BRANDON| @2Y) UNIVERSITYYK Say, ORE MINERAL ATLAS Dan Marshall, C. D. (‘Lyn) Anglin and Hamid Mumin Mineral Deposits Division Series Editor Dirk Tempelman-Kiuit Mineral Deposits Division Steering Committee John Jambor, Art Soregaroll, Ross Beaty, Bob Cathro and Dirk Tempelman-Kiuit Special Contributors Holly Keyes, Peter Adamo and Danze Voormeii Contributors: Aichmeir, Adolf ‘Anderson, Alan ‘Armstrong, Jonn Bandyayera, Daniel Baaiy, Rose Baatdan, Georges Coussian, Chris Fallera, Francine Gulliver, Austin Hamilton, John, Haniey, Jacob Hupoara, Lavra Huot, Frangois Jonaseen, lan Katehen, erry Lentz, Dave Lghfoct, Peter Mauthner, Mark MeCandless, Tom Mexay, Nick! Perrin, Jenathon Plume, Wiis Smith, Moira Ramik, Bob Roussy. Jonathon Schroeter, Tom Simard, George Sinclair, Dave Soregarol, art Theberge, Lue Twaltes, Lloys van Hoos. Ft Watkinson, Dave Wilson, Graham Final Layout: Elizabeth Ambrose The pleturee on the front cover are photomieregraphs from the digenite, galena, hematite and molybdenite sections. The specimen of gold on the back cover is approximately 5 cm tall and is from the Eagle's Nest mine, Placer County, California. Ross Beaty Collection, Photograph by Mark Mauthner.National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under tite: Ore Minoral Atlas / Dan Marshall ‘Lyn Anglin and Hamid Mumia, ISBN 0-86491-283-9 ‘Soolegical Association of Canad, Mineral Deposits Dison UASsocion geologlque cu Canada, Division ces gies winéraun Ircludesbibiograpne references and Index. 4. Minerals Identifcaton 2. Ores -identieation |. Marshall. Dariel D. (1959. I. Angin, Carols Dene (1959-) 1, GeclegialAsscciaion of Canad Minera! Cepeslts Division ‘2960 NG? 200 55 (Cz008-902030-7 {© 2004 Geoigkcal Assocation of Canada - Mineral Deposits Divsion. All ights reserved. 1 Mumia, A. Hamil 1984.) ¥. Tie, ‘Goose Azseaten of Cara - Mines Darts von Dopattento Eth Scces arora Uniessty ef Newfound SSJow' Newson Canags A826 ‘ace (706) 137-7660 Fe (709) 727-2692 mal goedeeaimunca Webets yaw q¥e.08 Pinte ard tour in Cana by Flesens Compornion ‘Authorztin a petanopy tes tral o esona soe he erst fersorl oe o spectc Sei, is gated by th Gslegicd Amorston of ‘ian GANCOPY (Cans Cezyngh Licensing gan). Ona Yonge Sie Linesociten giceciqie i Cenasa mires lo bithiques cu dation Soa Vieehinee pausscon hevearane ee apsranasr Sas teeta rare ebeine nes ee anansl 1800, Toronto, Ortario MBE TE. Phe (1) 868.620, 00 SUE S777 Fax (61 #66162; mreanespyeom “his pemison dost ml oxo to ote kde of oyna, sch copying ‘ox gatora dstieuon, never or promotana plrposes, for sostng new eillecive wars or fer esale. For sles coryng argent me bo ‘as tthe pubsher in sdvance of puicaton, CANCOPY ICenasian Copynght Leensing Agony), One Yenge SL. Sue 80, Toxoms Ono) Mee Te, TL (ste) Eee (8) 3-97; Fa (495) 250-1024 wn carey sn ‘sutorsaton suerentarnda fe comeené ps oie aute rerun, ‘sl taropoduton por fae ab sraalon genre do publats ou de po ‘maton pour eatecton fo tuvsout Waa clot ou pour fevete Pout tone rerocutor de eote natu, 1 tt palit conan Se torus soe ne aoe ou ‘he GEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA (GAC) it Carns nate! eckly fr he groeiotoe wae clabshod in 1047 be aevares gooey anita Uundersanaing meng bth pessoas and he general guble, The GAC memterlip aut 780 inde reprenates Ol jeocgeal Seep fom ‘ucet Canc ard many pr ofthe ners, thaw species avis revue seh scenes, geophysics, mate seoncsnioe esa Sopest; pak ‘noc. Pecembian, adc Sra panies an ie usrarsin, arene are 2 groeinhtegy st gevgraph ier talon system. Regional secionsof GAC have ben ot win Visa anecaver EonortonWinipoy and Ss and tore as aflaonpragain Caneca ‘GAG aia: tive the opareaton and onorip ef cenfraens, sainre shut ours, olan, ltrs ond side ad pofssonl ew gars, The Asoc pikishs the quart cura! Gocacince Canada and tw quate newer GEOL @ Spek Papo vores. Soot Cause Nees ee {overs cotnung sees, GAC ale mentans lasov wih ahr earh sass suse an praises mos‘ goisemmet ee fs ae on gosogesbauee Te Assocation was Reco ide tte Caeada Caparo et runny 188 Fe fomatoncotsct Geloica Assoc cf Canada Departert of EathSsirace MemoralUnorsiy of Nevowrdand, St he's, Nowourdand a AB SxS, Ea gacBesd mun nemo sl wigan LABSOCUTICN GEOLOGIGLE DU CANADA(AGS} cat sos nofonsiecaratome Sos sinnos da Tee Et onde bn TEA cance utc cn ‘naee be ali et de senstise fe rant pubic aux ences dea Toro. he compre eren 200 menbies. apserantvoues ts Fowenartdeaues is rgio au Cana el falews danse rane AGE cenprene des vlan apecsisbas en jeolepe fen ‘vennaram, gepnyaque.geeloge Morne. geererte minora sleonlayo, gale Pibcamason sobmocge, Yelle state ewe, We ‘arose et ptogi Yabo, tadetctn. ghomortologe ot sytimes dinfematon aeeaapnaue. Des savion rlanaes one sebles 3 Vlora ‘ancowver Edmoran Wirrpea e!Santsban (Tere Nowe) lets ces guj als ay Canaza cup Etit-Unie eesti o/ACO unions yarns i pase de Confrence, 02 nogles,o@ule, Caxcarsone deren, fumées de cnrences laren de dtinctorshenorfause four etudars a prefeazonta,UAswosaen pti uma sista Ganeconcs Cade I alee ¢eraon ivestiel @ECL.OS, ue se do vokmesefélax, dos nose Gatolers st Sur core co publeatens UAGE iin en cure des ten ave aor {ose ov somes Term Lag tec isin rsd givens wh pub sr cos ausion Gm geoonaus UAssosboe Pou ce pis erples rensegrenerts, ule commungue’ avec LAcsoatn aéslogque du Carada Dearne of Eath Sas Meme Universo Newoundlang, st chs, Newaean, Canacs AB 8 Cour gae@eedminom See mel wf ————————— i (Ore Mineral AtlasPREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS lita Ulscusslonis 1eyeruiny Ute publvaiow UF ait Ore Mineral Atlas began in 4990. Jason Dunning, then the president of the Mineral Deposits Division and a keen student of ore deposits, thought that there was a need {ora simple alias of ore minerals thal would serve as a field reference guide for working geologists end students. Our subsecuent yoars spent in the classroom have reinforced the neas fo: this book. A groat debt of thanks is wad to the studonis who suffered through optical mineralogy labs without this atlas, Our students were funda- mental in drawing attention to required contents, in finding mineral specimens, textures o: optical properties wor- thy of photographing, anc in some cases researching information on the optical properties or the environment of ‘ormation of some minerals ‘We would Ike fo acknowledge the invaluable help of the Mineral Deposits Division publizations director [Dirk Tempeiman-Klut), and the Stoorng Commitee comprised of Ross Beaty, Bob Cathro, John Jambor, Art Doregaral, and Dirt. Much of tho matorial eontainad in thie ollae wae eclictad from the ore-daposite community [Art Soregaroli worko¢ tirelessly to supply us with the final spacimens, photos, and thin sections we needed. He dug through the Teck Cominco fies for ol polished-section rictures, and conlacted other collectors for material With Ar’s help we have photographed more than a hundred specimens, Danae Voornelj worked with tireless enthusiasm helping to compile deta, suggest additions, and truly moved the atlas along in its early stagas. Holly Keyes, field assistant at Simon Fraser, contributed some knowl- e0ge of desktop publishing, a keen photographic aye, and an interest in ore minerals. Holly generously gave up large portions of her free lime lo help in the final stages. Peter Adamo, award-winning photographer and Instructionel Associate at Brandon University, combinod goological and artistic talents to contribute some excel- lert pnotographs. Tania Jurca fought her way through the pels of desktop publishing in Quark Express and got tha allae tatha siaga that we could hand it off in Fizahath Ambiosa. wha kindly orovided the final lavout and fin- ishing touches. Last, but cortainly not least, are the many individuals who contributed samples, thin sections, and photo: graphs. These persons are listed individually with their affilations in the figure captions. The atlas would not have ‘been possible without these contributions. We are very grateful lo Drs Moira Smith and Jim Franklin for their very thorough reviews and excellent suggestions for additions to the text. Dan Mershall GD. (Lyn) Anglin Hamid Mumin (Or Mineral Atlas wTABLE OF CONTENTS (alphabetically) PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS lalnhabetically)..... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS [by chemical grouping) . wise vi INTRODUCTION wi ORE FORMING MINERALS. ‘Acaniniteargentte 2 Arsenopytilo 4. aceasraill Asbestos «218 Anite co... 3 ‘ 8 Bismuth . eral Bismuthinite ooeWeKis : 12 Borrite coe cece dd Boulengerite .... sonsaiiwaniona austenite 16 Bouronite cette sane Cassterte 20 Chaloocite é - 22 Chaloopyrite : ‘ 24 Chromite .. se - 26 Chrysocalta 28 Ginnaber eevee = 30 Cobaitite «2... . 32 Copper ........ dl canst Covelite cece 36 Cubenite eee vei sass 38 Diamond... beaten . | Digerite ..... 42 Enargite - . mesa centntiadl Galena... . 46 Gersdorfite ... ; sate 48 Goettite 50 1B een dcx Ee TAN 52 Graphite SAE A ST crseene Hematite... 56 limenite vottttneees wiser seeeeriai El Jamesonite ... : ! a 60 wv Ore Mineral AtlasMagnetite Malacite Maceacite Nillerite Molybdenite Nicketine Orpiment Pentiandite Proustite Pyrargynita Pytilo Pyrechlors Pyrotustte Pyrmotite... Rosigor Scheele Sliver Sperryite . Sphelerite Stine wovsexsinacexeienso ease Tetrahedtte-Tennantte «sce eceeeeee Uraninite Violate .. Wottramite MINERAL INDEX 102 04 108 109 Ore Mineral AtlasTABLE OF CONTENTS (by chemical grouping) OXIDES Cassiterite scsmnisnenonemet ae Chromite ih = 26 Hematite ..... ‘ Sa sean ilmenite 8 58 Magnetita 62 Pyrochlore os... 2383 82 Pyrolusite Sse ener esese esac tt 4 Uramimne ees Pies Siesesece cans af nuz SULPHIDES Acanthite z Argentite . fetter enuininenel Arsenopytite ...- ce sien eeaneih Bismuthinite .... peor : <2 BOM caccnsvavanavaantenscee = sts 14 Chaleocite ee = . siniteni2a Chaloopyrite 24 Cinnabar... 30 Cobatite — Serene Ok Covelite 2... ss 36 Cubanite «+38 Digenite .... eer se 42 Galena a iach Gersdorfite 48 Macrasite 86 Millerte 68 Molybdenite ...... se 70 Nicketine gata geRONNES ne Orpimeni ... 74 Pentlendte "2 auegwesese7e Pyrite a0 Pyrhotite 86 Realgar cevee eres 88 Sperryite : Stree Sphalerite 96 stibnite . weve * 98 Wiolarte «2. .e eee ecses 5 § 104 wt Ore MinerNATIVE METALS Bismuth .....-.2.4 ER A aT atin im ames AD Copper 34 Diamond 40 Gad 52 Graphite 54 Silver 92 HYDROXIDES/CARBONATES ASD BeOS srsasieestenes tae tes wana aD 6 Azurite “ 1 8 Chrysacolla 28 Goethite 50 Malachite 64 SULPHOSALTS, Boulengerte sre ee 7 16 Bournorite ..... . ae . . 18 Enargite wl Jamesonite SE oS Ie SRR i 60 Proustite-Pyrargyrite 76 Teirahedrite-Tennantite osm SHEMCneRORS soRnanee xasconei100) TUNGSTATES Scheelite 90 Wolframite 106 (Ore Minoral Atlas vitINTRODUCTION Hand-specimen identification and optical mineralogy are two of the most important tools of the ore-deposit geologist, and there is litle availabe in the way of reference material for students who are trying to learn these skils. Athough excellent books (Ramdohr, 1980; Craig and Vaughn, 1981; 1994; Picot, 1982; Uytenbogaardt and Burke, 1985; Ixer, 1991; Picot and Jonan, 1991) have been avaliable, they invariably go Ou of print, ere priced well beyond the means of the average student, or are too detailed and expensive to have in the fled or around the microscopy lab. Numerous internet resources are also available, but not chvays convenient to access. This atlas, containing information en ore mineral propertis and illustrative photographs, aims to augment these excel- lent resources by providing a relatively simple, inexpensive reference thal can be used (and taken) anywhere, ty ‘everyone from undergraduate students to practicing exploration geologists This volume ilustrates and describes fifty-three of the most common economic ore minerals. Information for this atlas has been compiled from 2 number of sources, most notably Pico! and Johan (1991), Craig and Vaughn (1984), Huntburt and Klein (19//), Ford (1932), www.galleries.com, and www.webmineral.com. Acditionally, the layout of this atles draws heavily on the GAC Mineral Deposits Division Atlas of Alteration (Thompson and Thompson, 1386). ‘Tho minorals and their correeponding page numbers arc listed in the two tables of contents, Minerals are listed in alphabetical ordar in the first table and by chemical group in the sacond. All minerals are also listed in the index at the tack of the book. The page number in bold in the index refers to the primary page for each mineral ‘Acditional page numbers refer ta text or images where other references to @ mineral occur. Mineral abbreviations are sometimes ambiguous. Those used here attempt to strike a belance between the abbreviations of Kretz (1983), Chace (1956), common usage, and the abbreviations from the mineralogy web- site of the University of Geneva, Abbreviations are listed in lower case to avoid contusion between native elements and their chemical symbols. Culours uf the minerels and Ure pulsieufthinn seution imayes Uifter, This ray resull fort iting Cue tions, mineral compositions, degree of weathering, incividual microscope equipment, fim type, and cameras uti lized. As the images used inthis atlas are from diferent sources, the colours may be difficul to reproduce, Every effort hes been made to ensure colour fidelity. Each mineral is presented on facing pages, The mineral, chemical formula, abbrevietion, environment of formation, and crystal system are listed at the top of the left page. The environment of formation refers to the most common ore-forming environment(s) for the mineral. Most minerals occur in « variety of these settings, and we have limited the list to gonoral ore-forming environments such as placer, voin, epithermal, magmatic, porphyry, skarn, secondary, supergene, sedimentary oxhalative (Sedex), volcanogenic massive sulphide (VES), mesothor- imal (also referred to as orogenic), pegmatite, carbonatte, metamorphic, inrusion-rolated, sedimentary, hot spring, iron-oxide-copper-gold (|OCG), and Mississippi Vallay type (MVT). For more information on mineral deposit mod- ls and environments of ore formation, readers are referred to eeveral excellent references including; Ecketrand (1984), Guilbert and Park (1936), Roberts and Sheahan (1988) and Eckstrand et al. (1995). Hand-specimen colour, hardness, and density (glee) are tabulated along with polished.section colour, bireflectance, anistrapism, cleavage, and reflectivity (Refl). Reflectivity is used to describe the percentage of ight reflected from the polished surface of the minaral, Numerous refactvty datasats exist. Those reported here are interpolated from the data of Picot and Johan (1991). Reflectivity varies as a function of wavelength, polish, and equipment Colours for the arisotropy of the rrinerals are reported under partly to fully crossed polars. Birefleciance refers to the colour change observed during siage rotation in plane-polarized reflected light. Distinguishing features, associated minerals, modes of occurrence, and references for each mineral are also listed. The latter generally include a mineralogical reference, one with pictures or descriptions of the mineral and another for spect ore-deposit types for the mineral For most minerals, four images of the mineral are presented on the right page: two hand spacimen oho- tos and two polished or thin-section photos. The photos submitted by individuals have been reviewed by the authors and steering committee. Every attempt has been made to include “real” as opposed to "museum speci- men" pictures of minerals showing typical characterstics and associated minerals. The pclished thin-section pho- tos are chosen fo emphasize features visible in reflacted liaht, most notably colour, anisotropism, and textures. (Ore Mineral Atlas ixReferences: Chace FM. (1956) Abbreviations infield and mine geological mapping. Economic Geology, v. 51, p. 712-723. Ceaig Rand Vatighn 1.1 (1081) Ora Mirmernpy and Oe Batragraphy, John Wiloy and cone, Now Verk, 406 p. Craig JR. and Vaughn D.J. (1994) Ore Microscopy and Ore Petrography. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and sone, Now York, 434 p Deer WA, Howie RA. and Zussman J, (1992) An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals. 2nd edition. Longman, Hong Kong, 636 p. Eckstrand OR. (1984) Canadian Mineral Deposit Types: A Geological Synopsis. Geological Survey of Canada, Econiomic Geology Report 36, Canadian Govemment Pubishing Centre, 8¢ p. Eckstrand OR., Sindair W.D, and Thorpe R.l. (1985) Geology of Canadian Mineral Deposit Types. Geological Survey of Canada, Goology of Canade No. 8, 640 p. Ford WE. (1932) Dana's Textbook of Mineralogy. ath edition, Wiley and sons, New York. 851 p. Guilbert JM. and Park GF. Jr. (1986) The Geology of Ore Deposits. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 985 p. Hurlburt C.S. and Klein C. (1977) Manual of Mineralogy, 13th Edition. John Wiley and sons. New York. 532 p. ber R.A, (1994) Attas of Opaque and Ore Minerals in their Assocations. Van Nostvand Reinhold, New York. 208 p. Kretz R. (1983) Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, v.68, p. 277-279. Picot P. and Johan Z. (1991) Alas of Ore Minerals. Translated from the original French varsion: Atlas des minéraux métaliques: Pioot P. (1982). Eisevier, Amsterdam. 458 p. Ramdonr P. (1980) The Ore Minerals and their Interarawths. Pecgeman Press, Oxford, UK. 1205 p. Robaris R.G. and Sheahan PA. (1988) Ore Deposit Models. Geoscience Canada, Reprint Series 3, Geological Association of Canada, 194 p. Thompson A.J.B, and Thompson J.FH (1996) Ales of Alteration, a Field and Petrographic Guide to Hydrothermal ‘Aeration Minerals. Gaological Association of Canada Publication. 119 p. Uytenbogaardt W. ard Burke EA. (1985) Tables for Microscopic identification of Ore Minerals, 2nd edition. Dover Publications, New York, 430 p. AtlasAcanthite (aca) Environment: Epithermal, vein Ags Monoclinic (Pseudocubic) Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section Jcolour [Metalic back to rey [colour | roy. sight greenish [Cleavage | 000%) impertact IWaraness [2-2 Jevensctance | ver weak Janisotopy_| Distinct bluih-arey loensity [72-74 Ref ($46nm) | 306326 Ren (sx9nm)| 29.4 — 312 Distinguishing Features ‘canthite 1 hand specimen is lead-grey toiron-biack wilh metallic lustre (which tamishas to dark grey with a dl lustro) and a shiny black steak. It has a high specific gravity, is sof and sectie. Crystal habit may be pseudo-cubic or pseudo- crthorhombic after argentie (See below). Lower temperature forms are slender prismatic or skeletal crystals, or occur as coatings. In poisnecsection kis grey wih a greenish tt, has low elaciance, very weakireflectance but distinct an'sotropy when well polshed. However, tis difcul fo palish due to ts softness. Associated Minerals AA signficant ore of sive, acanthite occurs with native silver ard cther sver-bearing minerals such as proustite, pyrar- 4gytlle, stephanite, polybaste and also galenz, ourte, ettanedrte, fluorite, and cobal-nickol ores, Mode of Occurrence Acanthte is generally a low-temperature hycrcthermal mineral commorly sccurring in vein deposits (e.o, Cobalt and ‘Thunder Bay) and the epityemmal ervironment. Corimonly seen as regular inclusions in galena acanthite also occurs as ‘anhedral polyorystaline aggregates or as eunacral cubic pseudomorpis after aigentite, Note; all Ag2S al room tempera- {ure is acenttite. Argentite isthe higher temporsture polymorph of Ag,S, whish & Sable ebove 177°C. References Franklin JIM, (1970) Metellogeny of the Proterozoic Rocks of Thunder Bay Distret, Ontario, PhD. thesis, University of ‘Westem Ontario, London, Oniano, 318 p. GreiféC., Bally L. and Mes J-P. (2002) Supeigene alteration of primary ore assemtlagas trom low-sulphidation Au-Ag Spithermal deposits at Puriyhun, HuHeSie, aiM Haarenu, Ferd. Euuniuiie GeUUYY, W 97, p. 901-971 Kravek F.C. (1946) Phaco relations in tho ayatom siher-sullur and the tarsitiane in silver sufide, Transactions of the ‘American Geophysical Union, v. 27. 367-374. Petuk W. and staff (1971) Characteristics ofthe suphides. Canadian Minerelogst, v.11, 195-234 Petuk W., Ovens D.R., Stewart JM, and Nurray, EJ. |1974) Observations on ‘acanthite, aguilarte and neumannite. Canacian Mincralogst. v.12, p. 365-369, Figures aca Specimen ofa calcte-acanthte-quartz vein that cut Precambrian molasedimentary rocks from the Echo Bay deposit Part Racium, NWT, The cake hes teen desclved in aca. Spl om Av Soregarol Photograph by Can Merah sen Acne wih ho nly bite syst, Ther a at eat nde yore UF ELE Ins SpE Cone predies he acantito, anther contemporaneous withthe cant, and thrd gereration cuts the acai the: Besverdl, BC. Sample T1000 from art Soregaral. Phologaph by Can Morcha aca3__Acarthie (aca), slesrum (el, ehlotrayre (cag) and arate (ap). Zacatecas, Mexico, Reflected ight. Tock ‘Cominco sample R98:2540. sea _Aearthi (aca) vith allacmens of eletum [l)in argue. 2ecateses, Sumple ROD i. Relectec light. Tack Cominco 2 ‘Ore Minoral AtlasArsenopyrite (apy) Envifofiniane Magrhatie/ Vain, mesothermal, skarn FeAsS Monoclinic Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section [ootour | Sitvery white, tnshes to pricirown | [Colour [White eteavege | (110) Gooo Hariness [54-6 Jircnectanea| Wione Jansowory | Sora: Hive. aroon Density [ete Ret S46nm) | 48.9519 Ren se8nm)| 0.6 61.4 Distinguishing Features Silvery white cour, metal kustretamishing to idescont pink-brown shades darkaey to biack seek, and high specific ren. I commoniy exhibits pramate cea hat wih diamand eas section and twinning. has a gare or biter smelt then powdered or bree. poled section, wha colour song elsavapiom, good polohond rhombic exsalfrm ae Characteristic Anisotopim dsingushes i rom py. Associated Minerals ‘Commonly associated wit hydrothermal god; also with voln ores of Sn and W in hish-temperatuxe hydrothermal deposits IEis also associated with Ag and Cu ores, galene, sohalette,pytite, and chalcopyite. Cceurs sparingly in pegmatite, in conlac: metanorptic deposis, and in metamorphosed castic sedimentary rocks, Mode of Occurrence ‘Arsenopyite is the mest common As-earing mineral. Typically ozcurs as eunedtal to subhedral crystals with cheracteris- tic momb shepe or arismaticform (see photo nrc 4). Nis commonly twinned, andalso oscurs as anhadral granular masses ‘where abundant, Arsenopyrie \s @ widespread mineral in many iocalites, ard fa wide vanely of hydrothermal mineral oposis, among which af: the Sn ores in Cornwall, England; the Sa-W veins at Panasquoira, Portugal the Archean gold veins in Val e}01, Quebac and Yellowknifa, NWT: n tho svar veins at Cobalt, Ontario: and the ion formation-hosted gol doposils at Homesiake, Soulh Dakote and Lurin, NWT. References Choi S-G and Youn 8. (2000) Compostioral varation of arsenopysite and fid evoluion at the Ulsan deposi, south- ‘easter Korea: 2 lon-sulfdation porphyry system. Canaulian Mineralogist, v. $B, . 667-584, Fleet MLE and Mumin AH (1897) Gole-beanng arsenian pyite and marcasite and arsenopyrita trom Carin Trend gold ‘ceposis enc i@coratory synnesis. Amencan Nineraiogst, v.82, p. 182-183, Hein KAA. (2093) The Batman and Quigleys god cepostis of the Mt. Todd |Yimuyn Manjer) Mine, Australia: structural, petrographic and mineralogical invesiigations of coeval quartz sulptide vein and lade/stockwork systems, Ore Goclogy Reviews, ¥, 23, p. 9-36 Kretechmar U. end Scott SD. (1976) Phasa relations involving ereencpyrta in te aystam Fa fe $ and tholr application Canadian Mineralonist,v. 14. p. 364-386, Leniz D.R. (202) Sphalerits and arsenopyrie ai the Brunswick No. 12 massive-sulide deposit, Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick; constrants on P-T evolution. Canacian Mineralogist ¥. 40,9. 