrons emitted by the specimen’s surface. Even
though resolution in modern SEM can be as high as
4 nm, the main advantage of SEM over the other micros-
copy techniques is its very large depth of field.
Scanning probe a microscopy technique in which the surface of
microscopy (SPM) a specimen is scanned, point by point, using a very
sharp probe (d ¼ 10 nm). Accurate piezoelectric devices
are utilized to maintain the separation distance between
the lowest atom on the probe tip and the highest atom on
the specimen constant and in the range of 1–100 nm. In
this range of tip-to-sample spacing, phenomena like
tunneling current (scanning tunneling microscopy
(STM)) or interatomic repulsion/attraction (atomic
force microscopy (AFM)) can be used for determining
specimen topography with resolution ranging from
a few microns, down to atomic level.
Scanning transmission a microscopy technique in which an ultrathin specimen
electron microscopy is scanned, point by point, with a finely focused electron
(STEM) beam. Image formation is made by detecting the elec-
trons transmitted through the specimen.
Scrap A product or material that is out of specification to the
point of being unusable.
Screw plasticating See “Injection molding.”
injection molding
Screw The main component of the “reciprocating screw” injec-
tion molding machine. It may have various sizes,
lengths, and compression ratios. It is used to feed, com-
press, melt, and meter the resin for injecting into the
mold cavity. Basically divided into 3 major sections:
feed section, deep screw depths to convey the resin
into the next screw’s section; transition section, gradu-
ally decreasing screw depths when resin is compressed,
forced against the barrel’s surface, and melts; and
metering section, the molten melt that is further com-

pressed in a shallow, uniform screw depth conveying
forward as the screw turns.
Scuff mark An imperfection on a part’s show surface caused by
dragging the part against the mold’s surface during
ejection from the mold cavity.
Sealant A material applied to a joint in paste or liquid form that
hardens or cures in place, forming a seal.
Sealing diameter That portion of a metal insert that is free of knurl and is
allowed to enter the mold to prevent the flow of plastic
material.
Secant modulus The ratio of total stress to corresponding strain at any
specific point on the stress–strain curve.
Second-surface A method of decorating a transparent plastic part from
decorating the back or reverse side. The decoration is visible
through the part, but is not exposed.
Semiautomatic molding A molding machine in which only part of the operation
machine is controlled by direct human action. The automatic part
of the operation is controlled by the machine according
to a predetermined program.
Semi-I IPN An intimate combination of two polymers in network
form. Sequential IPN in which polymer-1 is cross-linked
and polymer-2 linear.
Semi-II IPN An intimate combination of two polymers in network
form. Sequential IPN in which polymer-1 is linear and
polymer-2 cross-linked.
Semicrystalline Polymers that exhibit localized, partial crystallinity (see
“Crystalline plastic”).
Sequential Formation of an alternating or block copolymer through
polymerization careful control of addition of different monomers at
specific stages of the reaction.
Sequential IPN (SIPN) An intimate combination of two polymers in network
form. During preparation of SIPN, the first polymer-
A is swollen in a mixture of monomer-B, cross-
linking agent, and initiator and then polymerizing
in situ.
Servomotor An electrical motor or hydraulic piston that supplies
power to a feedback system that consists of a sensing
element and an amplifier used in the automatic control
of a mechanical device.
Shear heat The rise in temperature created by the compression and
longitudinal pressure on the resin in the barrel by the
screw’s pumping action.
Shear joint An ultrasonic welding joint design where the welding
action is parallel to each part surface.
Shear rate The overall velocity over the cross section of a channel
with which molten polymer layers is gliding along each
other or along the wall in laminar flow. A change of
shear strain within one second.
Shear strain Deformation relative to the reference configuration of
length, area, or volume. Tangent of the angular change,
caused by a force between two lines originally perpen-
dicular to each other through a point in a body is called
angular strain.
Shear strength The maximum shear stress that a material is capable of
sustaining. The maximum load required to shear
a specimen in such a volume manner that the resulting
pieces are completely clear of each other. Shear strength
(engineering) is calculated from the maximum load dur-
ing a shear or torsion test and is based on the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Shear stress Stress developed because of the action of the layers in
the material attempting to glide against or separate in
a parallel direction. In other words, the stress developed
in a polymer melt when the layers in a cross section are
gliding along each other or along the wall of the channel
(in laminar flow).
Shearing Breaking caused by the action of equal and opposed
forces, located in the same plane.
Shelf-life The time a material, such as a molding compound, can
be stored without loss of its original physical or func-
tional properties.
Shore hardness A method of determining the hardness of a plastic mate-
rial using a scleroscope or sclerometer. The device con-
sists of a small conical hammer fitted with a diamond
point and acting in a glass tube. The hammer is made to
strike the material under test and the degree of rebound
is noted on a graduated scale. Generally, the harder the
material, the greater the rebound (ASTM D2240).
Short or short shot A molded part produced when the mold has not been
filled completely.
Shot capacity The maximum volume of material that a machine can
produce from one forward motion of the plunger or
screw.
Shot peening Impacting the surface of the material with hard, small,
round beads of materials to disrupt the surface flatness.
Used to stress relieve welds and to improve the release
of plastic resins on smooth core surfaces.
Shot The yield from one complete molding cycle, including
cull, runner, and flash.
Shrink fixture See “Cooling fixture.”

Shrinkage allowance The additional dimensions that must be added to a mold
to compensate for shrinkage of a plastic material on
cooling.
Shrinkage In a plastic, the reduction in dimensions after cooling.
The relative change in dimension from the length mea-
sured on the mold when it is cold to the length of the
molded object 24 h after it has taken out of the mold.
SI units International System of Units.
Side actions (side An action built into a mold that operates at an angle to
coring or side draw the normal open-and-close action and facilitates the
pins) removal of parts that would not clear a cavity or core
on the normal press action. Projections used to core
a hole in a direction other than the line of closing of
a mold and which must be withdrawn before the part is
ejected.
Sigma (s) The Greek letter used to indicate the standard devi-
ation of a population, defined as the square root of
the variance, e.g., for the normal (Gaussian)
distribution:
h i n o
y ¼ 1=sð2pÞ1=2 exp ½ðx xÞ=s2 =2
Variance s2 ¼ Sðx xÞ=ðN 1Þ
Silicones Chemicals derived from silica used in molding as

a release agent and general lubricant. A silicon-based
thermoset plastic material. Polyorganosiloxanes of dif-
ferent composition (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane, silicone
rubber), structures (linear or network), and molecular
weight, used as “high-temperature oil,” resin, or
elastomer.
Silk screen printing In its basic form, it involves laying a pattern of an
insoluble material, in outline, on a finely woven
fabric. When ink is drawn across the material, it passes
through the screen only in the designed areas. Also
called screen process decorating.
Simultaneous IPN IPN is prepared by mixing together the two monomers,
(SIN) their respective cross-linking agents, and initiators and
then polymerizing simultaneously by way of
noninterfering modes.
Sink mark A depression or dimple on the surface of an injection
molded part formed as a result of collapsing of the
surface following local internal shrinkage after the gate
seals. May also be an incipient short shot.
Size exclusion chroma- Recent name for what has been known as gel permeation
tography, SEC chromatography, GPC, q.v.
Skewness The degree to which a distribution is asymmetrical;
negative or positive skewness is observed when the
distribution peak is shifted to the upper or lower side.
Skins See “Flakes.”
Slides Sections of a mold cavity that form complex three-
dimensional parts that must move before the molding
can be ejected. Used to form openings and sections of
parts 90 to the part’s release from the mold cavity.
S-N diagram Plot of stress, S, vs. number of cycles, N, required to
cause failure of similar specimens in fatigue test. Data
for each curve on the S-N diagram are obtained by
determining fatigue life of a number of speci-
mens subjected to various amounts of fluctuating stress.
The stress axis may represent stress amplitude, maxi-
mum stress, or minimum stress. A log scale is usually
used, especially for the N-axis.
Snap fit An assembly of two mating parts, with one or both parts
deflecting under stress, mating the parts together.
Softening temperature Temperature at which amorphous polymer (or the amor-
phous part of crystalline polymer) passes from the hard
glass to the soft elastic or liquid state.
Sol solutions Solutions of macromolecules so diluted that they do not
hinder each other free rotation. The limiting concentra-
tion depends on the hydrodynamic volume of the
macromolecule, usually expressed by the intrinsic
viscosity, [Z].
Solid-state Polymerization of crystalline monomer, usually vinyl,
polymerization using high energy radiation. Topochemical, topotactic,
and canal polymers belong to this group.
Solvent Any substance, but usually a liquid, that dissolves other
substance.
Solvent welding, A method of bonding thermoplastic articles of like
cementing, or bonding materials to each other by using a solvent capable of
softening the surfaces to be bonded. Thermoplastic
materials that can be bonded by this method are ABS,
PA, PC, PS, acrylics, cellulosics, and vinyls.
Solvent casting A process that consists of mixing and dissolving the
ingredients in a suitable carrier that conveys the solution
of “dope” through a drier where the solvent is subse-
quently evaporated; the resulting film is removed from
the substrate surfaces and wound into rolls.
Specific gravity The ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to
the mass of an equal volume of a reference substance,
usually water, at a specified temperature (ASTM D792).

Also, dimensionless ratio of a substance density to that
of a reference material.
Specific heat The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of
a unit mass of a substance by one degree (1 C) at
constant pressure or volume.
Specific volume Reciprocal of density.
Specification A written statement that dictates the material, dimen-
sions, and workmanship of a manufactured product.
Spectrometry A method based on designation of the wavelengths
within a particular portion of a range of radiation or
absorption, for example, ultraviolet (UV), emission,
and absorption spectrometry.
Spectrophotometer An instrument that measures transmission of apparent
reflectance of visible light as a function of wavelength,
permitting accurate analysis of color or accurate com-
parison of luminous intensities of two sources of specific
wavelengths.
Spectroscopy The study of spectra using an instrument for dispersing
radiation for visual observation of emission or absorp-
tion. See also “Infrared,” “Nuclear magnetic reso-
nance,” “NMR,” and “Spectroscopy.”
Specular gloss The relative luminous reflectance factor of a specimen at
the specular direction.
Spherocolloids The colloidal particle has a spherical shape, formed
either by single macro-molecule or an association of
low-molecular weight species.
Spider gate Multi-gating of a part through a system of radial runners
from the sprue.
Spin welding The process of fusing two objects by forcing them
together while one of the pair is spinning, until frictional
heat melts the interface. Spinning is then stopped and
pressure held until they are frozen together.
Spinodal The line on the temperature vs. composition phase dia-
gram for a mixture of two components, which separates
the region from the two-phase regions. Hence, with
binodal, it represents the limits of metastability of a
two-phase system, viz., in polymer solutions or polymer
blends. See also “Binodal.”
Spinodal The phase separation that occurs when the single-phase
decomposition system is abruptly brought into the spinodal region of
phase diagram, by either a rapid change of temperature,
pressure, or flash evaporation of a solvent, viz., in poly-
mer blends. Owing to spontaneous phase separation in
the system (no nucleation!), the morphology generated

is co-continuous.
Spiral flow test A method for determining the flow properties of
a plastic material based on the distance it will flow
under controlled conditions, pressure, and temperature
along the path of a spiral cavity using a controlled
charge. The length of the material that flows into the
cavity and its weight gives a relative indication of the
flow properties of the resin.
Splay marks or splay Marks or lines found on the surface of the part after
molding that may be caused by overheating the material,
moisture in the material, or flow paths in the part. Usu-
ally white, silver, or gold in color. Also called silver
streaking.
Split cavity A cavity of a mold that has been made in sections.
Split-ring mold A mold in which a split cavity block is assembled in
a chase to permit the forming of undercuts in a molded
piece. These parts are ejected from the mold and then
separated from the molded piece.
Spot welding The localized fusion bonding of two adjacent plastic
parts that does not require a molded protrusion or hole
in the parts. To be effective, use where two parallel and
flat surfaces meet.
Spray drying The transformation of feed from a fluid state into a dried
particulate form by spraying the feed into a hot drying
medium. It is used for the continuous production of dry
solids in powder, granulate, or agglomerate form from
liquid feedstocks as solutions, emulsions, pastes, and
pumpable suspensions, viz., PVC lattices.
Spreader/torpedo A streamlined metal block placed in the path of flow of
the plastics material in the heating cylinder of extruders
and injection molding machines to spread it into
intimate contact with the heating areas.
Sprue bushing A hardened steel insert in an injection mold that contains
the tapered sprue hole and has a suitable seat for the
nozzle of the injection cylinder. Sometimes called an
adapter.
Sprue Feed opening provided in the injection or transfer mold.
Also, a slug formed at this hole.
Sprue gate A passageway through which molten plastic flows from
the nozzle to the mold cavity.
Sprue lock or puller In injection molding, a portion of the plastic composi-
tion held in the cold slug well by an undercut, used to
pull the sprue out of the bushing as the mold is opened.
The sprue lock itself is pushed out of the mold by an

ejector pin.
Stabilizer An ingredient used in the formulation of some plastics to
assist in maintaining the physical and chemical proper-
ties of the compounded materials at their initial values
throughout the processing and service life of the
material.
Staking A term used in fastening – forming of a head on
a protruding stud to hold component parts together.
Staking may be done by cold staking, hot staking, or
ultrasonic heating.
Standard deviation, or The standard deviation of a population, labeled as the
sigma (s) Greek letter sigma, is defined as the square root of the
variance:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
s ðVarianceÞ1=2 ¼ Sðx xÞ=ðN 1Þ
Starve feeding A method of feeding an extruder where the polymer is

metered in a rate below the full capability of the
machine. Thus, the output is determined by the feeder
not the extruder or process variables. The controlled
metering of resin into the machine’s feed section to fill
the screw flights is not necessarily from the hopper, but
from auger, feed belt, or by hand.
Stationary platen The plate of an injection or compression molding
machine to which the front plate of the mold is secured
during operation. This platen does not move during the
normal operation.
Statistical chain (Kuhn) Hypothetical free rotating polymer chain units with
length ls, defined to reproduce the chain length; viz.,
the square end-to-end distance can be expressed as:
< r2 >¼ Ns 12s
Statistical process The use of statistical methods to monitor and control

control (SPC) a process.
Stereolithography A three-dimensional printing process that produces cop-
ies of solid or surface models in plastic. This process
uses a moving laser beam, directed by computer, to print
or draw across sections of the model onto the surface of
photo-curable liquid plastic.
Stereoregular polymers Tactic polymers exhibiting tacticity, i.e., regularity in the
stereochemical configuration of its constitutional repeat-
ing units: isotactic, syndiotactic, erythro, and threo.
Storage life See “Shelf-life.”

Storage modulus A quantitative measure of elastic properties, defined as
the ratio of the stress inphase with strain, to the magni-
tude of the strain. The storage modulus may be measured
in tension or flexure, E’, compression, K’, or shear, G’.
Strain The charge in length per unit of original length,
expressed as a fraction of the original length,
l ¼ (L Lo)/Lo, in percent, Dl ¼ 100l, or in extensional
flow as e ¼ (L Lo)/L. The dimensionless numbers that
characterize the change of dimensions of a specimen
during controlled deformation. In tensile testing, the
elongation divided by the original gage length of the
test specimen.
Strength of material Refers to the structural engineering analysis of a part to
determine its strength properties.
Stress concentration Magnification of the level of applied stress in the region
of a notch, crack, void, inclusion, or other stress raisers.
Sections or areas in a part where the molded-in or
physical forces are high or magnified – all sharp corners
have high stresses.
Stress concentration Ratio of the maximum stress in the region of a notch, or
factor (SCF) another stress raiser, to the nominal corresponding
stress. SCF is a theoretical indication of the effect of
stress concentration on mechanical behavior. Since it
does not take into account the stress relief due to plastic
deformation, its value is usually larger than the empiri-
cal fatigue notch factor or strength reducing ratio.
Stress crack External or internal cracks in a plastic caused by
imposed stresses.
Stress cracking A process of cracking under induced mechanical stress.
Stress cracking generally starts with microscopic sur-
face cracks, caused by chemical attack or other
degrading influence such as ultraviolet radiation.
Under mechanical stress, the microcracks propagate
eventually producing a localized failure.
Stress optical The ability of materials to exhibit double refraction of
sensitivity light when placed under stress.
Stress relaxation The gradual decrease in stress with time under
a constant deformation (strain) and temperature. Stress
relaxation is determined in creep test. Data is often
presented as stress vs. time plot. The stress relaxation
rate is given by the slope of the curve at any point.
Stress The force applied to produce a deformation in the
material. The ratio of applied load to the original
cross-sectional area of a test specimen, or force per unit

area that resists a change in size or shape of a body.
Stress-induced The production of crystals in a polymer by the action of
crystallization stress, usually in the form of an elongation. It occurs in
fiber spinning, or during rubber elongation, and is
responsible for enhanced mechanical properties.
Stress–strain curve Simultaneous readings of load and deformation,
converted to stress and strain, plotted as ordinates and
abscissas, respectively, to obtain a stress–strain
diagram.
Stress–strain diagram Graph of stress as a function of strain constructed from
data obtained in any mechanical test in which a load is
applied to a material and continuous measurements of
stress and strain are made simultaneously. It is
constructed for tensile, creep, or torsional loadings.
Striation A separation of colors resulting in a linear effect or color
variation. In blow molding, the rippling of thick
parisons. Also a longitudinal line in a plastic created
by a disturbance in the melt path.
Stripper-Plate A plate that strips a molded piece from core pins or
cores.
Structural reaction A molding process that is similar in practice to resin
injection molding transfer molding, RTM. SRIM derives its name from the
(SRIM) RIM process from which the resin chemistry and injec-
tion techniques have added to indicate the reinforced
nature of the composite components manufactured by
this process.
Styrene-acrylonitrile A thermoplastic copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile.
copolymers (SAN) If it comprises either SAN-grafted butadiene or is
blended with nitrile rubber, NBR, a terpolymer is
known as ABS.
Styrenics A group of plastic materials that are either whole or
partially polymerized from styrene monomer.
Submarine gate A type of edge gate where the opening from the runner
into the mold is located below the parting line or mold
surface, as opposed to conventional edge gating where
the opening is machined into the surface of the mold.
With submarine gates, the item is broken from the
runner system on opening of the mold or ejection from
the mold.
Substituted Linear macromolecules with the side chains consisting
macromolecules of definite and usually homogeneous substituents.
(In branched macromolecules, the side chains consist
of the same primary molecules as in the main chain
and are of varied length and irregularly arranged.)
Substrate A material upon the surface of which an adhesive-

containing substance is spread for any purpose, such as
bonding or coating.
Suck-back A slight retracting of the screw, usually no more than
5–7 mm as the mold opens to suck-back any resin that
might have drooled out of the nozzle after the sprue was
pulled. Correct nozzle type and temperature control can
eliminate a need for this step, even when using very fluid
resins.
Surface finish Finish of a molded product. Refer to the SPI-SPE Mold
Finishes Comparison Kit.
Surface treatments Any method of treating a material so as to alter the
surface and render it receptive to inks, paints, lacquers,
and adhesives such as chemical, flame, and electronic
treatments.
Surfactant A compound that affects (usually reduces) interfacial
tension between two liquids.
Surging Unstable pressure buildup in an extruder leading to
variable throughput.
Suspension Chain polymerization of vinyl monomer dispersed in
polymerization form of large drops in aqueous medium. The polymer-
ization is initiated by monomer-soluble initiator; thus,
each drop can be treated as individual bulk polymerizing
volume.
Swaging An assembly technique, similar to heading, where the
plastic material is deformed to a specific shape to assem-
ble one or more parts.
Sweating Exudation of drops of liquid, usually a plasticizer, on the
surface of a plastic part.
Swell A dimensional increase caused by exposure to liquids
and/or vapors.
Swelling Swelling is the ability of a body to take up liquids. It
depends on the size and shape of the macromolecule.
Linear or lightly branched polymers immersed in a good
solvent first swell without limit and then dissolve. The
cross-linked polymers show limited swelling capability.
Syndiotactic polymer A stereoregular polymer in which at least one mono-
meric carbon atom exhibits stereochemical configura-
tional isomerism and in which the configurations
alternate between the neighboring units, viz.,
syndiotactic PVC and isotactic or syndiotactic PP.
Tab gated A small removable tab of approximately the same thick-
ness as the mold item, usually located perpendicular to
the item. The tab is used as a site for edge gate location,
usually on items with large flat areas.
Tacticity A regularity of configurational isomeric unit placement

in the polymeric chain. See “Isotactic, stereoregular, and
syndiotactic polymer.”
Taguchi method Problem-solving technique developed by Taguchi,
which employs a testing process with an orthogonal
array to analyze data and determine the main contribut-
ing factors in the solution of the problem.
Tapered block Gradient block copolymer in which there is a gradual
copolymer change of composition at the junction between the two
blocks from pure AAAAAAAA type to pure
BBBBBBBB type. The tapered block copolymers are
reported to be more efficient than pure AB block copol-
ymers as compatibilizers of polymer blends. Tapping
cutting threads in the walls of a circular hole.
Tear resistance The force required to tear completely across a notched
specimen tested according to prescribed procedures,
expressed in pounds per inch of specimen thickness.
Telechelic polymer A polymer with purposely introduced chain end groups
of a specific type, e.g., ionic, hydroxyl, acidic, etc.
Telomer Low-molecular-weight radical polymerization product
obtained in a reaction in which extensive chain transfer
to a solvent (or specifically introduced chain transfer
agent) has occurred, so that the telomer contains frag-
ments of these reactants as end groups.
Telomerization Primarily, a radical solution polymerization with high
transfer constant, leading to products of relatively low
molecular weight (telomers, with MW } 10,000)
containing built-in fragments of the solvent.
Temperature gradient The slope of a temperature curve. An increasing or
decreasing temperature profile on the barrel of the mold-
ing machine is an example.
Tensile impact energy The energy required to break a plastic specimen in
tension by a single swing of a calibrated pendulum.
Tensile impact test A test whereby the sample is clamped in a fixture
attached to a swinging pendulum. The swinging pendu-
lum strikes a stationary anvil causing the test sample to
rupture. This is similar to the Izod test.
Tensile strength The pulling stress at any given point on the stress
vs. strain curve, usually just before the material tears
or breaks. Area used in computing the engineering
strength is the original, rather than the necked-
down area.
Tensile strength or The maximum tensile load per unit area of original cross
stress section, within the gage boundaries, sustained by the
specimen during a tension test. Ultimate strength of

a material subjected to tensile loading.
Terpolymers A copolymer composed of three different repeat units or
monomers, where the repeating structural units of all
three are present within each molecule. The influence of
all three types of monomer is evident in the property
profile of the polymer. Common terpolymers include
ABS and ASA.
Tetrapolymers Copolymers that contain four different monomers.
Texturizing The etching or cutting of a pattern on a mold surface to
be reproduced on the molded part.
Thermal conductivity Ability of a material to conduct heat. The coefficient of
thermal conductivity is expressed as the quantity of heat
that passes through a unit cube of the substance in
a given unit of time when the difference in temperature
of the two faces is 1 C.
Thermal degradation Degradation caused by exposure to an elevated temper-
ature. In the absence of oxygen, the term pyrolysis,
while in its presence, the term thermo-oxidative are
frequently used.
Thermal expansion The linear rate at which a material expands or contracts
due to a rise or fall in temperature. Each material is
unique and has its own rate of expansion and
contraction.
Thermal Free radical polymerization initiated either by thermal
polymerization homolysis of an initiator (e.g., azo compound) or caused
by action of heat on the monomer itself.
Thermal stress cracking Crazing and cracking of some thermoplastic resins that
(TSC) results from overexposure to elevated temperatures.
Thermocouple A thermoelectric heat-sensing element mounted in or on
machinery and the mold to transmit accurate tempera-
ture signals to a control and readout unit.
Thermoelasticity Rubberlike elasticity exhibited by a rigid plastic and
resulting from an increase of temperature.
Thermoforming The process of forming a thermoplastic sheet into
a three-dimensional shape after heating it to the point
at which it is soft and flowable and then applying dif-
ferential pressure to make the sheet conform to the shape
of a mold or die positioned below the frame.
Thermoforming variations include vacuum forming,
air-assist vacuum forming, plug-assist forming, drape
forming, plug-and-ring forming, ridge forming, slip
forming, bubble forming, matched-mold forming, and
scrapless thermoforming.
Thermogravimetric The study of the change in mass of a material, either in

analysis (TGA) oxygen, air, or an inert atmosphere. The test can be
conducted under various conditions of time, tempera-
ture, and pressure. A testing procedure in which changes
in the weight of a specimen are recorded as the specimen
is progressively heated.
Thermomechanical An analytical technique consisting of measuring physi-
analysis (TMA) cal dimensions of a material or changes in its moduli as
a function of temperature and/or frequency.
Thermoplastics (TP) A class of plastic materials that is capable of being
repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling,
viz., ABS, PVC, PS, and PE. Generally, a polymer that,
upon heating softens, changing from a solid into elastic
or liquid moldable state without having undergone
chemical changes. The process is reversible and can be
repeated many times.
Thermoplastic elastomer An elastomer which upon heating turns into regularly
(TPR) behaving linear polymer. Polystyrene-polybutadiene
block copolymers, polypropylene blends with ethylene-
propylene-diene terpolymer provide examples.
Thermoplastic injection A process in which melted plastic is injected into a mold
molding cavity, where it cools and takes the shape of the cavity.
Bosses, screw threads, ribs, and other details can be
integrated, which allows the molding operation to be
accomplished in one step. The finished part usually
does not require additional work before assembling.
Thermoplastic (IPN) Any IPN in which the individual polymers are
thermoplastic. The polymers may contain physical
cross-links as in ionomers where ionic clusters join
two or more chains together. Nowadays, phase-
separated polymeric systems, e.g., block and graft
copolymers or thermoplastic polyurethanes, are
frequently considered thermoplastic IPNs.
Thermoplasticity The ability of material to be deformed without breaking
with a relatively fast flow, when (at a suitable tempera-
ture) this material is properly stressed.
Thermosets (TS) Materials that undergo a chemical reaction by the action
of heat and pressure, catalysts, ultraviolet light, etc.,
leading to a relatively infusible state. Typical of the
plastics in the thermosetting family are the amines
(melamine and urea), unsaturated polyesters, alkyds,
epoxies, and phenolics. A common thermoset goes
through three stages.
A-stage An early stage when the material is soluble in
certain liquids and fusible and will flow.
B-stage An intermediate stage at which the mate-

rial softens when heated and swells in con-
tact with certain liquids, but does not
dissolve or fuse. Molding compound resins
are in this stage.
C-stage The final stage is the TS reaction when the
material is insoluble, infusible, and cured.
Thermoset injection A process in which thermoset material that has been
molding heated to a liquid state is caused to flow into a cavity
or several cavities and held at an elevated temperature
for a specific time. After cross-linking is complete, the
hardened part is removed from the open mold.
Thermosetting plastics See “Thermosets.”
Thinner A liquid that can extend a solution, but not reduce the
power of the solvent.
Thixotropy A decrease of apparent viscosity under shear stress,
followed by a gradual recovery when the stress is
removed. The effect is time dependent. Its antonym is
rheopexy.
Thread plug, ring, or A part of the mold that shapes a thread.
core
Tie bars Bars that provide structural rigidity to the clamping
mechanism of an injection molding press and usually
guide platen movement.
Toggle or toggle action A mechanism that exerts pressure developed by the
application of force on a knee joint. It is used as
a method of closing presses and serves to apply pressure
at the same time.
Tolerance A specified allowance for deviation in weighing and
measuring or for deviations from the standard dimen-
sions of weight.
Topochemical Solid-state polymerization of crystalline monomer without
polymerization any intermediate loss of order. The topotactic oligomers
have been produced, but the order is lost as the polymer-
ization progresses beyond a low degree of polymerization.
Torsion pendulum Test equipment used for determining the dynamic
mechanical properties of plastics.
Torsion Stress caused by twisting a material.
Torsional The twisting or turning motion of a part. Torsional stress
is created when one end of a part is twisted in one
direction while the other is held rigid or twisted in the
other direction.
Toughness The extent to which a material absorbs energy without
fracture. A measure of the ability of a material to absorb
energy. The actual work per unit volume or unit mass of
material that is required to rupture it. Toughness is

proportional to the area under the load-elongation
curve from the origin to the breaking point.
Transesterification An ester interchange reaction occurring when ester is
heated in the presence of hydroxy compound
(alcoholysis) or acid compound (acidolysis). Since
esterification is reversible, the transesterification occurs
between mixed esters in the presence of (thermally
activated) low concentration of volatile reaction
by-products. Ester-amide exchange can also be accom-
plished by similar (catalyzed) process.
Transfer molding A method of molding thermosetting materials in which
the plastic is first softened by heat and pressure in
a transfer chamber and then forced by high pressure
through suitable spruces, runners, and gates into
a closed mold for final shaping and curing.
Translucent The quality of transmitting light without being
transparent.
Transmission electron a microscopy technique in which an ultrathin specimen
microscopy (TEM) is illuminated by an electron beam. Image formation is
made by detecting the electrons transmitted through the
specimen. The short wavelength of electrons allows
a much higher resolution in TEM (0.2 nm) than in its
visible light analogous: the optical microscopy
Transparent A material with a high degree of light transmission that
can be easily seen through.
Triblock polymer A block copolymer consisting of three AnBmAn blocks.
Tristimulus colorimeter The instrument for color measurement based on spectral
tristimulus values. The color is expressed in terms of
three primary colors: red, green, and blue.
Tumbling Finishing operation for small plastic article by which
gates, flash, and fins are removed and/or surfaces are
polished by rotating them in a barrel together with
wooden pegs, sawdust, and polishing compounds.
Adding color to a material through tumble blending.
Tunneling Release of longitudinal portions of the substrate in
incompletely bonded laminates and deformation of
these portions to form tunnellike structures.
UCST (upper critical The highest temperature of immiscibility, where binodal
solution temperature) and spinodal curves meet. This type of phase separation
predominates in solutions.
Ultimate strength Strength at the break point in tensile test.
Ultimate tensile The highest stress sustained by a specimen in a tension
strength test. Rupture and ultimate stress may not be the same.
Ultrasonic insertion The inserting of metal into a thermoplastic part by the

application of vibratory mechanical pressure at ultra-
sonic frequencies.
Ultrasonic sealing, A method in which sealing is accomplished through the
bonding, or welding application of vibratory mechanical pressure at ultra-
sonic frequencies (16–4,000 kHz). Electrical energy is
converted to ultrasonic vibrations through the use of
a piezoelectric transducer. The vibratory pressures at
the interface in the sealing area develop localized heat
losses that melt the plastic surfaces effecting the seal.
Ultrasonic testing Measurement of ultrasonic velocity and absorption
(dissipation of sonic energy as a result of conversion to
heat) to determine such structure-related factors as glass
transition temperature, cross-link density, branching,
morphology, composition, etc. Also a nondestructive
test applied to materials to locate internal flaws or struc-
tural discontinuities by high-frequency reflection or
attenuation ultrasonic beam.
Ultrasonics Branch of acoustics dealing with periodic waves with
frequencies above the audible range, i.e., greater than
16 kHz.
Ultraviolet, UV The region of the electromagnetic spectrum between the
violet end of visible light and the X-ray region, includ-
ing wavelengths from 10 to 390 nm. Because UV wave-
lengths are shorter than visible wavelengths, their
photons have more energy, which initiates some chem-
ical reactions and degrades most plastics, particularly
aramids and polypropylenes.
Unbalanced mold A nonuniform layout of mold cavities and runner sys-
tem, fill rate, packing pressure, and part quality will vary
from cavity to cavity. Used only for noncritical, stand-
alone parts.
Undercut Having a protuberance or indentation that impedes with-
drawal from a mold in its normal open/closed move-
ment. Flexible materials can be ejected intact even with
slight undercuts.
Unimodal distribution Distribution with a single peak.
Unit mold Mold designed for quick-changing interchangeable cav-
ity parts. A mold that comprises only a single cavity,
frequently a pilot for the production set of molds.
Universal testing A machine used to determine tensile, flexural, or com-
machine pressive properties.
Unsaturated polyester A low-molecular-weight polyester with unsaturated,
double bonds able to enter into cross-linking reaction
with added unsaturated monomer by the radical

mechanism. The latter reaction is usually initiated
by solution of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Also
a family of polyesters characterized by vinyl
unsaturation in the polyester backbone, which
enables subsequent hardening or curing by copoly-
merization with a reactive monomer in which the
polyester constituent has been dissolved.
Unzipping Depropagation – a degradation reaction in which the
consecutive mers are gradually removed from one mac-
romolecular chain end to another. Few polymers
undergo such a reverse propagation reaction, viz.,
PMMA, POM, and PTFE.
UV stabilizer Any chemical compound that, when added to thermo-
plastic material, selectively absorbs ultraviolet rays.
Vacuum metallizing Process in which surfaces are thinly coated with metal
by exposing them to the vapor of metal that has been
evaporated under vacuum (one millionth of normal
atmospheric pressure).
Variance See “Standard deviation.”
Vent In a mold, a shallow channel or minute hole cut in the
cavity to allow air to escape as the melt enters.
Vertical flash ring The clearance between the force plug and the vertical
wall of the cavity in a positive or semipositive mold.
Also the ring of excess material that escapes from the
cavity into this clearance space.
Vicat softening point The temperature at which a flat-ended needle of 1 mm,
circular or square cross section, will penetrate
a thermoplastic specimen to a depth of 1 mm under
a specified load using a uniform rate of temperature
rise. The temperature at which a plastic is penetrated
to 1 mm depth by a flat-ended circular metal pin, while
in a controlled temperature silicone fluid bath.
Vinyl Usually polyvinyl chloride, PVC, but may be used to
identify other polyvinyl plastics.
Vinyl chloride plastics Plastics based on polyvinyl chloride, PVC, or copoly-
mers of vinyl chloride with other monomers, the vinyl
chloride being the major component.
Virgin plastics or virgin A material not previously used or processed and meeting
material manufacturer’s specifications.
Viscoelasticity A property involving a combination of elastic and vis-
cous behavior. A material having this property is con-
sidered to combine the features of an elastic solid and
Newtonian liquid.
Viscosity The property of resistance to flow exhibited within the

