Antioxidants

Antioxidants and Nutritional Immunology 抗氧化劑和營養免疫學

The founding principle of can gain electrons when oxidationbyfreeradicals.Our 營養免疫學的基本原理 最常見的氧化劑就是氧 們的抗氧化作用，比如
Nutritional Immunology is participating in chemical bodiesusevariousantioxidant 指出，您攝取的食物會 氣，但它並不是唯一的 隔離氧化元素和可能會
that the things you eat have a reactions.Themostcommon compounds to interact with 直接影響到您的健康水 氧化劑。其它常見的氧 被它傷害到的元素﹐以
direct effect on your level of of these elements is oxygen, oxidants and lessen their 平。我們的免疫系統是 化劑還有臭氧、過氧化 此形成結構性的防線﹔
health. Our immune system but it is not the only one. negativeimpacts.Antioxidants 身體的第一道防禦設 氫、氟和硝酸。這些物 抗氧化劑還可以與氧化
is the body’s first defense Other common oxidants performtheirdutiesnumerous 施，它能抵抗外來的入 質的原子結構中都含有 劑進行化學性的互動，
mechanism against hostile include ozone, hydrogen ways, including acting as a 侵之敵，防止入侵者帶 能產生共價鍵的不成對 以減少特定環境中氧化
forces that cause a multitude peroxide, fluorine and nitric structuraldefensebykeeping 來的各種健康問題。所 電子﹐這樣的原子通常 元 素 的 數 量 1。 抗 氧 化 複
of health problems, so it’s acid. Commonly referred to oxidizingelementsfromthose 以，竭力保持自己免疫 被歸類為自由基。自由 合物亦可用同化性的化
important to make sure it’s as as free radicals, the atomic elements they can damage. 系統的強健，是非常重 基與其它元素配對的能 學反應直接作用於氧化
strong as possible. The foods structure of these elements Antioxidantscanalsointeract 要的。我們應選擇組合 力使其具有極強的活 劑，引發進一步的化學
that we choose to eat should contains unpaired electrons with oxidants chemically to 最佳的食品，以此為我 力，當一種元素被奪走 反應，以此使氧化劑在
provide our bodies with the capable of making a covalent limit the number of oxidizing 們的身體提供理想含量 了一個電子後再與一個 遇到其它細胞並對其造
best possible combination bond. This makes it possible elementsavailableinacertain 的植物性營養素、抗氧 自由基結合，即會呈現 成傷害之前，就被解除
of phytochemicals, for them to pair at will with environment1. Antioxidant 化劑和多醣體，從而保 氧化反應狀態，它的氧 了破壞性 5。
polysaccharides and otherelements,whichmakes compounds use adaptive 護這個至關重要的系統。 化反應指標就會上昇，
什麼是自由基理論
antioxidants to protect this themhighlyreactive.Whenan chemicalreactionstodirectly 而科學家將參與這些氧
如今的科學研究，為
vital system. element gives up an electron engage oxidants with the 化反應的元素稱作氧化 引發衰老的自由基理
我們指明了如何自內而
to make a bond with a free intent of forcing a reaction, 還原對。當氧化劑接觸 論，被簡稱為自由基理
Today’s research teaches 外都能使我們的身體免
radical, its oxidation state, thus disarming them before 到其它元素並促成氧化 論，它作為細胞損傷會
us the best ways to protect 受入侵者傷害的最好方
the indicator of its degree of they engage with other cells 反應時，通常就會損壞 導致衰老這個問題的先
ourselves from internal and 法。而一些最常見的有
oxidation,increases.Scientists and cause damage5. 氧化還原對中其它元素 驅理論已被提出五十幾
external aggressors. Some of 害人體細胞的敵人，就
call the elements involved in 的結構，這種傷害會導 年了。建立在此理論上
themostcommonenemiesof What is The Free 是氧化劑和自由基。幸
these reactions redox pairs. 致嚴重的細胞退化甚至 的觀點認為，活性氧元
the body’s cells are oxidants Radical Theory 好，相同的研究還發現
When an oxidant encounters 細胞凋亡。 素會傷害細胞，其中包
and free radicals. Luckily, this 了能抵抗自由基的抗氧
another element and forces The Free Radical Theory of 括對細胞中的大分子造
same research also identifies 化劑，並告訴我們如何 抗氧化劑廣泛存在於自
oxidation,thisusuallydamagesAging, known simply as the 成氧化性損傷，並且還
antioxidants that fight free 能找到這些抗氧化劑以 然界中，它們所包含的
the structure of the other free radical theory, has been 不僅限於此 25 。氧化劑並
radicalsandwherewecanfind 及如何保護自己免於受 元素種類繁多，這些元
elementintheredoxpair.This the front running theory 不是原本就有害﹐它們
themtoprotectourselvesfrom 到自由基的侵害。 素能抵制自由基引起的
damagecancauseseverecell regarding aging-related cell 其實可保護我們免於因
free radicals. 氧化反應。我們的身體
degradationorevencelldeath. damage for more than fifty 什麼是氧化劑和抗氧化 感染而死亡。但它們能