19-31 Lynch G. and Menge! F. (1995) Metemorphism of arsenopyrte-pyrto-sphalerite-pyrrotit fensas, western Cape Breton Island, Neva Scotia, Canadian Mineralogist, v. 33, p. 105-114, Morimoto N. and Clark LA. (1081) Arsonopyrit crystal chemical relations American Mineraiogst, v.46, p. 1440-1469, Figures apy1_Arsenopytite ents on quartz rom the Sunrise property, Hazelton, BC. Specimen 867.98 from Art Soregaral ‘apy2 Hand specimen wit ersenopyrie crystal (sver) in a curmingtonite schist fom the Homestake deposit, South Dakota, Coin diameter is 2.8 em. Simon Fraser Univorsty collcton, apy 3. Photomicrogtapi of arsenonyrit wth rim of pyrite (yew) Plane polaizes reflected taht apy 4 Same specimen asin apy 3 taken under pally crossed nol Photographs by Den Marshell 5 ‘Ore Mineral Atlas—50 un apy 2 Ore Mineral AtlasAsbestos (asb) Environment: Secondary, metamorphic: Mg,Si,0;(OH), Monoclinic Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section [colour | While ey, green, yolowor bwoun| [Colour | Coloutessio palegrenn [Cleavage _| Fibrous Wardnoss [24-3 ptroectance [anisotrony Jpensity [22-26 fret (stGnmy = ro) 2 Not ‘The word asbesios is not a mineral name, but a mineral habit, and s general term spplied to some fibrous minerals that have a veried mineralogical and chemical compesiton, The fibrous minerals termed ‘asbestos’ may be a serpentine (chrysotle and lzarcita) or ampnivoles (crcckolte, anthophytite,tremolte, and actinolte). Chrysotle, the only Mrous species belonging tothe serpentine group, is the mos! imporant commercial source of asbestos, and is the cnly asbestos mineral mined in Canada, Distinguishing Features CChrysoile asbestosis non-mstalic and translucent. The safness, colour, waxy luster, and silky feel result from the paral- la. fine fibres. The fexbilty of the fibres is 2 distinctive feature of asbestos, Associated Minerals Serpentine, magnetite, chromite, olivine ale, and other minarals fur! i sarpentinized ultramafic rocks Mode of Occurrence Chrysotile asbestosis ‘ormed in peridcttic rocks that have been verably sempentinzed. When found in veins of silky fibres, it may be an important commercial scurce af asbestos. Chrysotile forms during deformation and alteration of ultramafic. rocks under low-grede metamorphic concitions (Duke, 1996), References Cogulu E. and Laurent R. (1983) Mineralogical and chemical variation in chrsoile veins and peridatite host-rocks from the asbestas bel of southam Quebec. Cenasian Mineralogist. 22,9. 173-183. Duke LM, (1988) Petolegy ard Economic Geolagy of the Dumont Sil: An Archean Inyusion of Komatitic Afingy in TMaireotrn Quetow, Oovhayial Ouroy of Qaeda, Euannite Onviyy Repet 92,50 Dulko JM, (1996) Utremfe:hostod asbostos. in Goology of Canadian Mineral Dopost Typos. (od) O.R. Eckstrand, W.D. Sincair and R.Thorbe. Geological Suney of Canada, Geolony of Canada No.8, , 263-268. Gien RA. and But B.C. 198") Chrysotle asbestos at Woedsree, New South Wales. Economic Gecogy,v. 76, p. 1169-1169. OFaniey D'S. and Wicks F. (1998) Conditions of ormaton of Iza, chysotle and artigorte, Cassar, Britsh Columbia, ‘Canadian Mineralogist, v.33, p. 753-773. Wicks, FJ are Oanlay 0.5 (1988) Sarpentine minors: stuctures and petology. i Hydrous Phllosicates. Mineralogical SociotyofAerica, Revensin Mineralogy ¥. 19, p. 91-187. Figures 28b 1 Chnysoile ves filing acute in serpeninized ulramafe rock form the Cessiar Asbestos deposit, Cesar, BC. Phovograpn by Wilic Plumb, cob Ginple (03 Ima) and compton (omeltn) spouts 13h ‘pon pt. Knif fer eoalo, Phologroph By Wilfis Pum ‘sb Uzatdta with hour glass texture and spine Mont Chagnon, Quebec. FO.V. 4 mm, plane polarized ight under crossed ncols. Photograph by Franco’ Huck 2sb4_ Cinjsole fibers in vein, Ment Chagnon, Quebec. FOV. 3 mm, plane polarized light under crossed nicols Photograph by Francois Huot Fling frectures in serpentine, Oassiar Asbestos Mire, (Ore Mineral Atlas: i = éAzurite (az) Environment: Secondary, porphyry, |OCG. Cus(OH) (C03) Monoclinic Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section Jeotour | Arure be lcotowr [Bue Jecarage | 011) Perea, (100) Imperfect Hardness [3-4 Bitefiectance |voderate wabcort [anisotropy | sions Jocnsity [37-28 Ret (s46nm) | Low [ase (s20nm)| Low Distinguishing Features ‘The azure blue colour and igter bie sreak ce aistincive. The lute is virecus o dulldeperding on crystal habit, which ‘aries rom eunecral bladed crystals to potiyoidal, nocuer, and massive forms. n polished sector, itis grey, takes & good folish, ane has song enisoropisn, Deep blue intemal eflectons are a'so cheracterstic of azure. In transmitted light, ts strong purple to bue pleochroism is diagnostic. I aso effervesces in dite HCI Associated Minerals Commonly associated with tho distinctly green coloured malachit, I ie also ascoleted wih native copper, cuprito, chal ‘copynte, chalcacte, pointe, cnrysocolla, and other oxidized Cu-boating minerals. Mode of Occurrence ‘Azurite is of secondary origin, occuring in oxidized portions of Cu-bearing ore deposi. tis formed by the reaction of car- ‘bon dioxide and water with coppar sulphide or by Cu-beanng solutions wit carbonate and forms blocky to tabular crys- lals, slender prismatic cystals, rodular botryoidal masses, and stalacitic ane stalagmitie aggregates. It iS en important nnineral in suporgene-weathored dopoete euch as Cu-porpryry, VMS, end OCG. References Graeme Richard W, (1997) The supergene copper minerals of Bisbee, Arizona. Mineralogical Record. v. 28, p. 55. Melchiore E.8., Crss RE. and Rose TP. (2000) Oxygen and carbon isotope study of natural and synthetic azurite. Ezonomic Gedlogy, ¥. 95, p. 621-628 Sites Ru, (2009) tron onide~ JG, Maldonado C. and \arela A, (2000) Preliminary mineralagieal and petro: logical study ofthe Ortosa Au-Bi-Te ore deposit a reduced aold skarn in the northern part ofthe Rio Narcea Gold Belt, Asturias, Spain, Jouma of Geochemical Exporation, v.71, 9. 177-190 McQueen K.G. and Perkins C. (1895) The nature and origin of a granitoid-related gold deposit at Dargue’s Reef, Major's CCrek, New South Weles. Ezororric Geology, v, 90, p. 1645-1662 Skirow RG. and Walshe JL. (2002) Reduced and oxdlzed AU-CU-6! Iron oxide deposits of he Tennant Creek inier, Australia: an integrated geologic and chemical mode. Economic Geology, w. §7, p. 1167-1202 Figures B11 Polished surface showing elvery grey dendrlle and inertial biamuth in a siderite host, from Muttenberg Carnthia, FOV. =2:20m%2.7 em bi2 Fresh surface with silvery white bismuth mheraization showing twcning, in quartz from Colorado, USA, FV “87 nm x ti mm. bi3-Photomicrogaph of apolshed hin section showing creamy white to prkisy cream birefletance of bismuth with medium grey heratite and ighter grey loeingite (too gh! between the hematite end the dark grey carbonate tos!) Plane polarized reflected light. F.O.V.~0.68 mm x 0.85 mm. bi4 Phelomerogaapn showing the seme fied cf view as In BI 3. Twinring and ight cream to pintish biown-crey anisowopisin of a sight larnhes secon are visble In cross pelazed reflected igh. FOL. ~O.68 mim x 0.85 mm. Photographs submitted by AH. Mumin and PJ. Adamo, Brandon University 10 Ore Mineral AtlasOre Mineral Atlas "4Bismuthinite (bis) Environment: Vein, skarn, magmatic, pegmatite Bi,S, Orthorhombic Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section ecour | LOREESNATAIE | Jestur | whieh atayoiow tt [oenage | (010) Pore raraness | 2 frenectince | Woot oan: pnizotony | Stenat2 ory Stora onan [oe enoeenm [ wana fen stenm) 3679-488 Distinguishing Features Ih hand specimen, bismuthaite is characterized by subhedral prismatic or acicular cwstals (that may form radiating sprays), a metalic iste thet may have a sight yellowish cr bluist tnt) and periect (010} cleavage. It is very soft (thin ‘aystals are slightly fleible) and has a high specific gravty. In polshed section, it has distinct bireflectance, strong ‘anisotropy, perfect cleavage, high reflectance (about ine same or sighly higher than that of gaiena). The malleable char- acter often leads to developiert of palysyntiete twins due io deformation Associated Minerals “ypeally corizins inclusions of naive bismuth. Occurs witn gold, alher B-bearig minerals (such es jossite), Co-Ni arsenice minerals, telures, woltanite, cassette, scheelie, beni, and varous sulphides incucing chaicopynte arsenopysie, sprain, end pte Mode of Occurrence ‘A somewiat rare sulphide mineral. Occurs as an accessory sulphide in high-temperature hydrothermal veins (e.g CComwall Sr-tV-base-metal veins), Co-Ni arsensie veins, Baivian