body of a material, expressed in terms of relationship
between applied shearing stress and resulting rate of
strain in shear. A measurement of resistance of flow
due to internal friction when one layer of fluid is caused
to move in relationship to another layer. Viscosity is
quantitatively defined as a ratio of shear stress to
shear rate.
Viscometer An instrument used for measuring the viscosity and flow
properties of fluids.
Viscous deformation Any portion of the total deformation of a body that
remains permanently when the load is removed, also
referred to as nonelastic deformation.
Void A void or bubble occurring in the center of a heavy
thermoplastic part, usually caused by excessive shrinkage.
Volume resistivity The electrical resistance between opposite faces of
a 1 cm cube of insulating material. It is measured
under prescribed conditions using a direct current poten-
tial after a specified time of electrification. Also called
specific insulation resistance (ASTM D257).
Vulcanization Process of converting of raw rubber compounds into
lightly cross-linked network elastomer. Vulcanization
of diene rubbers involves compounding it with sulfur
or sulfur compounds and then heating at about 140 C
for sometimes several hours. The process can be sped up
by addition of catalyst, viz., ZnO.
Warpage Dimensional distortion in a plastic object after molding.
Water absorption The amount of water absorbed by a polymer when
immersed in water for stipulated periods of time.
Weathering A term encompassing exposure of polymers to solar or
ultraviolet light, temperature, oxygen, humidity, snow,
wind, pollutants (e.g., ozone, NO2, CO2), cyclical
changes of temperature and moisture, etc. Outdoor deg-
radation of material, exposed to adverse weather factors.
Weatherometer An instrument used for studying the accelerated effects
of weather on plastics, using artificial light sources and
simulated weather conditions.
Weibull distribution n o
function: y ¼ ðb=aÞðx yÞb1 exp ðx gÞb=a
for : x g; y ¼ 0
for : x g
where x is a variable and a, b, and g are the distribution

parameters.
Welding Joining thermoplastic pieces by one of several heat-

softening processes. Butt fusion, spin welding, ultra-
sonic, and hot gas are examples of such methods.
Welding horn The sonic-energy transmission and pressure-
transmitting tool used for ultrasonic welding. Each
welding horn is tuned to specific amplitudes to
efficiently perform the welding operation.
Wetting agent An ingredient or solution used to lower the surface
tension between two materials, so that good coverage
and bonding occur.
Wheel abrading Deflashing molded parts by abrasion with small parti-
cles at high velocity.
Witness lines Lines left on a molded part by poor mating and fit of side
action cores.
WLF equation Williams-Landel-Ferry equation that relates the value of
the shift factor, aT (associated with time-temperature
superposition of viscoelastic data), required to bring
log-modulus (or log-compliance) vs. time or frequency
curves measured at different temperatures onto a master
curve at a particular reference temperature, T0, usually
taken at 50 C above the glass transition temperature
(T0 ¼ Tg + 50 C):
C 1 ð T T0 Þ
aT ¼
½C2 þ ðT T0 Þ
where the constants, C1 and C2, are approximately iden-

tical for all polymers: 8.86 and 101.6 K, respectively.
Later, the WLF equation has been interpreted in terms of
the Doolittle’s free volume theory.
Yellowness index Measure of the tendency of plastics to turn yellow upon
long-term exposure to light.
Yield point elongation In materials that exhibit a yield point, the difference
between the elongation at the completion and the start
of discontinuous yielding.
Yield point The point at which permanent deformation of a stressed
specimen begins to take place. Stress at which strain
increases without accompanying increase in stress. Only
materials that exhibit yielding have a yield point.
Yield strength The stress at the yield point – stress at which a material
exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the propor-
tionality of stress to strain or the lowest stress at which
a material undergoes plastic deformation. When the
material is elastic at lower stresses and viscoelastic at
higher, unless otherwise specified, the stress at the
border of this change is the yield stress. Yield stress is

often defined as the stress needed to produce a specified
amount of plastic deformation, usually a 0.2 % change in
length. In tensile testing, the yield stress is taken as that at
which there is no increase in stress with a corresponding
increase in strain – usually the first peak on the curve. It
may also be defined as a specific limiting deviation from
the proportional stress–strain curve.
Young’s modulus The ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain under
tensile or compressive loading at stresses below the
linearity limit of the material (also modulus of
elasticity).
Zero defects A quality control method where anyone in the produc-
tion cycle who discovers a quality problem can stop the
assembly line or manufacturing process until it is
corrected. The problem associated with this method is
that upper management is often never made aware that
a problem occurred. This lack of knowledge may pre-
vent a complete repair from being initiated and the
problem continues to occur.
Ziegler-Natta Chain polymerization on a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, Z-N.
polymerization The Z-N catalysts are based either on TiCl4, VCl5, or
CoCl3 mixed with either Al(C2H5)3 or Al(C2H5)2Cl,
e.g., reacting AlR3 (R is an alkyl group) with crystalline
TICl3 in an inert solvent. For example, three catalytic
systems led to polymerization of high-density polyeth-
ylene, HDPE, (1) molybdena-alumina, (2) hexavalent
CrO3 on silica, and (3) aluminum trialkyl (e.g., AlEt3)
with TiCl4. The polymerization occurs at relatively mild
conditions. Z-N polymerization is frequently used to
obtain stereoregular polymers, viz., either to an isotactic
or a syndiotactic polypropylene.
References
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on plastics, D4092, Annual book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and
Materials
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Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Prod-
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1986), Annual book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials
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American Society for Testing and Materials
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Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers
and Their Blends
A
A-C Low molecular weight polyethylene, PE Allied-Signal Inc.
A-FAX Amorphous polypropylene, PP Himont
A-fax Polypropylene, PP Himont
A-Tell Polyethylene-p-oxybenzoate for fibers ICI
Abbey #100 Poly(vinyl chloride) compound, PVC Abbey Plastic Corp.
Abbey #400 Polypropylene, PP Abbey Plastic Corp.
Absafil Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Fiberfil/Akzo/DSM
Abson ABS/PVC blends Abtec/BF Goodrich
Abstrene Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Distillers
Accpro Polypropylene blends Amoco Chemical
Acctuf High-impact ethylene-propylene copolymers Amoco Chemical
Acculloy Polymer alloys Aclo Compounders
Accutech Reinforced resins Aclo Compounders
Acetabel Cellulose acetate, CA Ponceblanc
Acetron GP Acetal POM reinforced or not (rods or sheets) Polymer Corp.
Acetron NS Acetal POM. lubricated (rods or sheets) Polymer Corp.
Achieve Metallocene-grade isotactic polypropylene, PP Exxon
Acihr Fluoropolymer film Allied-Signal Inc.
Aclar, Aclon Fluorocarbon PCTFE film Allied-Signal Inc.
Aclyn Low molecular weight EVAc ionomers Allied-Signal Inc.
Acme Epoxy resins and molding compounds Allied Products Corp.
Acpol Acrylic or thermoset polyesters; acrylic/urethane/ Freeman Chem Co.
styrene IPN
Acraldon Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Bayer AG
(continued)

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
2282 Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends
Acralen Elastomers Bayer AG

Acrifix PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate) Röhm AG
Acrilan Polyacrylonitrile, PAN Chemstrand Corp.
Acronal Acrylic esters; homo- and copolymers BASF Plastics
Acrylafil Glass fiber-reinforced SAN Akzo/DSM
Acrylan Acrylic fiber Monsanto
Acrylan-Rubber Butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile copolymer Monomer Corp.
Acrylite Acrylic (PMMA) Cyro Industries
Acrylite FF Poly(methyl methacrylate) powder, sheets, PMMA Cyro Industries
Acrylite GP Cast acrylic sheet, PMMA Chemacryl Plastics,
Ltd.
Acrylite SDP Double-skinned acrylic sheet, PMMA Chemacryl Plastics,
Ltd.
Acrylivin Poly(vinyl chloride)/Acrylic alloy Gen. Tire & Rubber
Acryloid Poly(methyl methacrylate)-butadiene-styrene Rohm and Haas
Acrylyn Melt-processable rubber E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Acrypanel PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate) Mitsubishi Rayon Co.
Acrypoly Acrylic extruded sheet, PMMA Chi Mei Ind. Co. Ltd.
Acryrex Acrylic resin, PMMA Chi Mei Ind. Co. Ltd.
ACS Chlorinated polyolefins, e.g., PE, cross-linked or not Showa Denko K. K.
ACS Resin NS Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Biddle Sawyer Corp.
Acsium Alkylated chlorosulfonated polyethylene, CSR DuPont/Safic-Alcan
ACter Low molecular weight terpolymers Allied-Signal Inc.
ACumist Micronized polyolefins, PO Allied-Signal Inc.
ACX Polyoxymethylene, POM United Composites
Addylene Polypropylene, PP Addiplast
Addylon Polyamides, PA Addiplast
Adell A, B Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66; reinforced or not, Adell Plastics, Inc.
PA-6
Adell F Polypropylene; reinforced or not, PP Adell Plastics, Inc.
Adell H Poly(butylene terephthalate); reinforced or not, PBT Adell Plastics, Inc.
Adell K Polyethylene; reinforced or not, PE Adell Plastics, Inc.
Adflex Reactor PP alloy; soft PP/EP copolymer Himont Inc.
Adion A ABS/hydrophilic-PA; antistatic, for medical uses Asahi Chemical Ind.
Adion H HIPS/hydrophilic-PA; antistatic, for cassettes Asahi Chemical Ind.
Adiprene Diisocyanates, polyurethanes, PU E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Admer Polyolefins, PO Mitsui Petrochem.
Adpro AP Reactor olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, RTPO Genesis Polymers
Adpro Polypropylene, PP Novacor/Genesis
Polymers
Adstif Rigid polypropylene made in Catalloy process Himont Inc.
Aerolam, Aerolite Epoxy resin and molding compounds Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Aeroweb, Aracast Honeycomb materials
Afcolène Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Rhône Poulenc
(continued)
Appendix IV: Trade Names of Polymers and Their Blends 2283
Afcoryl Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Pechiney-Saint-

Gobain
Affinity Polyolefin plastomer, containing 0–20 wt% Dow Chem. Co.
comonomer based on Insite™ metallocene
technology, with long chain branching
Aflas FA Fluoropolymers 3M Ind. Chem.
Aflas PTFE + PP + cure site monomer terpolymer Asahi Glass
Aflon Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-ethylene) Asahi Glass
Ahane Ultra low-density polyethylene, ULDPE Dow Chem. Co.
Aim – Dow Plastics
Airflex Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc AP&C
Akulon PA-6, PA-66, blends with PO, reinforced or not Akzo/DSM Plastics
Akuloy J Polyamide-66 with PP and 30 % glass fiber DSM Plastics Int.
Akuloy RM Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66 blend with DSM Plastics Int.
functionalized-PP; glass fiber or mineral filled or not
Akuloy XT Polyamide-6/thermoset elastomer alloy DSM Plastics Int.
Alathon Polyethylene resins, PE Occidental
Alathon Polyethylenes, PE Cain Chem. Inc.
Albertol Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF Chem. Werke Albert
Albidur Thermosetting resins; PU, epoxides, polyesters OFACI
Albis Polyamide-6/Polyolefin (10 %) blend Albis Plastics
Alcotex Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl Revertex
Alcryn Chlorinated olefin/EVAl/acrylate ester blends; E. I. du Pont de
PVC/ethylene-carbon monoxide-vinyl chloride Nemours
copolymer; TP elastomers
Alcudia Polyethylene, PE Repsol Quimica SA
Alcupol Polyols, polyurethanes, PU Repsol Quimica SA
Alfon Cop. Modified ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymer Asahi Glass
Alftalat Alkyd resins Chem. Werke Albert
Algoflon Fluorinated resins Enimont
Algoflon Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE Montecatini/Ausimont
Alkapols Polyfunctional PPO polyols Rhône-Poulenc
Alkathene High-density polyethylene, HDPE ICI Adv. Mater.
Alkox Polyethylene oxide Meisei Chemical
Works
Alkydal Alkyd, polyester resins, UP Bayer AG/Miles
Alkyde Polyester polyurethanes, TPU Synres-Almoco
Alkynol Polyester resins for paints and varnishes, UP Bayer
Allied CM-X Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE Allied-Signal Corp.
Allobec Polyesterimide, PEI Dr. Beck & Co.
Alloprene Chlorinated rubber ICI Adv. Mater.
Alpha-PVC Flexible PVC – CPD Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
Alphaseal TPO elastomer for packaging Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
(continued)
Alphatec TPE for medical products Alpha Chem. &

Plastics
Alphon Fluoroelastomer, PTFE/elastomer blends Custom M.P.
Alton Poly(phenylene sulfide)/polytetrafluoroethylene Intl. Polym. Corp.
Altuchoc Polycarbonate, PC Societe Altulor SA
Altuglas Acrylic, poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA; Societe Altulor SA/
sheets Elf Atochem
Altuglas PUR/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks Elf Atochem
Altulite Poly(methyl methacrylate); powder, PMMA Societe Altulor SA
Alulon Polyamide-66, PA-66 Akzo/DSM
Amberlite Synthetic ion exchanger Rohm and Haas
Ameripol CB Polybutadiene, PB BF Goodrich
Ameripol Polyisoprene, CPI Firestone
Ameripol Polyisoprene, CPI Firestone
Ameripol SM cis-1,4-Polyisoprene, CPI Firestone
Amidel Polyamide, amorphous, transparent Union Carbide
Amidel Polyamide-6, PA-6 Toray Industries
Amilan Glass fiber- or mineral-reinforced polyamide-6 Toray Industries
Amilon Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66, PA-6 or PA-66 Toray Industries
Amoco 10 Polypropylenes, PP Amoco Chem. Corp.
Amoco 20 Polyethylenes, PE Amoco Chem. Corp.
Amoco A-I Polyimide; insulative and conductive coatings Amoco Chem. Corp.
Amoco G Polystyrene, PS Amoco Chem. Corp.
Amodel A- Polyphthalamide, reinforced Amoco Performance
Products
Amodel AD- Polyphthalamide, PPA, semicrystalline-PA Amoco Performance
Products
Amodel ET- Polyphthalamide, impact modified Amoco Performance
Products
Amoron Polythioethersulfone, block copolymer with 53 % Dainippon Ink &
PPS and poly(phenylene sulfide)sulfone, PPSS, Chem.
filled with 0, 30, and 40 wt% glass and PTFE
Ampal Polyester, unsaturated, UP Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Ampec Ethyl cellulose, EC American Polymers
Ampol Cellulose propionate, CP, or cellulose acetate- American Polymers
butyrate, CAB
Antron Polyamide fiber E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Apec Aromatic, “high heat,” polyester carbonate, PEC Bayer AG/Miles
Apex Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds; PVC Teknor Apex
Apiax Polyether compound Polymix
Apiflex Poly(vinyl chloride), semirigid, plastified; PVC Polymix
Apilon Polyurethanes, PU, or poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Polymix
Aplical Polyimide film, PI Allied Signal Inc.
APP Polypropylenes, PP Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Applied Comp 8000 Thermoset polyester-based composites, UP Applied Composites
(continued)
Appryl Polypropylene, PP Elf Atochem

Apscom Speciality thermoplastics (ABS, Acrylics, SAN,
Akzo/DSM POM, PC, PEI, PP, PPE, PPS, etc.)
Aqua Keep Superabsorbent polymers Elf Atochem
Aqualoy 100 Polypropylenes, PP CoAlloy Intl. Corp.
Aqualoy 600 Polyamide-66 CoAlloy Intl. Corp.
Aquathene Polyethylene Quantum
Arakote Thermoset polyesters, UP Ciba-Geigy Corp.
Araldite Epoxy resins, EP Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Arcel Polyethylene copolymers ARCO Chemical
Arcol Polyols ARCO Chemical
Ardel D-100 Polyarylate, bisphenol-A iso-/terephthalate Amoco Chem. Co.
Ardel PAr/PET blends Amoco Chem. Co.
Areca Reinforced polypropylene, PP SPCI
Ariloks Poly(phenylene ether)/HIPS; PPE/HIPS blends USSR
Arimax Polyurethanes, PU Ashland Chem. Co
Aristech Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem Corp.
Arlon Polyetheretherketone; reinforced or not, PEEK Du Pont/Green, Tweed
Arloy 1000 Polycarbonate, PC/SMA blend Arco Chem. Co.
Arloy 2000 Styrene maleic anhydride, SMA/PET alloys Arco Chem. Co.
Arloy PC/SMA/HIPS blends Amoco
Arnel Cellulose triacetate Celanese
Arnite PBTP Poly(butylene terephthalate), reinforced or not Akzo/DSM
Arnite Poly(ethylene terephthalate), reinforced or not Akzo/DSM
Arnitel Thermoplastic ether-ester elastomer, TPE Akzo/DSM
Aropol Unsaturated polyesters, UP Ashland Chem.
Aroset Acrylic copolymers (P-sensitive adhesives) Ashland Chem.
Arpak/Arpro Polyethylene-expanded beads ARCO Chemical/JSP
Arpro/Arpak Polypropylene-expanded beads ARCO Chemical/JSP
Arradur Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Elf Atochem
Arum Polyimide for injection molding Mitsui Toatsu Chem.,
Inc.
Arylef Polyarylate Solvay
Arylon Polyarylate, PAr, PET blends E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Asahi PPS RE Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS alloy Asahi Glass
Ashlene Polyamide-6, polyamide-612, or polyamide-66; Ashley Polymers Inc
reinforced or not
Aspect Thermoplastic polyester; PET-based blends Phillips 66 Co.
Asplit Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF Hoechst
Aspun Fiber-grade polyethylene resins, PE Dow Chem. Co.
Asterite Acrylic dispersion ICI Chem. Polym. Ltd.
Astrel Polyarylethersulfone, PAES, Carborundum
[f–O–f–SO2–f–f–SO2–]
Astryn Filled polypropylene, PP Himont
(continued)
Astyr Butadiene rubber, BR Montecatini

Atlac Unsaturated polyester resin, UP DSM/Koppers Co.,
Inc.
Atlantic Polybead Expanded polystyrene, PS Atlantic Gypsum
Atlas Acrylate and methacrylate resins Degussa
Attane Ultra low-density linear polyethylene copolymers Dow Chem. Co.
Aurum Polyimide; for injection molding, recyclable Mitsui Toatsu
Avimid Thermoplastic polyimide E.I. du Pont de
Nemours
AVP Engineering thermoplastic resins and blends Polymerland, Inc.
AVP Resin Recycled thermoplastic resins Polymerland, Inc.
Avron Acrylic dispersion ICI Chem. Polym. Ltd.
Avtel Advanced composites Phillips 66 Co.
AX-500 Amorphous polyarylate/PA-6 alloy + 40 % glass Unitika
Azdel Continuous glass fiber-filled PP Azdel Inc.
Azloy Continuous glass fiber-reinforced PC/PBT blends Azdel Inc.
Azmet Crystalline polyester-based composite Azdel Inc.
B
Bakelite DFD Polyethylenes, PE Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Bakelite DHDA Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Bakelite DPD Acrylic resins Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Bakelite DQDA Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Bakelite ERL, ERR Epoxy resins, EP Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Bakelite HFD Polyethylenes, PE Bakelite/Union
Carbide
Bapolan 1000 Polyethylenes; reinforced or not, PE Bamberg Polymers
Bapolan 4000, 5000 Polypropylenes, PP Bamberg Polymers
Bapolan 6000 Polystyrenes, PS Bamberg Polymers
Bapolan 7000 Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Bamberg Polymers
Bapolan 8445 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Bamberg Polymers
Bapolene Polyethylene Bamberger
Barex Polyacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile copolymers BP Chemicals, Intl.
transparent for bottles, films, etc.
Basopor Urea-formaldehyde resin, UF BASF Plastics
Basotect Elastic melamine foam, MPF BASF Plastics
Bayblend DP2 PC/ABS alloy; molding, structural foam, etc. Bayer AG/Miles
Bayblend PC/ABS alloys, reinforced, flame retard or not Bayer AG/Miles
Baycoll/Baymer Polyurethanes, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Baycomp Fiber-reinforced plastic Bay Mills
Baydur Polyurethanes, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Bayer LCP Liquid crystal polymers, LCP Bayer AG/Miles
(continued)
Bayer Silicone Silicones Bayer AG/Miles

Bayfill/Bayfit Polyurethanes, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Bayflex Polyurea for reactive injection molding, RIM Bayer AG/Miles
Bayfol CR PC/PBT blends Bayer AG/Miles
Bayfol Films made of PC blends Bayer AG/Miles
Baygal/Baymidur Polyurethane casting resins, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Baylon Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Bayer AG/Miles
Baylon Polycarbonate PC Bayer AG/Miles
Baylon Polyamide-66 Bay Resins
Baymer/Baysport Polyurethanes, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Baymoflex Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylic rubber blend Bayer AG/Miles
Baynat/Baytec Polyurethane, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Baypren Chloroprene rubber, CR; for molding Polysar/Bayer AG
Baypren Latex Anionic lattices of chloroprene rubber, CR Polysar/Bayer AG
Baypren/Bystal Polychloroprene elastomers Bayer AG/Miles
Baysilone Silicones Bayer AG/Miles
Baytac Laminating adhesives (hot melt) IGI Baychem, Inc.
Baytec 800 Polyurethanes, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Beckacite Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF Reichhold Ltd.
Beckopox Epoxy resins, EP Reichhold Ltd.
Beetle a-cellulose-reinforced urea-formaldehyde, UF BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Beetle PBT, PET compounds BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Beetle Polyamide-6, polyamide-66 compounds, PA-6 BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Beetle Polycarbonate compounds, PC BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Beetle Polyester compounds (PMC) BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Beetle Polyoxymethylene, POM BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Beetle Unsaturated polyester resins, UP BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Beetle Urea-formaldehyde molding powders UF BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Benvic PVC blends with ABS, NBR, MBS, CPE, etc. Solvay & Cie SA
with glass fiber or not
Bergacell Cellulose acetates, CA Th. Bergmann
Bergadur Thermoplastic polyesters Th. Bergmann
Bergamid Polyamides reinforced or not, PA Th. Bergmann
Bergaprop Reinforced polypropylene, PP Th. Bergmann
Beta – Beta Polymers
Bexel SAN/acrylic alloys Bakelite Xylonite
Bexloy Automotive engineering resins (an ionomer) E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Bexloy C Amorphous polyamide blend, PA E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Bexloy J Poly(butylenes terephthalate), PBT, blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Bexloy K Reinforced PET blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Bexloy M Aromatic polyester blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
(continued)
Bexloy Polyarylate, PAr, PET blends E. I. du Pont de

Nemours
Bexloy V Thermoplastic copolyester elastomer blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Bexloy W Ionomer engineering blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Bexoid Cellulose acetate, CA British Xylonite
Bexone F Poly(vinyl formal), PVFM British Xylonite
Bextrene Polystyrene, PS British Xylonite
Bioform Acrylic-based IPN for artificial teeth Dentsply International
Biopol Poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid), PHBA
Biresin Thermoset resins, UP SPCI
Blane Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC; with clay or not BP Performance
Blendex ABS modifier/processing aid for rigid PVC GE Speciality
Chemicals
Blendur PU-based thermoset blend Bayer AG/Miles
Blendur-E Epoxides, EP Bayer AG/Miles
Blueboard Plastic foam insulation Dow Chem. Co.
BMC Unsaturated polyester; reinforced or not, UP BMC Inc.
Boltaron Poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylic alloy sheets GenCorp Polymer
Prod.
Bond 811B Epoxy resins, EP Furane Products
Bonoplex Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA AB Bofors, Sweden
Bonvic Rigid PVC formulation based on emulsion resin Solvay & Cie SA
Bovidur/Bovil Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Maprac
BP D, H Polyethylenes, PE BP Chemicals Ltd.
BP Polystyrene Polystyrene, PS BP Chemicals Ltd.
BR Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS/PTFE blend Phillips 66 Co.
Brilion BT 40 Polyamide alloys, PA EMS
Bristrend Poly(vinyl chloride)/Poly(vinyl acetate) Polymers Inc.
Bromo XP-50 Brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p- Exxon Chem.
methylstyrene)
Bromobutyl Elastomers Exxon Chem.
BT resin Thermosetting polyimide Mitsubishi Gas Chem.
Budd Cast Polyamide-6, PA-6 Budd Co.
Budene cis-1,4-Polybutadiene, PB Goodyear, USA
Buna AP Thermoplastic elastomers: EPR or EPDM Bunawerke H€ uls
Buna BL Styrene-butadiene block copolymer, for impact Polysar/Bayer AG
modification of PS, leading to HIPS
Buna CB Butadiene rubber, BR; polymerized with Ti-, Polysar/Bayer AG
Nd-, or Li-based catalyst
Buna EM Expandable SBR, E-SBR Bunawerke H€ uls
Buna H€uls butacryl Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer, MBR Plastugil, France
Buna N Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile), MBR Chem. Werke H€ uls
Buna Polybutadiene, PB Buna AG
Buna S Butadiene-styrene copolymer, SB Chem. Werke H€ uls
(continued)
Bur-A-Loy PVC/nitrile rubber blends Mach-1 Compounding

Butacite Poly(vinyl butyral) sheeting; safety glass
sheeting E. I. du Pont de Nemours
Butaclor Polychloroprene, CR Distugil
Butacon Butadiene copolymers ICI
Butaprene Styrene-butadiene copolymers Firestone
Buton Cross-linked butadiene-styrene copolymer Exxon, GB
Butvar Poly(vinyl butyral) Shawinigan
Chemicals
Butylkautschuk Polyisobutylene with 5 % isoprene, PIB Bayer AG/Miles
BVC Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Bayshore Vinyl
BXL Polysulfone, PSU Union Carbide Co.,
Inc.
Bynel (CXA) Coextrudable adhesive resins E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
C
C-020 Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem.
C-Flex Thermoplastic elastomers; SEBS/PDMS blends Concept Polymer
Cadon SMA and SMA/ABS elastomeric blends with Monsanto Chem. Co.
glass fibers or not
Calatrava High-density polyethylene, HDPE Repsol Quimica
Caleprene Elastomers Repsol Quimica
Calibre Polycarbonate, PC, and its blends Dow Chem. Co.
Calibre CR PC blended with PBT and PET Sumitomo Dow Ltd.
Calibre IM PC blended with an elastomer Sumitomo Dow Ltd.
Calprene Synthetic rubber Repsol Quimica SA
Capran Polyamide-6; resins, films, fibers, laminates, PA
Allied-Signal Inc.
Caprolan Thermoplastic elastomers Elastogran
Capron Polyamide-6 and blends; reinforced or not, PA Allied-Signal Inc.
Capron Polyamide/PO or elastomer blend Allied-Signal Inc.
Capron AB Polyamide-6/elastomer; food grade barrier resinAllied-Signal Inc.
Caradate Polyurethanes, isocyanates, PU Shell Chem. Co.
Caradol Polyols for PU Shell Chem. Co.
Carapor Additive for polyurethane Shell Chem. Co.
Carbopol Acrylic acid polymers, PAA BF Goodrich
Carboset Acrylic polymers BF Goodrich
Carbowax Poly(ethylene glycol), PEO Union Carbide Co.,
Inc.
Carbres Reinforced polypropylene, PP SIC Plastic
Cardura Chemical intermediates Shell Chem. Co.
Cariflex I cis-1,4-Polyisoprene Shell Chem. Co.
Cariflex Styrene-butadiene block copolymer, SB Shell Chem. Co.
Caril Poly(phenylene ether), PPE blend Shell Chem. Co.
Carilon Linear, alternating olefin/CO copolymer, COPO, Shell Chem. Co.
engineering resin with good barrier properties
[based on Pd catalyst; introduced in 1995]
(continued)
Carina Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Shell Chem. Co.

Carinex Polystyrene, PS Shell Chem. Co.
Caristar Plastic packaging material Shell Chem. Co.
Carloy Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/elastomer blend Cary Chem. Inc.
Cast Nylon Polyamide, PA Commercial Plastic
Castethane Elastomer systems Dow Chem. Co.
Catalloy Polypropylene copolymer alloy Himont
Cefor Polypropylene Shell Chem. Co.
Celanese Nylon 6 Polyamide-6, PA-6 impact modified Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celanese Nylon 6/6 Polyamide-66 and polyamide-66/TPU alloys Hoechst Celanese
glass fiber reinforced or not Corp.
Celanese Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, PA-6 or PA-66 Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celanex PBT/elastomer; blends reinforced or not Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celanex PBT/PET/elastomer; blends reinforced or not Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celazole Thermoplastic polyimides, reinforced or not Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Celcon Copolyoxymethylene, POM, glass-reinforced, Hoechst Celanese
impact-modified elastomer blends Corp.
Celion Carbon fibers BASF Plastics
Cellasto Cellular PUR elastomers BASF Plastics
Cellatherm Polyesterimide, PEI Reichhold Chemie
Cellidor B Cellulose acetate-butyrate, CAB Bayer AG/Miles
Cellidor CP Cellulose propionate, CP Bayer AG/Miles
Cellit Cellulose acetate or cellulose propionate Bayer AG/Miles
Cellon Cellulose acetate, CA Dynamit Nobel
Cellophan Cellulose hydrate from pulp Kalle
Cellosize Hydroxyethyl cellulose Union Carbide
Celltrek 3000 Polyol for PU foam without CFC Dow Europe
Celluloid Cellulose nitrate plasticized with camphor, CN Hoechst Celanese
Celstran Long glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, viz., Hoechst Celanese
POM, PBT, PET, PA, etc. Corp.
Centrex 800 ASA-based, weatherable polymers Monsanto Chem. Co.
Centrex Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate copolymers, ASA/ Monsanto Chem. Co.
AES rubber modified blends
Cevian ABS Hoechst Celanese Co.
Chem-AD Epoxy and polyurethane industrial adhesive Chemque
Chem-POT Encapsulating resins of epoxy and polyurethane Chemque
Chemfluor Polytetrafluoroethylene compounds, PTFE Norton Performance
Chemigum Nitrile rubber, NBR; TP elastomers Goodyear Chem.
Chemigum TPE NBR blend with PVC, CPE, TPU, and/or PA Goodyear Chem.
Chemorset Epoxy adhesives, EP Chemor Inc
Chemplex 1000, 3000 Polyethylenes, PE Norchem, Inc.
(continued)
Chemplex 5000, 6000 Polyethylenes, PE Norchem, Inc.

Chemplex EVA EVAc for extrusion coating, laminating Norchem, Inc.
Chemplex PE EVAc for tough film applications Norchem, Inc.
Chen-Lon Polyimide, PI, adhesive Chemtronics
Chevron Polypropylene, PP Chevron
Chlorkautschuk Chlorinated natural rubber Bayer AG/Miles
Chlorobutyl Elastomers Exxon Chem.
Cibamin UF, MF-lacquer resins Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Cibanoid Urea-formaldehyde, UF, molding material Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
CIL 100 Low-density polyethylenes and copolymers CIL Inc.
CIL 1000 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc CIL Inc.
Cis-4 cis-1,4-Polyisoprene Phillips
Cladlux Acrylic/PVC alloy Richard Daleman
Claradex ABS Shin-A
Clarene Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol); EVAl or EVOH Solvay & Cie SA
Clariflex TR Styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, SBS Shell Chem. Co.
Clear 01 PVC alloy with glutarimide acrylic copolymer Georgia Gulf
for hot-fill bottles
Cleartuf 7000 Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Goodyear
Clysar PO shrink films E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Cobex Poly(vinyl chloride) Bakelite Xylonite
Codabs ABS reinforced or not Codiplast
Codica Reinforced polypropylene, PP Codiplast
Codimel Reinforced poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Codiplast
Codix Polypropylene, PP Codiplast
Comalloy 110 Polypropylenes; reinforced or not, PP Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 210 Polystyrenes; reinforced or not, PS Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 220 ABS; reinforced Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 240 SAN; glass fiber reinforced Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 260 Polystyrene; glass fiber reinforced, PS Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 310 Poly(vinyl chloride); glass fiber reinforced, PVC Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 410 Poly(butylene terephthalate); glass fiber reinforced Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 510 Polycarbonate; mineral/glass fiber reinforced Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 610 Polyamide-6; glass fiber reinforced, PA-6 Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 710 Poly(phenylene sulfide); mineral/GF reinforced Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 740 Polysulfone; glass fiber reinforced, PSU Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 832 ABS/PVC alloy Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy 940 Polypropylene; 50 % copper filled, PP Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comalloy Polycarbonates, PC Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comco Nylon 6 Polyamide-6, PA-6 Commercial Plastic
Comco Nylon 6 Polyamide-6, PA-6 Commercial Plastic
(continued)
Comco Nylon 6/6 Polyamide-66, PA-66 Commercial Plastic

Comco PVC Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Commercial Plastic
Comco UHMW-PE Ultrahigh molecular weight PE, UHMWPE Commercial Plastic
Comp Armor Unsaturated polyester, UP Haysite Reinforced
Plastics
Compodic Polyamides, PA DIC Trading
Compound No. 1000 Unsaturated polyester, UP Resinoid Engr. Corp.
Comshield Filled polypropylene, PP Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comtuf 100 Reinforced polypropylene, PP Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comtuf 400 Reinforced polyesters, PBT, PET Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Comtuf 600 Reinforced polyamides-6, PA-612, or PA-66 Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Conap CE-1132 Unsaturated polyesters, UP Conap, Inc.
Conap CE-1170 Acrylic resins Conap, Inc.
Conap UC-21 Polyurethanes, PU Conap, Inc.
Conapoxy Epoxy resins, reinforced or not, EP Conap, Inc.
Conathane Polyurethanes (TS) Conap, Inc.
Condux 8000A Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS alloy, PVC/ABS Advanced Dynamics
Conex Aramid Teijin/Hoechst
Conoptic Polyurethanes (TS) Conap, Inc.
Contrex Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate terpolymer, ASA Monsanto Europe SA
Coral rubber cis-1,4-Polyisoprene BF Goodrich
Cordura Polyamide fiber DuPont de Nemours
Corezyn Unsaturated vinyl esters or polyesters, UP Interplastic Corp.
Corovin Polypropylene, PP J. H. Benecke
Corton Mineral-filled resins PolyPacific
Corvic Poly(vinyl chloride) polymers, PVC European Vinyls Corp.
Cosmic DAP Diallyl phthalate (TS), DAP Cosmic Plastics
Courlene Polyethylene, PE fiber Courtaulds Fibers Ltd.
Courlene PY Polypropylene, PP-fiber Courtaulds Fibers Ltd.
Courtelle Polyacrylonitrile, PAN Courtaulds Fibers Ltd.
CP 41 Acrylates Continental Poly.
CP D33 Diallyl phthalate (TS); reinforced or not, DAP Cosmic Plastics
CP PMMA/elastomer blend Continental
CPP30GF Mineral-reinforced polypropylene, PP Ferro Corp.
Crastin Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Crastin Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Crastin XMB Poly(butylene terephthalate)/ABS blends DuPont
Crastone Poly(ethylene sulfide), PES Ciba-Geigy/Phillips
Crealan Thermoset resins Bayer
Creslan Acrylic fiber Cyanamid
CRI Polyamide-6, PA-6 Custom Resins
Crystalor PMP Poly(4-methylpentene-1), PMP Phillips 66 Co.
Crystic Unsaturated polyesters, UP Ashland Chem
CTE Acrylics Richardson Polymer
CTI AN Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide, PA CTI
(continued)
CTI AS Glass fiber-reinforced ABS CTI

CTI AT Glass fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene, POM CTI
CTI ES Glass fiber-reinforced polyethersulfone, PES CTI
CTI NH Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-11, PA-11 CTI
CTI NI Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-610, PA-610 CTI
CTI NJ Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-12, PA-12 CTI
CTI NL Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-612, PA-612 CTI
CTI NN Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-66, PA-66 CTI
CTI NY Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-6, PA-6 CTI
CTI PC Fiber-reinforced polycarbonate, PC CTI
CTI PF Fiber-reinforced polysulfone, PSU CTI
CTI PI Fiber-reinforced polyetherimide, PEI CTI
CTI PK Fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone, PEEK CTI
CTI PS Glass fiber-reinforced poly(butylenes terephthalate) CTI
CTI SF Glass fiber-reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS CTI
CTI SN Glass fiber-reinforced SAN CTI
Cyanacryl Alkyl-co-alkoxyalkyl acrylates, elastomers Akzo/DSM
Cyanaprene Castable urethane, PU Cyanamid Co.
Cycogel ABS Nova Polymers
Cycolac Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS GE Plastics
Cycolac EHA ABS/PC alloys GE Plastics
Cycolac G ABS/PBT GE Plastics
Cycolac GCT/M ABS/PBT automotive blends GE Plastics
Cycolac SDB ABS/engineering polymer blends GE Plastics
Cycolac SDM ABS/electrostatic dissipation polymer blends GE Plastics
Cycolin ABS/PBT alloy GE Plastics
Cycoloy ABS/PC; ABS/PVC; or ABS/TPU blends GE Plastics
Cycoloy EHA PC/ABS alloys with varying PC content GE Plastics
Cycoloy LG9000 PC/ABS low-gloss alloy GE Plastics
Cycopac Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS GE Plastics
Cycovin Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS BF Goodrich
Cycovin K25 Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS high impact alloy BF Goodrich
Cycovin KAB ABS/PVC alloys BF Goodrich
Cyglas Unsaturated polyesters; reinforced or not American Cyanamid
Cymel Alpha cellulose-reinforced melamine- American Cyanamid
formaldehyde
Cyrex 200 PMMA/PC opaque, high-impact-strength alloys Cyro Industries
Cyrex SAN/PC opaque blends Cyro Industries
Cyrolite Acrylic-based, impact-modified highly Cyro Industries
transparent multipolymer
D
D-007 Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem.
D-10FG Glass fiber-reinforced ABS Thermofil, Inc.
D.E.R. Epoxy resins, EP Dow Chem. Co.
D7 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Thermofil, Inc.
(continued)
D8 Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Thermofil, Inc.

