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ABSTRACT
An experimental investigation was conducted of a rotating circular cylinder immersed in a free-stream flow. The
study was motivated by some apparent discrepancies between experimental and numerical studies of the fluid flow, and the
general lack of experimental data, particularly in the subcritical Reynolds number regime. Of interest was the direction and
origin of the lift force generated on the cylinder, which has been the subject of contradictory results in the literature, and
for which measurements have rarely been reported. The circular cylinder was tested at 3 different free stream speeds 11,
13, and 15 m /s. The dimensionless speed ratio and Reynolds number (Re) also ranged from = 0.6 - 1.1, and 1.50E05 -
2.14E05, respectively. Verification of the experimental was achieved through using of computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) code ANSYS FLUENT15 to simulate a two-dimensional flow of a viscous incompressible fluid past a rotating
cylinder subject to a circular motion. Indeed, grid independency test (GIT) as well as the effect of domain size, have been
conducted and a suitable agreement was found based on comparison of the CFD and experimental fluid dynamics (EFD)
results, where a good agreement with experimental data in global quantities is predicted through generating of a fine mesh
enhanced with choosing of y+ value less than 1. In the next step, the attention has been focused on comparing between the
simulation results of k-ε, and k-ω -SST viscous models, to determine the most compatible model in using CFD code with
the EFD results in certain mentioned condition. Generally, simulation results of each of mentioned two equations turbulent
models show similar patterns as compared to EFD. A comparison of the results showed that, the margin of error in lift
force coefficient was arranged from 39 - 60 % and 10 - 14% for k-ε, and k-ω -SST, respectively, which surprises the shear
stress transport turbulent model as more compatible viscous model. The correspondence is seen to be excellent for
analyzing the characteristic of fluid flow around the rotating objects in subcritical regime of Re.
Keywords: rotating circular cylinder, two equations turbulent models, lift force coefficient.
954
VOL. 13, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
numbers [11]. Steady-state numerical solutions have only 15m/s wind tunnel vibrates tremendously and hence it was
been obtained for low and intermediate Reynolds decided not to continue the experiments beyond this free-
numbers. stream velocity. Wind tunnel calibration was performed
In addition to promote of research studies that before conducting the experiment to obtain the operating
aiming to verify the results of rotary objects immersed in conditions. For this study, the calibration between
fluid flow at subcritical Reynolds number, this study dynamic pressure and the free-stream velocity with
includes comparing of simulation results of 2 different varying frequency of the wind tunnel power supply was
viscous models at the same boundary and operating performed, this is derived the relationship between the free
conditions that includes too, where reasonable results from stream velocity and the frequency. Table-1 represents the
two-dimensional investigation can save much more data of wind Tunnel calibration.
resources and achieve the performance in comparing with
expensive three- dimensional simulation [14]. Table-1. Wind tunnel calibrated data.
Dynamic Pressure ( kpa.)
Frequency
2. DESIGN PHASE (Hz)
Calibrated Velocity (m/s)
Calibrated Calculated
Geometrical dimensions of the spinning cylinder
define the major element to be design in this study. A 0 0.000 0.000 0.000
detail parameter of the cylinder is to be obtained; the main 5 0.006 0.006 3.230
constraint in this study will be the size of the subsonic 10 0.040 0.040 8.340
open loop wind Tunnel in Aerodynamic lab, UPM. The
15 0.104 0.102 13.448
design parameter will be set as below as to cater to the
available resource in UPM. 20 0.196 0.190 18.462
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VOL. 13, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑡 𝑘 𝑡 Π 𝐷
𝜌 +𝜌 +𝜌 = { + }+ { + 𝑈 =𝑈+ Ω∗ ∗ (8)
𝜎 𝜎
𝑘
}+ 𝐺 − 𝜌𝜖 (1)
2.5 Grid generation
Before the governing equations for mass,
𝑡 𝑡
𝜌 +𝜌 +𝜌 = { + }+ { + momentum, and energy can be solved an appropriate mesh
𝜎𝜀 𝜎𝜀
2 will be generated to discretize the flow domain of the
}+𝐶 𝐺−𝐶 ρ (2) model. To more accurately match the experimental
𝑘 𝑘
conditions, the simulation is performed with the presence
Where G symbolizes the generation of turbulent of wind tunnel walls as opposed to free air to capture wall
kinetic energy, is defined through: effects.
Ω𝑟
𝜆= (6)
𝑇 𝐿𝑅
𝑒= (7)
𝜈
956
VOL. 13, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
957
VOL. 13, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
with the change of rotational speed of the cylinder. It is verification. The better performance of two-equation
seen that there is an increasing in a measured lift force model can be reassured. It is observed that each of
with an increased in rotational rate of a spinning cylinder mentioned two equations turbulent models show similar
at constant free-stream’s speed. The increasing in the lift patterns as compared to experimental results. Besides that,
force has been also with the increase in Reynolds number it may be said from both of numerical and experimental
in the mentioned regime. results that CL tend to rise with increasing of in the
chosen range. On other hand, it is clearly seen that the
values of lift force coefficient CL obtained from k-ε is
30.0 greater than that obtained from k-ω -SST model. It is
L (N )
25.0 probably due to the fact that the stagnation point obtained
from k-ε model is closer to the cylinder compared to the
20.0 stagnation point obtained from other one. It is evident
that the values of CL predicted with k-ω- SST models is in
15.0
better agreement with the experimental data than the
10.0 results of obtained from k-ε.
As can be seen Figures 6, 7, and 8, the
5.0 comparison shows a very good agreement between 2D
simulation and EFD results. In the range of 0.6 < < 1.2,
0.0 Ω ( RPM )
1800 2300 2800 3300 decrements of the CL prediction k-ω -SST is less than
14%. Clearly, the lowest error of the prediction CL was
U=11m/s U = 13m/s U=15m/s
(4% error) is in = 0.723 at " U= 15m/s ". Conversely, the
Figure-5. Experimental results of lift force versus worst result of 15% error, which has occurred at high
rotational speed. spinning rate of cylinder. This inaccurate result occurred
maybe because of some errors in the experimental test at
4.1.1Calculation of lift coefficient high rotational speeds and using the fully turbulent model.
Lift Coefficient is defined as [14] In addition, instability mechanisms in the
stationary/rotating zones may be one of the reason which
L lead to these differences [18]. Turkyilmazoglu [19]
cL = (9)
. ρU2
∞S employed linear stability theory to obtain the stability
characteristics of the incompressible boundary layers.
For the three mentioned values of free-stream
velocity at a range of spinning rate corresponding Lift
force coefficient are given in Table-5.
958
VOL. 13, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
REFERENCES
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VOL. 13, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 2018 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
www.arpnjournals.com
[16] Mohamed MH, Ali AM, Hafiz AA. CFD analysis for
H-rotor Darrieus turbine as a low speed wind energy
converter. Eng Sci Technol. Int. J 2015(0).
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