Sh veins, in hirusion-reisted gold deposits (e.g. Pogo. Alaska, in Au, Cu, Pb:Zn, and W skams, and in some grankic pagmeite rocks, References Gu X-P, Watanabe Ml, Ohkawa M, Hoshino K, Shibata Y. and Chen D. (2001) Felbertalte and related bismuth sullos- ‘als irom tne Furishan copper skarn deposit, Nenyng China. Canadian Mineralogist v. 39, p. TO41=1052, Springer &. (1871| The synthetic solidsoution series ByS;-B\CUPS, (BismuthinileAkinle), Neves Jahrbuch far Mineralogie, v1, p. 19:24 Vanhanen E. (2001) Geslogy, mineralogy and goochemistry of tho Fo-Co-Au(U) dopesils in the Paleoproterozoic Kuusama Sehist Bet, northeastem Finland. Geelagieal Survey af Finland, Bulletin 399, 228 p Figures bie} Bismuthinte n quartz gangue. Tudor Township, Hastng showing, Cobalt Ontario, Base of the coin fe 1.6 em Specimen fom IR. Jonasson, Geological Suey of Canada. Photograph by Dan Marshall bis2 Bismuthinte, Lisiague, Bolivia. Spedmen aumber LT125 fom Loyd Twates. Coin diameter is 2.1 om Photograch by Dan Marshall bis Bismuthinte (bis) In chaloopyrie (cp Magnelte (mag) Is replacing chaleopytie, Guabisay, Ecuador. Tack Cominco servple R82:14275. Reflected light bis 4 Composite bsmuthrit gain, Tudor Township, Hastings County Ontatio. Noe the strong anisciropism in the two conmecies bismuthinte grains. The trectures paral i doavage aro ilies by quarz. The bright yellow spots sre native bismuth (bi). Plane-puarzed retedecligit. Sanpl fom!.R. Jonasson, Geological Survey of Geneda. Photogach ty Dan Marshall 12 ‘Ore mineral Atiasbis 4 bis 2 bis 3 Ore Mineral AtlesBornite (bn) Environment: Porptyry, vein, VMS, replacement CusFes, Tetragonal Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section ] loam] Blorws.on fesh surece, eae Pinion ortesh 2547 osvage | tii) mpaoa Duevpurple on tamed surtace termshing to volt or purpe Weak, maybe vise along gran tourdanes| IHaranwes | 3 Biretoctance Janisotrepy |} Very woak loensiy | 42-54 Ren (ss6nm) | 218 [Ren (saan) 251 Distinguishing Features Also known as "peacock ore", bomile fs copper-bronze on afresh surface, but tamishes quickly to eridescent purple and biue and to a purplish black. Netellc lustre, hardness, anc pele grey streak are also characierstic. In polished section, the ‘colours pink to orange-brown but quickly larnishes to purple ard blue, Purple tarnish and weak anisotropsm are charac terstic, Commonly exhibits exsolution and reptacement textures with chslocoyma, chalcocre, coveilte, cgente, enargite, and tetraedrite-tennante Associated Minerals Born typically cccurs with other Cu-sulphides and may be associated with pyrte, sphalerite, galena, magnette, mala- chi, pyirhaite, tetrehedrts-tennanite freibergte, and hematite, Mode of Occurrence Borne isa comman mineral in many copper deposits, especialy in celcalkaline-ckalne porphyry deposits Itoceure more often as a hypegene and less often aa» supergene mineial, and generally eooure as vomnlete, diecominatione, or compact fgrenuiar masees. It (s ubiquitous in noary al porphyry ceposis, with disseminalad chaloapyrte. It also occurs in some VMS deposit (e.9. the Domite zone at Kicd Cresk). In al these deposits itis @ very important ore mineral due 1o is high ‘copper contant Italso occurs as disserinations in basic rocks, in contact metamerphic derosts, in replacement deposits and in pegmatite, References Henningion MD., Bleeker W. and Kjarsgazr |. (1999) Sulfide mineralogy, geochemistly and ore genesis of the Kidd ‘Creek deposit: Part 2. The bomite zone. in The Giant Kidd Creek Volcancgenic Massive Sutide Deposit, Western Abitibi Subprovince, Canada, (eds) M.D. Hannington and C.T. Barrie, Economic Geology Monograph 10, Eooncmis Gediogy Pubiching Company, Litton, CO, p. 228.266 Herzig PM. and Hanninaton ND, (2000) Polymetalic massive sulides and gold mineralization at mi-ooean ridges and in subduetion-related environments. in Handbook of Narine Mineral Deposis, (e¢.) D.S. Cronan. p. 347-68 Maier WD. and Barnes S.J. (1989) The origin of Cu sulfce deposits In the Curaca Valley, Bahia, Brazil, evidence from Cu, Ni, Se, and pletinum-group element concentrations. Economic Geology. v.94, p. 165-183. Manske S.L, and Paul AH. (2002) Geology of a major new porpnyry copper center in the Superior (Fioneei) Distict ‘Aiizona. Economic Geoogy, v. 9, p. 197-220. Figures bn Specimen of igneous intrusion associated breccia ore showing the weathered surface of bornite (iridescent oUF ple and blue) intorgrow with chalcopyrite (pele yelow) in a microcrystalline quartz matrx. Copper Corp. deposit Ontario, F.0.N. 55cm x 69 om. Brandor Universty collection bn2 Specimen of a fresh, polisned surtace of igneous Intrusion associated brevcie ore with borne (coppery brenze ‘on unweathered suriaces), chaleopyrite (pale yellow) and malachte (green) in a microcrystaline cuartz matrix, Cepper Corp cepasit, Onterio,F.0 V. 28 om x 9.5 om Brandon Univoreity collocton, bn 9 Photemiorograph of an Fo oxide breacia hoctod Cu ere chewing borne jerange-teige) with lamellae and poriph. coral replacement by chsleopyite (yellow). Darker blue marginal crystallites replacing bornile and chalcopyrite are ‘covelite, pale blue is chalenete, Sus-Dianne deposit, Northwest Terrtories, Canada, Plane reflected light. F.0.V. (0.25 mm x 0.85 mm. Brandon Universty collecton, bn 4 Photomicrograph of an Fe-oxide breccia hosted Cu-cre showing chalcopyrite (yellow) replaced sequentially by bornite (orange-beige) anc covelite (shades of blus). Sue-Dianne deposit, Northwest Terrtories, Caneda Plane reflactes light. F.0.V/ 0.38 mm x 0.85 mm. Brandon University collection. Photographs submitted by Pa, Adamo and AH. Mumin, Brandon University 1“bn3 Ore Mineral AtlasBoulangerite (boul) Environment: VMS, epithermal, vein, Sedex PhsSb,S44 Orthorhombic Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section uit to metalic, wash] [eye ‘white with Bush OY [eavage a osiow, | Bene “ ciervage | (01), 210) Impert a tance] Distinct arevishwhte 0 |, ouopy | Dsthel Lot te dark orev omenah Peettest | ek pa greenish grey pnisotoy | ini ar ed IR inirnerson |reneiy | 52-09 [pen erenm | 270 402 nen (e00mm)] oF= 207 Distinguishing Features Lead grey to bluish grey colour. grey to brown streak, dul fo metalic lustre, granular or frous exystal habit. flexibility of needle-like crystals and mineral associations are characteristic of boulangenie. In polished section, sbrous habit well. \developes ceavage parallel to fibre elongation, colour, hardness, and anisolropism ere characteristic. Associated Minerals Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyre, tetrahediite, and other Pb and Sb sulphosalts. Mode of Occurrence Long prismatic crystals, which may be acicular, sometimes in dense feted masses of crystals that eppear heit-ike, or as, sperse acicular crystals thal look like lint oF hair disseminated among other minerals. May also form granular masses. oaurs ir hydrothermal veins, steckworks, mantos, and massive sulphides. Boulangerte cormmonty occurs es thy inclu- sions within galona, References Bom L. and Heline E. (1960) A structural proposal for boulangerit. American Mineralogist v. 45, p. 1266-1271. Hobscn D.M. (1972) Boulargerite trom Port Gaver, north Carrwall. Journal of the Mineralogist Sooty, v, 38, p. 767-768. Mushaw S.C., Puig C., Spiro 8. ang Buchanan D.L. (1997) Genesis of epizonal Ag vein mnoralzation at Sen Bartolome in cenwal Ecuador, textural evidence, fluid inclusions, and stable isotape geccnemisty, Economic Geology, v.22, p. 2ivzzr, Wagner T. and Cook NJ. (1997) Minera reactions in sulphide systems as indicators cf evolving fluid geochemisty: A case study ifom the Apollo Mine, Siegertand, FRG Mineralogical Magazine, v.61, p. 873-290. Wagner T. end Schneider J (2002) Lead isotope systemalics of vein-type antimony mineralization, Rheinisches Schioforgobirge Germany: @ case history complex reaction and remebilzation processes. Mineralium Deposta, 87, 9 185-197. Figures boul 1 Boulangeite and pyrrhotite (weathered) from the Sullvan depoet, Briish Columbia, Specmen from At Soregarl, Photograph by Dan Marshal oul 2 