Dacron Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET fibers E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Dai El PTFE/PHFP/PVDF or PVDF/PHFP elastomers Daikin/Chevassus
Daki Polistyren Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR INA
Dalpen Polyolefins: PE or PP Kingsley & Keith/PCD
Daltoflex I Polyurethane rubber ICI
Dalvor Fluorinated EPR rubber, FEP Dow Chem. Co.
Dapex RX Diallyl phthalate, DAP Rogers Corp.
Daplen LDPE, HDPE, PP, GMT, PCD Polymere Gesellschaft
Dapon Diallyl phthalate resin FMC Corp.
Daramelt Hot melt adhesives/sealants W R Grace
Dararay Microwave fluxed plastisols W R Grace
Daraseal Poly(vinyl chloride) plastisols, PVC W R Grace
Darawave Microwave curable plastisols, PVC W R Grace
Daron 40 Unsaturated polyester/polyurethane DSM
thermosetting blends for fiber-filled systems
Daron Hybrid polyester resin; HT resistance DSM
Dart PS-100 Polystyrene, PS Dart Polymers, Inc.
Darvic Poly(vinyl chloride) ICI
Decaplast Polyamide-6, -10, PA-610 Montefibre
Decargias Extruded polycarbonate sheet, PC Degussa AG
Decoloy Acrylic/PVC alloy Borg-Warner/Ube
Deerlon Polyamides Deer Polymer
Defsan Polycarbonate, PC/PET alloy USSR
Degalan Acrylates and methacrylates, PMMA powder Degussa AG
Deglas Extruded acrylic sheet, PMMA Degussa AG
Delrin Polyoxymethylene (acetal) resins, POM, some E. I. du Pont de
grades contain PTFE Nemours
Delrin T, ST POM toughened by addition of TPU elastomer E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Demospan Polyurethanes Bayer
DEN Epoxy resins, EP Dow Chem.
Denka HS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/PC Denki Kagaku
Denka LCS Poly(vinyl chloride)/NBR blends Denki Kagaku/
Chevassus
Denka Taimelan Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/PVC Denki Kagaku
DER Epoxy resins, EP Dow Chem. Co.
Derakane Thermoset vinyl ester epoxy resins Dow Chem. Co.
Desmodur Polyurethanes, isocyanates Bayer AG/Miles
Desmopan Polycarbonate, PC, with TPU blends Bayer AG/Miles
Desmopan Thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU, isocyanates Bayer AG/Miles
Desmophen A TPU ether or ester elastomers Bayer AG/Miles
Dexcarb Polycarbonate/polyamide, PC/PA alloys Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI Polycarbonate/ABS alloys Dexter Corp.
(continued)
Dexel Cellulose acetate Courtaulds Fibers Ltd.

Dexflex PO alloys Dexter Corp.
Dexlon Polyamide/polypropylene, PA/PP alloy Dexter Corp.
Dexloy Customized alloys Dexter Corp.
Dexpro Polypropylene/polyamide, PP/PA alloy Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI 101EP Polypropylene/polyolefins, PP/PO alloy Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI 101EP Polypropylene/polyolefins; reinforced or not Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI 201EP Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI 207EP ABS/polycarbonate alloys Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI 310 Poly(butylene terephthalate); reinforced or not, PBT Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI 424, 600 Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 or Dexter Corp.
polyamide-66, PA
Dexter RPI 500EP Polycarbonates; reinforced or not, PC Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI BEE-15 Polyesters Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI BEE-18 Polyamides, PA Dexter Corp.
Dexter RPI BEE-23 Polyesters Dexter Corp.
Dia Alloy ABS/PC alloys Mitsubishi Rayon
Diacon PMMA, acrylic/elastomer blends (powder) ICI Adv. Mater.
Diamond – Diamond Polymers
Diarex Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR Mitsubishi Monsanto
Diathon Acrylic coatings ICI Polyurethanes
DIC-PPS SE-730 Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS, alloys with PPE for Dainippon Ink
high HDT and low flash &Chem.
Dielectrite Unsaturated polyesters, UP Industrial Dielect.
Diene Polybutadiene Firestone
Difan Poly(vinylidene chloride), PVDC BASF A.-G.
Dimension PA-6 blends with PPE; reinforced or not with up AlliedSignal
to 30 wt% GF
Diolen Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET ENKA-Glanzstoff
Dion Unsaturated vinyl esters, UP Koppers Co., Inc.
Dispercoll Polyurethanes, water dispersions Bayer
Distifoam/Distitron Polyester resins, UP Maprac
Distugil Polyurethane elastomers, PUR Arnaud Promecome
DK Epoxy resins, EP Dexter Corp.
DKE 450 Poly(methyl methacrylate)/PVC alloy E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Dolan Polyacrylonitrile, PAN S€
udd. Zellwolle
Dorlastan Spandex fiber Bayer
Dow ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Dow Chem. Co.
Dow CG Polyethylenes, PE Dow Chem. Co.
Dow Corning 1 Silicones Dow Corning
Dow D.E.H./D.E.R. Epoxy resins, EP Dow Chem. Co.
Dow HDPE High-density polyethylene, HDPE Dow Chem. Co.
Dow LDPE Low-density polyethylene, LDPE Dow Chem. Co.
Dow SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Dow Chem. Co.
(continued)
Dow Tyrin Chlorinated polyethylene, CPE Dow Chem. Co.

Dowex Ion-exchange resin Dow Chem. Co.
Dowlex IP-2580 Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE Dow Chem. Co.
Dowlex IP-90 High-density polyethylene, HDPE Dow Chem. Co.
Dowlex Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE Dow Chem. Co.
Dowlex NG Poly(ethylene-co-octene) LLDPEs Dow Chem. Co.
Dralon Polyacrylonitrile, PAN, fiber Bayer AG/Miles
Drexflex TP elastomer D&S Plastics
Driscopipe pipe Polyethylene pipe, PE Phillips 66 Co.
DS6CO1K Polypropylene, PP Shell Chem. Co.
Dualite Poly(vinylidene chloride), PVDC, microspheres Pierce & Stevens
Duct 2.5 Epoxy resins, EP Furane Products
Duethan BC Elastomer modified PA-6 blends Bayer AG/Miles
Duocel Epoxy coating, EP Duochem Inc.
Duoclad Epoxy flooring systems, EP Duochem Inc.
Duodeck Polyurethane membrane, PU Duochem Inc.
Duolite Ion-exchange resin Chemical Processing
Co.
DuPont LCP Liquid crystal polymers, LCP E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Duracon Polyoxymethylene, POM Daicel-Polyplastics
Duracryn TPE: ethylene interpolymers/PP or PE E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Duraflex Polyisobutylene, PIB Shell Chem.
Duraflex 8000 Polyethylenes, PE Shell Chem.
Dural Reinforced rigid poly(vinyl chloride), CPD Dexter Corp./Alpha
Chemical
Dural 776/X6 Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS high impact alloy Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
Duralex Poly(vinyl chloride)/PU/NBR alloy Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
Duralon Polyamide-11, PA-11 Thermoclad Co.
Duraloy 1000 Polyoxymethylene, POM, with elastomer Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Duraloy 2000 Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, with Hoechst Celanese
elastomer Corp.
Duraloy PBT blended with elastomers or POM Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Duraloy/Vandar POM/TPU or PBT/elastomer blends Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Durastrength Acrylic impact modifier for outdoor PVC siding Elf Atochem
and window profiles
Duratop Industrial coatings Thermoclad Co.
Duravin Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Thermoclad Co.
Durel Polyarylate, PAr, and PAr/PBT blends, glass fiber Hoechst Celanese
reinforced or not Corp.
(continued)
Durethan PA-6, PA-66, blended with PO or elastomer, Bayer AG/Miles Inc.

modified and/or reinforced
Durethan BC PA-6 blended with ethylene-butyl acrylate- Bayer AG/Miles Inc.
acrylic acid
Durethan RM PA-6 blended with methacrylate-butyl acrylate- Bayer AG/Miles Inc.
bisphenol-A copolymer, with glass fiber or not
Durethan U Polyurethane, thermoplastic, TPU Bayer AG/Miles Inc.
Durez 111 Thermoset phenolic compounds; filled or not Cain Chem. Inc.
Durez SI-75 Thermoset diallyl phthalate compounds, DAP Cain Chem. Inc.
Durodet GRP application and SMC Mitras Kunstoffe
Durolito GRP syntactical foam Mitras Kunstoffe
Durolon Polycarbonate, PC Polymix
Dutral EPR copolymers Himont/Enimont
Dutralene Thermoplastic elastomer, TPO Himont/Montedison
Duval Polypropylene, PP, graft for high-temperature E. I. du Pont de
steel pipes Nemours
Dycryl Photopolymer system DuPont de Nemours
Dyflor 2000 Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF Dynamit Nobel
DYGL Styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, SMA Polymer Composites
Dylark SMA and its blends (with, e.g., PBT, HIPS) Arco Chem. Co.
Dylene Polystyrene, PS; styrene-butadiene rubber, SBR Arco Chem. Co.
Dylite Polystyrene – expandable, EPS Arco Chem. Co.
Dylite EPS Polystyrene – expandable, EPS (25 % recycles) Arco Chem. Co.
Dym Polyester elastomer E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Dymetrol Elastomeric type E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Dynacoll Polyesters H€
uls AG
Dynaflex PP/EPDM/NBR blends
Dynalit Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Dynamit Nobel
Dynamar Fluoroelastomer processing aid for LLDPE film 3M Canada Inc
Dynapol Polyester resins H€
uls AG
Dynapor Phenolic resin foams, PF Dynamit Nobel
Dynaset Phenolic compounds, PF Reichhold Ltd.
Dyneema UHMWPE gel-spun fibers DSM
Dynel Vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Dynyl Polyblockamides: PA-66-mb-PA-636 Rhône Poulenc
Dyphene Phenolic resins, PF PMC Specialties
Group
Dytherm Expandable copolymer for rigid foam Arco Chem. Co.
Dytherm Expandable copolymers Arco Chem. Co.
Dytron XL Polyolefins/elastomer blends Monsanto Chem. Co.
E
E-08, 9900 Reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Thermofil, Inc.
E-260H, 2748 Epoxy; reinforced or not, EP ICI/Fiberite
E1- Glass fiber-filled PET/PBT polyesters Thermofil, Inc.
(continued)
E484 Glass-filled epoxy, EP Cosmic Plastics

EA 3000 Polystyrene, PS Chevron Chem.
Eagle Picher EP Unsaturated polyesters with glass fibers, UP Eagle Picher Plas.
EB 6000 Polystyrene, PS Chevron Chem.
Eastalloy DA003 Transparent copolyester/PC alloy Eastman
Ebaco Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Neste Chim.
Ebecryl Acrylates and methacrylates UCB Soc.
EC 6000 Polystyrene, PS Chevron Chem.
Ecavyl Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Kuhlmann/Fr.
Eccogel Epoxy resins, EP Emerson & Cuming
Eccoseal Epoxy resins, EP Emerson & Cuming
Eccothane Polyurethane, PU Emerson & Cuming
Econit SHF-MR Polypropylene/nitrile rubber Resine Sintet.
Adamoli
Econol Poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester) Sumitomo Chem.
Ecothene HDPE containing 28 % postconsumer resin Quantum Chem. Corp.
Edistir High-impact polystyrene, HIPS, PS ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Editer Glass fiber-reinforced ABS ECP Enimont
Polymeri
EE4000 Mineral-filled epoxy, EP Dexter Corp.
EFK Aromatic polyester Sumitomo Chemical
Ekkcel Aromatic polyester Carborundum
Ekonol Poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid), Tm ¼ 550 C Carborundum
Ektar Thermoplastic polyesters and copolyesters: PET, Eastman Chem. Prod.
PBT, PCT, PCTG polyesters
Ektar DN Thermoplastic polyesters Eastman Chem. Prod.
Ektar FB TP elastomers Eastman Chem. Prod.
Ektar FB CG Glass fiber-filled polyarylate Eastman Chem. Prod.
Ektar FB DG Glass fiber-filled poly(ethylene terephthalate), Eastman Chem. Prod.
PET
Ektar FB PG Glass fiber-filled polypropylene, PP Eastman Chem. Prod.
Ektar MB DA003 PCTG/PC or SMA transparent alloys Eastman Chem. Prod
Elastalloy TP elastomers GLS Corporation
Elastocell Polyurethane foam compounds, PU BASF Plastics
Elastocoat Polyurethane casting systems, PU BASF Plastics
Elastoflex Soft PUR foam system BASF Plastics
Elastofoam Soft integral-skin PUR foam BASF Plastics
Elastogran Family of polyurethanes, PU BASF Plastics
Elastolan Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPE BASF Plastics
Elastolit Hard integral-skin PUR foam BASF Plastics
Elastopal Polyurethane elastomers, PUR BASF Plastics
Elastopor Hard PUR foam systems BASF Plastics
Elastopreg Semifinished product glass-mat BASF Plastics
Elastorob Polyurethane elastomers, PUR Robbe
(continued)
Elastosil Silicone rubbers Wacker Chemie

Elastotec Polyester thermoplastic elastomers BASF Plastics
Elastron PU vapor barriers ICI Polyurethanes
Elastuff Urethane coatings, PU ICI Polyurethanes
Electrafil 55-EC Carbon black-filled EVAc Akzo/DSM
Electrafil ABS ABS, aluminum filled Akzo/DSM
Electrafil CF Polyamide-66, carbon fiber filled; PA-66 Akzo/DSM
Electrafil Electrically conductive plastics Wilson-Fiberfil Inc./
DSM
Electrafil G-1100 Polyethersulfone, stainless steel filled, PES Akzo/DSM
Electrafil G-50 Polycarbonate, carbon fiber filled, PC Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-1 Polyamide-66, carbon fiber filled, PA-66 Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-1105 Polyetheretherketone, carbon fiber filled, PEEK Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-1106 Polyetherimide, carbon fiber filled, PEI Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-1200 ABS, carbon fiber filled Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-1300 Poly(phenylene sulfide), carbon fiber filled, PPS Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-1400 FTFE, carbon fiber filled Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-1500 Polysulfone, carbon fiber filled, PSU Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-3 Polyamide-6, carbon fiber filled, PA-6 Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-30 Polystyrene, carbon fiber filled, PS Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-50 Polycarbonate, carbon fiber filled, PC Akzo/DSM
Electrafil J-60 Polypropylene, carbon fiber filled, PP Akzo/DSM
Electrafil SMA SMA plastics, aluminum filled Akzo/DSM
Elemid ABS/polyamide alloys; PA/ABS GE Plastics
Elexar Triblock SEBS or SBS thermoplastic elastomers Shell Chem.
Elix Polymer modifiers: elastomer with either PB, Monsanto Chem. Co.
SAN, SMA, ASA, or MSAN
Eltex P Polypropylenes, PP; also highly isotactic PP Solvay & Cie SA
Eltex Polyethylenes, PE Solvay & Cie SA
Elvacet Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Elvacite Acrylic resins E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Elvamide Polyamide resins, PA E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Elvanol PVAl, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, EVAl E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Elvax Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Du Pont/Safic-Alcan
Elvic Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Solvay & Cie SA
EM-7302 Epoxy resins, EP Industrial Dielect.
Emac EMA copolymer Chevron
EMI-X PA-6 or PA-66 with Al flakes for EMI control LNP Eng. Plastics
Emiclear – Toshiba
EMPEE PE Polyethylenes, PE Monmouth Plastics
EMPEE PP Glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene, PP Monmouth Plastics
EMPEE PP Polypropylenes, PP Monmouth Plastics
(continued)
EMPEE PS Polystyrenes, PS Monmouth Plastics

Empee Polyethylene, polypropylene Monmouth
Enathene Ethylene butyl acrylate Quantum
Encron Polyester fiber Akzo/DSM
Enduran High-density PBT resin GE Plastics
Engage Poly(ethylene-co-octene) a polyolefin elastomer, Dow Chem. Co.
POE, based on Insite™ metallocene technology
Enjay Butyl Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer, IIR Enjay
Envex PI, PI lubricated by PTFE, MoS2, or graphite Rogers Corp.
EP Total EPDM, thermoplastic polyolefins Total Elastomers
EP Total SL 180 Silicones Total Elastomers
EP Unsaturated polyesters, UP Eagle Picher Plas.
Epalex – PolyPacific
EPDM XG 006 Ethylene-propylene oil extended rubber Polysar-Miles
Epi-Rez Epoxy resins, EP Celanese
Epi-Rez Ethylene-propylene elastomer, EPR Devoe-Raynolds
Epiall Epoxy resins, EP Rogers Corp
Epic Epoxy/unsaturated polyesters, UP Epic Resins
Epikote Epoxy resins, EP Shell Chem.
Epilox Ethylene-propylene elastomer, EPR Soprochim
EPM XF 004 Ethylene-propylene impact modifier for TPO Polysar-Miles
Epo-Tek Epoxy resins, EP Epoxy Technology
Epocast Ethylene-propylene elastomer, EPR Elastomer Chem./USA
Epodite Epoxy resin Showa Highpolymer
Epolan Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Industrial Resistol
Epolene Oxidized polyolefin, PO Van Waters & Rogers
Ltd.
Epolite Epoxy; filled or not, EP Hexcel Corp.
Epon Epoxy resins, EP Shell Chem. Co.
Eponite Epoxy resin-based materials, EP Shell Chem. Co.
Eposir Epoxy resins, EP Kingsley & Keith/SIR
Epoxilrub Epoxy resins, EP Furane Products
Epoxylite Epoxy resins, EP Epoxylite Corp.
Eraclear LLDPE and VLLDPE ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Eraclene High-density polyethylene, HDPE ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Eref LS PP modified, with 40 % or 50 % glass fiber Solvay SA
Eref PA-66 or PA-mXD6 blends with 40–60 % PP; Solvay SA
50 % glass fiber
Ertacetal Polyoxymethylene (acetal), POM Polymer Corp.
Ertalon PA-6, internally lubricated, cast in rods and plates Polymer Corp.
Ertalyte PET-P PET rods or plates Polymer Corp.
ES0002 Epoxy resins, EP Dexter Corp.
Esall Polypropylene, PP Sumitomo Chem. Co.
(continued)
Esbrid Polyamide-6 with 50 % ceramic and glass reinforced

Thermofil, Inc.
Esbrite Polystyrene, PS Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Escalloy Polypropylene, PP Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Escor Ethylene-acrylic acid, EAA, copolymers Exxon Chem
Escorene Micro Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Exxon Chem/Esso
Chem
Escorene Polyolefins (PO): LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, PP Exxon Chem/Esso
Chem.
Escorene Ultra Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Exxon Chem/Esso
Chem
Esso-PVC Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Esso Chemical
Estalloy DA Polyester/polycarbonate blends Eastman Kodak
Estane Thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU, and BF Goodrich/
TPU/SAN or TPU/ABS blends Polyplastic
Estar Polyester film Eastman Kodak
Esthane Polyurethane TPE BF Goodrich
ET-Polymer Butyl-grafted polyethylene, PE ABB Polymer Comp.
ET-Semicon Conductive butyl-grafted PE ABB Polymer Comp.
ETA-Polymer PP/EPDM, TPO alloys, thermoplastic elastomers Republic Plastics
Ethavin Olefinic/poly(vinyl chloride) alloy Vi-Chem Corp.
Ethocel Cellulose ethers: ethyl and methyl Dow Chem. Co.
Ethofil Polyethylenes; glass fiber filled, PE Akzo/DSM
Ethron Polyethylenes, PE Dow Chem. Co.
ETP Polyamide/acrylic thermoplastic elastomer blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Euredur/Eurelon Polyamide resins, PA Schering AG
Euremelt Polyamide and polyester resins Schering AG
Eurepox Epoxy resins, EP Schering AG
Europrene SOL T Triblock SBS or SIS thermoplastic elastomers EniChem
Evaclene Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Anic
Evaco Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Neste Chim.
Evaflex Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Mitsui
EVAL Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, EVAc EVAL Co. of America
Evalca EVA copolymer EVAL Co. of America
Evatane Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc ICI
Evatate Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, EVAl Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Evathane Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Elf Atochem
Ever-Flex Thermoplastic elastomers, TPO formulations Quality Service
Technology
Evoprene Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE Evode Plastics Ltd.
Exac CTFE CTFE fluorocarbon Norton Performance
Exac ECTFE ECTFE fluorocarbon Norton Performance
Exac ETFE ETFE fluorocarbon Norton Performance
Exac FEP FEP fluorocarbon Norton Performance
Exac PFA PFA fluorocarbon Norton Performance
Exac PTFE PTFE fluorocarbon Norton Performance
(continued)
Exac PVDF PVDF fluorocarbon Norton Performance

Exact PE Polyethylene (medical grade) prepared using the Exxon Chem. Co.
metallocene catalyst, Exxpol
Exprima Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC European Vinyls
Corp.
Extir Expandable polystyrene, EPS ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Extron Glass-filled resins PolyPacific
Exxelor Polymeric modifiers Exxon Chem.
Exxon Butyl 077 IIR, also chlorobutyl and bromobutyl rubbers Exxon Chem.
Exxtral Reactor olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, RTPO Exxon Chem.
F
F-007 Polypropylene; glass filled or not, PP Aristech Chem.
F-40MF Polyethylene; glass filled or not, PE Aristech Chem.
F-9900 Polyethylenes, PE Thermofil, Inc.
F6 Glass fiber-filled polyethylenes, PE Thermofil, Inc.
Fascat Alkydes, polyesters, silicones Ceca
Faskene Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Technicompound
Fastool Filled epoxy resins, EP REN Plastics
Fenilin Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), PPA USSR
Fenochem Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF C.P.R.I.
Ferrene Filled polyolefins, PO Ferro Corp.
Ferrex Mineral-filled polypropylenes, PP Ferro Corp.
Ferro Flex Polypropylene, PP, PP/EPDM or EPM blends Ferro Corp.
Ferrocon Polypropylenes, PP Ferro Corp.
Ferroflo Polyolefins, PO, polystyrene, PS Ferro Corp.
Ferrolene PP, rubber modified, containing 20 % mineral Ferro-Eurostar
Ferrolene TPE IPN-type PP/EPDM blends Ferro Corp.
Ferropak PP/PE alloy Ferro Corp.
Fertene Low-density polyethylene, LDPE Montecatini
FF-020 Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem.
Fibercore Glass-filled unsaturated polyesters, UP American Cyanamid
Fiberfil Fiber-reinforced material DSM
Fiberfil G-1 Polyamide-66 with glass fiber, PA-66 Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil G-1500 Fiber-filled polysulfone, PSU Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil G-40 Fiber-filled SAN Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil G-50 Fiber-filled polycarbonate, PC Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil G-60 Fiber-filled polypropylene, PP Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil J-1106 Glass fiber-filled polyetherimide, PEI Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil J-1300 Glass fiber-filled poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil J-1850 Glass fiber-filled poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil J-7 Fiber-filled polyamide, PA Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil NY-12 Glass fiber-filled polyamide-612, PA-6,12 Akzo/DSM
Fiberfil NY-7 Glass fiber-filled polyamide, PA Akzo/DSM
(continued)
Fiberfil TN Polyamide-6, 12 impact modified blends Akzo/DSM

containing PO; GF reinforced or not
Fiberfil VO Flame-retarded plastics Wilson-Fiberfil Intl.
Fiberite FM Phenolic compounds, PF Fiberite/ICI
Fiberite PI Graphite-filled polyimide, PI Fiberite/ICI
Fiberite SI Filled thermoset silica compounds Fiberite/ICI
Fiberloc Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid formulation, PVC fiber BF Goodrich/Geon
reinforced
Fiberstran Long glass-reinforced thermoplastics Akzo/DSM
Fiberstran Long fiber-reinforced material DSM
Fibredux Epoxy prepregs, EP Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Fibrela Honeycomb sandwich panels Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Filabond Unsaturated polyester, UP Reichhold Ltd.
Filmex Cast film extrusion Windmoeller/
Hoelscher
Filmon Cast polyamide, PA, films SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Fina Polystyrenes, PS Fina Oil & Chem.
Finaclear SBS, linear Poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) Fina Oil & Chem.
with 75 wt% styrene (lamellar structure)
Finaprene Elastomers, TPE Fina Chem.
Finaprop Polypropylene, PP Fina Chem.
Finathene Polyethylenes: LDPE, MDPE, HDPE Fina Chem.
Firestone Polyamide-6, PA-6 Firestone Canada Inc.
Flemion Carboxylated fluoropolymer Asahi Glass
Flex-Line Polyamide monofilaments, PA Elf Atochem
Deutschland
Flexel Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE BF Goodrich
Flexomer Ultra low-density linear polyethylene ULDPE Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Flexomer DFDA ULDPE high flow processing aid for injection Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Flexorob/Flexothane Polyurethane, PU Robbe
Flexthane Urethane-acrylate water-based coatings Air Products & Chem.
Flo-Well PP/PVC copolymer blends Air Products & Chem.
Flovic Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc ICI Adv. Mater.
Fluon Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE ICI Adv. Mater.
Fluorel Thermoset fluoropolymers; PVDF/PHFP blend 3M Ind. Chem.
Fluorocomp 60 % bronze-filled PTFE LNP Engineering
Fluorofil Carbon/glass-filled PVDF Akzo/DSM
Fluorogold Polytetrafluoroethylene filled or not, PTFE Fluorocarbon
Fluoromelt Fluoropolymers, melt processable ICI Adv. Mater.
Fluoromelt FP-CC ECTFE, glass or carbon fiber filled LNP Engineering
Fluoromelt FP-EC FTFE, glass or carbon fiber filled LNP Engineering
Fluoromelt FP-FC FEP, glass or carbon fiber filled LNP Engineering
Fluoromelt FP-PC PFA, glass or carbon fiber filled LNP Engineering
Fluoromelt FP-VC PVDF, glass or carbon fiber filled LNP Engineering
Fluorosint PTFE PTFE + mica composites (rods or plates) Polymer Corp.
(continued)
Fluorotemp 103 Polyetheretherketone, PEEK, filled Fluorocarbon

Fluorothene Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE DuPont de Nemours
Fomrez/Formrez Polyurethane, PU Witco
Foraflon 51 Fluorocarbon PTFE Elf Atochem
Foraflon 1000 Fluorocarbon PVDF Elf Atochem
Foraflon Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF Elf Atochem
Formacast Epoxy/polyurethane casting blends Formulated Resins
Formaldafil Polyoxymethylene; filled or not, POM Akzo/DSM
Formaldafil Polyoxymethylene, POM/PTFE blend Fiberfil
Formica Melamine-formaldehyde resin Cyanamid
Formion Ionomer A. Schulman, Inc.
Formion Ionomer compounds; PO/ionomer blends A. Schulman, Inc.
Forprene Olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, TPO Ferro Corp.
Forticel Propyl cellulose, CP Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Fortiflex Polyethylenes, PE Soltex Polymer Co.
Fortiflex Polyethylenes, PE Solvay & Cie SA
Fortilene Polypropylene, PP Soltex Polymer Co.
Fortilene Polypropylene, PP Solvay & Cie SA
Fortron Poly(phenylene sulfide), linear PPS, glass and Kureha Chem./
mineral reinforced or not Hoechst Celanese
Fosta Tuf-Flex Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR Hoechst AG
FP-200 Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem.
FPC 18MI Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Federal Plastics
FPC 30 Polypropylene, PP Federal Plastics
FPC 40 Polyethylene, PE Federal Plastics
FPC 75 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Federal Plastics
FPC 500, 600 Polyethylenes, PE Federal Plastics
FPC Polystyrene, PS Federal Plastics
Freshtuff Ionomer/polyamide alloys American Can Co.
FT-015 Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem.
Fulton 404 POM lubricated with PTFE LNP Eng. Plastics
FurCarb Furan-based TS resins; reinforced or not QC Chem., Inc.
FyRid Flame-retardant polystyrene, PS GE Plastics
G
G-2- Polyoxymethylene, filled: glass bead, graphite, etc. Thermofil, Inc.
G-Resin Polyethylenes, PE Union Carbide Co.,
Inc.
G1 Glass fiber-filled polyoxymethylene, POM Thermofil, Inc.
Gabrite Phenol-formaldehyde, PF, molding material Montecatini
Gafite PBT/elastomer alloys, reinforced or not GAF Corp.
Gaflex TPU, ester/ether thermoplastic elastomer GAF Corp.
Gaflon Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE Gachot, France
Gaftuf High-impact PBT/elastomer alloys GAF Corp.
Galalith Plastics from milk protein, CS Int. Galalith-Ges.
(continued)
Gantrez Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) GAF Corp

Gapex PP/PA-6 or PA-66 compatibilized alloy, Ferro-Eurostar
reinforced or not
Garamed Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Ferro Corp.
Garaprene E Thermoplastic elastomers Ferro Corp.
Garaprene O TPO for wire and cable applications Ferro Corp.
Garaprene Thermoplastic alloy compounds Evode Plastics Ltd.
Garaprene Thermoplastic elastomer Ferro Corp.
Gary PVC PVC compounds for cables Evode Plastics Ltd.
GC 480 Polyurethanes, PU Gallagher Corp.
GECET PPE/PS foams GE Plastics
Gedamine Unsaturated polyester, UP Norsolor, France
Gedelite Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF Norsolor, France
Gedex Polystyrene, PS Elf Atochem
Gedexcel Expanded polystyrene, PS Elf Atochem
Gel 151 Epoxy resins, EP Furane Products
Gelon Amorphous polyamide, PA GE Plastics
Geloy GY1020 Acrylic acid-styrene-acrylonitrile terpolymer, ASA GE Plastics
Geloy GY1220 ASA/PVC alloys in pellet form GE Plastics
Geloy SCC 1320 ASA/Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA blends GE Plastics
Geloy XP 2003 ASA/Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC alloy GE Plastics
Geloy XP 4001 ASA/polycarbonate, PC blends for automobile GE Plastics
Geloy XP 4025 ASA/PC blends GE Plastics
Gelvatol Poly(vinyl alcohol) Shawinigan Chemicals
Gemax Poly(phenylene ether)/PBT, PPE/PBT blends GE Plastics
Gemon Maleimide GE Plastics
Geolast Thermoplastic elastomer blends; NBR/EPDM or Advanced Elastom.
PP/NBR blends Syst.
Geon Poly(vinyl chloride) and blends, viz., PVC/NBR BF Goodrich/Geon
Geon HTX Poly(vinyl chloride)-based high performance alloy BF Goodrich/Geon
Georgia-Gulf Poly(vinyl chloride) resins and alloys, PVC Georgia-Gulf
Gepax PPE/crystalline PS alloys GE Plastics
Getem Amorphous cyclomer-type polymers GE Plastics
Glaskyd Thermoset alkyd resins; filled or not, UP American Cyanamid
Glastic Unsaturated polyesters; filled or not, UP Glastic Co.
Glendion/Tercarol Polyether and polyester polyols ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Glyptal Alkyd resin, UP GE Plastics
Goodrite Latex SB and vinyl pyridine BF Goodrich
Goodrite Polyacrylic acid, PAA BF Goodrich
GPC DELTA Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Grand Pacific
GR7 Glass-reinforced Zytel polyamides, PA Du Pont Canada
Grafoil Foils of pure graphite Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Granular Compound Urea-formaldehyde resin; cellulose filled, UF Plastics Mfg. Co.
(continued)
Granular Liquid crystal polyester, LCP Granmont Inc./

Montedison
Granulation Comp. Filled melamine-formaldehyde resin, MF Plastics Mfg. Co.
Grilamid Polyamide-12, reinforced or not, PA-12; also EMS-American Grilon
blends with aromatic-aliphatic polyamides
Grilamid ELY-60 Polyetheramide, PEA EMS-American Grilon
Grilamid TR Polyamide, transparent, amorphous EMS-American Grilon
Grilesta Powder coating resins EMS-American Grilon
Grilet PBT-extrusion and PET-molding resins EMS-American Grilon
Grilon PA-6 or PA-612 blended with PB or EPR EMS-American Grilon
Grilon A Polyamide-6, PA-6, with PB or EPR; filled or not Emser Ind.
Grilon BT PA-6/aromatic-aliphatic polyamide, PA alloys EMS-American Grilon
Grilon T Polyamide-66, PA-66 EMS-Chemie AG
Grilon XE Polyamide-66/610 copolymer EMS-Chemie AG
Grilon XE3404 Polyamide-polyethylene blend EMS-Chemie AG
Grilonit Ethylene-propylene copolymers, EPR Emser-Werke
Grilpet PET, PBT; reinforced or not EMS-Chemie AG
Griltex Copolyamides, copolyesters EMS-Chemie AG
Grivory Amorphous engineering resin, reinforced or not EMS-American Grilon
Grivory G Amorphous polyamide, PA EMS-Chemie AG
Grilamid TR Amorphous polyamide, PA EMS-Chemie AG
Grilesta Copolyester resin for powder coating EMS-Chemie AG
Gumiplast Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Saplast
GX-200 ASA/polycarbonate, PC, alloys GE Plastics
H
H-Film PI (pyromellitic anhydride/ E. I. du Pont de
diaminodiphenylether) Nemours
Halar ECTFE fluoropolymers Ausimont Inc.
Halon Fluoropolymer Ausimont Inc.
Halon 1000R Polytetrafluoroethylene, ETFE; glass fiber filled Ausimont Inc.
Halon 2000R Polytetrafluoroethylene, ETFE; graphite filled Ausimont Inc.
Halon 3000R Polytetrafluoroethylene, ETFE; bronze filled Ausimont Inc.
Halon 4000R Polytetrafluoroethylene, ETFE; graphite filled Ausimont Inc.
Halon ET Filled ETFE fluorocarbon Ausimont Inc.
Hanalac ABS Miwon
Hannam ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Hannam
Haysite BMC Unsaturated polyesters, glass filled, UP Haysite Reinforced
Plastics
HC-3 Polyethylene; filled, PE CCA Compounding
HCPP High crystallinity polypropylene with isotacticity Chiso Corp.
99 %, broad MWD
HDPEX Auto cross-linkable PE ABB Polymer Comp.
Heatlok Polyurethane elastomer, PUR resins ICI Polyurethanes
Herclor Elastomers Hercules
Hercocel Cellulose acetate, CA Hercules
(continued)
Hercules K-type Ethyl cellulose, EC Hercules