利用各種各樣的抗氧化
What are Oxidants and years.Theideabehindthefree 劑﹖ 對DNA造成氧化傷害﹐
Antioxidants include a wide 劑複合物與氧化劑相互
Antioxidants? radical theory is that reactive 導 致 細 胞 突 變 1。 自 由 基
range of elements found 氧化劑是在化學反應中 作用，以削弱氧化劑造
oxygenelementscausedamage 理論證實﹐抗氧化劑是
Oxidants are elements or throughout nature that 能夠獲得電子的一些元 成的不良影響。抗氧化
to cells including, but not 有助於防止生物結構遭
groups of elements that help combat the process of 素或者一組元素，我們 劑能從許多方面發揮它
limited to, oxidative damage 到氧化自由基損傷的。
to macromolecules present temporary growth-arresting stresscausesdamagetoDNA, 為什麼抗氧化劑對我們 修復。最近的試驗還顯 表明，在氧化應激反應
in cells25. Oxidants are not state where the cell stops or interrupts its processes of 有益﹖ 示，從酵素到動物，不 之後，抗氧化劑的存在
inherently harmful as they division while leaving DNA transcription,translationand 論是什麼樣的有機體， 或許能消除那些會弱化
抗氧化劑之所以非常
protectusfromdeathcaused stillprotected.Thisstatestops replication,geneticmutations 當它們被暴露在大量氧 組織結構的傷害。而被
有益﹐是因為它能夠減
by infections; however, they the DNA from exposure to can form. These mutations 化元素中時，都會產生 檢測的尿液分泌物中的
輕自由基對我們最敏感
can cause oxidative damage damage by non-permanent maycontinuetomultiplyafter 三十到四十種抗氧化 DNA鹼基帶有氧化造成
的組織結構的傷害。此
to DNA resulting in cell oxidative reactions, which this point or they can simply 劑﹐進而對氧化反應做 的損傷﹐說明人體能夠
外﹐抗氧化劑還有兩項
mutations1.Thetheoryaffirms indicates that genes are able cause the death of the cell. 出快速而準確的攻擊 5。 清除那些受到嚴重傷害
同樣關鍵的重要功能﹕
thatantioxidantshelpprotect todetectrisinganddropping Recent studies indicate that 的DNA分子 5。
修復細胞和清除受損細 抗氧化劑是如何修復和
biological structures from levels of oxidants in the area antioxidants in the form of
胞 。 這 三 項 功 能 對 我 們 清除受損細胞的﹖ 怎樣才是攝取抗氧化劑
damage caused by oxidative of concern. Research shows eukaryotic and prokaryotic
來說都很重要。 的最佳方式﹖
free radicals. thatorganismsfromcomplex enzymes use both direct and DNA複製是保證細胞
mammals to simple bacteria excision repair mechanisms 抗氧化劑是怎樣發揮保 生長和給人體所有功能 一個人選擇的生活方
Why Are
can successfully increase to repair damage caused to 護作用的﹖ 以基本維護的關鍵。儘 式﹐決定了其飲食中需
Antioxidants Useful?
their antioxidant production these structures by oxidants. 管DNA僅由四種核酸 要的抗氧化劑份量。
and repair themselves when Oxidative agents may also 在細胞複製過程中，被
Antioxidants are useful 構成，但對於細胞的分 美國國家科學院和國家
they detect a threat. Recent attack DNA causing damage 複製的DNA鏈通常都是
because they help reduce 裂和人類的生存來說， 研究委員會聯合發出倡
to its strands and bases. 敞開的，所以這些分裂
damage caused to our most experiments also show that, 這種簡單排列的遺傳物 議﹐建議人們每天平均
Researchshowsthatdamage 的細胞受到氧化傷害的
sensitive structures by free when exposed to a high 質卻是非常必要的。當 最少要獲取兩份水果和
caused during these attacks 危險性也最大。而抗氧
radicals.Equallyasimportant presenceofoxidativeelements, 氧化應激反應對DNA 三份蔬菜﹐這樣才能獲
disappears over time after 化劑可以在這些細胞最
are two other key functions organismsrangingfromyeast 造成傷害或者干擾了 得理想份量的抗氧化
theseattackshaveended.This 脆弱的時候保護它們免
of antioxidants: repair cells to animals activate thirty to DNA的轉移、平移和 劑。由於生活方式的不
evidence suggests that the 於受到自由基的傷害。
and remove damaged cells. forty antioxidants to create 複製時，就可能產生基 同會影響到人體血液中
presenceofantioxidantsafter 某些抗氧化劑可以建立
These three functions help in a rapid and precise targeted 因突變。此後，這些突 抗氧化劑的含量和新陳
attack against oxidation5. oxidativestressincidentsmay 一種暫時的生長停滯狀
important ways. 變也許會繼續增長或乾 代謝﹐所以他們還建議
remove lesions that weaken 態，在此狀態下，細胞
脆就致使細胞死亡。最 除了觀測飲食中純抗氧
How do How Do Antioxidants 會停止分裂，讓DNA
thesestructures.Theexcretion 近的研究指出，直核細 化劑的含量之外﹐觀測
Antioxidants Protect? Repair & Remove 仍處於被保護的狀態
in urine of DNA with base 胞脢和原核細胞脢的抗 血液中抗氧化劑的水平