oulangerite vein from the Cleveland Pb-2n ore-body. Stevens County, Washington. Specimen from Art Soreqarol Photograph by Dan Marshal boul 3 Galena-gangue contact wih laths of Boutangerte (tou) in galene (gn). Teck Cominco sample ROS:4037 Chachacomi, Bolve, Reflected igh. boul 4 Boulargerite (boul inerperetuaig into spraterite (sph. Teck Cominco sample R9S:4045. Chactiacom, Bolivia Rolecod ligt. e Ore Mineral Atiasboul 3 boul 4 Ore Mineral Atias 7Bournonite (bnn) Environment: VMS, epithermal, vein, Sedex CuPbsbs,, Orthorhombic Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section fcoour [Motcstestarsy ooieck| [oolour | wihte wih agreensh shade [oteavage | _(010)imperfect 7 Manicotropy | Wekbutaistinctve, IHardness | 214~3 bireiectance| None ct | ka lpensiy [57-59 Ren (546mm) [ 14-352 [Ren (S89nm| 383-95 Distinguishing Features Tyolally steal rey to black wth 2 oreysh back sresk. ourcrite has a metalic usr, bu ray devalep dll tarnish. In polshed sector, boumoritetakes an excellentpolsh develops peele!ameliarpolysyrthetic winning on {170} and oon ‘monly occurs as inclusions in galena, The reflectance is rater high, but lower than galena, Associated Minerals Gana, sphalerite. chalcopyrte, pyrite, marcasita, Ay-boating minerals, tetrahedritetennantto, elbrite, ond other sulphosats. Mode of Occurrence Twinning is commen in bournorite, and repented twinning may ead to development of multiplytwinned crystals in the form of @ wheel with a jagged edge. referred to as a "209 wheel” win. Habit is commonly tabular to short prismatic crystal, hich are twinned and sbiated. May also oosurin massive, arenular agorecates. Boumonite occurs in tydiothermel veins and massive suphide deposits, References Sack R.O. and Ebel D'S. (1993) As-Sb exchange energies in tetrahedsite-tennanttelahlores end bournonite-seligmannite S0ll solutons. thineraogea Magazine, v.57, p. 635-642. ‘Wagner T. and Gock N.J. (1897) Mineral reactions in suphice systems as indicators of evohing fuid geochemistry; a case sudy fom the Apolo lina, Slogeriand, FRG, Wineralogical Magazine, v, 67, p. 573-590 ‘Wagner T and Jonsson E, (2001) Mineralogy of sulloseltich ver-iype oes, Bulidan massive sulfide depostt, Skellamte Distict, northern Swodan. Canadian Mineralogist, v.29, p, &55-072, Wulld ane Bile R.VE. (1977) The bournonite-selgmarnite sclid sokiien. Amariean Mnaralogisi,v 62, p. 1087-1106. Figures bbnn 1 Bouronite and quartz crystals ftom the Carmen deposit, Castrovitenia Distict, Huancavelioa Department. Port ‘Specimen from Lloyd Tweites (LT988). Photograph by Dan Marshall nn 2 Boumonite end quartz fiom the Pachapagui deposit, Ancash Department, Pend. Coin diameter is 18 cm. ‘speimien trom art Soregarol. Fnotograph by Dan Marstall Dbnn 3 Bouronite (tn), pyri, stibnite (stb) anc sphalenits in alayered foliaiod siliceous gangue. Pontide, Turkey. Teck ‘Cominco sample R82:10207, Reflected light bn 4 Bounecnite (brn) and pyrargyrie (pyig) in siliceous rock fs inlerstival © pyre (Py), Adjacent coment is chal cedonie siies, Tack Cerince sample RO2:10203, Reflected light 18 (Ore Mineral Atta:bans nn 4 Ore Mineral AtlasCassiterite (cst) Environment: Magmatic, pegmatitic, placer sno, Tetragonal Characteristics Hiend Specimen Polished Section [coleur [Brown tock yetow orgay | colour [Srewnin ger eeavage i100), 10) Poor taréness | 6-7 [retoctance | Dina wowish gay [Pnisowony [Dising, gy ety | 68-7 et (sain [0724 Ren s93ne)| 108120 Distinguishing Features In hane specimen, cossiterte is typealy brown fo black with @ white, grey. or brownish seek. Shert or slender prismatic, cr stubby pyramidal crystals, typically wih distnosve twinning, adamartine lvstre, and herdress ere characteristic. In reflected Ight, itis grey end displays bireflectance wth vory lew reflectance and has distinct though not very colourful znisatropism, which is commonly masked by abundant yolow to yellow-brown intemal reflections. In plano. polarized transmitted light, cassierie is pleochroic, ranging from colourless to yellow to deep red and euhedral crystals are often well zonec. Associated Minerals Associated wih pyrte, arsenopyrite, molyodenite, wolkamite, sphalerie, galena, rutile, hematite, magnetite, bismuth, anc pymotte. Cassiterie-bearing veins usualy contain minorals with fluorine or boron, such as tourmaline, topaz, fluorite, and pate In placer deposits, cassterie is found vith other detital heavy mnerals Mode of Occurrence Cacsterits fe an imporant ove of Sa, toscure H placors, ignenue racks, and pogmatites, bust moro cammanly accurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins in cr near granitic racks occurring as anhecral messes end subhadial to auhedral ‘aysials, such as the Sn-\W-Cu veins at Panasquera, Portugal. Cassiterie is ao an important accessory mineral at the Kidd Creek VMS denost ends a major consituent at Neves Corvo in Portugal. Cassiteite may sometimes result from the ‘weathering of stannte (CugFeSnS,) and teallite(PESnS,), Wood-tn isa coloforn varaty formed by secondary processes in azone of oxidation References Haltor WE., Willars-Jones A.E. and Kortak DJ. (1996) Tho role of grekoniztion in cassiterie precipitaton at the East iKempivile tin depost, Nova Sola. Econcmic Geology, v 97, p. 388-385, Honnigh Q. ané Hutchinson RI 1998) Cesstorte at Kide Creek; An example of voleanegonic messive sulide-hosied 1H mineraizaton. Tre Giant Kido Creek Voleanogenie Massie Sutce Depost, Westem ABN SuDprovince, Canade, fede.) MD. Henninglon end C7. Barrie, Economie Geology Monogiaph 10, Economic Geology Fubiohing Cempnay, Liteton, CO, 9. 424 40, Linren RL, Willams Jones AE. and Marin RF. (1992) Evidence of magmatic easitoris ninerateation atthe Nong Sua aplle-pagratte complex. Canacian Minetalogit, v 20, p. 720-761 Tide A.G ard Breaks FW. (1998) Oxide mineral f he Separation Repcs rre-lerentgranie pegmatite group, narth- wwosiem Ontario. Canadian Minerals, v.36, 609-535, Figures est Froth surface of tin granio tom the Zosiplaats Thifeld, Bushveld granke, South Aico. Fine black eubhodral agains of cassierte Gaseminaled within pinky-orange allerec feldspar (plagiocase and KfelSspar), quartz (Colours to white, tote end fuarte, FOV. ~2.9 am x 38 om, Photograoh by AH, Mumin and P.J. Adamo, Erandon Univers. est2 Cassette pebbles recovered from the Dagc Hil placer gold operators in the Klondike, Yukon. A few of the pob- {es show the coloform and banded textures that ere characterti "Wood th, Tera mhycites Mat Occur In Save parts ofthe Klunhe ate Ue Tney Soucy uf Ue cassette, Phuliyteyl suuintled by Dave Saic, Gedogical Survey of Canada est3 Photomicrograph of polehed thn secon of the Bustvold tin giante showing an aggregato of subhodral to ‘uhecra, colourless, pale yelow to brown cassia gran. Both Swinnirg and zoning ate svidert. Plane polar ized trensmited light. FOV. ~i4 mm x 1.7 mm. Inset shows the same fied of view leken in plane polarized feflectes light Photograph byA.H. Mumin ane Pj, Adamo, Brandon Univers. est4 Photomicrograph shoving the seme fed of view as in est 3 in cress polarized transite light, Photogreph by ‘AH, Mumn and Pl. Adamo, Brandon Univer. 