APPENDIX

TABLE A.l
Typical range of transformer reactancest
Power transformers 25,000 kVA and l a rger

Nominal system voltage, kV Forced-air-cooled, % Forced-oll-cooled, %

34 . 5 5-8 9-14
69 6- 1 0 1 0- 1 6
1 15 6- 1 1 1 0-20
1 38 6-13 1 0-22
161 6- 1 4 1 1-25
230 7- 1 6 1 2-27
345 8-1 7 1 3-28
500 1 0-20 1 6-34
700 1 1-2 1 1 9-35

t P erce nt on rated kilovoltampere base. Typical transformers Ilre now designed for the minimum

1 %.
reactance value shown. Dis tribution transformers have considerably lower reac tance. Resistances of
transformers are usually lower than

748
 APPENDIX A 749

TABLE A.2
Typical reactances of three-phase synchronous machinest
Values are per unit. For each reactance a range of values is l isted below the typical value*

Turbine-genera tors

2-pole 4-pole Salient-pole generators

Conventional Con ductor Conven tiona I Conductor With Wi t h o u t

cooled cooled cooled cooled dampers da mpers

Xd 1 .76 1.95 1 . 38 1 . 87 1 1
1 .7- 1 .82 l .7 2-2. 1 7 1 . 2 1 - 1 . 55 1 .6-2. 1 3 0.6- 1 .5 0.6- 1 . 5

Xq 1 .66 . 1 . 93 1 .3 5 1.82 0.6 0.6

1 .63- 1 .69 \ .7 1 -2. 1 4 1 . l 7 - 1 . 52 1 . 56-2.07 0.4-0.8 0.4-0.8

X� 0.2 1 0.33 0.26 0.4 1 0.32 0.32

0. 1 8-0.23 0.264 0 . 3 8 7 0.25-0.27 0.3 5-0.467 0.25-0.5 0. 25-0. 5

X"d 0. 1 3 0.28 0. 1 9 0.29 0.2 0.30

0. 1 1 -0. 1 4 0.23-0. 3 2 3 0. 1 84-0. 1 97 0.269-0.32 0. 1 3-0.32 0.2-0. 5

Xl = X� = X� = X� = X� 0.2 0.40
0. 1 3-0.3 2 0.30-0.45

Xo �

t
O a t a furnished by ABB Power T & 0 Company, Inc.

§Xo
i
Reactances of older machines will generally be close to minimum values.

X:;.
varies so critically with armature winding pitch that a n average value can hardly be given . Variation is
from 0 . 1 to 0.7 of
TABLE A.3
Electrical characteristics of bare aluminum conductors steel-reinforced (ACS R)t

Resistance
Reactance per conductor
I -it spacing, 60 H z
A c , 60 H z

, �
Capacitive
Aluminum Stranding Layers of Qutsid.e Dc, 20°C, 20°C, 50 °C GMR I n ductive X ,

I
Code word area, cmil AI/St a l um i nu m diame�r, in n/ 1 ,OOO ft fl/mi n/mi D., (t Xa , n/mi M n · mi

Waxwi ng 266 , 800 1 8 /1 2 0 . 609 0 . 0646 0 . 34 8 8 0 . 38 3 1 0 . 0 1 98 0 . 476 0 . 1 09 0

Partridge 266 , 800 26/7 2 0 . 64 2 0 . 0640 0 . 34 5 2 0 . 3792 0 . 02 1 7 0 . 4 65 0 . 1 07 4
Os t ric h 3 00 , 000 26/7 2 0 . 68 0 0 . 0569 0 . 3070 0 . 33 7 2 0 . 02 2 9 0 . 4 58 0 . 1 05 7
Merlin 336 , 400 18/1 2 0 . 684 0 . 05 1 2 0 . 2767 0 . 3037 0 . 02 2 2 0 . 462 0 . 1055
Li nnet 336 , 400 26/7 2 0 . 72 1 0 . 0507 0 . 27 3 7 0 . 3006 0 . 0243 0 . 451 0 . 1 04 0
Oriole 336 , 400 30/7 2 0 . 74 1 0 . 0504 0 . 27 1 9 0 . 2987 0 . 02 5 5 0 . 44 5 0 . 1 03 2
Chickadee 397 , 500 18/1 2 0 . 743 0 . 04 3 3 0 . 2342 0 . 2572 0 . 024 1 0 . 45 2 0 . 1031
Ibi� 397 , 500 26/7 2 0 . 783 0 . 04 3 0 0 . 2323 0 . 2551 0 . 0264 0 . 44 1 0 . 1015
Pelican 4 77 , 000 1 8/ 1 2 0. 814 0 . 03 6 1 0 . 1 957 0 . 2148 0 . 0264 0 . 441 0 . 1 004
Flicker 477 , 000 24/7 2 0 . 84 6 0 . 0359 0 . 1943 0 . 2 1 34 0 . 0284 0 . 432 0 . 0992
Hawk 477 , 000 26/7 2 0 . 858 0 . 03 5 7 0. 193 ! 0 . 2 1 20 0 . 0289 0 . 4 30 0 . 0988
Hen 477 , 000 30/7 2 0 . 883 0 . 0355 0 . 1919 0 . 2 1 07 0 . 0304 0 . 424 0 . 0980

)
Osprey 556 , 500 1 8/ 1 2 0 . 879 0 . 0309 0 . 1 679 0 . 1 84 3 0 . 0284 0 . 432 0 . 09 8 1
Parakeet 556 , 500 24/7 2 0 . 9 14 0 . 0308 0 . 1 669 0 . 1 83 2 0 . 03 0 6 0 . 4 23 0 . 09 6 9
Dove 556 , 500 26/7 2 0 . 927 0 . 0307 0 . 1 663 0 . 1 826 0 . 03 1 4 0 . 420 0 . 09 6 5
Rook 636 , 000 24/7 2 0 . 97 7 0 . 0269 0 . 146! 0 . 1 603 0 . 03 2 7 0. 415 0 . 09 5 0
G ros benk 636 , 000 26/7 2 0 . 990 0 . 0268 0 . 1 4 5-1 0 . 1 596 0 . 0335 0. 412 0 . 09 4 6
Drake 795 , 000 26/7 2 1 . 108 0 . 02 1 5 0 . 1 1 72 0 . 1 284 0 . 0373 0 . 39 9 0 . 09 1 2
Tern 795 . 000 45/7 3 1 . 063 0 .0217 0 . 1 1 88 0 . 1 302 0 . 03 5 2 0 . 406 0 . 09 2 5
Rail 954 , 000 45/7 :.I 1 . 1 65 0.0181 0 . 09 9 7 0 . 1 092 0 . 0386 0 . 39 5 0 . 0897
Card i n a l 9 5 4 , 000 54/7 3 1 . 1 96 0 . 0 1 80 0 . 0988 0 . 1 082 0 . 0402 0 . 39 0 0 . 08 9 0
Ortolan 1 , 033 , 500 45/7 3 1 . 213 0 . 0 1 67 0 . 092·1 0. 1011 0 . 0� 0 2 0 . 390 0 . 0885

I
Bl uej a y 1 , 1 1 3 , 000 45/7 3 1 . 259 0 . 0 1 55 0 . 086 1 0 . 094 1 0 . 04 1 5 0 . 386 0 . 0874
Finch 1 , 1 1 3 , 000 54/ 1 9 3 1 . 29 3 0 . 01 5 5 0 . 0856 0 . 0937 0 . 0436 0 . 380 0 . 0866
Bittern 1 , 27 2 , 000 45/ 7 3 1 . 345 0 . 0136 0 . 0762 0 . 0832 0 . 04 4 4 0 . 378 0 . 08 5 5
PbeB.Ba n t 1 . 27 2 . 000 54/ 1 9 3 1 . 382 0 . 0135 0 . 07 5 1 0 . 0821 0 . 0466 0 . 372 0 . 08 4 7
Bobolink 1 , 4 3 1 , 000 45/7 3 1 . 427 0. 0121 0 . 068-1 0 . 0746 0 . 08 3 7

1
0 . 04 7 0 0 . 37 1
Pl o v er 1 , 4 3 1 . 000 54/ 1 9 3 1 . 465 0 . 0 1 20 0 . 0673 0 . 0735 0 . 04 9 4 0 . 365 0 . 08 2 9
Lap","ing 1 , 590 , 000 45/7 3 1 . 502 0 . 0109 O . 062:l 0 . 0678 0 . 04 9 8 0 . 364 0 . 08 2 2
Falcon 1 , 590 , 000 54/ 1 9 3 1 . 54 5 0 . 0 1 08 0 . 06 1 2 0 . 0667 0 . 0523 0 . 358 0 . 08 1 4

,
Bluebird 2 , 1 56 , 000 84/ 1 9 4 1 . 762 0 . 0080 0 . 0476 0 . 05 1 5 0 . 0586 0 . 344 0 . 0776

� Data, ,
t Most used multilayer sizes.

by perm i ss io n from Aluminum A ssociation, A luminum Electrical ConductQr Handbook, 2nd ed., Washington, D . C . , 1 98 2 .
TABLE A.4 Inductive reactance spacing factor Xd a t 60 Hzt (oh m s per mile per conductor)

Sepnrution

Inches

Feet 0 1 2 3 4 1) 6 7 8 9 10 11

0 . . . . . . - 0 . 30 1 .'; - 0 . 2 1 74 - 0 . 1 682 - 0 . 1 333 - 0 . 1 062 - 0 . 084 1 - 0 . 0654 - 0 . 0492 - 0 . 03 4 9 - 0 . 0221 - 0 . 0 1 06

1 0 0 . 0097 0 . 0 1 87 0 . 027 1 0 . 03 4 9 0 . 04 2 3 0 . 04 9 2 0 . 0558 0 . 0620 0 . 0679 0 . 07 3 5 0 . 0789
2 0 . 01',4 1 0 . 08 9 1 0 . 0938 0 . 0984 0 . 1 028 O . 107 1 0. 1 1 12 0 . 1 1 52 0 . 1 1 90 0 . 1 22 7 0 . 1 26 4 0 . 1 29 9
3 0 . 1 333 0 . 1366 0 . 1 399 0 . 1 4 30 0 . 1461 0. 1491 0 . 1 520 0 . 1 54 9 0 . 1 577 0 . 1 604 0 . 1 63 1 0 . 1 65 7
4 0 . 1682 0 . 1707 0 . 1732 0 . 1 756 0 . 1 77 9 0 . 1 802 0 . 1 825 0 . 1847 0 . 1869 0 . 1891 0. 1912 0 . 1 93 3
5 0 . 1 953 0 . 1 973 0 . 1993 0 . 20 1 2 0 . 20 3 1 0 . 2050 0 . 2069 0 . 2087 0 . 2 1 05 0 . 2 1 23 0 . 2 14 0 0 . 2 1 57
6 0 . 2 1 74 0 . 2191 0 . 2207 0 . 2224 0 :2240 0 . 2256 0 . 2 27 1 0 . 2287 0 . 2302 0 . 23 1 7 0 . 23 3 2 0 . 2347
7 0 . 2361 0 . 2376 0 . 2390 0 . 2404 0 . 24 1 8 0 . 24 3 1 0 . 24 4 5 0 . 2458 0 . 24 7 2 0 . 24 85 0 . 24gS 0 . 25 1 1
8 0 . 2523
9 0 . 2666
10 0 . 2794
11 0 . 29 1 0
12 0 . 30 1 5
13 0 . 3112
14 0 . 3202
15 0 . 3286
16 0 . 3364
17 0 . 3438
18 0 . 3 507
19 0 . 3573
20 0 . 3635 At 60 Hz, in !l/mi per cond uctor
21 0 . 3694 X d = 0 . 2794 log d
22 0 . 37 5 1 d = separati on, ft
23 0 . 3805 For three-phase li nes
24 0 . 3856 d = D.q
'25 0 . 3906
26 0 . 3953
27 0 . 3999
28 0 . 4043
29 0 . 4086
30 0 . 4 1 27
31 0 . 4 1 67
32 0 . 4205
33 0 . 4243
34 0 . 4279
35 0 . 43 1 4
36 0 . 4 34 8
37 0 . 4382
38 0 . 44 14
39 0 . 4445
40 0 . 4476
41 0 . 4 506
42 0 . 4535
43 0 . 4&64
44 0 . 4592
45 0 . 4619
46 0 . 4646
47 0 . 4672
48 0 . 4697
49 0 . 4722

tFrom Electrical TraltSmission and Distribution Reference Book, by permission of the ABB Power T & D Comp any, I nc .
TABLE A.S Shunt capacitance-reactance spacing factor Xd at 10 Hz (megaohm-miles per conductor)
Sepsration

Inches
Feet

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0 . . . . . . - 0 . 0737 - 0 . 0.S32 - 0 . 04 1 1 - 0 . 0326 - 0 . 02 60 - 0 . 0206 - 0 . 0 1 60 - 0 . 0 1 20 - 0 . 0085 - 0 . 0054 - 0 . 0026

1 0 0 . 0024 0 . 00!6 0 . 0066 0 . 008 5 0 . 0 1 03 0 . 0 1 20 0 . 0 1 36 0 . 0 1 52 0 . 0 1 66 0 . 0180 0 . 01 9 3
2 0 . 0206 0 . 02 1 8 0 . 0229 0 . 0241 0 . 02 5 1 0 . 0262 0 . 0272 0 . 0282 0 . 0291 0 . 0300 0 . 0309 0 . 0318
3 0 . 0326 0 . 0334 0 . 0342 0 . 0350 0 . 0357 0 . 0365 0 . 0372 0 . 0379 0 . 0385 0 . 0392 0 . 0399 0 . 0405
4 0 . 04 1 1 0 . 04 1 7 0 . 04 23 0 . 0429 0 . 0435 0 . 04 4 1 0 . 0446 0 . 0452 0 . 04 57 0 . 0462 0 . 0467 0 . 0473
5 0 . 0478 0 . 0482 0 . 0487 0 . 0492 0 . 0497 0 . 050 1 0 . 0506 0 . 05 1 0 0 . 05 1 5 0 . 05 1 9 0 . 0523 0 . 0527
6 0 . 0532 0 . 0536 0 . 0540 0 . 0544 0 . 0548 0 . 0552 0 . 0555 0 . 0559 0 . 0563 0 . 0567 0 . 0570 0 . 0574
7 0 . 0577 0 . 0581 0 :0584 0 . 0588 0 . 05 9 1 0 . 0594 0 . 0598 0 . 060 1 0 . 0604 0 . 0608 0 . 06 1 1 0 . 06 1 4
8 0 . 06 1 7
9 0 . 0652
10 0 . 0683
11 0 . 07 1 1
12 0 . 0737
13 0 . 0761
14 0 . 0783
15 0 . 0803
16 0 . 0823 At 60 Hz:. in M O ' mi per conductor
17 0 . 084 1 X d' = 0.06831 log d .

18 0 . 0858 d = separati on, ft

19 0 . 0874 For three-phlUle l i nes
20 0 . 0889 d .. D e q
21 0 . 0903
22 0 . 09 1 7
23 0 . 0930
24 0 . 0943
25 0 . 0955
26 0 . 0967
27 0 . 0978 .

28 0 . 0989
29 0 . 0999
30 0 . 1009
31 0 . 1019
32 0 . 1028
33 0 . 1037
34 0 . 1046
35 0 . 1055
36 0 . 1063
37 0. 1071
38 0 . 1 079
39 0 . 1087
40 0 . 1094
41 0 . 1 102
42 0 . 1 109
43 0 . 1 1 16
44 0 . 1 123
45 0 . 1 129
46 0 . 1 1 36
47 0 . 1 142
48 0 . 1 149
49 0 . 1 155

From Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book. by permission of the ABB Power T & 0 Company. Inc.
 APPENDIX A 753

TABLE A.6
ABeD constants for various networks

VV'v
Is Z IR

+t t
- -

A = 1
+
B = Z

� 1-
Vs VR
c = o
D = 1

Series i m pedance
u
c
-
Is IR
---to- ---

+ +
A = 1
I B = O
Vs y VR c = y
D 1
=

S h u n t a d m i tt a n ce

Is IR

= 1 + YZI
= Zl + Z2 + YZ1Z2
+ +
A

-�
i
Vs B

= 1 + YZ2
I C = Y
D

U n symmetrical T

Is Z IR

1 + Y2Z
--

+
+
A =
B = Z
C = Y1 + Yz + Z Y1 Y2
D = 1 + YIZ

U n sy m metrica l 7r

A A \ A 2 + RIC,
=
+ + +---+ +
B A IB2 + BID!

D = BzCI + DID1
=

C = A 2CI + CzDI

N etworks in cascade

.---� + + �---.
A j Bj CjDj
--
A = (A IBz +
A1BI)/(B1 +
B 2)

C = CI + C2 + (A I - A 2) (D2 - DI) /(B1 + B,)

+ +
B = BIBd(BI + B1)

D == (BzD1 + BID1)/ (B1 + B2)

N etworks i n para l l e l