Damaged Cells? 中。這種狀態可以避免
When cells undergo damagefromoxidationproves 氧化劑能以直接或刪除 也同等重要。例如﹐一
that the body can remove DNA遭受非永久性氧化
replication,DNAstrandsmay DNA replication is crucial 修復機製這兩種方式來 個吸煙者需要攝取抗氧
反應造成的傷害﹐這說
be uncoiled as replication to cell growth and the basic severely damaged DNA 修復由氧化劑造成的組 化劑的份量可能是非吸
明基因能夠探測到有關
happens.Thesedividingcells maintenance of all functions molecules5. 織損傷。氧化劑可能還 煙者的幾倍，而生病或
區域中氧化劑的昇降水
arethemostatrisktooxidative of the body. Although DNA 會攻擊DNA﹐傷害到 感染也會大大降低人們
What are the Best Ways to 平。研究顯示﹐在探測
damage. Antioxidants can contains only four nucleic DNA鏈和DNA鹼基。有 體內抗氧化劑的含量﹐
Intake Antioxidants? 到危害的情況下，不論
protect these cells from free acids,thissimplearrangement 研究顯示﹐在這些攻擊 這都要求這些人攝入更
是複雜的哺乳動物還是
radical damage when they ofgeneticmaterialisnecessary The amount of antioxidants 結束後，攻擊過程中造 多的抗氧化劑﹐直至他
簡單的細菌﹐這些有機
are most vulnerable. Certain for cell division and human a person needs in their diet 成的損傷會隨著時間的 們體內的抗氧化劑水平
體都能成功地增加抗氧
antioxidants can initiate a survival. When oxidative depends on their lifestyle 推移而消失。這一跡象 恢復到正常。
化劑的產量並進行自我
choices. The National antioxidant levels requiring By understanding how 抗氧化劑存在於哪些食 一 旦 了 解 了 氧 化 劑 會
Research Council and them to take more until levels oxidants are harmful to your 物中﹖ 在細胞的層面對您身體
NationalAcademyofSciences return to normal. body on a cellular level and 造成多大的傷害﹐也
保健專業人士認為﹐食
jointlysuggestthattheaverage how antioxidants help to 了解了抗氧化劑對您的
Where Are 品是抗氧化劑的最佳來
person eat at least two fruits protect you, you can make 保護作用﹐您就可能為
Antioxidants Found? 源。在食品中﹐水果和
and three vegetables per day better choices for yourself 自己和家人做出更好的
蔬菜則是抗氧化劑的主
toreceiveadesirableamount. Healthprofessionalsagreethat and your family. As research 選擇。隨著這個領域科
要食源﹐攝取水果蔬菜
Because of different lifestyle dietary sources are the best continues in this field, we will 學研究的不斷發展﹐我
可減少受損DNA給健康
choices that effect blood sourcesofantioxidants.Fruits betterunderstandtheharmful 們對氧化劑給人體造成
帶來的隱患。我們需清
contentandmetabolism,they and vegetables comprise the effects of oxidants and find 的負面影響也會有更加
楚﹐水果和蔬菜中含有
also suggest that, aside from main sources of antioxidants betterusesfortheantioxidants 深入的了解﹐這樣我們
許多人體需要的微量營
monitoring the pure volume and lowered health risks that protect us from 就能更好地利用抗氧化
養素和抗氧化劑﹐能夠
of antioxidant in the diet, it caused by damaged DNA. oxidative damage. 劑，保護自己免於受到
防止細胞受損引起的突
is also important to monitor Fruits and vegetables have 氧化傷害。
變﹐而絕大多數人的飲
antioxidantlevelsintheblood. many micronutrients and
食中都可以加入更多的
For example, a smoker would antioxidantsneededtoprevent
抗氧化劑 1。
need several times as much mutations caused by cell
antioxidantsasanon-smoker. damageandmostpeoplehave
Also, an illness or infection room in their diet
maygreatlyreduceaperson’s for more1.

This article provides important, educational information only;

it is not intended to promote any E. Excel products or theory.

1
Ames, Bruce N., Mark K Shigenaga, and Tory M Hagen, ‘Oxidants, Antioxidants, and the Degenerative Diseases of Aging’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013
5
Davies, Kelvin J. A., ‘Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Defenses, and Damage Romval, Repair, and Replacement Systems’,
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Life, 50 (2000), 279–289
25
Pletcher, Scott D., Hadise Kabil, and Linda Partridge, ‘Chemical Complexity and the Genetics of Aging’, Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38 (2007), 299–326