20 (Ore Mineral Atlas,Chalcocite (cc) Environment: Epithermal, porphyry, veins, supergene Cu,S Orthorhombic Characteristics Tad Speci Polished Seaton Se Tema | 010) Pow arnee | 243 eretcinea] vovwat omatnn —_[anarony | Weokbul di wi Beonty | o5mae rents | ar fen ooo 3c0 Distinguishing Features The hend-epecimen colo metalic hte on fresh suface, shiny black io leat-gy sak, crysal habit wiven coarse- (raid, and riers secociatone ate dlagroate. Preah eutooos qucytomh te © dul aX groy with a bluiah bn. haleote pats copper ont 2 nal wth the applcaton of HO. In polsed secon chalcole i usualy anhodal, de tinct lamalr, nd has Dish tits cine vise aginst cele) tis very sof and mey have Bish streaks due to pol ishing, Exsoliion and replacement textures wih eer copper suptiges se common. Hypogene choot fy usually Coors grines while supergene chelonie fine grained anc commonly appears 3021 inpolshed section Associated Minerals Iron ané copper sulphid saeecciated wth o sch a8 pyrite, pyrmhotio, cheleepytite, bomite, covets, native copper, end digenite. Ase gis, lelahedrte.ionsaniite, ephslorte, gaona, melybcente, and eannite, t commonly appoare in ‘esoluton intergrowths with bomite oF low-temperature copper suiphides and also oscurs as pseudomorphs ater chal- copyrite, galena, bomnite,covelite, pyrite, digenite, anc enargit. At surface conditions itis commonly associated with mala- chite, atacamte, and conper-oxides. Mode of Occurrence The high copper content (67% atomic rll, most 30% by weight) makes chalencile an importent copper ore. I is usually massive, but may form shor prismete or iabular cysals, and rarely occurs as wel fomed pseudonexagonal striated tab Lar to prismatic erystals formed by twining. Cholescite is hexegonal above 195° and orherhembie: below 103°C. Chalcosta may occur a8 a primary mnovaln vei, but fs principal oceurense = e8 2 supergene mineral in onvichos zones of rorthyry deposits in arid climates. Uncer surface cancitins primary enprer sulphides ara oxidized. The solunie sulphates move downward reacing wih the onmary minerals to form chalcoct, thus erriching the ore in copper. t aso ‘occurs disseminated in basic rocks, in cantact-nelamorphic deposits, contactmetamorphic depesits, pegmatite, an in some red-bed copper deposis (e.g, Keweenaw Penninsula, Michigan}. References ‘Alyanak N. and Yogel TA. (1974) Framboidal chalencte from White Pine, Michigan. Economic Geoogy, ¥. €9, p. 897-793. Kucha H., Plestzyisk! A. and Wieczorek A. (1990) Cu-halloysiie and forous chalcootte ‘rom the Zechstein copper opesits, Foland. Neues Jahrbuch fir Mineralogie, v. 12, 9. 653-562 Oseandén G, Fréraut R., Gustafeon LB, Lindsay O.D. and Zen M, (2001) Geology of the Chuquicamata mine: A progress repart. Economic Geology. v. 96, p. 249-270. Silltoe RLH,, Jaramillo L. and Casto H. (1984) Geologic exploration of a molybdenumich porphyry copper deposit al Nocoa, Cclombia, Economic Geology, v 79, p. 106-123, Figures 961 Pies anu oxtlad celoxcte wit rlror pyle and quand, Leonard depos, Butte, Montana, Goin atemeter Is 1.9 em. Specimen (62.30) from Art Soregarol, Photograph by Dan Marshall. 662 Sooly chalcocto costings on pyrite irom Butte, Montana, Specimen (859.92) rem Art Soregareli. Photograph by Ban Marshall c.3 Chalcocite (cc) raplacing pyre. The chalboclte ranges in colour from grey to blue. Quebrada Blanca deposit Chile. Teck Cominco specimen R96 414 cc. Pyrite (py) replaced by chalcocite (cc) which in turn is paced by hematte and covelite (cv). Gangue is quart, Tack Cominco specmen 934396. Mamainse, Ontario, 22 ‘Ore Mineral Atiasco3 Ore Mineral Atlas. 23Chalcopyrite (cp) Environment: Porphyry, VMS, Magmatic, Sedex, epithermal, vein, skarn CuFeS, Tetragonal Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section [colour | Bass yolon fectour _[Yelow io brassy yaton [lavage | (011) {111} Poor ram a visaropy | Weak stint areybtae Hardne Biren Zh [>ristrony | Week's cst Density Ren Sa6ami | 357— 968 Ren (soon) 387-398 Distinguishing Features ‘The brassy yellow coleur and irdascont bluish to purplish to greenish tamish on weathered surfaces. distinguish i from pyrile and pyrrhotite, The colour may resembie native gold, but chelcepyrte is much harcer, with @ britle conchoidel frac- ture, lover density, and dark greenish black streak. Itcan be distinguished from pyrite by its hardness. In polished section, erekopyrie Is Blass yellow, with rather high relactanoa, and weak anisovopism. Distinct grey-blue to yellow-green polar ization olours chow wall undor slightly unerossed nioole. Twinning ie commen and chaleopyrito ‘© usually anhedral. It feauary cbserved in exacton intros win cer coer subhides and pyrotie, and ocusinsohalete as chal copyite disease. Associated Minerals Chalcopyrte occurs with pyre, molybderte, pytrhotit, pentlandite, borite, digenite, magnetit, and mary other miner- das. It often aters along cracks and grain boundaries to covelte,chalcocte, and malachite. Intergrowths occur with teira- hedite, cubanite, galena, and sphaerie, Mode of Occurrence CChaicopyrie is the most comrmen copper mineral ands found in almost all subhide deposts. Chalcopyrite can be mas- sve, crystalline disseminated, andior intergrawn. occurs as medium: to coarse-grained arhedral aggregates and rarely 5 well developed tetrahedral crystals. It forms in almost all or forming envircnmments. Disseminated chalcopyrite is the ‘mae important ere minerel in hypogone ForEhyry caposi, ands a major constituent of VMS and Cu-okamn deposits, References Barlon PB. Jt. and Bethke PM. (1887] Chalsopyrlie disease In sphalette, pathology and epidemiology. American Nineralogie, v.72, p. 451-467, Boriikov N.S... Genkin AD.. Debrovol MG. Muraitskaya GN. and Fllimonova AA. (1991) The nature of chalcopyrite inclusions in sphaleite;exsolution, coprecipitation, or ‘disease"?. Economic Geology, v. &6, p. 1070-1082. KumarapaliPS.,Kheang L., Hoy L-and PintsonH, (1999) Chalcopyrte-bomnte and chalcopyfie-bornite-barnte in the Acton Vale Limestone, southeastern Quebec; mmemalized sheli:margin sivers in a Tacorian nappe. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, «27. p 27-20 Mizuta T. and Soot 0. (1997) Kinetics ofiron depiotion near pyrthotite and chalcopyrite Inclusions in sphalerito; the spha- lerte speedoreter, Economic Geology, v. 92, 9. 772-733. Figures p1_rassy to yelow chalcopyite in a siczous mati, Gon clameter is 21 em, Simon Fraser University collection, Photograph by Holly Keyes, Ashion Mining 2 Chalcopyrte vehle's anc dssemnatons in gametferous calcsiiate gangue Oro Denoro deposit, BC. Specimen 375.8.18 from Art Sorayarol. Photograph by Dan Marshall €p.3._Iroguler twinned cheleapyrte molding pyrite (whitsh] ard pyrhotte (ight brown). Blue Lake, Guebes, F.O.V. 4 mm, ‘Subitied by Georges Seaucoin, Universt@ Laval D4 Nassive chalcopyrite (cp) replaces pyrite (py) crystals and is mutually interarown wit sphalerite (sph). Plane polaized reflected ight. Teck Cominco Specimen R97-11736. 24 Ore Mineral Atlas,Ore Mineral Atlas 25Chromite (chr) Environment: Magmatic (FeMg)(Cr,Al),0, Cubic Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section eotour [antieck otrewnih tiack| colour [Dar yreytooremnish gey [eteavage [Nove rareness | 5% eirenectace | Aesert Jansotopy | vey wer, wsuay absent enaty [45 en etn | 120) [ter cesnm| 17 Distinguishing Features In hend specimen, the cark brown to black colour, greasy sub-merallic lustre, brown streak, massive or granular (and rarely oxlahedtl crystal) habit, and association with ultamafe minerals ae chareciorisc. Chromite is also weekly magnetic. In palisted secton the dak gry to brownish ey (darker tran megnstie) colour, and low reflectance are characteristic for omits, Infemal retections ere browned in Mg- and Al-ich speomens, bul atsen in Fe-reh specimens. Chromite can ‘ovcur as myrmokticintorgonths wih surounding gangue minerals. Usually on as rounded, eUrodtal grains in siicato tral I tekes a good polish ands Bovope, but anomalous anisotropism s somretnes observes in Zr-rich and deformed vanes. Associated Minerals Assccialed wih magneite iimenite, pertiandte, pyrrhotite, hematite, end PGMs. Itis also associated with olivine, pyrox- ene, anorthite, and serpentine. Mode of Occurrence Chromite is @ principal ore of chromium. Ghromée is @ common constiuent of peridotites and other ultrabesic rocks and f serpenthites cortved trom nem. Large chromte ore ceposis are thoucht to have been derived by cumulate magmatic ifereniaton. Important ceposits such as the Bushvel igneous complex of Soulh Africa and the Grea Dyke of Zimbabwe Contain numarous seam cf chromite enclosed in pyroxonta(stratferm deposts). Duo tits resisiance to erosion, chromite may acccuruiate in sterite and placer deposits. Chromite alse occurs in meteorites References Roach T.S. Roeder PL. and Hubert LJ. (1998) Composition of chromite inthe upper chromite, Muskox layered intrusion, Northwest Teritories. Canadian Mineraloast, v.26. 9. 