Herculoid Cellulose nitrate, CN Hercules
Hercuprene Thermoplastic rubber, TPE J-Von
Hetron Unsaturated polyester, UP Ashland Chem. Co.
Hevea-Plus NR/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks Malaysia
HF-2230 Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/ABS blends Georgia Gulf
HHW, HHP Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid formulations, PVC Georgia Gulf
Hi-D Polyethylenes, PE Chevron Chem.
Hi-Fax High-density polyethylene, HDPE Hercules
Hi-Zex Polyethylenes, PE Mitsui Petrochem.
Hicond-2000 HDPE/PP electrically conductive alloy United Composites
Hicond-X Polyethylene, PE United Composites
HiFax Reactor olefinic thermoplastic elastomers, RTPO Himont Adv. Materials
HiGlass Glass-filled polypropylene Himont
Hiloy 100 Glass fiber filled polypropylene, PP Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Hiloy 400 Glass fiber filled poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Hiloy 440 Glass fiber filled poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Hiloy 600 Glass fiber-filled polyamide-6, polyamide-612 or Comalloy Intl. Corp.
polyamide-66, PA
Himod PU GL Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU, alloys Polymer Compos.
Histat-X Electrically conductive polyethylenes, PE United Composites
Hitalex Polyethylene Hitachi
Hitanol Phenol-formaldehyde resin Hitachi
HiVal Polyethylenes, HDPE General Polymers
HMS 1000 Conductive styrenic alloy HMS Compounds, Inc.
Hoslapren Chlorinated polyethylene, CPE Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostacom Filled or reinforced polypropylene, PP Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostadur Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostadur X PBT/PET alloy Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostaflon Fluoropolymers (PTFE, PFA, ETFE) Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostaflon C2 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostaflon ET Ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene, ETFE Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostaflon FEP Tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostaflon TF Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostaflon TFM Modified suspension PTFE Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
(continued)
Hostaform C POM/TPU alloys Hoechst Celanese

Corp.
Hostaform POM copolymer, impact modified, reinforced, Hoechst Celanese
etc. Corp.
Hostalen GUR Ultrahigh molecular weight PE, UHMWPE Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostalen UHMWPE, HDPE, PP/EPDM, resins and prod. Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostalen PP Polypropylene, PP Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostalit Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostalit Z High-impact PVC/CPE blends Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostalloy 731 Polyolefin alloy, with high abrasion resistance Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostamid Polyamide, transparent, amorphous Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostaphan Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Kalle, Germany
Hostapren Chlorinated polyethylene, CPE Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostatec Polyetheretherketoneketone, PEK Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Hostyren Polystyrene, PS; PS/elastomer blends Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
HPP30GR Mineral/glass fiber-filled polypropylene, PP Ferro Corp.
HTX Polyetherketone ICI
Hycar PA Modified acrylic elastomers BF Goodrich
Hycar PVC/nitrile rubber BF Goodrich
Hydrin Polyepichlorohydrin elastomer, can be blended Zeon Chemicals, Inc.
with any elastomer, sulfur or peroxide curable
Hylar 5000 Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF Ausimont
Hylar Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Hypalon Chlorosulfonated PE (CSM) synthetic rubber E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
HyTemp Polyacrylate elastomer, curable or not Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Hytrel Thermoplastic polyether-ester block copolymer E. I. du Pont de
elastomers, 1,4-butanediol-polybutylene glycol- Nemours
terephthalic acid copolymer, TPE
Hytrel HA Copolyester/polyacrylate/PET E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
I
Icdal Ti40 Polyesterimide Dynamit Nobel
Idemitsu LCP Liquid crystal polyester, LCP Idemitsu Petro Chem
Idemitsu Polycarb. Polycarbonates, PC Idemitsu Petro Chem
Idemitsu SC PC/ABS, PES blends Idemitsu Petro Chem
Igelit Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Bitterfeld, Germany
(continued)
Illen Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT/elastomer Dr. Illing GmbH

blend
Imidex Polyesterimide, PEI General Electric Co.
Impet Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, glass Hoechst Celanese
reinforced Corp.
Implex High-impact acrylic blends Rohm and Haas
Imprez Resins ICI Polymers
Indopol Polybutenes, PB Amoco Chem. Co.
Innovex Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE BP Chem. Ltd.
Inprima Rigid poly(vinyl chloride), PVC European Vinyls Corp.
Insite Ethylene/octene copolymers prepared using the Dow Plastics
constrained-geometry metallocene catalyst
Instant-Set Polym. Thermosetting polyurethane, PU Dow Chem. Co.
Insultruc P- Unsaturated polyesters with glass fiber, UP Industrial Dielect.
Intene/Intex Elastomers Enimont
Intol/Intolene Elastomers Enimont
Ionac Ion-exchange resin Ionac
Iotek Ionomers Exxon Chem.
IPC Glass fiber-filled poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS IPC
IPN-Compound Interpenetrating polymer ABB Polymer Comp.
Iporka Urea-formaldehyde, UF, plastic foam BASF Plastics
Iropol Polyester resin Armkem Iroquois
Chem.
Irostic Polyurethane, TPU-adhesive resins Monon International
Inc
IRPS Polystyrene, PS Huntsman Chem.
Irrathene Polyethylenes cross-linked by radiation, XLPE GE Plastics
Isobam Copolymer of isobutylene and maleic anhydride Kuraray Co., Ltd.
water soluble (protective colloids)
Isolic Acrylic resins Great Eastern
Isomid Polyesterimide, PEI Schenectady Chem.
Isoplast Polyurethanes Dow Plastics
Isorob/Isothanne Polyurethanes, PU Robbe
Isplen Polypropylene, PP Repsol Quimica
Isplen Polypropylene, PP Repsol Quimica SA
ITP PU/polyester/polystyrene IPN ICI
Iupiace PPE alloys Mitsubishi
Iupilon Polycarbonate, PC Mitsubishi Gas
Iupilon Polym. All. Polycarbonate/ABS alloys Mitsubishi Gas
Iupirex Polyimide Ube Industries
Iupital F40-03 Polyoxymethylene, POM Mitsubishi Gas Chem.
Iupital-FL Polyoxymethylene, POM, fluoropolymer blends Mitsubishi Gas
Chem./Franklin
Iupital-FU Polyoxymethylene, POM, elastomer blends Mitsubishi Gas
Chem./Franklin
Ixan Poly(vinylidene chloride) copolymers, PVDC Solvay & Cie SA
(continued)
Ixef Semi-aromatic polyamide, PA, polyarylamides, Solvay & Cie SA

with GF or mineral
Ixol Polyetherpolyol halogened (for PU) Solvay & Cie SA
Iztavil Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Polimeros de Mexico
J
J-Plast. Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE J-Von
Jet-Flex Acrylonitrile-ethylene/propylene-styrene Multibase, Inc.
copolymer
Jonylon Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, PA BIP Chem. Ltd./
Polymix
JSR Excelloy CB ABS/polycarbonate, alloys Japan Synth. Rubber
JSR Excelloy GE Polycarbonate/AES, alloys Japan Synth. Rubber
JSR NE NBR/EPDM blends Japan Synth. Rubber
JSR NV NBR/poly(vinyl chloride), alloys Japan Synth. Rubber
Jupilon Polycarbonate, PC MBS (now Paraloid™) Mitsubishi Chem.
K
K-15NF Graphite fiber-filled polyethersulfone, PES Thermofil, Inc.
K-20NF Glass fiber-filled polyethersulfone, PES Thermofil, Inc.
K-Resin Butadiene-styrene copolymer, SBR Phillips Chemicals
K-Resin SB Plastic Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SB Phillips 66 Co.
K-Resin Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SB Phillips Petrol. Chem.
K-Resin Styrene/butadiene bl. copolymer Phillips
K2-30FG Glass-reinforced polyetheretherketone, PEEK Thermofil, Inc.
K2-30NF Graphite fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone Thermofil, Inc.
K2-50FG Graphite fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone Thermofil, Inc.
Kadel Polyetherketone, aromatic, PEAK Amoco Performance
Products
Kadon ABS/SMA blends Monsanto Chem. Co.
Kaladex Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) ICI Films
Kalrez Perfluoro elastomer parts, TFE/PVME blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Kamax Polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, and imidized Rohm and Haas/Ato
poly(methyl methacrylate)s Haas
Kane Ace B Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene, MBS, modifiers Kanegafuchi
for clear PVC (impact strength improvers) Chemicals
Kane Ace MBS acrylics Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kane Ace PA Acrylic processing aids Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kane Ace Polyamide chlorinated Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kane Ace XEL Poly(vinyl chloride) cross-linked, XLPVC Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kane Ace-FM Acrylic low gloss impact modifiers for PVC Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kaneka CPVC Poly(vinyl chloride) chlorinated resins, XLPVC Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
(continued)
Kaneka Enplex ABS/PVC alloys compatibilized with a-methyl Kanegafuchi

styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer Chemicals
Kaneka Poly(vinyl chloride) chlorinated resins, XLPVC Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kaneka Teralloy, PVC HDT modifiers Kanegafuchi
Chemicals
Kapton 300H Polyimide, PI, electrical and thermal insul. film E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Kapton H PI, (pyromellitic anhydride/ E. I. du Pont de
diaminodiphenylether) Nemours
Kasobond Polyurethane elastomers for adhesives, PUR Lu-Kas Polym. Chemie
Kasothan Polyurethane thermoplastic, TPU Lu-Kas Polym.
Chemie
Kaurit-Leim Urea-formaldehyde glue, UF BASF Plastics
Kayocel Cellulose compounds Henley-McKenzie
Feimann
KC 1257 PVC alloy with glutarimide acrylic copolymer Keysor-Century
for hot-fill bottles
KC1000 Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, rigid, high impact Keysor-Century
Kel-F Elastomer Poly(vinylidene fluoride/chlorotrifluoroethylene) Kellogg, USA
Kel-F PCTFE fluoroelastomer 3M Ind. Chem.
Kel-F Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE 3M
Kel-F PVDF/PCTFE blend 3M
Kelanex Glass-filled poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Kelburon Reactor-blended PP/EPDM; RTPO for self- DSM Polymers Int.
supporting car bumpers
Keldax Filled polyethylenes, PE E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Kelon Mineral-reinforced polyamides, PA Lati Eng.
Thermoplast.
Kelprox Thermoplastic olefinic elastomers, TPO DSM Polymers Int.
Kelrinal Chlorinated, rubber (CM) DSM Polymers Int.
Keltan Thermoplastic elastomers, EPDM, PP/EPDM DSM Polymers Int.
Keltan TP PP/EPDM blends with fillers DSM Polymers Int.
Kematal Polyoxymethylene (acetal), POM Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Kenflex Hydrocarbon resins Kenrich
Kerimide Polyimide, PI, for laminating and molding (TS) Nippon Polyimide
Keripol Polyester resins Vynckier
Kermel Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), PPA Rhône Poulenc
Kermel Polyamide-imide; fibers, PAI Rhône Poulenc
Kevlar Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide); fibers, resins E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Keysor Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Keysor-Century
KF Polymer Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF Kureha
Kibisan PN Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate copolymer, ASA Chi Mei Ind. Co. Ltd.
(continued)
Kibisan Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Chi Mei Ind. Co. Ltd.

Kinel Filled bis-maleimide-based molding polyimides Rhône-Poulenc
KN-220 Polyethylenes, PE Chevron Chem.
Koblend Polycarbonate/AES and PC/ABS alloys ECP Enimont Polym./
EniChem
Koblend PCA Polycarbonate/ABS blends Montedipe Milano
Kodapak PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Eastman Chem. Prod.
Kodapak Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Eastman Chem. Prod.
Kodar PETG PETG, a thermoplastic copolyester of 1,4 Eastman Chem.
cyclohexylene glycol and mixture of iso- and
terephthalic acids
Kodar Thermoplastic polyesters Eastman Chem.
Kodel Polyester fiber Eastman Chem.
Kodel-10 Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Eastman Chem.
Kodel-2 Polybishydroxymethylcyclohexaneterephthalate Eastman Chem.
Kollidon Polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP BASF Plastics
Koppers Unsaturated polyesters, UP Koppers Co., Inc.
Koroseal Poly(vinyl chloride)/PVF blends BF Goodrich
Korton Thermoplastic fluoropolymer alloy Norton Performance
Plast.
Kostil BV Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN, Montepôlimeri
reinforced
Kostil Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Montepôlimeri
Kralastic Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS Uniroyal
Kralastic FVM ABS/Poly(vinyl chloride) alloys Uniroyal/Sumitomo
Kraton Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE Shell Chem. Co.
Kraton D1101 SBS three block thermoplastic elastomer Shell Chem. Co.
Kraton D1107 SIS three block thermoplastic elastomer Shell Chem. Co.
Kraton D1116 (SB)n multi block thermoplastic elastomer Shell Chem. Co.
Kraton D1320X (SI)n multi block thermoplastic elastomer Shell Chem. Co.
Kraton D2103 SBS/HIPS alloys Shell Chem. Co.
Kraton FG SEBS functionalized with maleic or succinic Shell Chem. Co.
anhydride (a PA impact modifier)
Kraton G SEBS blends Shell Chem. Co.
Kraton G1650 SEBS three block thermoplastic elastomer Shell Chem. Co.
Kraton G1701 SEP three block thermoplastic elastomer Shell Chem. Co.
K-Resin Styrene/butadiene block copolymer Phillips Petrol.
Krystaltite Poly(vinyl chloride) film, PVC Allied Signal Inc
Krynac Nitrile rubber, NBR; AN ¼ 19–50 % Polysar/Bayer AG
Krynac NV NBR/Poly(vinyl chloride) alloys (34 % AN) Polysar/Bayer AG
Krynac Xi Carboxylated NBR with i ¼ 1–9 % carboxylic Polysar/Bayer AG
Krynac XN NBR lightly cross-linked with AN ¼ 29–35 % Polysar/Bayer AG
KUI Liquid crystal polyester, LCP Bayer
Kureha KF PVDF fluorocarbon, poly(vinylidene fluoride) Kureha Corp.
Kydene/Kydex Poly(vinyl chloride)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Rohm and Haas
alloys
(continued)
Kydex lOO Poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylic alloy sheets Kleerdex Co.

Kynar Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF Elf Atochem
L
L-030 Z Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem.
L-20 FG Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, glass fiber filled Thermofil, Inc.
L-20 NF Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, graphite filled Thermofil, Inc.
L-30 FG Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, glass fiber filled Thermofil, Inc.
L-30 NF Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, graphite filled Thermofil, Inc.
L-40 AF Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, aluminum filled Thermofil, Inc.
L-9900 Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, filled Thermofil, Inc.
L.C.P. Liquid crystal polymers, LCP E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
L1, L2. L3 Poly(phenylene ether), PPE, glass fiber filled Thermofil, Inc.
Lacovyl Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, bulk polymerized Elf Atochem
Lacovyl Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, emulsion polymerized Elf Atochem
Lacovyl Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, suspension polymerized Elf Atochem
Lacovyl Vinyl chlorine-co-vinyl acetate, VC/VAc Elf Atochem
Lacqrene Crystal, high-impact polystyrene, HIPS Elf Atochem
Lacqrene Polystyrene, PS Elf Atochem
Lacqrene Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Elf Atochem
Lacqsan Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Aquitaine, France
Lacqtene HD High-density polyethylene, HDPE Elf Atochem
Lacqtene Low-density polyethylene, LDPE Elf Atochem
Lacqtene LX Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE Elf Atochem
Lacqvyl Polyvinylchlorine, PVC Elf Atochem
Ladene LLDPE, MDPE, PS resins (all grades) SABIC Marketing Ltd.
Laminac Polyester resin Cyanamid
Lanital Fiber from milk protein, CS SNIA Viscosa, Italy
LARC-TPI Polyimides, PI NASA/Mitsui Toatsu
Chem.
LARC-13 Polyimides, PI, for structural adhesives to metal NASA Langley RC
Laril Modified poly(phenylene ether), m-PPE, alloys Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Larodur Acrylic resins BASF Plastics
Larton Reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lastane Polyurethane elastomers, PUR Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lastiflex Poly(vinyl chloride)/terpolymer alloy Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lastil SAN; reinforced or not Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lastilac 09-11 ABS/polycarbonate alloy Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lastilac ABS; reinforced or not Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lastirol Polystyrene, HIPS Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lasulf Polysulfone, PSU Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Latamid 6 Polyamide-6; reinforced or not, PA-6 Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
(continued)
Latan Polyoxymethylene; reinforced or not, POM Lati Eng. Thermoplast.

Latene EP Impact modified polypropylene, PP Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Latene HD High-density polyethylene, HDPE Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Latene Polypropylene; reinforced or not, PP Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Later Reinforced polyester resins Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Latilon Polycarbonate; reinforced or not, PC Lati Eng. Thermoplast.
Lavasint Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, EVAl Bayer AG
LCP Liquid crystal polymers, LCP RTP Co.
LDPE Low-density polyethylene, LDPE Dow Chem. Co.
Le Vinychlore Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Saplast
Leacril Polyacrylonitrile, PAN ACSA, Italy
Leguval Unsaturated polyester, UP, for SMC or BMC Bayer AG/Miles
Leguval Unsaturated polyester resin, UP DSM
Leguval Unsaturated polyester, UP Bayer AG/Miles
Lekutherm Epoxy resins, EP Bayer AG/Miles
Leona HR100 Polyamide-6,6, foam grade + 30 % glass fiber Asahi Chemical
Levaflex Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE Bayer AG/Miles
Levapren Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Polysar/Bayer AG
Lewatit Ion-exchange resins Bayer AG/Miles
Lexan Polycarbonate resins or blends, toughened by PO GE Plastics
or elastomers; reinforced or not
Lexan PPC Polyphthalate-carbonate resins or blends, PPC GE Plastics
Lexan WR Fluorocarbon polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE GE Plastics
Lexan XT Poly(carbonate-co-silicone) copolymer GE Plastics
LF-1 Thermoplastic polyesters GE Plastics
Limera Styrenic blends with a variety of polymers: PS, Dainippon Ink &
PVC, PMMA, ABS, PPE; reinforced or not Chem.
LISA Polycarbonate-based light conducting polymers Bayer AG/Miles
Litrex Low-density polyethylene, LDPE PCD France
LLD Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE Dow Chem. Co.
Lomod Copolyetherimide esters elastomer blends, PBT/ GE Plastics
SBS, TPE
Lonox Polyethylene, PE Union Carbide Co.,
Inc.
Lotader AX EEVA-glycidylmethacrylate, E-EA-GMA GMA Norsolor/Elf Atochem
content ca. 8 wt%
Lotader Ethylene-ethylacryalate-vinyl acetate, EEVA Norsolor/Elf Atochem
Lotrene Low-density polyethylene, LDPE S.F.PE
Lotrex LLDPE and VLLDPE S.F.PE
Lotryl EBA and EDA copolymers Elf Atochem
LP Polyethylenes, PE Aristech Chem.
LPP Calcium carbonate-filled polypropylene, PP Ferro Corp.
LR 3320 Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE GE Plastics
Lubricom – Comalloy
Lubricomp Lubricated, wear-resistant engineering polymers, ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
filled or not, viz., PAs
(continued)
Lubricomp A ABS/PTFE or PDMS with 0–30 % glass fiber ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
Lubricomp Fulton/K POM + 0–25 PTFE, 0–2 % PDMS, filler ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
Lubriloy Internally lubricated resins ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
Lucalen Ethylene/acrylic acid/acrylate copolymers, EAA BASF Plastics
Lucalor Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride), CPVC Elf Atochem
Lucel Polyoxymethylene (acetal), POM S.P.C.I.
Lucite Poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers, E. I. du Pont de
PMMA Nemours
Lucky ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Standard Polymers
Lucobit Ethylene copolymer/bitumen blend BASF Plastics
Lucoflex Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Péchiney, France
Lucolene/Lucorex Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Elf Atochem
Lucovyl Poly(vinyl chloride) resin, PVC Elf Atochem Canada
Lucryl Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA BASF Plastics
Luparen Polypropylene, PP BASF Plastics
Luphen Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF BASF Plastics
Lupolen Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc BASF A.-G.
Lupolen O 250H LDPE blends with polyisobutylene BASF Plastics
Lupolen Polyethylenes: LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE BASF Plastics
Lupox Thermoplastic polyesters; reinforced or not S.P.C.I.
Lupoy ABS alloys S.P.C.I.
Lupragen/Lupranat Polyurethanes, PU Elastogran France
Lupranol/Lupraphen Polyurethanes, PU Elastogran France
Luprenal Acrylic resin BASF Plastics
Luran Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers and blends, BASF Plastics
SAN, ASA
Luran S SAN blended with grafted acrylic ester BASF Plastics
elastomer, ASA, and its blends
Luranyl PPE/styrene-butadiene copolymer blend, BASF Plastics
reinforced with up to 30 wt% glass fiber or not
Lustran ABS, SAN, alloys with PVC, etc. Monsanto Chem. Co.
Lustran ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, Monsanto Chem. Co.
ABS, high gloss, general purpose
Lustran Elite ABS, low gloss, high flow grades Monsanto Chem. Co.
Lustran FRABS ABS, flame-retardant grades Monsanto Chem. Co.
Lustran SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Monsanto Chem. Co.
Lustran Ultra ABS, for injection molding Monsanto Chem. Co.
Lustrex Polystyrene, PS Monsanto Chem. Co.
Lustropak Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS Monsanto Chem. Co.
Lutonal Polyvinyl ethers BASF Plastics
Luvican Polyvinylcarbazole, PVK BASF Plastics
Luvitherm Poly(vinyl chloride) foil, PVC BASF Plastics
Luxis Polyamides, PA-66 Westover Color Chem.
Lycra Diisocyanates/polyether elastomeric fibers E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Lynex PPE/polyamide blends Asahi Chemical
(continued)
M
M-2014 Thermoset melamine, MF ICI/Fiberite
M-511, M-521 MBS modifiers for PC, PEST, PVC Kaneka
MA 5000 Polystyrene, PS Chevron Chem.
Mablex ABS/polycarbonate alloys Mazzucchelli Cell.
MABS Glass fiber-reinforced ABS Modified Plastics
MAC Glass fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene, POM Modified Plastics
Macepreg Preimpregnated polyesters Mecelec Holding
Maflex Butadiene-styrene copolymer, SB Sic Plastics France
Magnacomp Polyamide-6 filled with barium ferrite LNP Engineering
Magnum Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Dow Chem. Co.
Makroblend DP Polycarbonate/PET/HDPE alloys; general purpose Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Makroblend EC 900 PVC/elastomer, high-impact blends Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Makroblend PBT/elastomer Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Makroblend PR Polycarbonate/PBT or PET alloys Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Makroblend UT Polycarbonate/PET/ABS alloys, filled or not Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Makrofol Polycarbonate films, PC or PC/PVF Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Makrolon Polycarbonate, PC, and impact-modified PC, Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
containing <6 % butyl acrylate-methacrylate
elastomer; blends reinforced or not
Malecca SMI blends with ABS or PBT Denki Kagaku
Malon Thermoplastic polyesters MA Industries
Maragla Epoxy resins, EP Acme Div. of Allied
Maranyl Impact modified, PA-66 or PA-6/elastomer ICI Adv. Mater.
blends, mineral filled
Marlex Polyethylenes, PE Phillips 66 Co.
Marlex BMN Polyethylene, PE Phillips 66 Co.
Marlex CL Polyethylene, PE Phillips 66 Co.
Marlex CP Polypropylene, PP Phillips 66 Co.
Marlex EHM Polyethylene, PE Phillips 66 Co.
Marlex ER Mineral-filled polyethylene, PE Phillips 66 Co.
Marlex GP Polypropylene, PP Phillips 66 Co.
Marlex HGL Polypropylene, PP Phillips 66 Co.
Marlex PE Polyethylene, PE Phillips 66 Co.
Marnyte Poly(ethylene terephthalate); glass filled or not, PET Bamberger Polymers
Marvalloy Acrylic-modified polystyrene Marval Industries
Marvylan Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC L.V.M. France
Marvyloy ABS/poly(vinyl chloride) alloys DSM
MAT-20FG Glass fiber-filled polyoxymethylene, POM Modified Plastics
Mater-Bi Starch-based biodegradable thermoplastics Novamont
MB 1000 Unsaturated polyesters, UP Mar Bal Inc.
MC 2100 Polystyrene, PS Chevron Chem.
MDI Polyurethane, PU Dow
Megarad Polycarbonate, PC Dow Chem. Co.
Megol Elastomeric compounds Polymix
(continued)
Melacoll Melamine-formaldehyde resins, MF Piesteritz

Melan Melamine-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde Henke
Meldin 2001 Polyimide, PI; for high-temperature electrical parts Furon Dixon
Meldin 2021 PI + 15 % graphite; high-temperature Furon Dixon
applications
Meldin 2030 PI + 30 % PTFE; high-temperature bearings Furon Dixon
Melinar PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET ICI Adv. Mater.
Melinex Poly(ethylene terephthalate) films, PET ICI Films
Melinite Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET ICI Adv. Mater.
Melmex Melamine-formaldehyde molding powders, MF BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Melochem Melamine-formaldehyde, MF C.P.R.I.
Melolam Melamine-formaldehyde laminating resins, MF Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Melopas Melamine molding compound, MF Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Meraklon Polypropylene, PP Montecatini
Merlon Polycarbonate, PC; PC/PO blends Bayer AG/Miles
Mertex TPU blends Bayer AG/Miles
Metablen P-522 Acrylic processing aid for PVC blow molding Mitsubishi Rayon
Co., Metco
Metablen P-570 Acrylic processing aid for PVC siding Mitsubishi Rayon
Co., Metco
Metamarble Polycarbonate/PMMA alloy Teijin Chem. Ltd.
Methafil Mica- or glass fiber-filled polymethylpentene Akzo/DSM
Methocel Ethyl and methyl cellulose Dow
Methylon Phenolic resin, PF Cain Chem. Inc.
MG-6 Silica-filled epoxy resins, EP Dexter Corp.
Mikrothene FE, MU Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Quantum Chem.
Mikrothene FN Polyolefins, PO Quantum Chem.
Mikrothene HD, MD Polyethylenes, PE Quantum Chem.
Milastomer TP elastomer Mitsui
Milkon PPS/PTFE blend Tribol. Ind. Inc.
Millathane Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, TPE TSE Industries, Inc.
Mindel Polysulfone, PSF or PSO, blends; filled or not Amoco Performance
Product
Mindel A Polysulfone/ABS blends; filled or not Amoco Chem. Co.
Mindel B Polysulfone/PET blends; filled or not Amoco Chem. Co.
Minlon PA-66 or PA-66/ionomer alloy + mineral/glass E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Mipolam Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Dynamit Nobel
Miramid Polyamides, PA Soprochim
Miraspin Polyethylenes, PE Mitsui Petrochem.
Mirathen Low-density polyethylene, LDPE Soprochim
Mirlon Polyamide, PA Viscose Suisse
MN-6 Glass fiber-filled polyamide-6, PA-6 Modified Plastics
MN-6/6 Glass fiber-filled polyamide-66, PA-66 Modified Plastics
Moatek Ethylene-butene-1, or octene-1, copolymer Idemitsu Petrochem.
(continued)
Mobil MX Polystyrenes, PS Mobil Chem. Co.

Mobil Polyethylenes, PE Mobil Chem. Co.
Mobil PS Polystyrenes, PS Mobil Chem. Co.
Modar Urethane-modified acrylic resin ICI Chem. Polym.
Modylen PP copolymer/EPDM blends Tiszai Vegyi Komb.
Moldex A ABS/polycarbonate alloy Anic
Moltopren Foam material based on polyurethane, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Monkalloy P PC/ABS alloys with glass fiber Monsanto-Kasei Co.
Monocast PA directly polymerized into shapes Polymer Corp.
Moplen PP homopolymers and copolymers with ethylene Himont/Montedison
Mor-Thane Thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU Morton Thiokol
Morthane Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU Morton International,
Inc
Morvanflex Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE S.P.2.I
Mowicoll Poly(vinyl acetate) dispersions, PVAc Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Mowilith Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Mowiol Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Mowital Poly(vinyl butyral), PVB Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
MPBT-FG Glass fiber-filled polybutylene terephthalate, Modified Plastics
PBT
MPC Phenolic resin, PF Rogers Corp
MPC-FG Glass fiber filled polycarbonate, PC Modified Plastics
MPP-FG Glass fiber filled polypropylene, PC Modified Plastics
MPPE PA/PPE alloys Asahi Chem. Ind.
MPPO-FG Glass fiber-filled poly(phenylene ether), PPE Modified Plastics
MPSL-FG Glass fiber-filled polysulfone, PSU Modified Plastics
Multi-Flam Polypropylene Multibase, Inc.
Multi-Flex SEBS (Kraton G)-based TPEs Multibase, Inc.
Multi-Hips Polystyrene, PS, HIPS Multibase, Inc.
Multi-Pro Polypropylene Multibase, Inc.
Multi-San SAN copolymer Multibase, Inc.
Multibase ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer Multibase, Inc.
Multibase ABS Multibase, Inc.
Multibase Reinforced polypropylene, PP Multibase, Inc.
MultiChem Vinyl compounds Colorite Plastics
Multilon Polycarbonates and PC/ABS alloys Teijin Chem. Ltd.
Multipet Polyethylene-polyester multilayer film Wihuri Oy Wipak
MX-5350 Polystyrene/elastomer blends Mobil
Mylar Poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, PET E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
(continued)
N
N05FG Polyamide-6 with 5 % glass fiber, PA-6 Thermofil, Inc.
N15-40NF Polyamide-610 with 40 % graphite fiber, PA-610 Thermofil, Inc.
N3-20FG Polyamide-66 with 20 % glass fiber, PA-66 Thermofil, Inc.
N40fm Polyamide-6 with 40 % glass fiber and mineral Thermofil, Inc.
N40MF Polyamide-6 with 40 % mineral, PA-6 Thermofil, Inc.
N5 PA/ABS alloys containing up to 30 wt% GF Thermofil, Inc.
N6-30MF Polyamide-612 with 30 % mineral, PA-612 Thermofil, Inc.
N66G-30 Polyamide-66 with 30 % glass fiber, PA-66 Polymer Composites
Nafion Perfluorinated membranes E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Nalcite Ion-exchange resin National Aluminate
NAP Polyarylate, amorphous; 3,30 , 5,50 -tetramethyl- Kanegafuchi Chem.
dihydroxydiphenylmethane copolymer
Napryl Polypropylene, PP Péchiney, France
NAS 30 Poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate), Novacor Chemicals
transparent
NAS 50 Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene), Novacor Chemicals
transparent
Natene Polyethylenes, PE Péchiney, France
Natsyn Polyisoprene Goodyear
Naxell Polycarbonate (recycled) MRC Polymers
Naxols/Naxoreses Polyester resins for paints and varnishes Convert
NCH “Nylon-Clay Hybrid”; polyamide-6 with Ube Industries, Ltd.
montmorillonite particles 0.1–0.2 nm diameter;
nanometer composite developed by Toyota
Research Corp.
Neo Cis Elastomers Enimont/Safic-Alcan
Neo-zex Polyethylenes, PE Mitsui Petrochem.
Neoflon FEP Fluorinated ethylene-propylene, FEP Daikin
Neoflon PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE Daikin
Neoflon PFE Perfluoroalkoxyether, PFE Daikin
Neoflon PVDF Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF Daikin
Neopolen PE/polypropylene foam BASF Plastics
Neopolen Polystyrene/polyethylene, PS/PE, blend BASF Plastics
Neoprene Polychloroprene, CR E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Neoprene Synthetic polychloroprene rubber E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Neosepta F Ionic fluoropolymer membrane Tokoyama Soda
Neoxil Unsaturated polyester resin, UP DSM
Neste Oxo Plastisols, PVC Neste Chim.
Neste Polystyrene Polystyrene, PS Neste Chim.
Neste PP Polypropylene, PP Neste Chim.
(continued)
Newcon Reactor made TPO/PP alloys for car bumpers Chiso Corp.
New TPI Polyimides; reinforced or not, PI S.P.C.I.
Niax Polyether from glycerin or hexane-1,2,6-triol Union Carbide Co.
Nike Cellulose nitrate, CN Punda Inc.
Nipoflex Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Toyo Soda
Niopolon Polyethylene Toyo Soda
Nipeon AL ABS/poly(vinyl chloride) (50 %) alloy Zeon Kasei Co.
Nipol AR Polyacrylate elastomers Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Nipol Carboxylated Nitrile rubbers lightly carboxylated, NBR Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Nipol DP 5120P NBR modifiers for clear PVC Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Nipol Nitrile elastomers, NBR, AN ¼ 21–51 % also Nippon Zeon Co.,
liquids, powders, or crumbs Ltd.
Nipol Polyblends NBR/PVC (30–50 %) elastomeric alloys Nippon Zeon Co.,
plasticized or not Ltd.
Nipol Terpolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-isoprene elastomers; Nippon Zeon Co.,
grade DN-224 contains 50 % DOP Ltd.
Nissan 1000–3000 Polyethylenes, PE Nissan Chem. Ind.
Nitriflex Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS A. Schulman, Inc.
Nitrilene Poly(vinyl chloride)/BR/ABS alloys Rhein Chemie
Nitron Cellulose nitrate, CN Monsanto Chem. Co.
Nitrovin Nitrile or polyurethane rubber/PVC, alloys Vi-Chem Corp.
Nivionplast Polyamides, PA-6, PA-66 ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Nivionplast Polyamide-6, PA-6 EniChem
Noblen Polypropylene, PP Mitsubishi Petrochem.
Noblen Polypropylene; filled or not, PP Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Nolimid 32 Polyimides; for junction coatings, PI Rhône-Poulenc
Nomex Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fibers, PPA E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Norasol Polycarboxylate, water soluble Elf Atochem
Norchem Polyethylenes, PE Quantum Chem.
Norchem Polyethylenes, reinforced or not, PE Norchem, Inc.
Norchem Polyolefins: LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, PP Enron Chem. Co.
Nordbak 7451 Epoxy or polyurethane Rexnord Chem.
Nordel EPDM, hydrocarbon rubbers E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Norsodyne Polyester resins Norsolor/Please
Norsoflex Polyethylenes: LLDPE and VLLDPE S.F.PE
Norsolene C-9 hydrocarbon resins, PE Elf Atochem
Norsomix Polyester resin compounds Norsolor
Norsophen Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF Norsolor
Norsorex Polynorbornene elastomers Cyanamid/Atochem/
Nippon Zeon Co.
Nortuff Polypropylene, PP Quantum Chem. Co.
Norvinyl Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Norsk Hydro/Hydro
PLast
(continued)
Noryl PPE thermoplastic blends, reinforced or not GE Plastics

Noryl BN PPE/HIPS alloys; reinforced or not GE Plastics
Noryl FN Foamable PPE/HIPS alloys GE Plastics
Noryl GFN Glass fiber-filled PPE/HIPS alloys GE Plastics
Noryl GTX PA/PPE(30 %) blend, reinforced or not GE Plastics
Noryl Plus PPE/HIPS/PA alloys GE Plastics
Nova PC Polycarbonate, PC; with flame retardant or not Nova Polymers, Inc.
Novablend Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC; rigid Novcor
Novablend 4510 PVC alloy with glutarimide acrylic copolymer Novatech Plastics &
for hot-fill bottles Chem.
Novacor – Novacor
Novaccurate Liquid crystal polyester with glass fiber or not Mitsubishi Chem.
Novadur Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Mitsubishi Chem.
Novadur ST520 Poly(butylene terephthalate) with 20 % acrylic Mitsubishi Chem.
rubber
Novalar Elastomeric grafting copolymer to be used in Nova Polymers, Inc.
ABS, PVC, PC, PBT, TPU, EP, acrylics, etc., for
improvement of impact strength and ductility
Novalast Thermoplastic olefins, TPE Nova Polymers, Inc.
Novalene TPO compound from recycled PE or PP; 50–90 Nova Polymers, Inc.
Shore A durometer
Novalene RF TPO/TPE impact modifier for PE or PP Nova Polymers, Inc.
Novalloy 9000 Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS alloy, PVC/ABS Novatech Plastics &
Chem.
Novalloy-A PA-6 or PA-66 blends with ABS Daicel Chem. Ind., Ltd.
Novalloy-B PBT blends with ABS, reinforced or not Daicel Chem. Ind., Ltd.
Novalloy-S ABS/polycarbonate blends, reinforced or not Daicel Chem. Ind., Ltd.
Novamate A AAS/polycarbonate blends Mitsubishi Chem.
Novamate B ABS/polycarbonate blends Mitsubishi Chem.
Novamid Polyamides Mitsubishi Chem.
Novamid ST220 Polyamide/elastomer blends Mitsubishi Chem.
Novamid X21 Semi-aromatic amorphous polyamide Mitsubishi Chem.
Novapet Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with glass fiber or not Mitsubishi Chem.
Novapol Polyethylenes Novacor
Novapol LD Low-density polyethylene, LDPE Novacor
Novapol LL Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE Novacor
Novapol, HD High-density polyethylene, HDPE Novacor
Novapps Poly(phenylene sulfide) blends Mitsubishi Chem.
Novarex AM PC/elastomer with glass fiber or not Mitsubishi Chem.
Novarex Polycarbonates, PC Mitsubishi Chem.
Novatec P Polypropylenes, PP Mitsubishi Chem.
Novatec Polyethylenes, PE Mitsubishi Chem.
Novex Low-density polyethylene, LDPE BP Chemicals Limited
Novimide Epoxy resins, EP Furane Products
Novodur Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Bayer AG/Miles
Novolac Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF Perstorp Bakelite S.A.
(continued)
Novolen KR Polypropylene/EPR blend BASF Plastics

Novolen Polypropylene, PP, also filled and reinforced BASF Plastics
Novolen Rubber modified PP/PE blend BASF Plastics
Novon Based on starch, biodegradable polymers for Warner-Lambert/
extrusion, injection molding, or thermoforming Novon Co.
Nucrel Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, EMAA E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Nupol Thermoset acrylics Freeman Chem. Corp.
NX-7000 PPE/PA-6 alloys for automobile applications Mitsubishi Gas Chem.
NX-9000 PPE/polyamide-66 alloys Mitsubishi Gas Chem.
Ny-Kon PA-6 or PA-66 internally lubricated with MoS2 LNP Eng. Plastics
Nybex Polyamides, PA-6,PA-66, impact modified Ferro Corp.
Nycoa 1485 Polyamide-6 with PE toughened blends Nylon Corp. of
America
Nycoa 2084 Polyamide-6 with EEA toughened blends Nylon Corp. of
America
Nycoa 7551 Polyamide-6 with EPR toughened blends Nylon Corp. of
America
Nydur Polyamide, PA/PO blends, fiber reinforced or not Bayer AG/Miles
Nylafil G Polyamide-6/elastomer; glass or carbon fibers Akzo/DSM/Wilson-
Fiberfil
Nylafil J-1 Polyamide-66/elastomer; glass or carbon fibers Akzo/DSM/Wilson-
Fiberfil
Nylafil J-2 Polyamide-610/elastomer blend; glass fibers Akzo/DSM/Wilson-
Fiberfil
Nylamid Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66; reinforced or not, Polymer Service
PA
Nylatron GS Nylon Polyamides; glass, mineral, or MoS2, in shapes Polymer Corp.
Nylon 6T Poly(hexamethylenediamine-terephthalic acid) Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Nylon 7000 Polyamide/elastomer blend Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Nylon Celanese Polyamides; reinforced or not, PA Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Nylon Generic name for polyamides, PA E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Nylon MXD Polyamides, PA Mitsubishi Gas
Nyltex Polyamides, PA Vecoplas
Nypel Polyamide-6; reinforced or not, PA-6 Allied Signal Inc
Nyref Semicrystalline polyamides N-MXD6, PA-N Solvay & Cie SA
Nyrim PA-block copolymers DSM
O
Oldodur Integral-skin-rigid foams Buesting & Fasch Co.
Oldofill Packing foams Buesting & Fasch Co.
Oldoflex Integral skin, flexible foams Buesting & Fasch Co.
Oldotherm Rigid foams Buesting & Fasch Co.
(continued)
Oleflex TPO blend of PE, PP, and a-olefin random Showa Denko K. K.
copolymer.
Olehard Filled polypropylene Chiso America
Ontex ABX, APE PP/EPDM – elastomer/binder blends Dexter Corporation.
Oppanol B Polyisobutylene, PIB BASF Plastics.
Oppanol C Polyvinylisobutyl ether, PVI BASF Plastics.
Oppanol O Isobutylene-styrene copolymer (9:1) BASF Plastics
Oppanol Polyisobutylene, PIB BASF Plastics
Optema Ethylene-maleic anhydride, EMA copolymers Exxon Chem.
Optix Acrylic resins Plaskolite
Opto 90 Epoxy resins, EP ICI/Fiberite
Optum Polypropylene/TPO alloys, reinforced Ferro Corp.
Orevac Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVAc Elf Atochem
Orgablend Polyamide/polypropylene recycled alloys, PA/PP Elf Atochem
Orgaflex Polyphosphazene Elf Atochem
Orgalan Polycarbonate, PC Elf Atochem
Orgalloy R 60ES Polypropylene/polyamide-6, CO2, H2O barrier Elf Atochem
Orgalloy R 6000 Polypropylene/polyamide-6 alloys, PP/PA-6 with Elf Atochem
up to 30 wt% GF
Orgalloy R 6600 Polypropylene/polyamide-66 alloys, PP/PA-66 Elf Atochem
Orgamide Polyamide-6, PA-6 Elf Atochem
Orgasol Ultrafine powder polyamides, PA Elf Atochem
Orgater PBT, PBT/EVA/PEBA alloys Elf Atochem
Orlon Polyacrylonitrile, PAN E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Oroglas Polyacrylates and polymethacrylates Rohm and Haas
OS0100 Epoxy resins, EP Dexter Corp.
OS2000 Epoxy resins, EP Dexter Corp.
Owens-Corning E- Unsaturated polyesters, UP Owens/Corning
Oxy 3700 Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Occidental Chem.
Corp.
Oxyblend Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, elastomer blends Occidental Chem.
Corp.
Oxyclear Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid formulation, PVC Occidental Chem.
Corp.
Oxyclear 4190 PVC alloy with glutarimide acrylic copolymer Occidental Chem.
for hot-fill bottles Corp.
Oxyester Polyurethanes, PU H€
uls AG
Oxytuf Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/EPDM blends Occidental Chem.
Corp.
P
P-2000 Unsaturated polyesters, UP Industrial Dielect.
P-9900- Polypropylene; filled or not, PP Thermofil, Inc.
P-xyBG Polypropylene with xy wt% glass beads, PP Thermofil, Inc.
P-xyCC Polypropylene with xy wt% CaCO3, PP Thermofil, Inc.
P-xyFG Polypropylene with xy wt% glass fibers, PP Thermofil, Inc.
(continued)
P-xyMF Polypropylene with xy wt% mineral, PP Thermofil, Inc.

P-xyMI Polypropylene with xy wt% mica, PP Thermofil, Inc.
P-xyTC Polypropylene with xy wt% talc, PP Thermofil, Inc.
P.M.C. Gel coats Synres-Almoco
P1-xyFG Polypropylene with xy wt% of glass fiber, PP Thermofil, Inc.
P1120 Polypropylene filled with mineral and glass, PP MA Industries
PA66-110 Polyamide-66; filled or not, PA-66 MRC Polymers Inc.
PAF-200 to 600 Polyoxymethylene with 10–30 wt% glass, POM Polyfil, Inc.
Palapreg SMC/BMC resins, resin system BASF Plastics
Palatal Unsaturated polyester resins, UP BASF Plastics
Palesit Silicones S.P.C.I.
Panapol Polybutylene, PB Exxon Chem.
Panlite Polycarbonates; filled or not, PC Teijin Chem. Ltd.
Pantalast Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/EVAc alloys Pantasote Inc.
Paracril AZO Nitrile rubber/Poly(vinyl chloride), NBR/PVC alloy Uniroyal Chemical
Parad Photopolymer, resistant and dielectric E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Paraglas Cast acrylic sheet, PMMA Degussa AG
Paralac Polyester resin, UP ICI Adv. Mater.
Paraloid EXL-3361 Acrylic impact modifier for PC and its blends Rohm and Haas
Paraloid EXL-3657 MBS impact modifier for PC and its blends Rohm and Haas
Paraloid EXL-4151 Polyglutarimide for alloying PC with polyamide Rohm and Haas
Paraloid HT-510 Polyacrylic-imide modifier for PVC bottles Rohm and Haas
Paraloid Poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene) Rohm and Haas
MBS (old Acryloid™)
Paraplast 8000 Epoxy resins, EP Hexcel Corp.
Paraplex Polyester resin Rohm and Haas
Parastyren Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR Paraisten Kalkki Oy
Parel Polypropylene oxide elastomers Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Parlon Chlorinated rubber, RUC Hercules
Parylene C Poly(monochloro-p-xylene) Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Parylene D Poly(dichloro-p-xylene) Union Carbide Co., Inc.
Parylene N Polyparaxylene Union Carbide Co., Inc.
PAS-2 Polyphenylsulfide-sulfone Phillips
Pax-Plus HDPE/polyisobutylene blends Allied-Signal Corp.
Paxon Polyethylene/polyisobutylene, PE/PIB, blends Allied-Signal Corp./
Paxon
Paxon Pax-Plus PE/elastomer blends Allied-Signal Corp./
Paxon
PBF-300 Poly(butylene terephthalate), glass filled, PBT Polyfil, Inc.
PBT-5008 Poly(butylene terephthalate); filled or not, PBT Mitsubishi Chem.
PBTGL-30 Poly(butylene terephthalate), 30 % glass filled, PBT Polymer Compos.
PC-00B Polycarbonate; filled or not, PC Plastic Materials
PC-100 Polycarbonate; filled or not, PC MRC Polymers, Inc.
PC-12 Epoxy resins, EP Dexter Corp.
(continued)
PC-18 Polyurethane (TS) Dexter Corp.

PCC-800 Polycarbonate; carbon fiber filled, PC Polyfil, Inc.
PCCE-5154 Thermoplastic polyester Eastman Chem. Prod.
PCF-800 Polycarbonate; glass fiber filled, PC Polyfil, Inc.
PCGL-30 Polycarbonate, 30 % glass filled, PC Polymer Compos.
PDC-400 Poly(phenylene sulfide) with carbon fibers, PPS Polyfil, Inc.
PDF-400 Poly(phenylene sulfide) with glass fibers, PPS Polyfil, Inc.
PE-1007 to 5976 Polyethylenes, PE Chevron Chem.
PE-2FR Polyethylenes; filled or not, PE Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Pebar Blends of polyolefins (HDPE, PP) with high BP Chemicals
nitrile resin, Barex™
Pebax TPE polyether block amide; GF filled or not Elf Atochem
Pedigree 433 Unsaturated polyester, UP P. D. George Co.
PEF-400 Polyethylene with glass fibers, PE Polyfil, Inc.
Pekema Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Punda Inc.
Pelaspan Polystyrene, expandable Dow Chem. Co.
Pellethane Polyurethane TPU, ABS/TPU, TPE Upjohn/Dow Chem.
Pellethane 2102 Polyester-polycaprolactone Dow Chem. Co.
Pellethane 2103 Polyether TPU Dow Chem. Co.
Pellethane 2352 Thermoplastic elastomer, TPU Dow Chem. Co.
Pellethane 2355 Polyester TPU Dow Chem. Co.
Pellethane 2363 Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU Dow Chem. Co.
Pellets Polyurethane, TPU Fimor
Pelprene Aliphatic-b-aromatic polyester copolymer Toyobo Corp.
Pensrene EN IPN of poly(phenylene sulfide) and TS resin Dainippon Ink &
Chem.
Penton Poly(2,2-dichloromethyltrimethylene ether) Hercules
PEO Polyethylene oxide Seitetsu Kagaku
Perbunan C Polychloroprene elastomer, CR Bayer AG/Miles
Perbunan N Latex Anionic latices of nitrile rubber, NBR; 45–50 % Polysar/Bayer AG
solids; AN ¼ 18–48 %
Perbunan N Nitrile rubber, NBR; AN ¼ 18–48 % Polysar/Bayer AG
Pergut Diverse resins Bayer AG
Periston Polyvinylpyrrolidone Bayer AG/Miles
Perlenka Polyamide-6, PA-6 AKU, Netherlands
Perlon Generic name for polyamide-6, PA-6 Bayer AG/Miles
Perlon U Polyurethane, PU Bayer AG/Miles
PermaStat 100 Polypropylene, with 0 % and 10 % glass fiber RTP Co.
PermaStat 2500 Polycarbonate/ABS alloys RTP Co.
PermaStat 2700 Styrenic elastomer resins RTP Co.
PermaStat 4000 Polyphthalamide with 0 % and 30 % glass fiber RTP Co.
Permutit Ion-exchange resin Permutit Co.
Perspex Cast, extruded PMMA sheet ICI Chem. Polym. Ltd.
Perstorp Grade 151 Urea-formaldehyde, UF Perstorp, Inc.
Perstorp Grade 751 Melamine-formaldehyde, MF Perstorp, Inc.
(continued)
PET Azdel Polypropylene with 35 % glass fiber, PP Azdel Inc.

Pet Thermoplastic polyesters ICI
PETGL-30 Poly(ethylene terephthalate), 30 % glass filled, PET
Polymer Compos.
Petlon Poly(ethylene terephthalate) glass/mineral filled
Bayer AG/Miles
Petra Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Allied Signal Inc
Petra 130 Poly(ethylene terephthalate), glass filled, PETAllied Signal Inc
Petra 230 Poly(ethylene terephthalate), glass/mineral filled
Allied-Signal Inc.
Petrarch PTFP Polytetrafluorethylene, PTFE Petrarch Systems
Petron Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Mobay
Petrothene LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, PP, EVAc; filled or not Quantum Chem. Co.
Petsar PET/PC/acrylic blends with 30 % glass fiber Novacor Chemicals
Inc.
Pevalon Poly(vinyl alcohol) May & Baker
Pevikon Poly(vinyl chloride) resins, PVC Norsk Hydro/Hydro
PLast
PGF-400 Glass-filled poly(phenylene ether), PPE Polyfil, Inc.
PHC-600 Carbon fiber-filled polysulfone, PSU Polyfil, Inc.
Phenoxy Bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin copolymer Amoco Performance
PHF-400 Glass-filled polysulfone, PSU Polyfil, Inc.
Philprene Styrene-butadiene thermoplastic copolymer, SBR Phillips 66 Co.
PI-730 Polyimide; glass or carbon fiber filled, PI ICI/Fiberite
Pibiflex Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT copolymers Enimont
Pibiter PBT homopolymers or blends; filled or not Montepolimeri/
EniChem
Pioloform Polyvinyl acetal, butyral, and formal Wacker-Chemie
PIQ Polyimide, electronic coatings, PI Hitachi
PKF-400 Glass-filled ABS Polyfil, Inc.
PL-25 Acrylics Plaskolite, Inc.
Plaper Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR Mitsubishi Monsanto
Plaskon Thermoset resins: alkyd, DAP, epoxy, phenolic Plaskon Electronic
Plaslube Lubricated resins Akzo/DSM
Plaslube AC Polyoxymethylene with 15 % fluorocarbon, POM Akzo/DSM
Plaslube J PC, PA-66, PSU; lubricated materials with GF Akzo/DSM
Plaslube NY Polyamide-66 with 5 % MoS2, PA-66 Akzo/DSM
Plastadur Phenol-formaldehyde, PF Soprochim
Plastalloy Polysulfone alloys with short glass fiber, PSU Akzo/DSM
Plastylene Polyethylene, PE Pichney-Saint-Gobain
Platabond Copolyamides, hot melts Elf Atochem
Platamid Copolyamides, hot melts Elf Atochem
Plathen Polyethylene hot melt, PE Elf Atochem
Deutschland
Platherm Copolyamides, hot melts Elf Atochem
Platilon TPU and nylon films Elf Atochem
Deutschland
Platon PET, polyamide-6 monofilaments Elf Atochem
Deutschland
(continued)
Plenco Diallyl phthalate, phenolics, polyesters Plastics Engineering

Co.
Plexalloy PMMA/ABS alloys Rohm and Haas
Plexar PO-based adhesives DSM
Plexidur Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate) Rohm and Haas
Plexiglas Acrylic, methacrylic resins and blends Roehm GmbH/
AtoHaas
Plexiglas G, V, MC Acrylic, methacrylic resins and copolymers Rohm and Haas
Plexigum Acrylate and methacrylate resins Rohm and Haas
Pliocord VP Latex Vinylpyridine copolymer Goodyear Chemicals
Pliofilm Hydrochloride rubber Goodyear Chemicals
Pliogrip Polyurethane adhesives, PU Ashland Chemicals
Pliolite Styrene-butadiene copolymers Goodyear Chemicals
Pluracol Polyether polyols BASF Plastics
Pluronics Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers, EPO Wyandotte Chem.
Plyophen Phenolic resin, Cain Chem. Inc.
PMF-400 Glass-filled polyamide-66, PA-66 Polyfil, Inc.
PNC-400 Carbon fiber-filled polyamide-66, PA-66 Polyfil, Inc.
PO Polypropylene, PP MA Industries
Pocan 7913 PBT/PC/elastomer alloys Bayer AG/Miles
Pocan Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, PBT/ABS Bayer AG/Miles/Albis
Pocan-S PBT/elastomer blends Bayer AG/Miles
POF-400 Glass-filled polyamide-6, PA-6 Polyfil, Inc.
Polane T, HST Urethane coatings Sherwin-Williams Co
Poliblend NH Polypropylene/polyamide blend; reinforced or not Poliresins SpA
Polidux ABS, SAN, polystyrenes Aiscondel
Polifil Polypropylene + mineral, talc, calcium Polifil, Inc.
carbonate
Pollopas Urea-formaldehyde resins, UF Dynamit Nobel
Polloplas Urea-based cellulose-containing compound Dynamit Nobel
Poly BD Polybutene, hydroxyl terminated Elf Atochem
Poly G Specialty polyols Olin Chemicals
Poly-Dap Diallyl phthalate; glass or mineral filled Industrial Dielect.
Poly-Eth Polyethylene, PE Gulf Oil
Polyac Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Primex
Polybatch PE, PP, PVC, PA, ABS color concentrates A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyblak Carbon black concentrates A. Schulman, Inc.
Polybond Chemically modified POs PB Performance
Polymers
Polycarbafil G Polycarbonate; filled with glass, metal, carbon Akzo/DSM
Polycast Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl Royalite
methacrylate) blends for electrets
Polychem 100 Phenolic resins filled with glass, wood, etc. Budd Co.
Polyclear Polyethylene terephthalate, PET Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Polycol Poly(vinyl chloride) compound, PVC Elf Atochem
(continued)
Polycomp PPS or PET/PTFE blends LNP Corp.

Polycomp PTFE filled with PPS or PAr blends LNP Corp.
Polydene Poly(methyl methacrylate)/PVC alloy A. Schulman, Inc.
Polydet GRP plates (polyester) Mitras Kunstoffe
GmbH
Polydur Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU Dynamit Nobel/A.
Schulman
Polyfil – Polyfil
Polyfine – Tokuyama Soda
Polyflam X Flame-retarded resins; X ¼ ABS, PS, PE, PP, etc. A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyflon Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE Daikin
Polyfort Polypropylene; filled with mineral, glass, PP A Schulman Inc.
Polyimide Polyimide, PI Upjohn Co.
Polylac Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Chi Mei Industrial Co.
Polylite Unsaturated polyester resin, UP Reichhold Ltd.
Polyloy Polyamide-6 or polyamide-6,6/PO or TPO blends Dr. Illing GmbH
Polyman ABS or SAN/PVC compounds A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyman 506, 509, etc. Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS high-temperature alloys A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyman 551 Polyolefin, PO A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyman 552 SAN/PO blends A. Schulman, Inc.
Polymer XE 3055 Polyamide blends, PA EMS-Chemie AG
Polymin Polyethyleneimine BASF Plastics
Polyox Polyethylene oxide Union Carbide
Polypenco Acrylic Cast acrylic rods Polymer Corp.
Polypenco Nylon 101 PA-66 reinforced or not (rods or sheets) Polymer Corp.
Polypenco Q200.5 Cross-linked PS (rods or sheets) Polymer Corp.
Polypenco Torlon Polyamide-imide in rods or plates Polymer Corp.
Polypro J Polypropylene; filled or not, PP Mitsui Petrochem.
Polypro KS Polypropylene; filled or not, PP Tokuyama Soda Co.
Polypur APU Long fiber-reinforced TPU alloys A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyrex P Polystyrene, PS Chi Mei Industrial
Polyrite PP Unsaturated polyester with glass fiber, UP Polyply, Inc.
Polysar Bromobutyl Bromobutyl rubber, BIIR Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar Butyl Butyl rubber, BR Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar Chlorobutyl Chlorobutyl rubber, CIIR Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar EPDM EPDM rubbers with ethylene/propylene Polysar/Bayer AG
ratio ¼ 58/42 to 75/25
Polysar Polystyrene, PS Novacor
Polysar PS with 4–8 % polybutadiene blend Novacor
Polysar S Emulsion SBR with 23.5 % bound styrene Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysar SS Emulsion SBR with 64 % bound styrene Polysar/Bayer AG
Polysizer Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl Showa Highpolymer
Polystyrol Polystyrene/polybutadiene alloys, HIPS, styrene- BASF Plastics
butadiene copolymer, SBR, etc.
Polysulfon Poly(bisphenol-A/dichlorodiphenylsulfone) Shell Chem. Co.
(continued)
Polythene Polyethylenes, PE (high pressure) E. I. du Pont de

Nemours
Polytron Electroconductive Poly(vinyl chloride) alloys BF Goodrich
Polytrope TPP TPO alloys, PP/EPDM A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyval Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl Unitika Kasei
Polyvest Polybutadiene, PB H€uls AG
Polyvin Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC A. Schulman, Inc.
Polyviol Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl Wacker-Chemie
Poticon PA-66, POM, PBT, PA-6 with potassium titanate Biddle Sawyer Corp.
PP-C1CC Polypropylene with calcium carbonate, PP Reichhold Chem., Inc.
PP-C2TF Polypropylene with talc, PP Reichhold Chem., Inc.
PP-G2MF Polypropylene with mica, PP Reichhold Chem., Inc.
PP-HFG Polypropylene with glass fiber, PP Reichhold Chem., Inc.
PPO Poly(2,6-dimethyl-phenylene ether), PPE GE Plastics
Prester Polyester polyurethanes, TPU SPRA Neste Polyesters
Prevail TPU/ABS alloys Dow Plastics
Prevex PPE alloys GE Plastics
Prevex P2A, V3A PA/PPE-copolymer blends with glass fiber GE Plastics
Prevex PMA, PQA PPE-copolymer-based blends with HIPS GE Plastics
Prevex S33 Polyamide/PPE-copolymer alloys GE Plastics
Primacor EAA copolymer, EEA-type adhesives Dow Chem. Co.
Primef Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS, with GF, CF, or Solvay & Cie SA
mineral fillers
Primex Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Primex
PRL-ABS ABS; glass filled or not Polymer Resources
PRL-Acetal Acetal; glass filled or not, POM Polymer Resources
PRL-Nylon Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66; glass filled or not, Polymer Resources
PA
PRL-PC Polycarbonate; glass filled or not, PC Polymer Resources
PRM Polymer reflective material; PC/acrylic Dow Plastics
multilayer metallic-like sheets
Pro-Fax PP homopolymers, copolymers with ethylene and Himont Canada
PP/EPR blends
Pro-Seal Epoxy resins, EP Prod. Res.& Chem.
Procom Polypropylene, PP, PP/PA semi-IPNs ICI Materials – Plast.
Procond-H Polypropylene, PP United Composites
Profil Polypropylene + CaCO3, talc, mica, carbon, etc. Wilson-Fiberfil
Profil Polypropylene with glass or carbon fiber, PP Akzo/DSM
Proloy ABS/polycarbonate alloys GE Plastics
Propafilm Oriented PP film, OPP ICI Films
Propak Polypropylene PolyPacific
Propathene Polypropylene, PP, toughened PP/EPR blends ICI Materials – Plast.
Propathene PP Polypropylene, PP ICI Materials – Plast.
Propiofan Polyvinylpropionate BASF Plastics
PS 50 Polystyrene, PS Huntsman Chem.
(continued)
PSF Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer with glass, SAN Polyfil, Inc.

PU-21713 Polypropylene, PP, rubber modified alloy Ferro-Eurostar
PUGL Polyurethane with glass fiber, TPU Polymer Composites
Pulse Polycarbonate/ABS, PC/ABS (30 %) alloy Sumitomo Dow Ltd.
PVC-Semicon Conductive PVC ABB Polymer Comp.
PVC360 Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Exxon Chem.
PXM Polyetherketone Amoco
Pyralin Polyimide; laminates and electronics coating, PI E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Pyratex Elastomers Bayer
Pyre-ML Polyimide, PI; wire enamel E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Pyrotex Phenolic resins with asbestos Raymark Indust. Div.
Q
Q2 PA from 1,4-bis-aminomethylcyclohexane and Eastman/USA
suberic acid
Q-TEL Encapsulating EP or PU resins Chemque
QuaCorr Resin Thermoset furan resins with glass fiber QC Chem., Inc
Quatrex Electronic grade epoxy resins, EP Dow Chem. Co.
Quiana Polyamide fiber from trans, trans diamino- E. I. du Pont de
dicyclohexylmethane and dodecanedioic acid Nemours
Quimcel Cellulose nitrate, CN Punda Inc.
Quirvil Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Rumianca SpA
R
R-570 Acrylic resins Richardson Polymer
R-9900 Polycarbonate, PC Thermofil, Inc.
R-xyAF Polycarbonate with xy wt% aluminum, PC Thermofil, Inc.
R-xyFG Polycarbonate with xy wt% glass fiber, PC Thermofil, Inc.
R-xyMF Polycarbonate with xy wt% mineral, PC Thermofil, Inc.
R-xyNF Polycarbonate with xy wt% graphite fiber, PC Thermofil, Inc.
R2-9900 Polycarbonate, PC/PBT alloy Thermofil, Inc.
R2-xyFG Polycarbonate with xy wt% glass fiber, PC Thermofil, Inc.
R2-xyNF Polycarbonate with xy wt% graphite fiber, PC Thermofil, Inc.
R4-9900 Polycarbonate, PC/SMA alloy Thermofil, Inc.
R9-2039 Epoxy resins, EP Dexter Corp.
RA-059 Polyolefin, PO Himont, Inc.
Radel A Polyarylethersulfone, PAES, [f–O–f-SO2-f- Amoco Performance
f-SO2-] Products
Radel AG Polyarylsulfone; filled, PAS Amoco Performance
Products
Radel R Polyphenylsulfone, PSU Amoco Performance
Products
Radlite Glass fiber-reinforced PC/PBT blends Azdel Inc.
Raplan Elastomers Polymix
Ravemul Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc Enimont
Ravikral Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS EniChem
(continued)
Ravinil Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, suspension polymers European Vinyls

Corp.
RBC 2000 Epoxy resins, EP; filled or not RBC Ind.
RDZ Acrylics/PC opaque blends Cyro Industries
RE2038/9 Epoxy resins, EP Dexter Corp.
Reapox Epoxy resins, EP Rea Industrie
Regulus Thermoplastic polyimides; thermoformable film Mitsui Toatsu Chem.,
Inc.
Reichhold TPR Thermoplastic elastomers: PO/EPDM blend Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Ren RP-1774 Epoxy resins, EP; filled or not Dexter Corp.
Ren-Flex Thermoplastic elastomers, TPO, PP/EPDM Dexter Corp.
Ren-Flex-726 Polyolefins, PO Dexter Corp.
Renalal Acetal copolymer, POM Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Reny Polyamides, PA-66 Mitsubishi
Replay Polystyrene Huntsman
Repolem, Ecocryl Acrylic and vinylic emulsions Elf Atochem
Reprean Ethylene copolymers Discas
Resarit Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA powder Resart-IHM AG
Resartglas Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA sheets Resart-IHM AG
Resiglas Unsaturated polyester with glass fiber, UP Kristal Kraft, Inc.
Resin 18 Poly-alpha-methylstyrene Amoco Chem. Co.
Resin PVC Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Georgia Gulf
Resin S, trans, etc. Epoxy resins, EP; filled or not Furane Products
Resinmec Polyamides, polypropylene Amoco Chem. Co.
Resinol Type A, F, Polyethylenes, PE Allied Resinous
etc.
Resolite Urea-formaldehyde, UF Ciba-Geigy, GB
Restirolo Polystyrene, PS Societa Italiana Resine
Retain Polyethylene/polystyrene-based recycled blends Dow Plastics
Revinex Carboxylated rubber Doverstrand
Rex Flex-D Thermoplastic elastomers; filled or not, TPO Dexter Corp.
Rexene PE Polyethylenes, PE Rexene/El Paso Prod.
Rexene PP Polypropylenes, PP Rexene/El Paso Prod.
Rexflex Polypropylene Rexene
Rhodester Cellulose acetate, CA Rhône-Poulenc
Rhodia Cellulose-2.5 acetate, CA Soc. Rhodiaceta,
France
Rhodiaceta-nylon Polyamide-6,6, PA-66 Soc. Rhodiaceta,
France
Rhodopas Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR Rhône-Poulenc
Rhodorsil Silicones Rhône-Poulenc
Rhodoviol Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl Rhône-Poulenc
Rhovyl Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Soc. Rhodiaceta,
France
(continued)
Riblene Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, EVA ECP EniChem

Polymeri
Riblene Polyethylenes: LDPE, LLDPE, and VLLDPE ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Rigidex High-density polyethylene, HDPE BP Chemicals Limited
Rigidite Carbon, aramid, glass fiber filled BASF PLASTICS
Rigipore Expandable polystyrene, PS BP Chemicals Limited
Rigolac Polyester resins Showa Highpolymer
Rilsan A Polyamide-12, PA-12, or blends with PEBA Elf Atochem
Rilsan AVR Polyamide-11 with Tm ¼ 175 C (rotomolding) Elf Atochem
Rilsan B Polyamide-11, PA-11 Elf Atochem
Rilsan ESY Polyamide-11 for electrostatic spraying Elf Atochem
Rilsan Polyamide-11, polyamide-12, PA-6.6/PEBA Elf Atochem
Rimplast PA-6,6 or PA-12/silicone, reinforced or not LNP Corp./Petrarch
Sys.
Rimplast Polyurethane/silicone IPN, reinforced or not LNP Corp./Petrarch
Sys.
Rimplast PTUE Silicone-modified TPU, aromatic ether H€
uls AG
Risilan AZM Polyamide-12 with glass/graphite fibers, PA-12 Elf Atochem
Risilan BZM Polyamide-11 with glass/graphite fibers, PA-11 Elf Atochem
Riston Photopolymer film resistant E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Riteflex Thermoplastic elastomer and blends Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Riteflex BP Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, alloys with a Hoechst Celanese
thermoplastic elastomer Corp.
RNYxy Polyamide-6 with xy wt% glass fiber, PA-6 Ferro Corp.
Robetanche Polyurethanes, PU Robbe
Robfill/Robflex Polyurethanes, PU Robbe
Robinsectisol Polyurethanes, PU Robbe
Rocalene Reinforced polypropylene, PP R.M.P.
Rodran Liquid crystal polyester, LCP Unitika
Rogers HT Phenolics with glass fiber Rogers Corp.
Rogers RX 1 Diallyl phthalate with filler, DAP Rogers Corp.
Rogers RX 300 Phenolics; filled with glass, wood, mineral, etc. Rogers Corp.
Ronfalin Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS DSM
Ronfalin Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate DSM
Ronfaloy E Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/EPDM alloy DSM
Ronfaloy P Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/PET alloy DSM
Ronfaloy V Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/Poly(vinyl DSM
chloride)
Ropet Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET/PMMA alloys Rohm and Haas
Rosite 3250 BMC Unsaturated polyester with glass fiber, UP Rostone Corp.
Roskydal UP lacquer resins Bayer AG/Miles
Roto Flame Polyethylene, PE Rototron Corp.
Rotothene R- Polyethylenes; filled or not, PE Rototron Corp.
(continued)
Rotothon XP-I Polypropylene, PP for rotational molding Rototron Corp

Rovel 747 Polycarbonate, PC/AES blends Dow Chem. Co.
Rovel Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN, blended Dow Chem. Co.
with saturated olefinic elastomer, EPR
Royalcast Elastomers Safic-Alcan
Royalcast Polyurethanes, thermoset (TS) Uniroyal Chemical
Royalene EPDM for modification of HDPE Uniroyal Chemical
Royalene Polyethylene, PE, or polypropylene, PP US-Rubber, USA
Royalite Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS Uniroyal Chemical
Royalite Poly(vinyl chloride)/PMMA alloys Uniroyal Chemical
Royalite R 11 Polycarbonate/ABS alloys Uniroyal Chemical
Royaltherm EPDM modified with silicone Uniroyal Chemical
Royaltuf 372 EPDM grafted with SAN Uniroyal Chemical
Royaltuf 465 EPDM functionalized with maleic anhydride Uniroyal Chemical
Royaltuf Modified EPDM Uniroyal Chemical
Royaltuf XN6G EPDM grafted with polyamide-6 Uniroyal Chemical
Roylar A-863 Polyether-polyurethenes, PU Uniroyal Chemical
RPC-440 Acrylic, PMMA Richardson Polymer
RPI 504 EP Polycarbonate-based alloys Research Polymers
Intl.
RPI 507 EP Polypropylene/EPDM-type TPO blends Dexter Corp.
RPI 602 EP Polyamide-66-based alloys Research Polymers
Intl.
RPI Polyolefin, PO/EPDM blends Dexter Corp.
RPPxy Polypropylene with xy wt% glass fiber, PP Ferro Corp.
RPS Polystyrene, PS-reactive Dow Chem. Co.
RT 700 Cellulose (Viscose) Glanzstoff, Germany
RT/duroid Polytetrafluoroethylene with glass fiber, PTFE Rogers Corp.
RTA-Polymer Rigid TP alloys Republic Plast. Co.
RTD Impact-modified acrylics Cyro Industries
RTP 200 TFE Polyamide-66/PTFE/PDMS; filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 200C Polyamide-11/PTFE (20 %); filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 200D Polyamide-612/PTFE ( 20 %); filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 200H Polyamide/PTFE ( 20 %); filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 300 TFE Polycarbonate/PTFE/PDMS; filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 600 ABS/PTFE or PDMS; filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 800 POM/PTFE or PDMS; filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 900 PSF/PTFE (15 %); filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 1000 PBT/PTFE(15 %); filled or not RTP Co.
RTP 1300 PPS/PTFE ( 20 %); filled or not RTP Co.
RTP ESD Polyarylsulfone with glass fiber RTP Co.
RTP PWB Polyarylsulfone with glass fiber RTP Co.
Rucon Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Hooker
Rucothane TPU, polyurethane thermoplastic elastomers Hooker Chem. Corp.
(continued)
Rulan Polyethylene with filler, PE E. I. du Pont de

Nemours
Rumiten Polyethylenes, PE Rumianca SpA
Runite SST Poly(ethylene terephthalate) + 35 wt% glass, PET E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
R€
utaform Aminoplasts: MF, MPF, melamine-polyester, etc. Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Rutapal Polyester resins, UP Bakelite GmbH
Rutaphen Phenol-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde Bakelite GmbH
Rutapox Epoxy resins, EP Bakelite GmbH
Rutapur Polyurethane resins, PU Bakelite GmbH
RX Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS Resin Exchange
RX ENG. TS Phenolic and diallyl phthalate molding materials Rogers Corp
RX Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS/PTFE blend Intl. Polym. Corp.
RxLoy Polyolefin alloys for medical applications Ferro Corp.
Rylon Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS Phillips Petrol. Co.
Rylon PPS Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS Phillips Petrol. Co.
Rynite PBT Poly(butylene terephthalate)/elastomer alloys E. I. du Pont de
with up to 30 wt% glass fibers Nemours
Rynite PBT or PET/elastomer with up to 35 wt% mica E. I. du Pont de
and glass fibers Nemours
Rynite SST Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/elastomer alloys E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Ryton Poly(p-phenylene sulfide); filled or not, PPS Phillips Petrol. Co.
Ryulex C Polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Dainippon Ink &
Chem.
S
S-660 Unsaturated polyester with glass fiber, UP ICI/Fiberite
S-xyFG Polysulfone with xy wt% glass fiber, PSU Thermofil, Inc.
S-xyMF Polysulfone with xy wt% mineral, PSU Thermofil, Inc.
S-xyNF Polysulfone with xy wt% graphite fiber, PSU Thermofil, Inc.
Sabre Polycarbonate, PC, alloys with PET or PBT Dow Chem. Co.
Sadisol Polyurethanes, polyols, isocyanates Robbe
Saflex Polyvinylacetal, PVAc Monsanto, USA
Sanrex Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Mitsubishi Monsanto
Santoprene Polypropylene/EPDM or EPM, dynamically Monsanto Chem. Co.
vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers, TPO
Sapedur Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Saplast
Saran PVDC with at least 80 % vinylidene chloride (generic name)
Saran PVDC with at least 80 % vinylidene chloride Dow Chem. Co.
Saranex Poly(vinylidene chloride), PVDC, and PVDC/PO Dow Chem. Co.
Sarlink 1000 TPE; oil-resistant PP/PB blends DSM; Novacor
Sarlink 2000 TPE; low permeability PP/BR blends DSM; Novacor
Sarlink 3000 TPE; multipurpose PP/EPDM DSM; Novacor
Sarlink TPE Thermoplastic elastomers, TPE DSM; Novacor
Sarnylene Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Plastic Auvergne
(continued)
Sarnymousse Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Plastic Auvergne

Satellite HDPE blown film system Filmaster Inc.
Satinflex Poly(vinyl chloride) super elastomers, PVC Alpha Chem. &
Plastics
Scarab Urea-formaldehyde, UF, molding powders BIP Chemicals Ltd.
Schulamid GB Polyamide-6 with glass beads, PA-6 A. Schulman, Inc.
Schulamid GF Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66 with glass fibers, A. Schulman, Inc.
PA-6 or PA-66
Schulamid MF Polyamide-66 with mineral, PA-66 A. Schulman, Inc.
Schulamid MWG Polyamide-6 with glass fiber/mineral, PA-6 A. Schulman, Inc.
Schulman 9HD Polyethylene resins, PE A. Schulman, Inc.
Schulman 9PE Polyethylene resins, PE A. Schulman, Inc.
Schulman ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS A. Schulman, Inc.
Schulman CP Polyethylene resins, PE A. Schulman, Inc.
Sclair Polyethylene resins, PE Du Pont Canada
Sclar Polyamide/polyolefin, PA/PO, blends Du Pont Canada
Scolefin High-density polyethylene, HDPE Buna AG
Sconapor Polystyrene foam, EPS Buna AG
Sconatex Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS Buna AG
Scopyrol Polystyrene, PS Buna AG
Scotch-Grip Adhesives 3M Canada Inc
Scotchcast Epoxy resins, EP 3M, USA
Scotchcote Epoxy resin, EP 3M Canada Inc
Scotchpak Polyester film 3M Canada Inc
Scovinat Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc Buna AG
Scovinyl Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Buna AG
Scuranate Polyurethanes, isocyanates Rhône-Poulenc
SEBS-Compound Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE ABB Polymer Comp.
SEBS-Semicon Conductive TPE ABB Polymer Comp.
Selar Barrier Resin Polyamide blend E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Selar OH EVAl resins for oxygen barrier film (blend) E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Selar PA Amorphous PA for oxygen barrier film (blend) E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Selar PT Polyester resins for barrier films (blend) E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Selar PT Polyethylene terephthalate blend, PET, (blend) E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Selar RB PA/HDPE concentrates for O2 barrier PO films E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
SFP Polystyrene, PS Huntsman Chem.
Shell DP Polyisobutylene resins, PIB Shell Chim.
Shell PP, PS, PVC resins Shell Chim.
Shinko-Lac G Poly(butylene terephthalate); filled or not, PBT Mitsubishi Rayon Co.
Shinko-Lac GH Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS Mitsubishi Rayon Co.
(continued)
Shinkolite A Acrylic sheets, PMMA Mitsubishi Rayon Co.

Sholex Polyethylene Showa Denko K. K.
Shore Polyester elastomers, TPE E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Shuman 500 Polypropylene, PP Philip Shuman & Sons
Shuman 700 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, ABS Philip Shuman & Sons
Shuman 780 Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS alloy, PVC/ABS Philip Shuman & Sons
Shuman 800 Polystyrene, PS Philip Shuman & Sons
Shuman 900 Polycarbonate, PC Philip Shuman & Sons
Shuman 6000 Polyethylene, PE Philip Shuman & Sons
Shuman SP Poly(phenylene ether), PPE alloy Philip Shuman & Sons
Shutane Poly(vinyl chloride)/TPU alloy Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Shuvinite Poly(vinyl chloride)/ABS alloy Reichhold Chem., Inc.
Sicalit Cellulose acetate, CA Sic Plastics
Sicoflex Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, ABS Sic Plastics
Sicol Plastisols, PVC Enimont
Sicostrol Polystyrene; reinforced or not, PS Sic Plastics
Sicron Poly(vinyl chloride) compositions, PVC European Vinyls/
Montedison
Silastic Silicones Dow Chem. Co.
Silastomer Silicones Dow Chem. Co.
Silflex Silicone, TS Furane Products
Silixol Silicones, MQ Convert
Silmar Unsaturated polyesters, UP Silmar
Silopren Silicone rubber, MQ Bayer AG/Miles
Siltem Siloxane-etherimide copolymers and blends GE Plastics
Sinkral Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, ECP Enimont Polym./
ABS EniChem
Sinvet Polycarbonate, PC Anic; ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Sirester Polyester resins SIR France
Sirester Polyester resins SIR France
Sirfen Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF SIR France
Sirit Urea-formaldehyde resins, UF SIR France
Siritle Urea-formaldehyde resins, UF SIR France
Sirotherm Ampholytic polyelectrolyte ICI
Sirtene Polyethylene, PE Societa Italiana Resine
SKS Copolymers from butadiene USSR
Skybond 700 Polyimides; laminating varnish, PI Monsanto
Skygreen Biodegradable polyethylene succinate/adipate for Sukyong Industries
injection or extrusion
Skyprene CR elastomers Tosoh, Harcros
Chemicals
SMA Styrene maleic anhydride, SMA Elf Atochem
Snevyl Poly(vinyl chloride) compositions, PVC Sebuca
(continued)
Snialene Polypropylene, PP SNIA Tecnopolimeri

SpA
Snialoy AP06 Polyamide-66 with PP toughened blends Nylon Corp. of
America
Snialoy BP06 Polyamide-6 with PP toughened blends Nylon Corp. of
America
Sniamid Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, PA-6, PA-66 SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Sniater Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Snissan Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Snlatal Polyoxymethylene (acetal), POM SNIA Tecnopolimeri
SpA
Soablen/Soarlex Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Nippon Synthetic
Soarnol EVA copolymer Nichimen
Soarnol EVOH SF Ethylene-vinyl alcohol, EVAl Elf Atochem
Soetene Low-density polyethylene, LDPE Sogo
Sokalan CP2 Polyelectrolyte BASF
Sol T SBS and SIS block copolymers Enarco Elastomers Co.
Solef 1000 Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF Solvay & Cie SA
Solef 8800 Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, with filler Soltex/Solvay & Cie
SA
Solimide Polyimide foam, PI Ethyl Corp
Solprene Branched (SB)n or (SI)n block copolymers Phillips Petrol.
Solucryl Acrylates and methacrylates UCB Soc.
Solvic Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Solvay & Cie SA
Somel TPO thermoplastic elastomer, PP/EPDM Colonial
Soreflon Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE Rhône-Poulenc
Sowpren Polychloroprene, CR USSR
Spandex Elastic PU fibers (generic name)
Spanzelle Spandex fiber Courtaulds
Specflex PU elastomer Dow Chem. Co.
Spectra UHMWPE gel-spun fibers AlliedSignal Inc.
Spectrim HF Thermoplastic polyurea Dow Chem. Co.
Spectrim HF-80 Thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU Dow Chem. Co.
Spectrim HT Thermoplastic polyurea Dow Chem. Co.
Spectrim RD Polyurethane; filled or not, TPU Dow Chem. Co.
SPX PP/EPR elastomer Mitsubishi
SRIM Polyurethane, PU Mobay Corp.
ST-801 Polyamide elastomer blends DuPont
ST-Nylon Polyamide/ionomer(?) blends Toray
Stabar PES and PEEK films ICI Films
Stadlite Phenol-formaldehyde resin, PF Hitachi
Staloy N Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/PA alloys DSM Polymer Int.
Stamylan HD or LD High or low-density polyethylene, PE DSM Polymer Int.
(continued)
Stamylan LD Low-density polyethylene, LDPE DSM Polymer Int.

Stamylan P Polypropylene, PP DSM Polymer Int.
Stamylex Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE DSM Polymer Int.
Stamyroid Modified amorphous polypropylene, PP DSM Polymer Int.
Stanuloy ST Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, modified or MRC Polymers, Inc.
blended with polycarbonate
Stanyl Polyamide-4,6 and its blends, PA-46 DSM Polymer Int.
Stapron Rubber-modified SMA polymers DSM Polymer Int.
Stapron C Polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene DSM Polymer Int.
Stapron E Polycarbonate/PET or PBT with PB as impact- DSM Polymer Int.
modifier; for interior automobile door panels
Stapron N Polyamide-6, PA-6, alloys with ABS with DSM Polymer Int.
impact-modified PA-phase
Stapron S Rubber modified amorphous SMA with glass DSM Polymer Int.
fiber reinforcements or not
Star Reinforced thermoplastic resins, e.g., ABS, SAN Ferro-Eurostar
Star X PA-6,PA-46, or PA-66 with an impact modifier, Ferro-Eurostar
glass fiber reinforced or not
Staramide-Glass Glass fiber-filled polyamide-6, PA-6 Ferro Corp.
Staramide-Mineral Mineral-filled polyamide-6, PA-6 Ferro Corp.
Starcoat Gel-coat Chanet Paints
Starflam ABS ABS blend, flame retarded, glass reinforced or not Ferro-Eurostar
Starflam PA6; PA66 PA-6 or PA-66/brominated polystyrene, impact Ferro-Eurostar
modified, glass or mineral reinforced or not
Starflam PBT PBT blend, flame retarded, glass reinforced Ferro-Eurostar
Starglas ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene with glass fiber Ferro Corp.
Starglas PBT Glass fiber filled poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT Ferro Corp.
Starglas PC Glass fiber filled polycarbonate, PC Ferro Corp.
Starglas PE Glass fiber filled HDPE Ferro Corp.
Starglas POM Reinforced polyoxymethylene, POM Ferro Corp.
Starglas PSU Glass fiber-filled polysulfone, PSU Ferro Corp.
Starglas SAN Reinforced SAN Ferro Corp.
Starpylen Glass fiber-filled thermoplastic resins Ferro-Eurostar
Stat-Kon M PP with electrostatic discharge LNP Eng. Plastics
Statcon Electrostatic dissipative materials LNP
Stereon Triblock SBS thermoplastic elastomer Firestone Co.
Stilon Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate USSR
Strathox Epoxy resins, EP Technibat
Stratyl Unsaturated polyester, UP Péchiney, France
Stycast Epoxy; filled or not, EP Emerson & Cuming
Stycone Polystyrene, PS alloys United Compos.
Sterpon Polyester resins, UP Convert
Stypol Unsaturated polyesters; filled or not, UP Freeman Chem. Corp.
Styrafil Polystyrene with fillers, PS Akzo/DSM
Styroblend Polystyrene, PS, blends with PE or PB BASF Plastics
Styrocell Expandable polystyrene, EPS Shell Chem.
(continued)
Styrodur Extruded rigid polystyrene, PS BASF Plastics

Styroflex PS fiber Ndd. Seekabelwerke
Styrofoam Polystyrene, PS plastic foam Dow Chem. Co.
Styrol Polystyrene, PS Idemitsu
Styrolux Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR BASF Plastics
Styron Polystyrene, PS, and impact-modified PS, HIPS Dow Chem. Co.
Styroplus Polystyrene, PS, blends with polybutadiene, PB BASF Plastics
Styropol Styrene-butadiene copolymer, SBR Carl Gordon Ind.
Styropor Expandable polystyrene, EPS BASF Plastics
Styruvex Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Coplex
Sulfil G Polysulfone with long glass fibers, PSU Akzo/DSM
Sulfil J-1100 Polyethersulfone with glass fibers, PES Akzo/DSM
Sulfil J-1300 Poly(phenylene sulfide) with fillers, PPS Akzo/DSM
Sulfil J-1800 PET or PBT with glass fibers Akzo/DSM
Sumigraft Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sumikathene Polyethylenes, PE Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sumikon Epoxy resins Sumitomo Bakelite
Sumilit SX Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sumipex Acrylic resins, PMMA Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sumiploy PES, PES/PEEK-modified blends Sumitomo Chem. Co.
Sunloid Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS Tsutsunaka Plastics
Sunloid KD Poly(vinyl chloride)/PMMA alloy Tsutsunaka Plastics
Sunloid New Ace Poly(vinyl chloride) sheets, PVC Tsutsunaka Plastics
Sunloid PC Polycarbonate, PC sheet, films Tsutsunaka Plastics
Sunprene Poly(vinyl chloride)-based elastomers, PVC/ Mitsubishi Kasei/A.
elastomer Schulman
Suntec Polyethylene Asahi Chemical Co.
Suntra Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS resin Sunk Yong
Supec Poly(phenylene sulfide) and blends with PEI, PPE GE Plastics/Toso
Susteel
Supec CTX530 Poly(phenylene sulfide)/PEI blends with 30 % GF GE Plastics
Supec CTX540 Poly(phenylene sulfide)/PEI blends with 40 % GF GE Plastics
Superec P Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate Mitsubishi-Monsanto
Supec W331 Poly(phenylene sulfide)/PTFE blends with 30 % GF GE Plastics
Superohm Ethylene-propylene copolymer, EPR A. Schulman, Inc.
Supralen Polyethylenes, PE (pipes) Mannesmann,
Germany
Supraplast Thermoset resins: resorcinol-formaldehyde, etc. O.F.A.C.I.
Suprel Styrene-acrylonitrile grafted on PVC, SAN or Vista Chemical Co.
ABS/PVC alloys
Suprel SVA Poly(vinyl chloride)/a-methyl styrene-ABS Vista Chemical Co.
Surlyn Ionomer resins E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Surlyn 7930 Lithium grade ionomer resin E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
(continued)
Surlyn 8020 Sodium grade ionomer resin E. I. du Pont de

Nemours
Surlyn 9020 Zink grade ionomer resin E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Surlyn A Ionomer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Susteel Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS Toso Susteel
SVM Aromatic polyamides USSR
Sylon FX Fluoropolymer, thermoset (TS) 3M Ind. Chem.
Syn-Flex Polyolefin compounds, PO Synergistics Ind
Synergy Polyamide-6/PPE blends Allied-Signal Inc.
Synolite Unsaturated polyester resin, UP DSM Plastics
Synprene Thermoplastic rubber compounds, TPE Synergistics Ind
Synres Specialty olefins, PO Quality Service
Technology
Syntewax Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Comiel SpA
Synthetic ABS Polypropylene with calcium carbonate, PP Reichhold Chem.,
Inc.
Syspur/Systanat Polyurethane, PU Soprochim
Systemer S Polypropylene/polyamides, reinforced or not Showa Denko K. K.
Systol Polyurethane, PU Soprochim
T
T-xyCF Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS + xy% graphite fiber Thermofil, Inc.
T-xyCG Polyphenylene sulfide with xy% carbon/glass Thermofil, Inc.
T-xyFG Polyphenylene sulfide with xy wt% glass fiber Thermofil, Inc.
T-xyNF Polyphenylene sulfide with xy wt% graphite fiber Thermofil, Inc.
T-xyNG Polyphenylene sulfide with xy% glass/graphite Thermofil, Inc.
Tactix High performance EP elastomeric resins Dow Chem. Co.
Taffen Thermoplastic composites Exxon Chem.
Taflite Polystyrene, PS-g-EPDM blends Mitsui Toatsu
Tafmer Metallocene-made linear low-density polyolefin Mitsui
with strictly controlled comonomer placement Petrochemicals
Tafmer A Metallocene-made linear low-density polyolefin Mitsui
with 1 % acidic groups, used for compatibilization Petrochemicals
Taitalac Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, ABS Taita Chem. Co.
Taktene Butadiene rubber, BR; based on co-catalyst Polysar/Bayer AG
Tallerand Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Tallerand Chem.
Tamcin PP Polypropylene, PP Reichhold Chem., Inc.
TAP-MR Polyisocyanate thermoplastics Urylon Development
Tarpee Polyethylene laminated sheet, PE Hagihara Industries
Inc.
TDI Polyurethane, PU Dow
TE-1004 Epoxy with metallic fillers, EP Dexter Corp.
Techniace TA Polyamide/ABS alloys Sumitomo Dow, Ltd.
Techniace TB Poly(butylene terephthalate)/ABS alloys Sumitomo Dow, Ltd.
(continued)
Techniace TC ABS/polycarbonate alloys, T-series ¼ heat and Sumitomo Dow, Ltd.

impact resistant, H-series ¼ high heat and impact
resistant, W-series ¼ weather and impact
resistant, F-series ¼ flame and impact resistant
Techniace TU Thermoplastic polyurethane/ABS alloys Sumitomo Dow, Ltd.
Technora Poly(p-phenylene diphenylether Teijin Ltd.
terephthalamide)
Technyl A Polyamide-66/elastomer, with filler or not, PA-66 Rhône Poulenc
Technyl B Polyamide-66, 6/elastomer, with filler or not Rhône Poulenc
Technyl C Polyamide-6/elastomer, with filler or not Rhône Poulenc
Technyl D Polyamide-610/elastomer, with filler or not Rhône Poulenc
Technyl Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, polyamide-610 impact Rhône Poulenc
modified, glass fiber or mineral reinforced or not
Techster Polyesters: PBT, PET, and blends Rhône Poulenc
Techster T Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT/elastomer blends Rhône Poulenc
Techtron PPS Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS rods or plates Polymer Corp.
Tecnoflon Fluoroelastomers; PVDF/PHFP blends Enimont
Tecnoprene Glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene Enimont
Tecoflex Polyurethane, PU Thermedics, Inc.
Tecolite KM Phenolic-filled thermosets, PF Toshiba Chem. Prod.
Tediflex/Tedilast Polyurethane, PU, formulated systems ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Tedipur Polyurethane, PU, formulated systems ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Teditherm/Tedirim Polyurethane, PU, formulated systems ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Tedlar Polyvinyl fluoride, PVF, film E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Tedur Polyphenylene sulfide, PPS, with glass/mineral Bayer AG/Miles
Tefabloc/Tefaprene Elastomers Thermoplastiques C. T.
Tefanyl Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Thermoplastiques C. T.
Teflon Fluoropolymers; PTFE, PFA, FEP E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Teflon FEP Tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene, FEP E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Teflon PFA Fluorocarbon, perfluoroalkoxy resin, PFA E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Teflon TFE Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Tefzel Modified ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymer E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Teijinconex Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), PPA Teijin, Ltd.
Teknor Apex Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Teknor Apex
Telcar PP/EPDM, TPO elastomeric blends Teknor Apex
Tempalloy Polypropylene with fillers, PP Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Temprene Poly(vinyl chloride)/nitrile rubber (15–40 phr) Piltec Group
TempRite Chlorinated PVC, CPVC BF Goodrich
(continued)
Temprite LC Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Polyplastic

Tenac Polyoxymethylene, POM Asahi Chemical Ind.
Tenite Polyolefins, cellulosics, CAB Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite 000 Cellulose acetate, CA Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite 200 Cellulose butyrate, CB Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite 300 Cellulose propionate, CP Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite 5000 Polyallomer Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite Acetate Cellulose acetate, CA Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite Butyrate Cellulose acetate-butyrate, CAB Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite P7673 Polyallomer Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite Pet Thermoplastic polyesters, PET Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite Polypropion Cellulose acetate-propionate, CAP Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite Propionate Cellulose propionate, CP Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite PTMT Polytetramethylene terephthalate, PTMT Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenite PVAc, PVB, PVPr Eastman Chem. Prod.
Tenneco 2710 Polyallomer Tenneco Polymers
Tenneco Poly(vinyl chloride)/EVA blends Tenneco Polymers
Teracol Polyoxytetramethylene glycol E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Terathane Polyether glycol, PEO E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Terblend B ABS/polycarbonate, PC, blend BASF Plastics
Terblend S ASA/polycarbonate, PC, blend BASF Plastics
Terblend Styrene copolymer blends BASF Plastics
Terital Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET Montefibre, Italy
Teritherm Polyesterimide, PEI P. D. GeorgeÉ. Co.
Terlenka Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET AKU, Netherlands
Terluran ABS blends with acrylic rubber BASF Plastics
Terluran Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, ABS BASF Plastics
Terlux Clear methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile- BASF Plastics
butadiene-styrene, MABS
Terphane Polyester film Rhône Poulenc
Terylene Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET ICI Adv. Mater.
Tetra-Temp PEEK Polyetheretherketone, PEEK Tetrafluor, Inc.
Tetrafil J-1800 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) filled, PET Akzo/DSM
Tetrafluor Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE Tetrafluor, Inc.
Tetralene UHMW Polyethylene, PE Tetrafluor, Inc.
Texalon/Texapol Polyamide-6; PA-66, with filler or not, PA-6; PA-66 Texapol Corp.
Texicote Poly(vinyl acetate) Scott Bader
Texigels Acrylic polyelectrolyte Scott Bader
Texin Polyurethanes Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Texin 3000 Polycarbonate/polyester-PU, PC/TPU alloys Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Texin 4000 Polyester-PU alloys with PC Bayer AG/Miles, Inc.
Therban/Tornac Fully or partially hydrogenated nitrile rubber, Polysar/Bayer A
NR, with AN ¼ 33–43 %
(continued)
Therban Elastomers Bayer

Thermaflo Poly(vinyl chloride) footwear compounds, PVC Evode Plastics Ltd.
Thermaflo Thiorubber, TR, compound Evode Plastics Ltd.
Thermalloy Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS blends CdF Chimie
Thermid IP-600 Polyimide, PI, structural adhesive Nat. Starch @ Chem.
Thermocomp Reinforced engineering polymer compounds with LNP Engineering
either glass or carbon fibers
Thermocomp AF Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS, with fillers LNP Corp.
Thermocomp BF Styrene-acrylonitrile cop., ABS, with fillers LNP Corp.
Thermocomp DL Polycarbonate, PC/PTFE 13 %/silicone 2 % LNP Corp.
Thermocomp PDX PEEK/PTFE (20 %) alloys LNP Corp.
Thermocomp RFL Polyamide-66/silicone 5 % blends LNP Corp.
Thermocomp RL Polyamide-66/PTFE 13 %/Rimplast LNP Corp.
Thermolan 2000 Polypropylene/EPDM blends Mitsubishi
Petrochem.
Thermolan 3000 EPDM/polypropylene blends Mitsubishi
Petrochem.
Thermomanto Extruded EPS insulation boards Dow Europe
Thermoset Epoxy resins with fillers, EP Thermoset Plastics
Thiokol Poly(ethylene chloride-co-sodium sulfide) E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Thornel Graphite yarn Union Carbide Co.
THV-Fluoroplastic Terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, 3M
hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride
(processing at 130 C)
TI-4000 Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem.
Tinolex Poly(vinyl chloride); rigid, calendered, PVC Tins Ind. Co. Ltd.
Tivar (Series) Ultrahigh molecular weight PE, UHMWPE Menasha Corporation
Tivar-Thane Polyurethane sheet, PU Menasha Corporation
Tonen Polyeth Polyethylenes, filled or not, PE Tonen Petrochem./
TCA Plastics
Tool WDC Epoxy resin with aluminum, EP Furane Products
Topalloy – TCA Plastics
Topas Cyclic, amorphous co-polyolefin, COC, optical Hoechst/Mitsui
grade for compact disks (metallocene based) Petrochemicals
Toplex Polycarbonate/ABS alloy Multibase, Inc.
Toprene Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS Tonen Petrochem.
Toray PBT Poly(butylene terephthalate), with glass or not, Toray Industries
PBT
Torelina Poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS Toray Industries
Torlon Polyamide-imide, PAI; modified PAI with PTFE, Amoco Chem. Co.
for electrical connectors, valves, bushings, parts, etc.
Torlon 4000 Polyamide-imide + PTFE + graphite Amoco Chem. Co.
Torlon 7000 Polyamide-imide + PTFE + glass/graphite fiber Amoco Chem. Co.
Torolithes Thermoset polyester resins, UP Routhan Soc. Nouv.
Toso LCP Liquid crystal polyester, LCP Toso
(continued)
Total Butyl Elastomers Total Chim.

Total Plast Thermoplastic elastomers; EPDM/PO blends, etc. Total Chim.
Toyarac Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS Toyo, Japan
Toyoflon Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE Toyo, Japan
Toyolac Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS also Toray Industries
polycarbonate/ABS
Toyolac ASG20 Styrene-acrylonitrile, SAN with glass fiber Toray Industries
TPO 900 Polypropylene/EPDM blends Reichhold Chem., Inc.
TPP 10GB Polypropylene alloy with talc, paintable Ferro Corp.
TPR Thermoplastic cross-linked rubber for PP Uniroyal Chemical
TPX Polymethylpentene, PMP Mitsui Petrochem.
Trans-4 trans-1,4-Polybutadiene Phillips
Traytuf Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with TiO2, PET Goodyear
Trefsin Thermoplastic elastomers, TPR, PP/BR Advanced Elastomer
Systems
Trespaphane Biaxially oriented polypropylene film, BOPP Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Trevira Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber, PET Hoechst
Triax 1000 Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66, PA-6 or PA-66 Monsanto Chem. Co.
blends with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS
Triax 1120 Polyamide-6/ABS blends Monsanto Chem. Co.
Triax 1125 Polyamide-66/ABS ¼ 1:1 blends Monsanto Chem. Co.
Triax 1180 Polyamide-6,66/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Monsanto Chem. Co.
Triax 2000 PC/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS Monsanto Chem. Co.
Triax CBE Poly(vinyl chloride)/a-methyl styrene-ABS Monsanto Chem. Co.
(available as Suprel SVA from Vista Chemical Co.)
Tribolon Polyimide/polytetrafluoroethylene, PI/PTFE Tribol. Ind. Inc.
Tribolon XT Poly(phenylene sulfide)/polytetrafluoroethylene Tribol. Ind. Inc.
Tricel Cellulose acetate, CA Bayer AG/Miles
Triplus TPR 178 Silicone-based paints and coatings GE Plastics
Typlax – Typlax
Trivin Poly(vinyl chloride) alloys, PVC Vi-Chem
Trogamid Polyamide resins, PA Kingsley & Keith
Trogamid Polyamide-63-T, PA-63-T H€
uls AG
Trogamid T Poly(trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide) Dynamit Nobel
Trolen Polyethylene, PE Dynamit Nobel
Trolit AE Cellulose ether Dynamit Nobel
Trolit F Cellulose nitrate, CN Dynamit Nobel
Trolitan Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF Dynamit Nobel
Trolitul Polystyrene, PS Dynamit Nobel
Trolon Phenolic resins H€
uls AG
Trolon Phenolic-based binder Dynamit Nobel
Trosiplast Poly(vinyl chloride), rigid or plasticized, PVC Dynamit Nobel
Trovicel Poly(vinyl chloride), foamed, PVC H€
uls AG
Trovidur Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Dynamit Nobel
(continued)
Trovitherm Poly(vinyl chloride) sheets, PVC Dynamit Nobel

Trubyte Acrylic-based IPN for artificial teeth Dentsply International
Tuffak Polycarbonate sheet, PC Rohm and Haas
Tuffax Polycarbonate, PC Rohm and Haas
Tuflin Second-generation Unipol-type LLDPE Union Carbide
Tufpet Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Toyobo Corp.
Tufprene Triblock SBS thermoplastic elastomer Asahi
Tufrex VB ABS/Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC alloys Mitsubishi-Monsanto
Twaron Poly(p-phenyleneisophthalamide), PPA Akzo NV
Tybrene Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer Dow Chem. Co.
Tylac Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/BR blends Standard Brands
Chemicals
Tylose Cellulose ether Kalle, Germany
Tynex Polyamide-6,6, PA-66 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Typlax Thermoplastic Elastomers Typlax Products
Tyril Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN Dow Chem. Co.
Tyrin Chlorinated PE elastomers and resins, CPE Dow Chem. Co.
Tyvek Spunbonded olefin fiber, PO E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
U
U-Polymer Polyarylate, amorphous Unitika
U-polymer Polyarylate Unitika
U-xyFG Polyurethane with xy wt% glass fiber, PU Thermofil, Inc.
Ube – Ube Industries Inc.
Ube 3000 Polyamide-12, modified, PA-12 Ube Industries Inc.
Ube Alloy CA700 Polypropylene/polyamide, PP/PA blend Ube Industries Inc.
Ube Nylon Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66, modified, PA-6, Ube Industries Inc.
PA-66
Ube Polypro Polypropylene, PP Ube Industries Inc.
Ube, Ubec Polyethylenes, PE Ube Industries Inc.
Ucardel P4174 Polysulfone/SAN blend Amoco Performance
Ucecoat Polyurethane, PU UCB Soc. Com.
Ucecryl Acrylates and methacrylates UCB Soc. Com.
Ucefix Polyurethane, PU UCB Soc. Com.
Uceflex Polyurethane, PU UCB Soc. Com.
Udel Bisphenol-A polysulfone, PSF (or PSO) Amoco Chem. Co.
Udel GF Polysulfone with glass fiber, PSF Amoco Chem. Co.
Udel P Bisphenol-A polysulfone, PSF Amoco Chem. Co.
Udel P-1700 PSF + 10 % anhydride-terminated PSF + 50 % Amoco Chem. Co.
PA-6 (or PA-66), with PA being the matrix
Udel-X PSU/PA-6 or PA-66 experimental alloys, with Amoco Chem. Co.
10 wt% anhydride-terminated PSU
Ugikral Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS GE Plastics
UHMWPE 900 Ultrahigh molecular weight PE, UHMWPE Himont
(continued)
Ultem Polyetherimide, PEI, and its blends, e.g., with PC, GE Plastics
TP
Ultem 2000 Polyetherimide with glass fiber, PEI GE Plastics
Ultem 5000 Polyetherimide copolymer, PEI GE Plastics
Ultem 6000 Polyetherimide copolymer, PEI GE Plastics
Ultem 8000 Polyetherimide/polycarbonate alloy, PEI/PC GE Plastics
Ultem LTX PEI/PC blends (unreinforced) GE Plastics
Ultem ATX PEI/PC blends (unreinforced) GE Plastics
Ultem HTX PEI/PPC blends (unreinforced) GE Plastics
Ultem PEI/PPO PEI blends with polyphenylene ether GE Plastics
Ultra-Wear Polyethylene, PE Polymer Corp.
Ultrablend ASA/PBT blend BASF Plastics
Ultrablend KR PET or PBT/PC/elastomer blends BASF Plastics
Ultrablend S PBT/SAN, ABS, or ASA blends, with up to BASF Plastics
30 wt% glass fiber
Ultradur B Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, and impact- BASF Plastics
modified PBT
Ultraform Polyoxymethylene, POM, acetal BASF
Ultraform Polyoxymethylene/thermoplastic polyurethane, BASF Plastics
POM/TPU, alloys, with 10–30 wt% TPU
Ultralastic Polyurethane sheet, PU Menasha Corporation
Ultramid A Polyamide-66, PA-66/elastomer, with glass fiber, BASF Plastics
mineral filler or not
Ultramid B Polyamide-6, PA-6/elastomer; with glass fiber, BASF Plastics
mineral filler or not
Ultramid C Copolyamide-6/66, PA-6,66/elastomer; 15 or BASF Plastics
30 wt% mineral filled
Ultramid Lurans Polyamide, PA-66/ASA alloys BASF Plastics
Ultramid PA-6, PA-66, PA-610; blends, reinforced BASF Plastics
Ultramid S Polyamide-610; with glass fiber or not BASF Plastics
Ultramid T Semi-aromatic polyamide-6/66, PA-66 T, or BASF Plastics
PARA with elastomer; 30 wt% glass fiber or
mineral filled
Ultramid Terluran Polyamide, PA-66/ABS alloys BASF Plastics
Ultranyl PA-66/PPE alloys, reinforced or not BASF Plastics
Ultrapas Melamine-based molding compound Dynamit Nobel
Ultrapek Polyaryletherketone, PAEK (PEKEKK, PEK) BASF Plastics
Ultrason E Polyether sulfone, PES BASF
Ultrason S Polysulfone, PSF (or PSO) BASF
Ultrason E Polyethersulfone, 30 wt% glass fiber, PES BASF Plastics
Ultrason Polyethersulfone, PES, alloys BASF Plastics
Ultrason S Polysulfone, 30 wt% glass fiber, PSU BASF Plastics
Ultrastyr OSA SAN-EPDM/ABS or PC alloys ECP Enimont
Polymeri
Ultrastyr Special styrene copolymers ECP Enimont
Polymeri
(continued)
Ultrathene Ethylene-vinyl acetate, reinforced or not, EVAc USI Chemicals Co./

Quantum
Ultrax Liquid crystal polymers, LCP BASF Plastics
Ultryl Poly(vinyl chloride) Phillips
Ultzex Ethylene-4-methylpentene-1 copolymer Mitsui Petrochem
Unichem Poly(vinyl chloride); with glass fiber or not, PVC Colorite Plastics
Unidene Elastomers Enimont
Union Carbide Polyethylenes; with carbon fibers or not Union Carbide Co.,
Inc. Corp.
Unipol PP Polypropylene, PP Shell Chem. Co.
Unirez Polyacrylic resin emulsions Unocal
Unitika Polyamide-6, filled or not, PA-6 Unitika Co.
Unival DMDA Polyethylene; PE Union Carbide Co.,
Inc. Corp.
UP Polyarylate/Poly(ethylene terephthalate) blend Unitika
Upilex Polyimide films; PI ICI Films
Uradil Polyester resins for paints (aqu. dispersions), UP DSM
Urafil J Polyurethane; glass or carbon fiber filled, PU Akzo/DSM
Uraflex Polyester resins for paints, UP DSM
Uralac Polyester resins for paints, UP DSM
Uralite Polyurethane prepolymer resin, PU Kingsley & Keith
Uramex Polyester resins for paints, UP DSM
Uramul Poly(vinyl acetate) latices for paints, PVAc DSM
Uravin TPU/PVC alloy Vi-Chem
Urecoll Urea-formaldehyde, UF BASF Plastics
Ureol Polyurethane resins, PU Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Urepan Polyurethane, PU Bayer
Urochem Urea-formaldehyde resins, UF C.P.R.I.
Urtal Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS Montepolimeri
Urylon Polyisocyanate thermoplastic, PPI Urylon Development
US0028 Polyurethane; filled or not, PU Dexter Corp.
Uvecryl Acrylic and methacrylic resins UCB Soc. Com.
V
V440 Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds, PVC Vi-Chem Corp.
Vacrel Photopolymer film soldermask E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Valox PBT or PET or PCT, resins or blends GE Plastics
Valox 200 Poly(butylene terephthalate); unreinforced, PBT GE Plastics
Valox 300 Poly(butylene terephthalate); unreinforced, PBT GE Plastics
Valox 400 Poly(butylene terephthalate); glass reinforced, PBT GE Plastics
Valox 500 PBT/PET alloy; glass reinforced GE Plastics
Valox 700 Poly(butylene terephthalate); glass/mineral filled GE Plastics
Valox 800 Poly(butylene terephthalate) alloy; glass reinforced GE Plastics
Valox 815 PBT/PET alloy; with glass fiber or not GE Plastics
Valox 9000 Poly(ethylene terephthalate); glass reinforced, PBT GE Plastics
(continued)
Valox 9700 Polycyclohexyleneterephthalate; glass reinforced GE Plastics

Valox HV7000 Poly(butylene terephthalate) alloy; mineral filled GE Plastics
Valox VCT PBT or PET toughened with elastomer GE Plastics
Valtel, Valtec Polypropylene, PP Himont
Valtra Polystyrene, PS, and blends Chevron Chemicals
Valtra 7023 Rubber-modified styrenic blends Chevron Chemicals
Valtra HG-200 Styrenic copolymer for injection molding Chevron Chemicals
Vamac Ethylene-acrylic elastomer, curable with diamines E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
Vandar PBT/acrylic alloys, reinforced or not Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
VB-510 Polypropylene with talc, PP Reichhold Chem., Inc.
VC Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Borden Chem.
VE Unsaturated vinyl ester, with glass or carbon fiber ICI/Fiberite
Vector 6000 SB, SBS, SI, and SIS block copolymers Dexco Polymers
Vectra A Liquid crystal polymer, LCP; reinforced or not a Hoechst Celanese
copolyester from hydroxy benzoic acid with Corp.
hydroxynaphthoic acid
Vectra B950 LCP copolymer comprising 20 mol% of Hoechst Celanese
terephthalic acid, 20 mol% 4-aminophenol, and Corp.
60 mol% of 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid
Vectra V140 LCP/PPS blends for electrical/electronic parts Hoechst Celanese
Corp.
Vedril Poly(methyl methacrylate)s powder, sheets, PMMA Montedison SpA
Vekton 6 Polyamide-6; filled or not, PA-6 Norton Performance
Vekton 11 Polyamide-11, PA-11 Norton Performance
Vekton 66 Polyamide-66; filled or not, PA-66 Norton Performance
Velponyl/Velporex Printing resins DSM
Venyl Polyamides; reinforced or not, PA Vecoplas
Versamid Polyamide; vegetable oils condensed with amines General Mills
Versamid Polyamides, PA Henkel Corp
Versicol Acrylic polyelectrolyte Allied Colloids
Verton Long fiber reinforced resins ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Verton DF Long fiber reinforced polyamide-66 ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Verton KA Long fiber reinforced polyoxymethylene, POM ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Verton NF Long fiber reinforced SMA ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Verton OF Long fiber reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide), ICI Materials – Plast./
PPS LNP
Verton PF Long fiber reinforced polyamide-66, PA-66 ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Verton QA Long fiber reinforced polyamide-610 ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
(continued)
Verton RF Long fiber reinforced polyamide-66 ICI Materials – Plast./

LNP
Verton TF Long fiber reinforced polyurethane, PU ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Verton WF Long fiber reinforced poly(butylene ICI Materials – Plast./
terephthalate) LNP
Verton YA Long fiber reinforced polycarbonate, PC ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Verton YF Long fiber reinforced polyester ICI Materials – Plast./
LNP
Vespel ST Super-tough polyimide with high-impact strength E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Vespel-SP Polyimide (polypyromellitimide); electrical parts E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Vestamelt Copolyesters H€uls AG
Vestamid Polyamide-12, polyamide-6,12, PA-12 elastomer H€uls AG
Vestamid D; X Polyamide-612; filled or not, PA-612 H€uls AG
Vestamid L Polyamide-12; filled or not H€uls AG
Vestenamer Trans-polyoctenamer, thermoplastic elastomer H€uls AG
Vestoblend Polyamide/PPE alloys, reinforced or not H€uls/Nuodex Inc.
Vestodur Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; reinforced or not H€uls AG
Vestolen A High-density polyethylene, HDPE H€uls AG
Vestolen BT Polybutene, PB H€uls AG
Vestolen EM EPR- or EPDM-modified polypropylene, PP, H€uls AG
containing talc, CaCO3, glass fibers, mineral, or not
Vestolen P Polypropylene, PP H€uls AG
Vestolit Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, rigid and flexible H€uls AG
Vestopal Unsaturated polyester resins, UP H€uls AG
Vestoplast Amorphous olefin copolymers, TPO H€uls AG
Vestopren Polyolefin impact modifier, PO H€uls AG
Vestoran PPE blends with HIPS and elastomer H€uls AG
Vestosint Polyamides, PA H€uls AG
Vestypor Expandable polystyrene, EPS H€uls AG
Vestyron GP-PS, HIPS H€uls AG
VFR-10248 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with TiO2, PET Goodyear
Vibraspray Elastomers Safic-Alcan
Vibrathane Urethane prepolymers, TS Uniroyal Chemical
Ltd.
Vibrin Polyester resins, UP Fiberglas Canada
Viclan Vinylidene chloride copolymers, PVDC ICI
Vicotex 260 Phenolic prepreg resins Ciba-Geigy
Vicotex Epoxy preimpregnates, EP Brochier
Victrex D Polyetheretherketone, with glass or carbon fiber ICI Materials –
Plastics/Victrex
Victrex J Polyethersulfone, PES; filled ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
Victrex PEEK Polyetheretherketone, PEEK; reinforced or not ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics
(continued)
Victrex PES Polyethersulfone, PES; filled, lubricated ICI/LNP Eng. Plastics

Victrex SRP Liquid crystal polyester, LCP ICI Materials – Plast.
Victrex VKT Polyetheretherketone, PEEK/PTFE blend ICI Materials – Plast.
Victrex VST Polyethersulfone, PES/PTFE blends ICI Materials – Plast.
Vidar Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF coating powders Solvay & Cie SA
Vifnen VN AAS/Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC alloys Hitachi Chem.
Vilit Poly(vinylidene chloride) copolymers, PVDC H€uls A.-G
Vinapas Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc Wacker Chemie
Vinavil Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc Montecatini
Vinavol Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl Hoechst AG
Vinex Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVAl Air Products & Chem.
Vinidur Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and impact-modified BASF Plastics
PVC with 5–15 wt% acrylate-graft copolymer
Vinika Poly(vinyl chloride)-based elastomers, PVC A. Schulman, Inc.
Viniproz Poly(vinyl chloride)/PMMA alloys USSR
Vinnapas Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc Wacker-Chemie
Vinnol Poly(vinyl chloride), homo, g and r copolymer., Wacker-Chemie
PVC
Vinoflex Poly(vinyl chloride), suspension grade, PVC BASF Plastics
Vinoflex Vinyl chloride-vinyl ether copolymer, PVCAc BASF Plastics
Vinuran MBS modifier for poly(vinyl chloride) BASF Plastics
Vipla Poly(vinyl chloride) paste polymers, PVC European Vinyls Corp.
Viplast Poly(vinyl chloride) compositions, PVC European Vinyls Corp.
Viscose Fibers from cellulose (generic name)
Vista Poly(vinyl chloride); filled or not, PVC Vista Chem. Co.
Vistaflex Thermoplastic elastomers, TPO, PP/EPDM Advanced Elastomer
System
Vistalon 404 Ethylene-propylene copolymer, EPM Exxon Chem.
Vistalon 2504 EPDM terpolymer Exxon Chem.
Vistanex Polyisobutene, PIB Exxon Chem.
Vistel Rigid PVC blends for injection molding Vista Chemical Co.
Vithane Polyurethanes, PU Goodyear
Viton A Vinylidene fluoride/fluoridehexafluoropropylene E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Viton B PTFE/PHFP/PVDF E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Viton Fluoroelastomers E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Vitrofi Vetrotex trademark for tissue Vetrotex International
Vituf Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET; with TiO2 Goodyear
Vivypak/Lighter Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET bottle grades ECP EniChem
Polymeri
Vixrex PES Polyethersulfone, PES; glass/mineral filled LNP Engineering
Vodcum Phenolic resin, PF Cain Chem. Inc.
Volara EVA/PP or PE blends Seiksui/Voltek
Volex 410 Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; glass/mineral Comalloy Intl. Corp.
(continued)
Volex 440 Poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET; glass/mineral Comalloy Intl. Corp.

Volex 600 Polyamides-6, polyamide-66, polyamide-612, Comalloy Intl. Corp.
PA; with glass/mineral
Voloy 100 Polypropylene; with glass/mineral, PP Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Voloy 680 Polyamide-6,6; with glass/mineral, PA-66 Comalloy Intl. Corp.
Voltalef 300 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE Elf Atochem
Voralast Tailored PU elastomers Dow Chem. Co.
Voranol Polyether PU elastomers Dow Chem. Co.
Vulcaprene Polyurethanes, PU ICI
Vulkollan Polyurethanes, PU Bayer AG/Miles
Vulta Foam Rigid urethane foam, EPU General Latex
Vultex Latex and compounds General Latex
Vybak Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Bakelite Xylonite
Vydyne Polyamide-66 or polyamide-69 Monsanto Chem. Co.
Vydyne M Polyamide-66, PA-66 Monsanto Chem. Co.
Vydyne R Polyamide-66 with glass or mineral, PA-66 Monsanto Chem. Co.
Vygen Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Vygen Corp.
Vynathene Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Quantum Chem.
Vyncolite Phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF Vynckier
Vynite Poly(vinyl chloride)/nitrile rubber alloy Dexter Corp.
Vyram PP/diene – TPE elastomeric blends Advanced Elastomers
Vythene Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC/PU alloy Dexter Corp.
W
W-xyFG Polyetherimide with xy wt% glass fiber, PEI Thermofil, Inc.
W-xyNF Polyetherimide with xy wt% graphite fiber, PEI Thermofil, Inc.
Wacke VAE Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Wacker Chimie A.-G.
Wacker PU Polyurethane or silicone elastomers, PU Arnaud Promecome
Wellamid Polyamide-6, polyamide-66, PA-66 Wellman Inc.
Wellamid 22 LHI Polyamide-66/elastomer, PA-66 blend Wellman Inc.
Wellamid FR Polyamide-66 with glass spheres, PA-66 Wellman Inc.
Wellamid GF Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66 with glass fiber, Wellman Inc.
PA-6, PA-66
Wellamid MR Polyamide-6 or polyamide-66 with glass or Wellman Inc.
mineral, PA-66
Wellamid MR Polyamide-66/polyamide-6, PA-6 alloys Wellman Inc.
Wellite Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; with glass Wellman Inc.
Wellpet GF Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT; with glass Wellman Inc.
Welvic Poly(vinyl chloride) compositions, PVC European Vinyls Corp.
Wingtack Synthetic polyterpene Goodyear Chem. Eur.
Witcast Polyurethane elastomers, PUR Witco
Witcothane Polyurethane elastomers, PUR Witco
Wofatit Ion-exchange resin VEB Farbenfabrik
WRM Elastomers Safic-Alcan
WRS Polypropylene, PP Shell Chem. Co.
Wydyne Polyamides; reinforced or not, PA Monsanto
(continued)
X
X-28057 Epoxy resins with mineral, EP ICI/Fiberite
Xantar Polycarbonate, PC DSM
XB-4000 Polyamide-6 with or without glass, PA-6 Allied Signal Corp.
Xenoy PC/PBT/MBA alloys, reinforced or not GE Plastics
Xenoy 1000, 5000 Polycarbonate, PC:PBT ¼ 1:1 alloys GE Plastics
Xenoy 2000 Polycarbonate, PC/PET/MBA alloys GE Plastics
Xenoy 3000 Polycarbonate, PC/TPE alloy GE Plastics
Xenoy 6125 PET/PC, impact mod.; 0–30 wt% glass fiber GE Plastics
Xenoy DX6302 Polycarbonate/polyester alloy with carbon fiber GE Plastics
XL-030 Polypropylene, PP Aristech Chem.
XP-50 Poly(p-methylstyrene-co-isobutylene)-based Exxon Chem. Co.
compatibilizing system
XT Acrylic-based multipolymer blends Cyro Industries
XT 3055 Polyamide alloys, PA EMS-American Grilon
XT Polymer Acrylic-based transparent, high-impact blend Cyro Industries
Xtcon Polyester/polyurethane hybrid resin Amoco Chem. Co.
XTPE Cross-linkable elastomers and olefins Quality Service
Technology
XTPL NFR-6000 Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
XU TPU/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS alloys Dow Chem. Co.
XU61513 Polyethylene, PE Dow Chem. Co.
Xycon TPEs/TPU alloys Amoco Chem. Co.
Xydar Liquid crystal polymer, LCP Amoco Performance
Products
Xydar FC Liquid crystal polymer, LCP; glass/mineral Amoco Chem. Co.
Xydar FSR-315 Liquid crystal polymer, LCP; 50 % talc Amoco Chem. Co.
Xydar RC Liquid crystal polymer, LCP; glass/mineral Amoco Chem. Co.
Xylok Aralkyl thermoset resins O.F.A.C.I.
Xylon Polyamide-66 with a filler, PA-66 Akzo/DSM
Xyron 200 Poly(phenylene ether) PPE/HIPS alloys Asahi Chem. Ind.
Xyron A Polyamide/PPE/alloys, reinforced or not Asahi Chem. Ind.
Xyron G Polyamide/poly(phenylene ether) PPE alloys Asahi Chem. Ind.
Y
Y-xyFG Polystyrene with xy wt% glass fiber, PS Thermofil, Inc.
Y1-xyFG Polystyrene with xy wt% glass fiber, PS Thermofil, Inc.
Yukalon Polyethylenes, PE Mitsubishi
Petrochem.
Z
Zemid – E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zenite Polyamide-66, with glass fiber, PA-66 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zenite Wholly aromatic polyester, LCP, HDT ¼ 295 C E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
(continued)
Zeo-karb Ion-exchange resin Permutit Co.

Zeonex Polymethylpentene, PMP Nippon Zeon
Zeonex Polyolefin, amorphous, transparent for optical Nippon Zeon Co.,
applications: disks, lenses, prism, LCD films, etc. Ltd.
Zeospan Polyether elastomer Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Zerlon Polystyrene, PS/PMMA alloys Dow Chem. Co.
Zetabond Plastic clad metal for fiber optic cables Dow Europe
Zetafin Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVAc Dow Chem. Co.
Zetpol Hydrogenated, nitrile elastomer (HNBR), highly Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
saturated for fuel and solvent resistance
Zetpol PBZ HNBR/PVC blends Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
Zitex G PTFE porous films Norton Performance
Plast.
Zylar High transparency acrylic terpolymers Novacor Chemicals
Inc.
Zylar ST SAN/polybutadiene high transparency alloy Novacor Chemicals
Inc.
Zytel Polyamide-6,10, PA-610 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel 71G Polyamide-66/ionomer, PA-66 alloys E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel 77G Polyamide-6,12/ionomer, PA-612 alloys E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel 101 Polyamide-66, PA-66 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel 105 Polyamide-66, with carbon black, PA-66 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel 150 Polyamide-6,12, PA-612 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel 300, 400 Polyamide-6,6/ionomer, PA-66 alloys E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel 3100 Polyamide-6/polyamide-66 alloys E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel FN Flexible polyamide alloys E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel GRZ Glass fiber-reinforced PA-66 or PA-612 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel ST Impact-modified PA-6 or PA-66 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Zytel ST-350 Polyamide-612/elastomer, PA-612 alloys E. I. du Pont de
Nemours
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of
Selected Polymers
Year Code Polymer Producer

1868 NC Cellulose nitrate; Nixon Hyatt Bros.
1900 CS Casein; Galalith Kritische (France)
1909 PF Phenol-formaldehyde; Bakelit Bakelit Gesellschaft
1915 PS Polystyrene; Trolitul I. G. Farbenindustrie
1926 AK Alkyd resins; Glyptal General Electric
Company
1927 CA Cellulose acetate fibers; Lumarith Canadian Celanese/
Eastman
1927 PMA Poly(methyl acrylate) O. Röhm
1928 PVAc Poly(vinyl acetate); Elvacet Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
1928 PVC/Ac Poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate) I. G. Farbenindustrie
1928 PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate), Plexiglas Röhm and Haas
1929 GRS/SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber; Styrolux I. G. Farbenindustrie
1929 UF Urea/formaldehyde resins; Pollopas Stein Hall Mfg.
Company
1930 PAN Polyacrylonitrile I. G. Farbenindustrie
1930 CR Chloroprene rubber; Neoprene E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1930 TR Polysulfide rubbers; Thiokol Thiokol Chemical
Corporation
1931 PVC Poly(vinyl chloride); Trovidur, Vestolit I. G. Farbenindustrie
1931 PEG Poly(ethylene glycol) I. G. Farbenindustrie
1931 PVAl Poly(vinyl alcohol)/formaldehyde fibers I. G. Farbenindustrie
1932 Buna-S Styrene-butadiene rubber I. G. Farbenindustrie
1932 Buna-N Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber I. G. Farbenindustrie
(continued)

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
2356 Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of Selected Polymers

1932 UM Urea/melamine American Cyanamid
Company
1933 PEMA Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Röhm and Haas
1933 EC Ethyl cellulose; Methocel ICI
1933 AF Aniline/formaldehyde resins; Cibanite Ciba
1934 PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; Hostaflon I. G. Hoechst
1934 PVFO Poly(vinyl formal) Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
1935 PVBO Poly(vinyl butyral) Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
1936 ABS-A Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene; Royalite Naugatuck Chemical
Company
1936 MF Melamine/formaldehyde resins Ciba
1937 PA-66 Polyamide-66; Nylon E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1937 SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer; Luran I. G. Farbenindustrie
1937 TPU Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers O. Bayer
1937 TS Thermoset polyesters Marco Chemical
Company
1937 PVK Poly-N-vinylcarbazole; Luvican I. G. Farbenindustrie
(BASF)
1938 MF Melamine-formaldehyde resin; Resart Henkel AG
1938 CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate; Tenite Eastman Kodak
Company
1938 PA-6 Poly-e-caprolactam; Perlon I. G. Farbenindustrie
1938 PA-66 Polyhexamethyleneadipamide; Nylon E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1939 LDPE Low-density polyethylene; Alketh ICI Ltd.
1939 PVDC Poly(vinylidene chloride); Saran Dow Chemical
Company
1939 PVP Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone Farbenindustrie
1939 PU Polyurethane fibers, Perlon U I. G. Farbenindustrie,
Wolfen
1940 DAC Diallyl glycol carbonate; CR-38 PPG Company
1942 UP Unsaturated polyester; Vestopal United States Rubber
Company
1942 PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene; Teflon TFE E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1943 EP Epoxy; Araldite Ciba-Geigy
1943 BR Butyl rubber St. Claire Processing
Corporation
1943 HDPE High-density polyethylene; Vestolen BASF A.-G.
1943 PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane; Dow Corning Dow Corning
Corporation
1943 PVAl Poly(vinyl alcohol); Vinaviol Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
(continued)
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of Selected Polymers 2357

1943 PVCAc Vinyl copolymers; Vinidur Shawinigan Chemical
Ltd.
1945 CP Cellulose propionate; Forticel Celanese
1947 PU Polyurethanes; Perlon U Bayer A.-G.
1948 ABS-G Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene latex Röhm & Haas
1948 ACM Acrylic elastomer; Hycar PA B. F. Goodrich
Chemical Co.
1950 EVA Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer ICI
1950 CSR Chlorosulfonated PE; Hypalon E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1950 PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Hoechst A.-G.
1952 OPET Oriented polyethyleneterephthalate film E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1953 PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate); Melinite ICI
1954 PVAc/Ph Poly(vinyl acetate)/phthalate C. E. Frosst &
Company
1955 PA-11 Polyamide-11; Risilan Thann & Mulhouse
1956 PC Bisphenol-A polycarbonate; Macrolon Bayer A.-G.; General
Electric Co.
1956 PCME Polydichloromethyltrimethylene ether; Penton Hercules
1957 PEG Poly(ethylene glycol); Carbowax Union Carbide Canada
Ltd.
1957 PP Isotactic Polypropylene; Pro-Fax Hoechst/Montecatini/
Hercules
1958 DAP/ Allyl unsaturated polyester; Dapon FMC Corporation
DAIP
1958 SMM Poly(styrene-co-methylmethacrylate); Kamax Röhm & Haas A.-G.
1958 UHMWPE Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene; Hostalen Hoechst A.-G./Himont
GUR
1959 CPE Chlorinated polyethylene; Hostapren Hoechst A.-G.
1959 POM Polyoxymethylene (Acetal); Delrin E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1959 POM Poly(oxymethylene/ethylene); Celcon Celanese
1959 TPU Thermoplastic polyurethane; Estane B. F. Goodrich
1960 EVAc Ethylene-vinyl acetate; Elvacet E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1960 CAP Cellulose acetate propionate; Tenite Eastman Kodak
1960 CBR Chlorobutyl rubber; Exxon Butyl Exxon
1960 EPR Ethylene-propylene elastomer; Vistalon Exxon
1960 LLDPE Linear low-density polyethylene; Sclair DuPont-Canada
1960 – Chlorinated polyether; Penton Hercules Inc.
1961 – Polyamide-epichlorohydrin; Hydrin Hercules Powder
Company
1961 Aramid Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide); Nomex E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
(continued)

1961 FEP Fluorinated-ethylene propylene; Teflon FEP E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1961 PVDF Poly(vinylidene fluoride); Kynar Pennwalt Chemical
Company
1962 SB Styrene-butadiene block copolymer Phillips
1962 ACM Acrylate rubber Polymer Corp. Ltd.
(Polysar)
1962 Phenoxy Polyhydroxyether of bisphenol-A; Phenoxy Union Carbide
1962 PI Polyimides; Kapton E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1963 EPDM Ethylene-propylene-diene; Nordel E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1963 SMA Styrene-maleic anhydride; Dylark Sinclair Petrochemicals
Company
1963 IO Ethylene copolymer ionomers; Surlyn E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1964 EVAc Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer; Elvax E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1964 EVAc Ethylene-vinyl acetate cop.; Ultrathene U. S. Industrial
Chemicals
1964 PIAN Isoprene/acrylonitrile rubber Polymer Corp. Ltd.
(Polysar)
1964 PPE Poly(phenylene ether); PPE General Electric
Company
1964 PB Polybutylene, Vestolen BT H€uls A.-G.
1965 PAI Polyamide-imide; Torlon Amoco Chemical
Corporation
1965 PBIA Polybenzimidazole Naramco, Materials
Div.
1965 PSF Polysulfone of bisphenol-A; Udel Union Carbide Corp./
Amoco
1965 SBS Poly(styrene-b-butadiene); Kraton D Shell Chemical
Company
1965 EP Poly(ethylene-b-propylene); Polyallomer Eastman Chemical
Products
1965 (blend) PU/polyester; Corfam E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1965 PPX Polyparaxylene; Parylene Union Carbide
Company, Inc.
1965 PMP Poly-4-methyl pentene-1; TPX ICI/Mitsui
Petrochemical Ind.
1966 PPE blend Poly(phenylene ether); Noryl General Electric
Company
1966 PA-12 Polyamide-12; Vestamid H€uls A.-G./Emser
Werke
1969 – Amorphous, aromatic PARA; Trogamid Dynamit Nobel
1969 PB Polybutene-1; Duraflex H€uls A.-G.
(continued)
Appendix V: Commercialization Dates of Selected Polymers 2359

1969 PBT Poly(butylene terephthalate); Celanex Celanese
1969 PBT Poly(butylene terephthalate); Hostadur Hoechst A.-G.
1970 PO Unipol process Union Carbide
Company, Inc.
1970 LCP Poly(p-oxybenzoyl); Ekonol Carborundum
1970 BIIR Bromobutyl rubber Polysar
1970 PA-612 Polyamide-6,12; Zytel 150 E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1970 Aramid Poly(p-phenyleneisophthalamide); Kevlar E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1971 PASU Polyarylsulfone; Astrel 3M Company
1971 PPS Poly(phenylene sulfide); Rayton R Phillips Petroleum
Company
1971 PAE Polyarylether; Arylon T Uniroyal
1972 EVAl Ethylene-vinyl alcohol; Elvanol Kuraray Company Ltd.
1972 LCP Liquid crystal polymers; Ekkcel I-2000 Carborundum
1972 PES Polyethersulfone; Victrex ICI Ltd.
1972 PFA Perfluoro alkoxy polymer; Teflon PFA E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1972 ETFE Poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene); Tefzel E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1972 SB Styrene-butadiene blocks; K-resin Phillips Petroleum
Company
1972 SEBS Poly(styrene-b-ethylene butylene); Kraton G Shell Chemical
Company
1973 PVDF Poly(vinylidene fluoride); Dyflon Dynamit Nobel
1973 PAr Polyarylate (mixture of i- and t-phthalic acid with Unitika
bisphenol-A); U-polymer
1976 PPSU Polyphenylsulfone; BXL, Radel R Union Carbide/Amoco
1978 PEEK Polyetheretherketone; Victrex ICI Ltd.
1980 APEC Aromatic polyestercarbonate; Apec Chemical Werke
Albert; Bayer
1981 PEBA Polyether-block-amide; Pebax Atochem
1981 TPO Dynamically vulcanized PO blend; Santoprene Monsanto Company
1982 PEI Polyetherimide; Ultem General Electric
Company
1983 PAS Polyarylsulfone; Radel Amoco
1983 PBI Polybenzimidazole; PBI Celanese Corporation
1985 PAE Polyarylether; Parylen Union Carbide
1985 MPR Melt-processable rubber; Acrylyn E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.
1986 PISO Polyimidesulfone Celanese
1987 PTES Polythioethersulfone; Amoroon Dainippon Ink &
Chemicals
1987 PA-46 Polyamide-4,6; Stanyl DSM
1987 PPMB Poly-p-methylenebenzoate Amoco
(continued)

1989 sPS Syndiotactic polystyrene Idemitsu/Dow
1991 PPA Polyphthalamide; Amodel Amoco
1992 sPP Syndiotactic polypropylene Sumitomo Chemical
1994 PENi Polyethernitrile Idemitsu Materials
Company
1995 COPO Ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymer Shell Chemicals
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
The following list of commonly used notation and symbols is used in the Encyclo-
pedia. They are based on those listed in American National Standard Abbreviations
for Use on Drawings and in Text (ANSI Yl.l), American National Standard Letter
Symbols for Units in Science and Technology (ANSI Y10), and The Society of
Rheology [J. Rheol., 28, 181 (1984)].
Abbreviations
A Amorphous polymer
a-c Alternating current
abs Absolute
aq Aqueous
av Average
BC Block copolymer
bcc Body-centered cubic
bct Body-centered tetragonal
bp Boiling point
C Crystalline polymer
ca Circa (about as much)
cgs Old units: centimeter-gram-second
CH Centrifugal homogenizer
CMC Critical micelle concentration
conc Concentration
cp Chemically pure
CPC Cloud point curve
cryst Crystalline
CST Critical solution temperature
CTM Cavity transfer mixer

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
2362 Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols
d-c Direct current, adj.

dB Decibel
dec Decompose
detd Determined
detn Determination
dia Diameter
dil Diluted
dl -; DL- Racemic
DMA Dimethylacetamide
DMF Dimethylformamide
DMG Dimethylglyoxime
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
DP Degree of polymerization
dp Dew point
DPH Diamond pyramid hardness
DR Draw ratio
DS Degree of substitution
dsc Differential scanning calorimetry
dta Differential thermal analysis
ECU Electrochemical unit
ED Effective dose
ed. Edited, edition, editor
em Electron microscopy
emf Electromotive force
emu Electron magnetic unit
EP Engineering polymer
EPB Engineering polymer blends
epr Electron paramagnetic resonance
Eq Equation
esca Electron-spectroscopy for chemical analysis
esp Especially
esr Electron-spin resonance
est(d) Estimate(d)
estn Estimation
esu Electrostatic unit
exp Experiment, experimental
ext(d) Extract(ed)
fcc Face-centered cubic
fp Freezing point
frz Freezing
FTIR Fourier transform IR
g-mol Gram-molecular weight
gc Gas chromatography
glc Gas–liquid chromatography
Appendix VI: Notation and Symbols 2363
gpc In old terminology, gel-permeation chromatography; modern term,

size exclusion chromatography, sec, should be used instead
grd Ground
hcp Hexagonal close-packed
hex Hexagonal
HPB Homologous polymer blend
hplc High-pressure liquid chromatography
HRC Rockwell hardness (C scale)
HV Vickers hardness number
hyg Hygroscopic
ICT International Critical Table
ID Inside diameter
Im Imaginary part of a complex function
im Immiscible
intl. International
ir Infrared
IU International Unit
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
l.c. Lower case (in printing)
LALLS Low-angle laser light scattering
LCB Long-chain branching
LCD Liquid crystal display
LCST Lower critical solution temperature
LED Light-emitting diode
liq Liquid
ln Logarithm (natural)
log Logarithm (common)
m Miscible
max Maximum
MEK Methyl ethyl ketone
meq Milliequivalent
mfd Manufactured
mfg Manufacturing
mfr Manufacturer
MIBC Methyl isobutyl carbinol
MIBK Methyl isobutyl ketone
min Minute; minimum
mol Mole
mol wt Molecular weight
mp Melting point (also Tm)
MPB Miscible polymer blend
ms Mass spectrum
MTT Melt titration technique
MW Molecular weight
MWD Distribution of MW
mxt Mixture
na Not available
nat Natural
NDB Negatively deviating blends
neg Negative
NG Nucleation-and-growth
NI Notched Izod impact strength
NIRT Notched Izod impact strength at room temperature
nmr Nuclear magnetic resonance
no. Number
NRET Non-radiative energy transfer
NTP Normal temperature and pressure (25 C and 101.3 kPa or 1 atm)
o- Ortho
OD Outside diameter
OM Optical microscopy
p- Para
p-i-n Positive-intrinsic-negative
p., pp. Page, pages
PAB Polymer alloys and blends
PDB Positively deviating blends
Pe Peclet number
pH Negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen ion concentration
phr Concentration in parts per hundred of resin
PICS Pulse-induced critical scattering
pm Partially miscible
pmr Proton magnetic resonance
PNDB Positively and negatively deviating blends (sigmoidal)
pos Positive
ppb Parts per billion (109)
pph Parts per hundred
ppm Parts per million (106)
ppmv Parts per million by volume
ppmwt Parts per million by weight
PRC Particular rheological composition
pt Point; part
pwd Powder
qv Quod vide (which see)
r-f, rf Radio frequency; adj. and n., respectively
rad Radian
rds Rate-determining step
Re Real part of complex function
Ref. Reference
rh Relative humidity
rms Root-mean square

rpm Rotations per minute
rps Revolutions per second
RT Room temperature
SANS Small-angle neutron scattering
satn Saturation
SAXS Small-angle X-ray scattering
SCB Short-chain branching
SCF Self-consistent field
SD Spinodal decomposition
SEC Size-exclusion chromatography
SEM Scanning electron microscope
SH Strain hardening
SI Le Système International d’Unités (International System of Units)
SIS Solvent-induced shift
sol Soluble
soln Solution
soly Solubility
sp Specific
sp gr Specific gravity
sr Steradian
std Standard
TEM Transmission electron microscopy
tex Tex, linear density
THF Tetrahydrofuran
tlc Thin-layer chromatography
trans Isomer in which substituents are on opposite sides of double C ¼ C bond
TREF Temperature rising elution fractionation
TW Glass temperature width ( C)
UCST Upper critical solution temperature
uv Ultraviolet
v sol Very soluble
var Variable
vol Volume
vs. Versus, against
WAXS Wide-angle X-ray scattering
yr Year
Notation: Roman Letters
A Chemical affinity
a Drop curvature
A2 Second virial coefficient

a c, a T Concentration and temperature shift factors
A j, aj Equation constants
as Distance from spinodal condition; as ¼ 2[(wN)s–(wN)]
B Thermodynamic interaction parameter; B ¼ w12RT/V1u
B Mobility
B, Bo Extrudate swell and its value for Newtonian liquid
C ¼ v/g_ Sprigg’s constant
coi Universal constants in WLF equation
c 2, C Concentration (g/dl)
Cp Heat capacity at constant pressure
Cv Heat capacity at constant volume
c 3, (3c) Number of external degrees of freedom per macromolecular segment
Dc Cahn-Hilliard diffusion constant
D Droplet deformability; D ¼ (l–b)/(l + b)
D Diffusion coefficient
D Tensile compliance
D(t, sE) Tensile creep compliance
d, di Diameter, diameter of ith generation of particles in polydisperse
suspensions
Dc, De Capillary and extrudate diameter, respectively
DE Droplet deformability in extensional flow
Dr Rotational Brownian diffusion coefficient
Ds(sE) Steady-state tensile compliance
dv/s Volume-to-surface average particle diameter
E Elasticity of the interphase
Ei Interaction energy
E Tensile, or Young’s, modulus
e Electron
E(t) Tensile relaxation modulus
E(t, «) Tensile stress relaxation modulus
E+ Threshold energy of coagulation
Ej Activation energy
Eij Exchange energy of i-j contact
F Helmholtz free energy (F ¼ E—TS)
f Free volume fraction
f(x) Function of a parameter x
fO Onsager coefficient
G Gibb’s free energy (G ¼ E — TS + pV ¼ H — TS)
G Shear modulus (modulus of rigidity)
G Gravitational constant, G ¼ 6.67 3 1011 N m2/kg2
Gy Gray
g Acceleration due to gravity; g ¼ 9.80621 m/s2 (see level, lat. 45 )
g* Concentration gradient at the interface
G’(v) Shear storage modulus

G0 y, G00 y Yield values for G0 and G00
G(t) Shear relaxation modulus
G(t, g) Shear stress relaxation modulus
G00 (v) Shear loss modulus
G*(v) Complex shear modulus
H Enthalpy
H Henry
h Hydrodynamic shielding parameter
H(t) Relaxation spectrum
hc Critical separation distance for drop coalescence
H~G Reduced Gross relaxation spectrum
hg Partial (or specific) molar enthalpy of component g
HG(s) Gross frequency relaxation spectrum
hT Vertical time-temperature shift factor
Hz Hertz
I Scattering intensity ratio
ID, IM Intensity of emission of the excimer and monomer
J Hear compliance
J Joule
J0 (v) Shear storage compliance
J(t) Shear creep compliance
J(t, s) Shear creep compliance
J00 (v) Shear loss compliance
J*(v) Complex shear compliance
J, Jo, Jc° Creep compliance, its value at t ¼ 0 and at steady state
Je Equilibrium shear compliance
Js Steady-state shear compliance
Js(s) Steady-state compliance
K Bulk modulus
K Kelvin
kB Boltzmann s universal constant
k Rate constants
kH, kM Huggins, Martin constants of solution viscosity
L Length of a dispersed particle
L(t) Retardation spectrum
L, L* Lamellar thickness
l, b Prolate drop half length and half width
M Mobility constant
m Strain ratio in asymmetric extension
M, Mw, Mn Molecular weight and its weight and number averages
Me Entanglement molecular weight
Mn Number-average molecular weight
Mv Viscosity-average molecular weight
Mw Weight-average molecular weight

Ne Number of polymer segments between entanglements
N Newton (force)
nD
i Index of refraction (for 20 C and sodium light)
n “Power law” exponent between melt viscosity and the deformation
rate
N1, N2 First and second normal stress difference, respectively
_
N+1 ðt; gÞ First normal stress growth function
_
N1– ðt; gÞ First normal stress decay function
N1 ðt; gÞ_ First normal stress relaxation function
N2 ðt; g_ Þ Second normal stress relaxation function
N+2 ðt; g_ Þ Second normal stress growth function
N2– ðt; g_ Þ Second normal stress decay function
P Pressure
P Probability
P(q) One-particle scatter function
p, p* Anisometric particle aspect ratio and its generalized value
Pa Pascal (pressure)
Pe Entrance-exit pressure drop in capillary flow
Q Heat received by the system
q Wavevector
R, r Radius, position variable radius
R Universal gas constant; 8.31432 J/mol deg
r2 Correlation coefficient squared, precision of data
kr2l Mean square end-to-end distance
R(t, s) Ecoil function, R(t, s) ¼ gr/s
r, rc Radial position of a particle and its critical value
Rc Particle diameter-to-capillary diameter ratio
Re Reynolds number
RR Rao constant
RT Trouton ratio; ratio of the extensional to shear viscosity
Rg Radius of gyration
R‘(s) Ultimate recoil function
S Entropy
S Siemens
s Number of statistical segments per macromolecule
s Second
S(t, sE) Tensile recoil coefficient; S(t, sE) ¼ er/sE
sg Specific molar entropy of g
Si Initial slope of the stress growth function in uniaxial extension
si Specific surface area of ith particle
Sv Entropy per unit volume
T Temperature
t Time
Tg Glass transition temperature

Tm, Tg Melting point; glass transition temperature
tp Period of rotation for anisometric particles
U Total energy of the system
V Volume
v Specific volume
vg Partial molar (or specific) volume of g
vi Velocity in direction i
VL, VS Ultrasonic velocity; transverse and shear
W Heat flow (components Wi, i ¼ x, y, z)
w Weight fraction
wi Weight fraction of specimen i
x Variable
x1 or x Direction of flow
x2 or y Direction of velocity gradient
x3 or z Neutral direction
xi Mole fraction
z Coordination number
Greek Alphabet (Lower Case, Capital Letter)
a, B alpha n, Ν nu
b, Β beta x, X xi
g, G gamma p, P pi
d, D delta r, Ρ rho
e, Ε epsilon s, S sigma
z, Ζ zeta t, Τ tau
Z, Η eta f, (o), F phi
y, (W), Y theta w, Χ chi
k, K kappa c, C psi
l, L lambda o, O omega
m, M mu
Notation: Greek Letters
ai Thermal expansion coefficient

2a Convergence angle
b12 Slip factor in Lin’s equation
Gij Nonrandomness parameter for ij segment placement
Go Critical parameter for droplet breakup
g Shear strain
g_ c , g_ y Critical value of g_ for onset of dilatancy or yield
gR Recoverable shear strain
g_ Shear rate
gr(t, s) Recoil strain
g‘(s) Ultimate recoil
D Increment
DEh Activation energy of flow
DGm, DGel Gibbs free energy of mixing and an elastic contribution
DHm Heat of mixing
Dl Thickness of the interphase
d Solubility parameter
« Dielectric parameter
« Tensile Hencky strain
«_ Strain rate ( 0)
«b Maximum Hencky strain at break
«max Maximum filament shrinkage
«r ðt; «_ Þ Tensile recoil function
«‘(sE) Ultimate tensile recoil
«B/«_ B Biaxial strain/strain rate ( 0)
z Correlation length; domain size
h Viscosity
ho Limiting viscosity at zero shear rate, i.e., at the upper Newtonian
plateau
h‘ Limiting viscosity at infinite shear rate, i.e., at the lower Newtonian
plateau
hs Viscosity of solvent or of continuous medium
hr Relative viscosity (/s)
hsp Specific viscosity (r–1)
[h] Intrinsic viscosity
[h]E, [h]E,d Emulsion and deformable droplet emulsion intrinsic viscosity,
respectively
hd, hm Viscosity of dispersed and matrix liquid; also 1, 2, respectively
hi, hsi, hei Interface viscosity and its shear and extensional components
happ Apparent viscosity
ho,M Maxwellian viscosity
h*(v) Complex viscosity
h0 (v) Dynamic viscosity
h00 (v) Out-of-phase component of complex viscosity
h+(t, g) _ Shear stress growth coefficient
h(t, g) _ Shear stress decay coefficient
h+E ðt; «_ Þ Tensile stress growth coefficient
hE– ðt; «_ Þ Tensile stress decay coefficient
hE Elongational or tensile viscosity

hB Biaxial extensional viscosity
h+B ðt; «_ B Þ Biaxial stress growth coefficient
hB– ðt; «_ B Þ Biaxial stress decay coefficient
Q Scattering angle
q Distortion wavelength in capillary instability
k Ratio of rheological to interface forces; capillarity factor k ¼ sd/n
L Wavelength
l Thermal conductivity
l ¼ hd/hm Viscosity ratio of the dispersed to the matrix phase liquids in
polymer blend flow
m Chemical potential
mi Chemical potential of i
m Poisson ratio
n Interfacial tension coefficient
n, no Dynamic interfacial tension coefficient and its equilibrium value
ns, ne Side and interfacial energies of a polymeric crystal
s Shear stress
sij ij component of the stress tensor
sy, syc, syE Yield shear stress, its value in compression and extension
sc Critical shear stress for droplet break-up
sm Critical shear stress for melt fracture
s+(t, g) _ Shear stress growth function

s (t, g) _ Shear stress decay function
s(t, g) Shear stress relaxation function
sE Net tensile stress
s+B ðt; «_ Þ Tensile stress growth function
sB– ðt; «_ Þ Tensile stress decay function
sE Tensile stress decay coefficient
sB Net stretching stress
r Density
t Relaxation time
ty Characteristic time of the yield cluster
tz Lifetime of the density fluctuation
Fi Farris volume fraction of component i in the mixture
f, fm Volume fraction; maximum packing volume fraction
fmo, fm‘ Maximum packing volume fraction at shear stress s ! 0 and s ! ‘
xij Thermodynamic interaction coefficient between species i and j
C(t) Retardation function
C1 First normal stress coefficient
C2 Second normal stress coefficient
c +1 ðt; g_ Þ First normal stress growth coefficient
c +2 ðt; g_ Þ Second normal stress growth coefficient
c 1– ðt; g_ Þ First normal stress decay coefficient

c 2– ðt; g_ Þ Second normal stress decay coefficient
V Distortion wavelength
V Vorticity
v Frequency (rad/s)
Subscripts
app, a Apparent
B Binodal
E Uniaxial extension
g Glass
i Counting subscript, inversion or dispersed phase
L Linear viscoelastic function
m Mixing, melt, matrix
R Reference variable
S Strain hardening
S Spinodal
s Suspension
y Yield
Superscripts
E Excess value
L Lattice gas model
+ Stress growth function
Decay function
(tilde) Reduced variable
* Complex or reducing variable
Mathematical Symbols
<> Average
P Multiplication
p 3.1415926536
S Summation
Index
A C
Acrylic blends, 1739, 1740, 1785–1789 Carbon nanotube (CNT), 1532–1539,
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 1542–1547
1415–1425 Cavitation, 1214–1216, 1219–1221, 1225,
blends, 1739, 1769, 1774, 1811–1813, 1227, 1230, 1231, 1234, 1236–1241,
1824, 1827, 1852 1243, 1246, 1248, 1252–1257,
Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA) blends, 1845 1260–1263, 1265, 1266, 1271,
Aerospace, 1444–1445, 1454 1273–1275, 1277, 1282–1287
Aging Chain dynamics, 1320, 1326, 1329, 1345
determination of, 1359–1360 Charpy impact, 1054, 1057, 1129
miscible blends, 1371 Chlorinated polyethylene, 1402
two phase systems, 1386 Clay, 1487–1492, 1495–1497, 1500, 1502,
Amorphous, 295–309, 311–315, 318, 319, 1503, 1507, 1509–1513, 1516–1523,
325, 326, 331, 338, 340, 343, 345–347, 1540, 1542, 1546, 1547
349–356, 359, 360, 365–368, 371–411, CNT. See Carbon nanotube (CNT)
418, 420, 431, 434 Coalescence, 761, 768–769, 791, 794,
Applications, 1433–1454 797–799, 801, 802, 805–811, 816, 817,
ASA. See Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA) 821–823, 826–828, 841, 925, 933, 939,
blends 941, 944–945, 948, 954–956, 958, 989,
Automotive, 1435, 1437–1439, 1441, 1011, 1012
1448–1452, 1454 Co-continuous morphology, 879, 889,
Avrami, 325–327, 331, 333–335, 353, 365, 891, 899, 902, 915
380, 392, 426 Co-crystallization, 296, 308, 310, 311,
324, 365, 427, 434
B Co-crystallized polymer blends, 1918,
Barrier films, 1162–1163 2101–2105
Batch, 926, 951, 958, 960–961, 985, 986, Commercial polymer blends, 20, 123
990, 998, 1000, 1011 Commodity polymer resin blends, 71–73
Bent strip ESC test, 1170–1171 Compatibility, 701, 712, 715
Binary blends, 450, 463, 485, 486 Compatibilization, 447–509, 920, 933,
Binary polymer blend, 1330, 1333 942, 946, 997–1011, 1737–1744, 1746,
Biodegradable applications, 1436–1437 1752, 1761, 1773, 1774, 1776, 1778,
Biodegradable polymer blends, 124, 125, 1794, 1801, 1802, 1804, 1810–1812,
129, 527, 1868–1874 1814–1816, 1834, 1837–1839, 1849,
Biomedical, 686, 709, 711–714, 717 1850, 1874, 1902, 1904
Block copolymer, 455–459, 461, 463–465, strategies, 520, 521, 529, 566, 605, 640
470, 471, 481, 485, 488, 490, 492, 494, Compatibilized blends, 1050, 1073, 1091,
498, 502, 503, 505 1103, 1129, 1165–1168
Breakup, 927–934, 937, 944, 945, 955, 956, 978 Compatibilized polymer blend, 522, 529,
Broadband dielectric spectroscopy, 1299–1350 532, 533, 536, 583

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6,
2374 Index
Compatibilizer, 521, 523, 529, 530, 532, 533, mechanisms, 1205, 1207, 1212, 1216, 1221,
556, 559, 562, 569, 570, 573, 582, 586, 1225–1227, 1232, 1244, 1252–1288
587, 596, 597, 606–608, 638, 642 Degradation, 1888–1890, 1893, 1895, 1897,
Composition asymmetry, 1344 1899–1902, 1905
Compressive strength, 1039–1040 Determination of Gc, 1058–1061
Concentration fluctuations, 1335–1337, Developing opportunities, 1435–1441
1345, 1348 Dielectric
Concurrent crystallization, 296, 309, relaxation, 1301, 1307–1312, 1320–1348
311, 365, 434 strength, 1144, 1150, 1178, 1304, 1306,
Conduction, 1309, 1312–1313 1311, 1322, 1325–1326, 1346
Conductivity, 1035, 1043, 1105–1107, 1127, Differential scanning calorimetry, 306, 433
1140–1143, 1146–1148, 1179, 1180 Dispersion, 922, 939–942, 945, 946, 948, 950,
Confinement effects, 1301, 1343–1345 952, 954, 956, 961, 967, 977, 987, 989,
Continuous, 922, 926, 944, 956, 958–988, 993, 1006, 1012
990, 998, 1004, 1011 Distribution, 922, 932, 938, 947, 951, 954,
Cooperatively rearranging region, 1324, 1336 956, 960, 964, 968, 975–981,
Copolymer, 942, 943, 950, 962, 985, 989, 984, 997–1001, 1010
992–995, 1004, 1005, 1007–1009 Drop, 921, 926–935, 937–946, 949, 953–958,
addition, 463, 465, 467, 470, 471, 481, 961–963, 989, 1012
484, 487, 491, 498, 501, 506 breakup, 765–768, 799, 804, 806, 807,
characterization, 542, 551, 554, 560, 816, 817
580, 612, 615, 639 Dynamic asymmetry, 1343
formation, 519–521, 528, 531–639, 642 Dynamic glass transition, 1311, 1322–1326,
homopolymer blends, 457–460 1330–1343, 1346
Coupling reaction, 905–906, 911, 912 Dynamic heterogeneity, 1333–1334, 1343,
Cowie-Ferguson (C-F) model, 1365, 1376 1348
Crazing, 1205–1210, 1212, 1213, 1219, 1220,
1225–1227, 1230–1233, 1236, 1238, E
1241, 1245, 1252, 1253, 1263–1269, Elastomeric blends, 1740, 1759–1760,
1273, 1277, 1284–1287 1790–1800
Crosslinks/crosslinking, 680, 686–688, Electrical, 1434, 1438, 1439, 1442, 1446–1450
692, 693, 695–698, 700–702, 704–706, Electronics, 1435, 1439, 1440, 1442,
709, 713, 717 1445–1447, 1449, 1450
Crystalline, 295, 297–312, 314, 324, Elongational flows, 765, 766, 799, 811,
326, 334–336, 340, 341, 344, 355, 815, 816, 847–852
360, 366–374, 376, 378, 379, 382, Encapsulation, 817, 822, 831
383, 386, 390–394, 396, 398, Engineering polymer resin blends, 84
401, 402, 406, 407, 410, 411, 417, 420, Enthalpy, 1464, 1479
422–430 relaxation, 1360–1380, 1386
Crystallization, 291–439, 487, 493–496, 503 Entropy, 173, 174, 176–178, 180, 197,
Crystals, 296, 304, 309, 311–314, 316, 325, 200, 203, 207, 208, 210, 219, 227, 231,
326, 332, 336–340, 344, 345, 347, 348, 239, 267, 1467, 1479
350, 357, 359, 360, 377, 378, 391, 392, Equation of state, 174, 177, 179–187,
399, 411, 412, 415, 416, 422, 423, 426, 189, 204–207, 239, 240, 278
427, 429, 430, 433 Equilibrium melting temperature, 336–340
Curing, 349, 350, 354, 360–365, 434 Experimental determination of interaction
Curing reaction, 892, 895 parameters, 254, 256–262
Experimental techniques for interface, 483
D Extension, 923, 924, 929, 936, 939, 954,
Damping, 686, 705–708, 710, 711, 976, 988
714, 715, 717 Extrusion, 519–521, 525, 526, 530–532,
Deformation, 923–925, 927–929, 931–934, 535, 536, 542–544, 546, 549, 551–553,
936–939, 949, 955, 961, 1002, 1011 555, 558, 560–565, 567, 570–572,
Index 2375
577–579, 582, 584, 587, 590–593, In situ-formed copolymer, 905–911, 915

595, 607, 611, 612, 615, 618, 622, 623, Interface, 448–471, 476, 480–493, 495, 501,
628, 629, 631, 632, 635–638, 640, 642, 506, 922–926, 934, 938, 942–943,
933, 951, 955, 958, 959, 962–964, 998, 1001, 1011, 1012, 1476
966, 968, 969, 974, 975, 979, 981, 985, profile, 454, 465
988–990, 998–1003, 1005 Interfacial
polarization, 1313–1314, 1347–1348
F tension, 449–452, 454, 456, 458, 460–467,
Fatigue characteristics, 1042–1045 470–479, 482–487, 491, 492, 501
Fibrillation, 766–768, 810, 817, 822–824, 827 thickness, 451, 456, 470, 480–482,
Fire retardancy, 1411, 1425 485, 490–491
Flexural modulus, 1040, 1049, 1074, 1110, 1111 Interfibrillar, 295, 297, 299–303, 364, 365,
Flory–Huggins theory, 197–204, 239 402, 434
Flow-induced orientation, 756–760 Interlamellar, 295, 297, 299–304, 306, 307,
Fluid engineering, 1453 312, 313, 315, 332, 356, 364, 365, 402,
Fractionated crystallization, 393, 395–410, 434
418, 420, 421, 423–425, 430–435 Interlayer slip, 756, 796, 817, 828–833,
Fracture, 1468, 1470, 1475–1477 839, 846
Free energy, 173–175, 183, 194, 197, 204, Interpenetrating, 677–718
205, 207, 208, 231, 241–243, 247, 251, Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN),
255, 270, 274 678–683, 686, 687, 690–693,
of mixing, 877, 892 697, 700–702, 704–709, 711, 713–717
Frozen free volume, 184 Interphase, 447–509, 727, 729, 735–739,
741, 753, 761, 764, 768, 773, 778, 828,
G 830, 838, 839, 920, 941–944
Gas-lattice model, 207–209 Interpolymer complexes, 1916
Glass transition temperature (Tg), 1093–1095, Inverse gas chromatography, 1076, 1093, 1100
1113, 1115, 1129, 1463, 1464, 1466, IPN. See Interpenetrating polymer network
1472, 1917 (IPN)
measurements, 266–271 Izod impact, 1050–1054, 1069–1071, 1074,
1076, 1077, 1168
H
Healthcare, 1440–1444 J
Heat of mixing model/approach, 210–227, J-integral techniques, 1061–1066
239, 240
Heat stabilizers, 1403 K
High performance polymer, 1459–1481 Kohlrausch, Williams, and Watts (KWW)
History of polymers and their blends, 6 function, 1382
Hoffman Weeks, 336–340, 343, 345, 365
Horizontal burning test, 1128 L
Lamellae, 299, 300, 304, 307, 314, 316,
I 325, 342, 344, 345, 347, 348,
Immiscibility, 1463, 1468, 1470, 1476, 1478 378, 382, 383, 390, 394, 402,
Immiscible, 876, 877, 880, 886–891, 406, 408, 410
896, 905 Lamellar morphology, 1034, 1167, 1168
blends, 295, 366, 372, 373, 377, 378, Latex interpenetrating polymer network
389, 402, 414, 418, 422, 434, 729–731, (LIPN), 701–708, 710
738, 740–779, 784, 793–852 Laws of thermodynamics, 175–177
polymer blends, 450–455, 464, 467, LCP. See Liquid crystal polymer (LCP)
468, 484, 486 LCST. See Lower critical solution temperature
Impact modification, 1753, 1754, 1770, (LCST)
1779, 1804, 1805, 1814, 1839, Light scattering (LS), 192, 193, 239, 257,
1843, 1867 261, 263, 264, 278
2376 Index
LIPN. See Latex interpenetrating polymer Nucleating agent, 1117–1119, 1125–1127,

network (LIPN) 1152
Liquid crystal polymer (LCP), 1462, Nucleation and growth (NG), 245, 250–252,
1467–1470, 1472, 1473, 1475 877, 899
Localized fluctuations, 1300, 1330
Lower critical solution temperature (LCST), O
877, 878, 880–885, 888, 893 Outlook, 1453–1454
behavior, 1916 Oxygen scavenger blends, 1741, 1849
Luminous transmittance, 1149
P
M PA. See Polyamides (PA)
Mechanical, 1486, 1488, 1489, 1497, 1500, Packaging, 1434, 1436, 1438, 1449,
1512, 1513, 1520, 1524, 1530, 1532, 1451–1453
1533, 1544–1547 PALS. See Positron Annihilation Lifetime
properties, 1225–1290 Spectroscopy (PALS)
relaxation, 1381–1385 Permeability coefficient (P), 1160–1162
Mechanisms of phase separation, 244–252 Permittivity, 1143–1145, 1178
Melting, 291–439 Petrie–Marshall (P-M) model, 1365, 1376
Melt processing, 519, 522, 525, 528, 536, 541, Phase, 681–683, 686–693, 696, 699–702,
550, 584, 630, 642 704–707, 709, 711, 714–716
Microrheology, 733, 741, 746, 762–769, co-continuity, 730–735, 789
790, 794, 799–817, 821, 851 diagrams, 172, 180, 187, 189,
Microstructure, 296 190, 197–200, 232, 233, 241–244,
Miscible, 877, 888, 890–892, 905, 914, 915 252–258, 262–266, 268–270, 274, 1464
blends, 294–297, 300, 307–309, 313, 319, equilibria, 249, 254, 256, 263, 265
324–325, 327, 329, 336–349, 351, 353, separation, 197, 203, 239, 241–255,
360, 362, 363, 365, 375, 402, 434, 729, 257, 262, 263, 265, 266, 274,
730, 738–740, 779–793, 831, 1468, 277, 295, 324, 344, 345, 349, 355, 357,
1478 358, 360, 362–364, 768, 778–780,
polymer blends, 1915–2105 782, 784, 786–793, 798, 804,
Mixing, 920–964, 967–989, 998–1001, 805, 831, 844
1010–1012 Phosphorus-based fire retardants, 1418, 1420
Modulus, 1469, 1473–1475, 1477 Physical aging, 1357–1391
Molecular composite, 1471, 1474, 1478 PO. See Polyolefins (PO)
Morphology, 686–693, 697, 699–705, Polarization, 1302–1309, 1313–1314, 1319,
707–710, 920, 922, 927, 933, 940–942, 1335, 1347–1348
947–958, 963, 967, 968, 977, Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA),
984, 985, 991–995, 1002, 1003, 1399–1401
1006, 1486–1490, 1492–1497, Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), 1396, 1398–1409
1504, 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520–1522, Polyamides (PA), 1396, 1422–1425
1525–1528, 1531, 1532, 1534–1539, blends, 522, 542–580, 1740, 1751–1752,
1543, 1546, 1547 1773–1774, 1776, 1800–1823,
control of polymer blend, 876, 915 1837, 1854
development, 550, 551, 561, 562, 569, 572, Polycarbonate blends, 1741, 1743, 1771–1772,
577, 580, 596, 621, 634, 642, 643 1819–1820, 1823–1834, 1842
Polyester blends, 545, 580–612
N Polyetherimide blends, 588–589
Nanocomposites, 1412, 1413, 1417 Polyethylene (PE), 1402, 1410–1413,
Nanoparticles, 430–434, 1485–1548 1559–1716
Networks, 677–718 Polymer, 677–718
NMR methods for polymer blends, 271 alloys, 20, 26, 29, 36–37, 43
Noise reduction, 1156–1159 miscibility, 1301, 1327–1329, 1333,
Non-Newtonian flows, 769–777 1345, 1346
Index 2377
nomenclature, 15–19 Renewable resources, 1436–1437, 1453

recycling, 127 Resistivity, 1105, 1140–1148, 1150, 1180, 1181
Polymerization reaction, 892 Rheology, 725–857, 920, 922, 927, 994, 1002,
Polymer reference interaction site model 1003
(PRISM), 238–239, 278 RIPS. See Reaction-induced phase separation
Polyolefins (PO), 1396, 1398, 1409–1413, (RIPS)
1420, 1563, 1566, 1572, 1584, Rockwell hardness, 1040–1042, 1044, 1179
1607–1608, 1610–1616, 1618,
1636, 1646, 1667–1669, 1671–1676, S
1678, 1679, 1681–1716 SANS. See Small angle neutron scattering
blends, 527, 545, 547–558, 589–599, (SANS)
612–613, 615–639, 1739, 1747–1763, SD. See Spinodal decomposition (SD)
1793 Segmental dynamics, 1306, 1323, 1340,
Polyoxymethylene blends, 1835–1836 1343–1345, 1348
Polyphenylene ether (PPE) blends, 560–567, Self-concentration, 1328, 1335, 1337–1343,
601–605, 612–615, 621–622, 1738, 1345, 1348
1741, 1743, 1818, 1820, 1836–1840 Semicrystalline morphology, 292, 295,
Polyphenylene sulfide blends, 568, 605, 304–308, 354–356, 366, 372, 375, 386,
614, 639 389–391, 393, 424, 427
Polypropylene (PP), 1410–1413, 1423–1425, Semi-interpenetrating network, 1470,
1560, 1565, 1568, 1617, 1668–1670, 1476–1478
1672, 1674, 1676–1678, 1681, 1682, Separation of phase. See Phase, separation
1687, 1688, 1691, 1693–1703, Shear, 921, 923–929, 931–942, 944, 945,
1705–1707, 1712, 1713 947, 951, 953, 954, 959, 961,
Polystyrene (PS), 1399, 1406–1409, 968, 969, 973–982, 985, 986, 1002,
1413, 1414 1006, 1011, 1012
Polystyrene or styrene copolymer blends, flow, 741, 747, 749, 753, 756, 765,
573–580, 630–640 766, 776, 788–790, 793, 794, 796, 799,
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy 801, 803, 804, 806–808, 811, 816,
(PALS), 1368, 1369, 1379, 1385, 818, 822, 826, 830–847, 851, 852
1386 flow effect for phase diagram, 891, 914
PPE. See Polyphenylene ether (PPE) blends induced mixing, 880, 884, 885
PRISM. See Polymer reference interaction site yielding, 1205–1207, 1209–1213, 1215,
model (PRISM) 1216, 1220, 1226, 1227, 1229–1233,
Pull-in, 905, 909–911 1236, 1238, 1240, 1241, 1244, 1252,
Pull-out, 905, 907–909 1253, 1255, 1257–1261, 1265–1269,
PVC. See Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 1277, 1280, 1283–1288
PVT relationships, 179–187, 205 Silica, 1525–1532, 1539–1540, 1544, 1545
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS),
R 196, 200, 201, 204, 209, 217, 218, 239,
Reaction-induced phase separation (RIPS), 254–259, 263
891–905, 914, 915 Solubility parameters, 174, 219, 227–238,
Reactive, 920, 942, 950, 955, 957–959, 240, 255
972, 974, 975, 977–980, 983, 990, Solvent, 948, 983, 989–997, 999, 1006
997–1011 resistant polymer blends, 845
blend/blending, 642, 915 Specialty polymer blends, 1741, 1850–1857,
compatibilization, 517–647 1874
Recycling, 1438, 1441, 1449, 1453, 1885–1909 Specialty polymer resin blends, 37, 75–76,
Refractive index, 1066, 1067, 1098, 83–84, 87, 95–98
1149–1152, 1155, 1179 Specific interactions, 1916
Reinforced, 1436, 1440–1441 Spherulites, 295–297, 299, 300, 304, 307,
Reinforcement, 1468, 1469, 1473, 1474 309, 312–319, 322, 323, 333, 345,
Relaxation rate, 1311, 1322–1327, 1333, 1339 347, 355, 357–360, 363–366,
2378 Index
372, 373, 378–387, 389, 391–394, Thermoset blends, 1858–1868

397, 402, 411–414, 419, 426, 430 Thermosetting, 349–356, 360–365, 434
Spinodal decomposition (SD), 245–250, Time–temperature superposition, 779–781,
877, 889, 890, 892, 914 784, 789, 842–844
Stress relaxation, 1374, 1382–1384, 1386 Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moyniha (TNM)
Strong interactions model, 209–210 model, 1363, 1369
Styrenic blends, 1739, 1763–1779, 1785, 1837 Toughening, 1204, 1216, 1217, 1220–1253,
1255, 1261, 1266–1268, 1270,
T 1271, 1273, 1275–1278, 1281–1283,
Tensile properties, 1037–1039, 1048–1050, 1286, 1287
1052, 1074 Toughness, 1488, 1495–1500, 1505–1507,
Ternary polymer blends, 2072, 2078 1510, 1511, 1513, 1516, 1517,
Theoretical characteristics of interface, 450–471 1520, 1522–1524, 1526, 1527,
Thermal degradation, 1398–1401, 1404, 1406, 1530, 1534, 1537, 1538, 1544,
1407, 1411, 1413, 1415, 1416, 1418, 1546, 1547
1420–1422, 1425 TPEs. See Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs)
Thermal properties of polymer blends TPO. See Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)
Thermodynamics, 726, 730, 735, 736, blends
738, 747, 749, 768, 777, 787–793, TPV. See Thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV)
796–800, 816, 830, 838, 852, 1463, blends
1470, 1476 Turbidity measurements, 254, 262–263
potentials, 173–175
Thermoplastic, 680, 686, 692, 693, 698, 705, U
709–711, 717 Upper critical solution temperature (UCST),
polyester blends, 1828–1833, 1840–1850 877, 878, 880, 885–886, 892, 893
polymer blends, 57 behavior, 1916, 1918, 2077
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 1438–1440
Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) blends, 1739, V
1754–1758 Vertical burning test, 1128–1136
Thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) blends, Vinyl resin blends, 1779–1785
1791–1800 Volume relaxation, 1379–1382

International Abbreviations For Polymers and Polymer Processing

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International Abbreviations For Polymers and Polymer Processing

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Appendices

Appendix I: International Abbreviations

AA Acrylic acid (monomer)

L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 2155

AFMU Terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoro-nitrosomethane,

CSM, CSPE Chlorosulfonated polyethylene, also CSPE or CSR

EMAC Ethylene methacrylate copolymer

EVP Ethylene-vinyl pyrrolidinone copolymer

GRP Glass reinforced polyester (thermoset)

LSR Liquid silicone rubber

M-PVC Polymerized in bulk polyvinyl chloride

is abbreviated as PA-6IT6, or that from caprolactam,

PBA Polybutylacrylate, also poly(1,4- benzamide)

PFF Phenol-furfural resin

PO Polyolefin but also elastomeric polypropylene oxide and

PPSU, PSF, PSO Polyphenylene sulfone, polysulfone

PVAl, PVAL Polyvinyl alcohol

RRIM Reinforced reaction injection molding

SMC Sheet molding compound

TPI Thermoplastic polyimide

VPE Vulcanized (cross-linked) polyethylene, also XLPE

Note: This list is based on the nomenclature proposed by diverse standardizing

L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 2175

A-, B-, and C-stages Expressions used by Baekeland to differentiate poly-

L.A. Utracki, C.A. Wilkie (eds.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 2189

Accumulator A device for conserving energy in hydraulic systems

conditions for a prolonged time. See also “Accelerated

Anionic polymerization Chain polymerization in which the active center is an

polyvinylchloride was observed at 5–10 phr of

conditions that reflect the conditions under which the

The lay-ups are usually vacuum bagged with a bleeder

Bezel A grooved rim or flange.

Block polymerization An older expression for bulk or mass polymerization.

Branched chains Side chains attached to the main, original chain.

temperature (as in a diesel engine) and discolor or char

Carborane polymer A polymer containing carborane structures, viz.,

where Zo is the zero-shear viscosity, t is the principal

where m1 and m2 are polydispersity parameters:

Cartridge heaters Electrical heaters enclosed in a jacket that can be selec-

Ceiling temperature Temperature at which the free polymerization energy is

preserving the active status of the terminal mer. The

the back face in the same plane as the notch. A destructive

Coefficient of expan- The fractional change in a specified dimension or vol-

pigment and it is normally used at 1–4 % of the plastic

d ¼ 50 nm), short fiber composites, long fiber compos-

Conformation Arrangements of the chain elements in space, which

The helical conformations are defined by the long

to a polymer containing two monomer types, e.g.,

undesirable defects, characterized by distinct cracks or

Crystalline polymer A material having an internal structure in which the

polycarbonates and polyesters. The cyclomer technol-

provide valid and objective conclusions. It includes the

face is not kept clean, it can solidify, break off, and

permeability are controlled by the chemical not physical

Durometer as an extent to which a spring-loaded steel

elastic limit when the load is sufficient to initiate plastic,

Embossing Techniques used to create depressions of a specific pat-

Epoxide A compound containing 1,2-epoxide, CH2(O)CH–R, or

RH þ CHðOÞCH ! CðRÞH CðOHÞH

The OH group may further react with the hardener,

Extruder A machine that accepts solid (pellets or powder) or

Filament The smallest unit of a fibrous material. The basic units

Flame resistance Ability of a material to extinguish flame once the source

½CH2 CHX CH2 CHX