117-135, Rubin AE, (2003) Chronite-pagiclase assemblages as anew stock indieator; implications for e shock and thermal his- {cries of ordinary chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 87, p. 2695-2709. Stowe C.W. (1994) Compostions andtectoric setings of chromite deposis through ime. Economic Geology, v. 69, p. 528-546. Tesallna SG, NimisP., Auge T., otal. (2003) Ongin of cnromte in matc-ultrematic-noste hydrothermal massive sulfides fiom the Main Uralian aul, South Urals, Russia Lithos, v.70, p. 33-53 Zing AJ. (1098) Recrystallization and the origin of layering in tho Buchveld Complex. Litas, v.37, p. 18-37, Figures chr Charcoal grey cumuiate chromite laminations in norte from the Critical zone (bese of Morensky reef), Bushveld complex, South Afca, FOV. ~37 on x45 om chr 2 Biack granular aogregate of chromite from the main chromite seam of the Basal zone, Polgietersrust, Transvaal, Busiveld complex, South Africa. FOV, ~37 em x 46 am. cchr 3 Protomiorogreph of subnedra to rounded lighter grey chromite ‘om the Rusterberg Platinum Mine, Zimbabwe. Chalcopytite, pyrhotte and pentandite appear anomalously bight due fo grey slicete background Chromite ‘appears darker giey compared to chr 4 Ths rsulls trem decreased lgntintensty to retain the colour in the sul- phides, Potshed thin section, plane polarized refccted light. FOV. —1.4. mmx 1.7 mm chr 4 Pholomicrcoraph of subhedral to rounded ightr grey cumulaia chromite fom the Cxical zone of Meransky reef, Bushveld complex, South Africa. Polished thin section, plane polarized refeced ight, FOV. ~1.4 mm x 1.7 mm. Photographs submitied by P.J. Adamo and A.H. Mummin, Brandon University 6 Ore Mineral Atlaschr 2 chr z Ore Mineral AtlasChrysocolla (chry) Environment: Secondary, supergene, Porphyry (CuAN gH 8i,05-nH. Orthorhombic Characteristics Hand Specimen Polished Section [colour | Groen, arms bus colour | dark ary ceavee | Absent lrarcnese | 2a Jowenecance [ ansentiovee __|ansowopy | absentia arora lbansity | 20-20 en 46mm) | very ow Ren (689rm)] Very low Distinguishing Features Cheyzocola has a dstiet pale bio to Blue-proon colour, while streak, conchoidal fracture and a viracus to earthy lute, ithas alow densty and hardness aris commonly botyoida inhabit Chysoccla can range frm ranslucent fo opaaue therefor, thas optical properties under both reflcied and transmitted ght. Under plane transmitted ght, chryscoole appears Irenslicent o yellow-sream cooured. Under crossed ricols. thas a high bvetngance. displaying high hird-order colour. n refecte light, k nas a very ion bretectance, which yields a cark grey colour In hand specimen, chrysccoll fadheres 10 moistened fnger and colours a fame gen, Associated Minerals (Commonly occurs with coppes-bearing minerals such as cuprite, azutie, malachite, and native conper derived from cop- per-teaning suipride mnerals, Mode of Occurrence ‘An attoration product of copper minerals, is commonly mixed wth other secondary copper minerals and hydrated cop ‘per silicates inthe upper levels of vein and supergene altered porphyry deposits. I occurs as opaque to translucent crusts (seam filings in shades of blue, green, brown, and back with inclusions, References BowzatiF, and Clark AH. (2002) Anatomy, evolution, and metallogenic significance of the supergena orebody ofthe Cerro Colorado porphyry coprer depost, | region, northern Chile. Economic Geology, v. $7, p. 1701-1740. Guadra P, and Rojas G. (2001) Oxde mineralization at the Radomiro Tomic porphyry copper depestt, northern Chie. Eeunninne Gow, ¥ 96, p. 387-400 Kolm U, Sanhueza V, Madiejove ¥., Sucha V. and Elsass F: (2001) Evaluation of identification methods for chrysocolia 'ACusmecito.ike hydrous siento: Implications for hoap leaching extraction of copper. Geologice Carpathica ¥.52,p. 111-121 Tiista D_ anc Kojma S. (2003) Mineral paragenesis and fui inclusions of some platon-hosted vein-tyoe copper dencsits inthe Coastal Cocilre, nortem Chile. Resource Geology, ¥. 53, p. 2-28, Figures hry 1 Chrysooolla (green and blue) and Fe-oxide-cemented weathered capping over Cu mineralization from Miami ‘Aizona, F.0.V. ~4,8 cm x 6.0.6m, hry 2. Chiysocolle (green and blue) veins cementing quartz slockwork breccia from Twin Buttes, Arizona. Cut wet face. FON. ~6.2.0mx 7.8 om, ccnry 3 Fhotomicrograpn of pale greenish yellow cnrysocolla snowing an intr-ven radial growtn pattern, otshed thin ‘section, plate polarized transmitted ight. F.C.V. ~0.34 mm x 0.43 mm, hry 4 Photomicrograph showing the seme field of view as in ehry 3, and taken in cross polarized Eansmited light Polished thin soction. FON, -0.94- mm x 0.43 mm. Photographs submitted by AH, Numin ané PJ. Adamo, Brandon University. B Ore Mineral Atlas,Cinnabar (ci) Environment: Epitnermal, magmatic, vein, hot spring Hgs Trigonal Characteristics Hand Specimen, Polished Section pot | Seunehrecunon mone] [C= | ieadgnint 2? [eeerve | 110 Peron lerness | 2 Jeretectnce | wecktedstnct _[aatony | Stor BUS acon stone, Ea persis | 60-02 fen aims | 22-20 een sionmy] cr 6— 28.4 Distinguishing Features Cinnabar dstingvishod in hard epocinen bys bonnish red to scart cclour scare steak, sness, and high density Usuily occurs a8 anbacal crystal, but alka Sonne auhecral ingle cycle and polryetatine apgregatos. In policed Secton,crmabar fs white wih graisk tins, relecance moderato anisctroism fs syong but masked by excersive ted niomalrelectons. Associated Minerals Commonly associated with pyrite, mercasite,stibnite, realgar, naive gold, opinent, galene, enaigile, and sulphides of ‘oppor and opal, chaleedany, quariz, vate, calcio, or fuotte Mode of Occurrence Cinrabar is the only common mineral of mercury and corstiutes the most important ore mineral of mercury, Cinnabar ‘cecurs in te Almaden district in Spain and Tongren, Guizhou Province and other locations in Chira.\thas also been mined from deposits in California and Britsh Columbia. I occurs as vein lings and dieseminations near volearic rocks and hot springs, deposited near surface from alkaline solutions, Usually occurs as ercrustations and cisseminabons through the "ck. Cinnabar 's a comron mnerat n epithermal gol deposits, and is foun at Hemi, Ontario. Mercury was an essen tal component teuighout history for the recovery of golé by amalgarnation, ard is an important pathfinder element for cpithormal deposite References Gray JE., Crock JG. and Fey DL. (2002) Environmental geochemistry of abandoned mercury mines in West-Central evade, USA. Appled Geachenistry, v.17, p. 1069-1079. ecPherson R. (1888) Two great Califoria cinrabar mines; on the tal to abled quicksilver. Rock and Gem, v.29, p. 48- ‘9,70. ProLedesma RM, Canet C., MelgarejoJ.C., Tolson G, Rubie-Ramos M.A,, Gruz-Ocampo J..,Ortega-Osorio A, Torres \Vere MA. and Reyes A. (2002) Cinnebar depesition in submerine coastal hydrothermal venis, pacific margin of ental Mexico. Economic Geology, v.97. p. 1984-1340. ‘Wallace AR. (2003) Geology ofthe Inantoe Ha-Au disict, nerthern Nevada: Influence af Miocene voleanism, lakes, an ‘active fauting on epithermal mineralization. Economis Geology, v.98, p. 409-424, Zhang X-C., Spiro B. Halls C., Stanley C.J. and Yang K-¥. (2003) Sedimert-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Southwest Guizhou, PRC; thei geological seting and orgin in relation to mineralogical, fud inclusion, and sta ble-otppe characierisics. Intemational Geology Review. v 43, p, 407-470, Figures G1 Fresh surface ofmercury ore fram Almaden, Spain. Reckish vals and disseminatons of cinnabar are dispersed through asiieecus host ck. FOV. ~2.0 7 x3.3 cm i2 Red cinnabar veining in a siliceous host rock from Almaden, Soain, F.0.V. ~2.9 om x 36 om. 13 Phoiomicrograph of light grey weekly bitefectant cimnabar wih rectishtinges due to abundant internal reflec- tins. Specimenis rom Almaden, Spin, Poished thin section fh plane polazed reflected ight FV. ~0.68 mm x 85 mm 614 Phovoricrograph showing brownisn red to bilan red tem reflexions of cimater maskng song anisoto- ‘Bam Field of view a he some as nel 3, ken in cross pclaized reflected ight, LON, “0.08 mm x 0.69 mim Photographs submtted by AH. Mumin and P.. Adamo, Brancon University 30 (Ote Mineral Atlas: