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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is electric traction?

Electric traction means using the electric power for traction system (i.e. for railways,trams, trolleys etc).
Electric traction means use of the electricity for all the above machines. Now a days, magnetic traction is
also used for bullet trains.and basically dc motors are used for electric traction systems.
How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC without using any choke/Coil?
It‟s possible by means of Electronic chokes,otherwise it‟s not possible to ionize the particles in tube light
with normal voltage.
What is “pu” in electrical engineering?

Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in single line diagram of power distribution and it is like a
huge electrical circuit with no of components (generators, transformers, loads) with different ratings (in
MVA and KV). To bring all the ratings into common platform we use pu concept in which, in general
largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as base values, then all other component
ratings will get back into this basis.Those values are called as pu values. (p.u=actual value/base value).
Operation carried out in Thermal power stations?

The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is obtained this steam is allowed to
hit the turbine , the turbine which is coupled with the generator generates the electricity.
Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of ac circuit?

Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various connection are taken for the
individual control circuit and so it is given in a link form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse
in the Phase of AC circuit it is designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular circuit (i.e
load) only.So if any malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular control circuit alone will
blow off.
How tube light circuit is connected and how it works?

A choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in series with the circuit. When supply is
provided ,the starter will interrupt the supply cycle of AC. Due to the sudden change of supply the chock
will generate around 1000volts . This volt will capable of to break the electrons inside the tube to make
electron flow. once the current passes through the tube the starter circuit will be out of part. now there is
no change of supply causes choke voltage normalized and act as minimize the current.
Whats is MARX CIRCUIT?

It is used with generators for charging a number of capacitor in parallel and discharging them in series.It
is used when voltage required for testing is higher than the available.
What is encoder, how it function?

An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code may
serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage,
encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is
usually done by means of a programmed algorithm,especially if any part is digital, while most analog
encoding is done with analog
circuitry.
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What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor?

Advantages :
Fast Switching Characteristics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT
Low cost
Higher Accurate.
Why Human body feel Electric shock ?? n in an Electric train during running , We did nt feel any
Shock ? why?
Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The golden rule is Current takes the
lowest resistant path if you have insulation to our feet as the circuit is not complete (wearing rubber
footwear which doing some repairs is advisable as our footwear is a high resistance path not much current
flows through our body).The electric train is well insulated from its electrical system.
What is the principle of motor?

Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it produce turning or twisting
movement is called as torque.
Why, when birds sit on transmission lines or current wires doesn’t get shock?
Its true that if birds touch the single one line (phase or neutral) they don‟t get electrical shock… if birds
touch 2 lines than the circuit is closed and they get electrical shock.. so if a human touch single one
line(phase) then he doesn‟t get shock if he is in the air (not touching – standing on the ground if he is
standing on the ground then touching the line (phase) he will get a shock because the ground on what we
standing is like line (ground bed – like neutral)? and in the most of electric lines the neutral is
grounded..so that means that human who touch the line closes the circuit between phase and neutral.
What is meant by armature reaction?

The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The armature flux may support main
flux or opposes main flux.
What happen if we give 220 volts dc supply to d bulb r tube light?

Bulbs [devices] for AC are designed to operate such that it offers high impedance to AC supply. Normally
they have low resistance. When DC supply is applied, due to low resistance, the current through lamp
would be so high that it may damage the bulb element.
Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring current DC motor, Induction motor or
Synchronous motor?
DC Series motor has high starting torque. We can not start the Induction motor and Synchronous motors
on load, but can not start the DC series motor without load.
What is ACSR cable and where we use it?

ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in transmission &
distribution.
What is vacuum circuit breaker.define with cause and where be use it Device?
A breaker is normally used to break a circuit. while breaking the circuit, the contact terminals will be
separated.
At the time of separation an air gap is formed in between the terminals. Due to existing current flow the
air in the gap is ionised and results in the arc. various mediums are used to quench this arc in respective
CB‟s. but in VCB the medium is vacuum gas. since the air in the CB is having vacuum pressure the arc
formation is interrupted. VCB‟s can be used up to kv.
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What will happen when power factor is leading in distribution of power?

If their is high power factor, i.e if the power factor is close to one:
losses in form of heat will be reduced,cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to
afford, & it also reduces over heating of transformers.
Whats the one main difference between UPS & inverter ? And electrical engineering & electronics
engineering ?
uninterrupt power supply is mainly use for short time . means according to ups VA it gives backup. ups is
also two types : on line and offline . online ups having high volt and amp for long time backup with with
high dc voltage.but ups start with 2v dc with 7 amp. but inverter is startwith 2v,24,dc to 36v dc and
20amp to 80amp battery with long time backup.
What is 2 phase motor?

A two phase motor is a motor with the the starting winding and the running winding have a phase split.
e.g;ac servo motor.where the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a phase split of 90 degree.
Advantages of vvvf drives over non vvvf drives for EOT cranes?
smooth start and stop.
no jerking of load.
exact positioning
better protection for motor.
high/low speed selection.
reliability of break shoe.
programmable break control.
easy circutry
reduction in controls
increases motor life
What is the significance of vector grouping in Power Transformers?

Every power transformer has a vector group listed by its manufacturer. Fundamentally it tells you the
information about how the windings are connected (delta or wye) and the phace difference between the
current and voltage. EG. DYN means Delta primary, Wye Secondry and the current is at o clock reffered
to the voltage.
Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling fan, exhaust fan, padestal fan, bracket fan etc)
which are find in the houses ?
Its Single Phase induction motor which mostly squirrel cage rotor and are capacitor start capacitor run
.
Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor?
By using flux control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across the field winding to control the
field current.so by changing the current the flux produced by the field winding can be changed, and since
speed is inversely proportional to flux speed can be controlled .armature control method:in this method a
rheostat is connected across armature winding by varying the resistance the value of resistive
drop(IaRa)can be varied,and since speed is directly proportional to Eb-IaRa the speed can be controlled.

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What is meant by armature reaction?

The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The armature flux may support main
flux or opposes main flux.
Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor?

By using flux control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across the field winding to control the
field current.so by changing the current the flux produced by the field winding can be changed, and since
speed is inversely proportional to flux speed can be controlled .armature control method:in this method a
rheostat is connected across armature wdg.by varying the resistance the value of resistive drop(IaRa)can
be varied,and since speed is directly proportional to Eb-IaRa the speed can be controlled.
What is the difference between synchronous generator & asynchronous generator?

In simple, synchronous generator supply‟s both active and reactive power but asynchronous
generator(induction generator) supply‟s only active power and observe reactive power for
magnetizing.This type of generators are used in windmills.
What is the Polarization index value ? (pi value)and simple definition of polarization index ?
Its ratio between insulation resistance(IR)i.e meggar value for 0min to insulation resistance for min. It
ranges from 5-7 for new motors & normally for motor to be in good condition it should be Greater than .5
.
Why syn. generators are used for the production of electricity?
synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor(or say different imaginary power
varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r used for the production of electricity.
1 ton is equal to how many watts?

1 ton = 12000 BTU/hr and to convert BTU/hr to horsepower, 12,000 * 0.000929 = 4.715 hp therefore 1
ton = 4.715*.746 = .5 KW.
Why syn. generators r used for the production of electricity?

synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor(or say different imaginary pow
varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r used for the production of electricity.
Enlist types of dc generator?

D.C.Generators are classified into two types:
separatly exicted d.c.generator
self exicted d.c.generator,
which is further classified into;1)series 2)shunt and compound(which is further classified into cumulative
and differential).
What is Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)?

AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator.It is important part in Synchronous Generators,
it controls theoutput voltage of the generator by controlling its excitation current. Thus it can control the
output Reactive Power of the Generator.
What is an exciter and how does it work?

There are two types of exciters, static exciter and rotory exciter.purpose of excitor is to supply the
excitation dc voltage to the fixed poles of generator.Rotory excitor is an additional small generator
mounted on the shaft of main generator. if it is dc generator, it will supply dc to the rotory poles through
slip ring and brushes( conventional alternator). if it is an ac excitor, out put of ac excitor is rectified by
rotating diodes and supply dc to main fixed poles.ac excitor is the ac generator whose field winding are
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stationary and armature rotates. initial voltage is built up by residual magnetism.It gives the starting
torque to the generator.
Difference between a four point starter and three point starter?

The shunt connection in four point stater is provided separately form the line where as in three point stater
it is connected with line which is the drawback in three point stater
Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can’t use ACB?
Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to air because in VCB ,the die
electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y always vacuum used as inHT breaker and air used as in
LT .
What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning arrestor?

LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded,where as surge arrestor installed inside
panels comprising of resistors which consumes the energy and nullify the effect of surge.
What happens if i connect a capacitor to a generator load?

Connecting a capacitor across a generator always improves power factor,but it will help depends up on
the engine capacity of the alternator,other wise the alternator will be over loaded due to the extra watts
consumed due to the improvement on pf. Secondly, don‟t connect a capacitor across an alternator while it
is picking up or without any other load.
Why the capacitors works on ac only?

Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components(i.e., block the dc components). it allows
the ac components to pass through.
Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker?

Circuit Breaker is one which makes or breaks the circuit.It has two contacts namely fixed contact &
moving contact.under normal condition the moving contact comes in contact with fixed contact thereby
forming the closed contact for the flow of current. During abnormal & faulty conditions(when current
exceeds the rated value) an arc is produced between the fixed & moving contacts & thereby it forms the
open circuitArc is extinguished by the Arc Quenching media like air, oil, vacuum etc.
How many types of colling system it transformers?

ONAN (oil natural,air natural)
ONAF (oil natural,air forced)
OFAF (oil forced,air forced)
ODWF (oil direct,water forced)
OFAN (oil forced,air forced)
Define What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit breaker?

when breaker is close at one time by close push button,the anti pumping contactor prevent re close the
breaker by close push button after if it already close.
What is stepper motor.what is its uses?

Stepper motor is the electrical machine which act upon input pulse applied to it. it is one type of
synchronous motor which runs in steps in either direction instead of running in complete cycle.so, in
automation parts it is used.
How to calculate capacitor bank value to maintain unity power factor with some suitable example?
KVAR= KW(TAN(COS(-1)#e)- TAN(COS(-1)#d) )
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#e= EXISTING P.F.

#d= DESIRED P.F.
Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t.

The term C.T means current transformer,and the term P.T means potential transformer.In circuit where
measurements of high voltage and high current is involved they are used there.Particularly when a
measuring device like voltmeter or ammeter is not able to measure such high value of quantity because of
large value of torque due to such high value it can damage the measuring device.so, CT and PT are
introduced in the circuits.
They work on the same principle of transformer, which is based on linkage of electromagneticflux
produced by primary with secondary.They work on the ratio to they are designed.E.g if CTis of ratio
50005A and it has to measure secondary current of 8000A.then ANS=8000*55000=8Aand this result will
be given to ammeter .and after measuring 8A we can calculate the primary current.same is the operation
of PT but measuring voltage.
There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those two have the same supply. For which
device the load current will be maximum? And why?
The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because the motor consumes real power..
and the transformer is only producing the working flux and its not consuming.. hence the load current in
the transformer is because of core loss so it is minimum.
What is power factor? whether it should be high or low? why?

Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the system.Low power factor means
losses will be more.it is the ratio of true power to apparent power. it has to be ideally 1. if it is too low
then cable over heating & equipment overloading will occur. if it is greater than 1 then load will act as
capacitor and starts feeding the source and will cause tripping.(if pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power
load has to draw more current(V constant),result in more losses if pf is good ex: 0.95 to meet actual
power load has to draw less current(V constant),result in less losses).
What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker?

Isolator is a off load device which is used for isolating the downstream circuits from upstream circuits for
the reason of any maintenance on downstream circuits. it is manually operated and does not contain any
solenoid unlike circuit breaker. it should not be operated while it is having load. first the load on it must
be made zero and then it can safely operated. its specification only rated current is given.But circuit
breaker is onload automatic device used for breaking the circuit in case of abnormal conditions like short
circuit, overload etc., it is having three specification 1 is rated current and 2 is short circuit breaking
capacity and 3 is instantaneous tripping current.
What is boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the transformer?

Boucholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of transformer from its internal faults, it is a
gas based relay. whenever any internal fault occurs in a transformer, the boucholz relay at once gives a
horn for some time, if the transformer is isolated from the circuit then it stop its sound itself other wise it
trips the circuit by its own tripping mechanism.
What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?

SF6 is Sulpher hexa Flouride gas.. if this gas is used as arc quenching medium in a Circuitbreaker means
SF6 CB.
What is frantic effect?

Output voltage is greater than the input voltage or receiving end voltage is greater than the sending end
voltage.
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What is meant by insulation voltage in cables? explain it?

It is the property of a cable by virtue of it can withstand the applied voltage without rupturing it is known
as insulation level of the cable.
Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer (ie:)body earthing & neutral earthing , what is
function. i am going to install a oo kva transformer & 380 kva DG set what should the earthing
value?
The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and system earthing. In Equipment
earthing: body ( non conducting part)of the equipment shouldd be earthed to safegaurd the human
beings.system Earthing : In this neutral of the supply source ( Transformer or Generator) should be
grounded. With this,in case of unbalanced loading neutral will not be shifted.so that unbalanced voltages
will not arise. We can protect the equipment also. With size of the equipment( transformer or
alternator)and selection of relying system earthing will be further classified into directly
earthed,Impedance earthing, resistive (NGRs) earthing.
What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?
MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit protection in small
current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current
and magnetic operation for instant trip in short circuit condition.under voltage and under frequency may
be inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A.
Where should the lighting arrestor be placed in distribution lines?

Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and incomming feeder of 33kv and near
power transformers in sub-stations.
Define IDMT relay?

It is an inverse definite minimum time relay.In IDMT relay its operating is inversely proportional and also
a characteristic of minimum time after which this relay operates.It is inverse in the sense ,the tripping
time will decrease as the magnitude of fault current increase.
What are the transformer losses?

TRANSFORMER LOSSES – Transformer losses have two sources-copper loss and magnetic loss.
Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the wire (I2R). Magnetic losses are caused by eddy currents
and hysteresis in the core. Copper loss is a constant after the coil has been wound and therefore a
measurable loss.
Hysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage and current. Eddy-current loss, however, is different for
each frequency passed through the transformer.
What is the count of hvdc transmission lines in India?

Resolution:At present there are three hvdc transmission lines in india
chandrapur to padghe(mumbai)–(100 MW at ±00 kV DC)
rehand to delhi (100 MW at ±00 kV DC)
talchal to kolar (200 MW)
What is meant by regenerative braking?

Resolution:When the supply is cutt off for a running motor, it still continue running due to inertia. In
order to stop it quickly we place a load(resitor) across the armature winding and the motor should have
maintained continuous field supply. so that back e.m.f voltage is made to apply across the resistor and due
to load the motor stops quickly.This type of breaking is called as “Regenerative Breaking”.
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Why is the starting current high in a DC motor?

Resolution:In DC motors, Voltage equation is V=Eb-IaRa (V = Terminal voltage,Eb = Back emf in
Motor,Ia = Armature current,Ra = Aramture resistance).At starting, Eb is zero. Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia =
V/Ra ,where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will become enormously increased.
What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor?

Resolution:
(1). The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current during the starting of the
motor.Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times Of current of Direct online starting.
(2). Hence the starting current is reduced , the voltage drops during the starting of motor in systems are
reduced.
Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?

Resolution:For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary must be star winding.
and this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three phases. To minimize the current unbalance in the
primary we use delta winding in the primary. So delta / star transformer is used for lighting loads.
Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and longer than the other pins?
Resolution:It depends upon R=rho l/a where area(a) is inversely proportional to resistance (R), so if (a)
increases, R decreases & if R is less the leakage current will take low resistance path so the earth pin
should be thicker. It is longer because the The First to make the connection and Last to disconnnect
should be earth Pin. This assures Safety for the person who uses the electrical instrument.
Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?

Resolution:Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque. Series motor are
used in Trains, Crane etc.
Why ELCB can’t work if N input of ELCB do not connect to ground?

Resolution:ELCB is used to detect earth leakage fault. Once the phase and neutral are connected in an
ELCB, the current will flow through phase and that much current will have to return neutral so resultant
current is zero. Once there is a ground fault in the load side, current from phase will directly pass through
earth and it will not return through neutral through ELCB. That means once side current is going and not
returning and hence because of this difference in current ELCB wil trip and it will safe guard the other
circuits from faulty loads. If the neutral is not grounded, fault current will definitely high and that full
fault current will come back through ELCB, and there will be no difference in current.
How electrical power is generated by an A.C Generator?

For the generation of elect power we need a prime mover which supplies mechanical power input to the
alternator, can be steam turbines,or hydro turbines .When poles of the rotor moves under the armature
conductors which are placed on the stator ,field flux cut the armature conductor ,therefore voltage is
generated and is of sinusoidal in nature…due to polarity change of rotor poles(i,e) N-S-N-S.
Why an ac solenoid valve attract the plunger even though we interchanges the terminal? Will the
poles changes?
Yes because the poles changes for every half-cycle of ac voltage so the polarity of AC voltage is
continuously changing for every half cycle. so, interchanging of terminals in ac system does not show any
difference. That‟s why the ac solenoid attract the plunger even though it‟s terminals are interchanged.
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What is derating?, why it is necessary, it is same for all means for drives, motors,and cables.
The current currying of cables will change depending upon the site temperature (location of site), type of
run (it will run through duct, trench, buried etc.), number of tray, depth of trench, distance between
cables. Considering this condition actual current currying capacity of cable reduce than current currying
capacity (which given to cable Catalogue) this is called derating.
Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and isolators?

Bus bars and isolators are rated for continuous power flow, that means they carry heavy currents which
rises their temperature. so it is necessary to test this devices for temperature rise.
When voltage increases then current also increases then what is the need of over voltage relay and
over current relay? Can we measure over voltage and over current by measuring current only?
No.We can‟t sense the over voltage by just measuring the current only because the current increases not
only for over voltages but also for under voltage(As most of the loads are non-linear in nature).So,the
over voltage protection & over current protection are completely different. Over voltage relay meant for
sensing over voltages & protect the system from insulation break down and firing. Over current relay
meant for sensing any internal short circuit, over load condition ,earth fault thereby reducing the system
failure & risk of fire.So, for a better protection of the system.It should have both over voltage & over
current relay.
If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not?

If the voltage between the two phase is equal to the lamp voltage then the lamp will glow. When the
voltage difference is big it will damage the lamp and when the difference is smaller the lamp will glow
depending on the type of lamp.
How do you select a cable size (Cu & Al) for a particular load?
At first calculate the electrical current of the load, after that derate the electrical current considering
derating factor(depending on site condition and laying of cable) after choose the cable size from cable
catalog considering derating electrical current.After that measure the length of cable required from supply
point of load to load poin. Calculate the voltage drop which will max 3% (resistance and reactance of
cable found from cable catalog of selecting cable) if voltage drop>3% then choose next higher size of
cable.
What are HRC fuses and where it is used?

HRC stand for “high rupturing capacity” fuse and it is used in distribution system for electrical
transformers.
Which power plant has high load factor?

All base load power plants have a high load factor. If we use high efficiency power plants to supply the
base load,we can reduce the cost of generation.Hydel power plants have a higher efficiency than thermal
& nuclear power plants.
Mention the methods for starting an induction motor?

The different methods of starting an induction motor
DOL:direct online starter
Star delta starter
Auto transformer starter
Resistance starter
Series reactor starter
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What is the difference between earth resistance and earth electrode resistance?
Only one of the terminals is evident in the earth resistance. In order to find the second terminal we should
recourse to its definition: Earth Resistance is the resistance existing between the electrically accessible
part of a buried electrode and another point of the earth, which is far away. The resistance of the electrode
has the following components:
(A) the resistance of the metal and that of the connection to it.
(B) the contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode.
Explain What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage?

A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop switch so the power can be shut off
at one central location. This relay is powered by the same electrical source as the control power and is
operated by a key lock switch. The relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the unit itself. This
allows the control power for multiple machines to be locked out by the turn of a single key switch.
What is the power factor of an alternator at no load?

At no load Synchronous Impedance of the alternator is responsible for creating angle difference. So it
should be zero lagging like inductor.
Explain How to determine capacitor tolerance codes?

In electronic circuits, the capacitor tolerance can be determined by a code that appears on the casing. The
code is a letter that often follows a three-digit number (such as 130Z).The first two are the 1st and 2nd
significant digits and the third is a multiplier code. Most of the time the last digit tells you how many
zeros to write after the first two digits and these are read as Pico-Farads.
Why most of analog o/p devices having o/p range 4 to 20 mA and not 0 to 20 mA?
4-20 mA is a standard range used to indicate measured values for any process. The reason that 4ma is
chosen instead of 0 mA is for fail safe operation .For example- a pressure instrument gives output 4mA to
indicate 0 psi, up to 20 mA to indicate 100 psi, or full scale. Due to any problem in instrument (i.e)
broken wire, its output reduces to 0 mA. So if range is 0-20 mA then we can differentiate whether it is
due to broken wire or due to 0 psi.
Two bulbs of 100w and 40w respectively connected in series across a 230v supply which bulb will
glow bright and why?
Since two bulbs are in series they will get equal amount of electrical current but as the supply voltage is
constant across the bulb(P=V^2/R).So the resistance of 40W bulb is greater and voltage across 40W is
more (V=IR) so 40W bulb will glow brighter.
What is meant by knee point voltage?

Knee point voltage is calculated for electrical Current transformers and is very important factor to choose
a CT. It is the voltage at which a CT gets saturated.(CT-current transformer).
What is reverse power relay?

Reverse Power flow relay are used in generating stations‟s protection. A generating stations is supposed
to fed power to the grid and in case generating units are off,there is no generation in the plant then plant
may take power from grid. To stop the flow of power from grid to generator we use reverse power relay.
What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer?

Mainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance.In case of DC supply there is no inductance
P a g e | 10
,only resistance will act in the –> electrical circuit. So high electrical current will flow through primary
side of the transformer.So for this reason coil and insulation will burn out.
What is the difference between isolators and –>electrical circuit breakers? What is bus-bar?
Isolators are mainly for switching purpose under normal conditions but they cannot operate in fault
conditions .Actually they used for isolating the CBs for maintenance. Whereas CB gets activated under
fault conditions according to the fault detected.Bus bar is nothing but a junction where the power is
getting distributed for independent loads.
What are the advantage of free wheeling diode in a Full Wave rectifier?
Resolution:It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the mechanical
switch so that it reduces the voltage spike seen in a inductive load
What is the function of interposing current transformer?

The main function of an interposing current transformer is to balance the currents supplied to the relay
where there would otherwise be an imbalance due to the ratios of the main current transformers.
Interposing current transformer are equipped with a wide range of taps that can be selected by the user to
achieve the balance required.
What are Motor Generator Sets and explain the different ways the motor generator set can be used
?
Motor Generator Sets are a combination of an electrical generator and an engine mounted together to
form a single piece of equipment. Motor generator set is also referred to as a genset, or more commonly, a
generator.
The motor generator set can used in the following different ways:
Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)
DC to AC
DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage
AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonically-related frequency
Define what is power quality meter ?

Power Quality meters are common in many industrial environment. Small units are now available for
home use as well. They give operators the ability to monitor the both perturbations on the power supply,
as well as power used within a building, or by a single machine or appliance. In some situations,
equipment function and operation is monitored and controlled from a remote location where
communication is via modem, or highspeed communication lines.So we can understand the importance of
power measurement through power quality meters.
What is the different between digital phase converter and ordinary phase converter?
Digital phase converter are a recent development in phase converter technology that utilizes proprietary
software in a powerful microprocessor to control solid state power switching components. This
microprocessor, called a digital signal processor (DSP), monitors the phase conversion process,
continually adjusting the input and output modules of the converter to maintain perfectly balanced three-
phase power under all load conditions.
Explain the operation of variable frequency transformer?
A variable frequency transformer is used to transmit electricity between two asynchronous alternating
current domains. A variable frequency transformer is a doubly-fed electric machine resembling a vertical
shaft hydroelectric generator with a three-phase wound rotor, connected by slip rings to one external ac
power circuit.
A direct-current torque motor is mounted on the same shaft. Changing the direction of torque applied to
the shaft changes the direction of power flow; with no applied torque, the shaft rotates due to the
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difference in frequency between the networks connected to the rotor and stator.The variable frequency
transformer behaves as a continuously adjustable phase-shifting transformer. It allows control of the
power flow between two networks .
What is the main use of rotary phase converter ?

Rotary phase converter will be converting single phase power into true balanced 3 phase power,so it is
often called as single phase to three phase converter . Often the advantages of 3 phase motors, and other 3
phase equipment, make it worthwhile to convert single phase to 3 phase so that small and large consumers
need not want to pay for the extra cost of a 3 phase service but may still wish to use 3 phase equipment.
Use of switch mode power converter in real-time basis?

Switch mode power converter can be used in the following 5 different ways
step down an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc output voltage using a circuit known
as Buck Converter or Step-Down SMPS,step up an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc
output voltage using a circuit known as Boost Converter or Step-Up SMPS,step up or step down an
unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc output voltage,invert the input dc voltage using
usually a circuit such as the Cuk converter, and produce multiple dc outputs using a circuit such as the
fly-back converter.
Which type of oil is used as a transformer oil?

Transformer oil, or insulating oil, is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures
and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil filled transformers, some types of high
voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit
breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant.
Well into the 170s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)s were often used as a dielectric fluid since they are
not flammable. They are toxic, and under incomplete combustion, can form highly toxic products such as
furan.
Starting in the early 170s, concerns about the toxicity of PCBs have led to their banning in many
countries.
Today, non-toxic, stable silicon-based or fluoridated hydrocarbons are used, where the added expense of a
fireresistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault. Combustion-resistant vegetable
oil-based dielectric coolants and synthetic pentaerythritol tetra fatty acid (C7, C8) esters are also
becoming increasingly common as alternatives to naphthenic mineral oil. Esters are non-toxic to aquatic
life, readily biodegradable, and have a lower volatility and higher flash points than mineral oil.
If we give 2334 A, 540V on Primary side of 1.125 MVA step up transformer, then what will be the
Secondary Current, If Secondary Voltage=11 KV?
As we know the Voltage & current relation for transformer-V1/V2 = I2/I1
We Know, VI= 540 V; V2=11KV or 11000 V; I1= 2334 Amps.
By putting these value on Relation-
540/11000= I2/2334
So,I2 = 114.5 Amps
What are the points to be consider for MCB(miniature circuit breaker selection?
I(L)*1.25=I(MAX) maximum current. Mcb specification are done on maximum current flow in circuit.
What is the full form of KVAR?

We know there are three types of power in Electrical as Active, apparent & reactive. So KVAR is stand
for “Kilo
Volt Amps with Reactive component.
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What is excitation?
Excitation is applying an external voltage to DC shunt coil in DC motors.
In three pin plug 6 Amp. 220v AC rating. why earth pin diameter is higher than other two pin?
what its purpose ?
Because Current flow in the conductor is inversely proportional to the conductor diameter. So if any short
circuits occur in the system first high currents bypassed in the Earthling terminal.( R=Pl/a area of the
conductor increases resistance value decreases)
Difference between megger test equipment and contact resistance meter test instruments?
Megger test equipment used to measure cable electric resistance, conductor continuity, phase
identification where as contact resistance meter test instruments used to measure low resistance like relays
,contactors.
When we connect the large capacitor bank in series ?

we connect large capacitor bank in series to improve the voltage power supply at the load end in balanced
transmission line when there is considerable voltage drop along the balanced transmission line due to high
impedance of the line.So in order to bring the voltage at the load terminals within its limits (i.e (+ or – %6
)of the rated high terminal voltage )the large capacitor bank is used in series.
What is electrical diversity factor in electrical installations?

Electrical diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various
subdivisions of a system, or part of a system, to the maximum demand of the whole system, or part of the
system, under consideration. Electrical diversity factor is usually more than one.
Why field rheostat is kept in minimum position while armature rheostat at maximum position?
In motors at the time of starting the armature resistance is introduced to reduce the high starting current
and the field resistance is kept minimum to have high starting torque.
Why computer humming sound occurred in HT transmission line?

This computer humming sound is coming due to ionization (breakdown of air into charged particles) of
air around transmission conductor. This effect is called as Corona effect, and it is considered as power
loss.
Explain What is rated speed?

At the time of motor taking normal current (rated current)the speed of the motor is called rated speed. It is
a speed at which any system take small current and give maximum efficiency.
What is different between resistance grounding system and resistance earthing system?
Resistance grounding system means connecting the neutral point of the load to the ground to carry the
residual current in case of unbalanced conditions through the neutral to the ground whereas resistance
earthing system is done in an electric equipment in order to protect he equipment in occurrence of fault in
the system.
Why should be the frequency 50 Hz 60Hz only why not others like 45, 95 56 or anything , why
should we maintain the frequency constant if so why it is only 50 Hz 60Hz?
We can have the frequency at any frequency you like, but than you must also make your own motors,high
voltage transformers or any other equipment you want to use.We maintain the frequency at 50hz or 60hz
because the world maintains a standard at 50 /60hz and the equipments are are made to operate at these
frequency.
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How to determine alternating current frequency?

Zero crossings of the sine wave to trigger a monostable (pulse generator) is a way to determine alternating
current frequency. A fixed width pulse is generated for each cycle. Thus there are “n” pulses per second,
each with with a constant energy. The more pulses there are per second, the more the energy. The pulses
are integrated (filtered or averaged) to get a steady DC voltage which is proportional to frequency. This
voltage can then be displayed on an analogue or digital voltmeter, indicating frequency. This method is
more suitable than a direct counter, as it can get good accuracy in a second or so.
Why electricity in India is in the multiples of 11 like 11kv, 22kv, 33kv ?

Transformer Induced voltage equation contains 4.44 factor.
E=4.44*f*T*phi
E -Induced emf per phase
T -number of turns
f -frequency
phi -maximum flux per pole
From the equation we see that E is proportional to 4.4 and it is in turn multiple of 11.
So always transmission voltage is multiple of 11
Why we use ac system in India why not dc ?

Firstly, the output of power stations comes from a rotary turbine, which by it‟s nature is AC and therefore
requires no power electronics to convert to DC. Secondly it is much easier to change the voltage of AC
electricity for transmission and distribution. thirdly the cost of plant associated with AC transmission
(circuit breakers, transformers etc) is much lower than the equivilant of DC transmission AC transmission
provides a number of technical advantages. When a fault on the network occurs, a large fault current
occurs. In an AC system this becomes much easier to interupt, as the sine wave current will naturally tend
to zero at some point making the current easier to interrupt.
Which type of motor is used in trains, what is the rating of supply used explain Working principal?
Dc series is in the trains to get high starting torque while starting of the trains and operating voltage is
1500v dc.
Battery banks are in connected in series or parallel and why?

Battery banks are always connected in series in order to get a multiplied voltage where the AH or current
capacity remaining same. Ex : 24 nos. 2V,200Ah batteries connected in series will give 48V,200Ah
output (AH = Ampere hours)
What is inrush current?

Inrush current is the current drawn by a piece of electrically operated equipment when power is first
applied. It can occur with AC or DC powered equipment, and can happen even with low supply voltages.
In a Tap changing transformer where is the tap connected, is it connected in the primary side or
secondary side?
Tapings are connected to high voltage winding side, because of low current. If we connect tapings to low
voltage side, sparks will produce while tap changing operation due to high current.
Why transformer ratings are in kva?
Since the power factor of transformer is dependent on load we only define VA rating and does not include
power factor .In case of motors, power factor depend on construction and hence rating of motors is in
KWatts and include power factor.
Define what is difference between fuse and breaker?

Fuses are burned at the time of over current flows in the circuit but breakers are just open(not burn) at the
P a g e | 14
time of over current flow. Fuses are used in only one time but breakers are used by multiple number of
times.
What is the difference between delta-delta, delta-star transformer?

Delta-delta transformer is used at generating station or a receiving station for Change of Voltage (i,e)
generally it is used where the Voltage is high & Current is low.Delta-star is a distribution kind of
transformer where from secondary star neutral is taken as a return path and this configuration is used for
Step down voltage phenomena.
Capacitor is load free component but why ampere meter shows current when capacitor bank
breaker close?
As we know that Electrical is having two type of load, Active and Reactive .Capacitor is a reactive load
which is not considering as a load,& its factor is Isin@ .Meter is design based on Current RMS value
because of it meter is showing the current RMS value.
What’s electric traction?

Traction implies with the electric power for traction system i. e. for railways, trams, trolleys etc. electric
traction implies use of the electricity for all these. Now a day, magnetic traction is also utilised for bullet
trains. Essentially dc motors are utilized for electric traction systems.
What is “pu” in EE?

Pu stands for per unit in power system. (pu = actual value/ base value)
Define stepper motor. What is the use of stepper motor?

The motor which work or act on the applied input pulse in it, is called as stepper motor.This stepper
motor is under the category of synchronous motor, which often does not fully depend of complete cycle.
It likes to works in either direction related to steps. for this purpose it mainly used in automation parts.
What is a differential amplifier? Also, explain CMRR.

Differential Amplifier: The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage difference between two input-
lines neither of which is grounded, is called differential amplifier. This reduces the amount of noise which
is injected into the amplifier, because any noise appearing simultaneously on both the input-terminals as
the amplifying circuitry rejects it being a common mode signal.
CMRR: It can be defined as the ratio of differential voltage-gain to common made voltage gain. If a
differential amplifier is perfect, CMRR will be infinite because in that case common mode voltage gain
would be zero.
What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage?

A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop switch so the power can be shut off
at one central location. This relay is powered by the same electrical source as the control power which is
operated by a key lock switch. The relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the unit itself. This
allows the control power for multiple machines to be locked out by the turn of a single key switch.
How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC without using any choke/Coil?
It‟s possible with Electronic choke. otherwise it‟s not possible to ionize the particles in tube. light, with
normal voltage.
What types domain of Laplace transforms? What behavior can Laplace transform predict how the
system work?
Types domain of Laplace transforms is s-domain, Laplace transforms provide a method to find position,
acceleration or voltage the system will have.
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In the magnetic fluxes, what is the role of armature reaction?

The armature flux has an important role for the running condition. This armature flux can oppose the
main flux or it may support the main flux for better running condition. This effect of supporting and
opposing of main flux to armature flux is called armature reaction.
Explain thin film resistors and wire-wound resistors

Thin film resistors- It is constructed as a thin film of resistive material is deposited on an insulating
substrate.
Desired results are obtained by either trimming the layer thickness or by cutting helical grooves of
suitable pitch along its length. During this process, the value of the resistance is monitored closely and
cutting of grooves is stopped as soon as the desired value of resistance is obtained.
Wire wound resistors – length of wire wound around an insulating cylindrical core are known as wire
wound resistors. These wires are made of materials such as Constantan and Manganin because of their
high resistivity, and low temperature coefficients. The complete wire wound resistor is coated with an
insulating material such as baked enamel
Whats the one main difference between UPS & inverter ? And electrical engineering & electronics
engineering ?
uninterrupt power supply is mainly use for short time . means according to ups VA it gives backup. ups is
also two types : on line and offline . online ups having high volt and amp for long time backup with with
high dc voltage.but ups start with v dc with 7 amp. but inverter is startwith v,24,dc to 36v dc and 0amp to
180amp battery with long time backup.
What are the operation carried out in Thermal power station?

The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is obtained this steam is allowed to
hit the turbine, the turbine which is coupled with the generator generates the electricity
What is the difference between Electronic regulator and ordinary rheostat regulator for fans?
The difference between the electronic and ordinary regulator is the fact that in electronic reg. power
losses tend to be less because as we minimize the speed the electronic reg. give the power necessary for
that particular speed but in case of ordinary rheostat type reg. the power wastage is same for every speed
and no power is saved. In electronic regulator triac is employed for speed control. by varying the firing
angle speed is controlled but in rheostatic control resistance is decreased by steps to achievespeed control.

A two phase motor is often a motor with the the starting winding and the running winding have a phase
split.
e.g; ac servo motor. where the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a phase split of 90 degree.
What does quality factor depend on in resonance?

Quality factor q depends on frequency and bandwidth.
What are the types of power in electrical power?
There are normally three types of power are counted in electrical power. They are,
Apparent power
Active power
Reactive power
What are the advantages of VSCF wind electrical system?

Advantages of VSCF wind electrical system are:
No complex pitch changing mechanism is needed.
Aero turbine always keeps going at maximum efficiency point.
P a g e | 16
Extra energy in the high wind speed region of the speed – duration curve can be extracted
Significant reduction in aerodynamic stresses, which are associated with constant – speed operation.
What is slip in an induction motor?

Slip can be defined as the distinction between the flux speed (Ns) and the rotor speed (N). Speed of the
rotor of an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. It is usually expressed as a
percentage of synchronous speed (Ns) and represented by the symbol „S‟.
Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of ac circuit?

Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various connection are taken for the
individual control circuit and so it is given in a link form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse
in the Phase of AC circuit it is designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular circuit (i.e
load) only.So if any malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular control circuit alone will
blow off.
State the difference between generator and alternator?

Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Both
have the same principle of electromagnetic induction, the only difference is that their construction.
Generator persists stationary magnetic field and rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip
rings and brushes riding against each other, hence it converts the induced emf into dc current for external
load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and rotating magnetic field for high voltages but for
low voltage output rotating armature and stationary magnetic field is used.
What is ACSR cable and where we use it?

ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in transmission &
distribution.
Why star delta starter is preferred with induction motor?

Star delta starter is preferred with induction motor due to following reasons:
Starting current is reduced 3-4 times of the direct current due to which voltage drops and hence it causes
less losses.
Star delta starter circuit comes in circuit first during starting of motor, which reduces voltage 3 times, that
is why current also reduces up to 3 times and hence less motor burning is caused.
In addition, starting torque is increased and it prevents the damage of motor winding.
Why AC systems are preferred over DC systems?

Due to following reasons, AC systems are preferred over DC systems:
a. It is easy to maintain and change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission and distribution.
b. Plant cost for AC transmission (circuit breakers, transformers etc) is much lower than the equivalent
DC transmission
c. From power stations, AC is produced so it is better to use AC then DC instead of converting it.
d. When a large fault occurs in a network, it is easier to interrupt in an AC system, as the sine wave
current will naturally tend to zero at some point making the current easier to interrupt.
How can you relate power engineering with electrical engineering?

Power engineering is a sub division of electrical engineering. It deals with generation, transmission and
distribution of energy in electrical form. Design of all power equipments also comes under power
engineering. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid i.e. called on
grid systems and they might work on off grid systems that are not connected to the system.
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What are the various kind of cables used for transmission?

Cables, which are used for transmitting power, can be categorized in three forms:
Low-tension cables, which can transmit voltage upto 1000 volts.
High-tension cables can transmit voltage upto 23000 volts.
Super tension cables can transmit voltage 66 kV to 132 kV.
Why back emf used for a dc motor? highlight its significance.

The induced emf developed when the rotating conductors of the armature between the poles of magnet, in
a DC motor, cut the magnetic flux, opposes the current flowing through the conductor, when the armature
rotates, is called back emf. Its value depends upon the speed of rotation of the armature conductors. In
starting, the value of back emf is zero.
What is slip in an induction motor?

Slip can be defined as the difference between the flux speed (Ns) and the rotor speed (N). Speed of the
rotor of an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. It is usually expressed as a
percentage of synchronous speed (Ns) and represented by the symbol „S‟.
Explain the application of storage batteries.

Storage batteries are used for various purposes, some of the applications are mentioned below:
For the operation of protective devices and for emergency lighting at generating stations and substations.
For starting, ignition and lighting of automobiles, aircrafts etc.
For lighting on steam and diesel railways trains.
As a supply power source in telephone exchange, laboratories and broad casting stations.
For emergency lighting at hospitals, banks, rural areas where electricity supplies are not possible.
Explain advantages of storage batteries

Few advantages of storage batteries are mentioned below:
Most efficient form of storing energy portably.
Stored energy is available immediately because there is no lag of time for delivering the stored energy.
Reliable source for supply of energy.
The energy can be drawn at a fairly constant rate.
What are the different methods for the starting of a synchronous motor.
Starting methods: Synchronous motor can be started by the following two methods:
By means of an auxiliary motor: The rotor of a synchronous motor is rotated by auxiliary motor. Then
rotor poles are excited due to which the rotor field is locked with the stator-revolving field and continuous
rotation is obtained.
By providing damper winding: Here, bar conductors are embedded in the outer periphery of the rotor
poles and are short-circuited with the short-circuiting rings at both sides. The machine is started as a
squirrel cage induction motor first. When it picks up speed, excitation is given to the rotor and the rotor
starts rotating continuously as the rotor field is locked with stator revolving field.
Name the types of motors used in vacuum cleaners, phonographic appliances, vending
machines,refrigerators, rolling mills, lathes, power factor improvement and cranes.
Following motors are used: –
Vacuum cleaners- Universal motor.
Phonographic appliances – Hysteresis motor.
Vending machines – Shaded pole motor.
Refrigerators – Capacitor split phase motors.
Rolling mills – Cumulative motors.
Lathes – DC shunt motors.
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Power factor improvement – Synchronous motors.
State Thevenin’s Theorem:

According to thevenin‟s theorem, the current flowing through a load resistance Connected across any two
terminals of a linear active bilateral network is the ratio open circuit voltage (i.e. the voltage across the
two terminals when RL is removed) and sum of load resistance and internal resistance of the network. It
is given by Voc / (Ri + RL).
State Norton’s Theorem

The Norton‟s theorem explains the fact that there are two terminals and they are as follows:
One is terminal active network containing voltage sources
Another is the resistance that is viewed from the output terminals. The output terminals are equivalent to
the constant source of current and it allows giving the parallel resistance.
The Norton‟s theorem also explains about the constant current that is equal to the current of the short
circuit placed across the terminals. The parallel resistance of the network can be viewed from the open
circuit terminals when all the voltage and current sources are removed and replaced by the internal
resistance.
State Maximum power transfer theorem

The Maximum power transfer theorem explains about the load that a resistance will extract from the
network.
This includes the maximum power from the network and in this case the load resistance is being is equal
to the resistance of the network and it also allows the resistance to be equal to the resistance of the
network. This resistance can be viewed by the output terminals and the energy sources can be removed by
leaving the internal resistance behind.
Explain different losses in a transformer.

There are two types of losses occurring in transformer:
Constant losses or Iron losses: The losses that occur in the core are known as core losses or iron losses.
Two types of iron losses are:
1. eddy current loss
2. Hysteresis loss.
These losses depend upon the supply voltage, frequency, core material and its construction. As long as
supply voltage and frequency is constant, these losses remain the same whether the transformer is loaded
or not. These are also known as constant losses.
Variable losses or copper losses: when the transformer is loaded, current flows in primary and secondary
windings, there is loss of electrical energy due to the resistance of the primary winding, and secondary
winding and they are called variable losses. These losses depend upon the loading conditions of the
transformers.
Therefore, these losses are also called as variable losses.
Explain different types of D.C motors? Give their applications

Different type of DC motors and their applications are as follows:-
Shunt motors: It has a constant speed though its starting torque is not very high. Therefore, it is suitable
for constant speed drive, where high starting torque is not required such as pumps, blowers, fan, lathe
machines, tools, belt or chain conveyor etc.
Service motors: It has high starting torque & its speed is inversely proportional to the loading conditions
i.e. when lightly loaded, the speed is high and when heavily loaded, it is low. Therefore, motor is used in
lifts, cranes, traction work, coal loader and coal cutter in coalmines etc.
Compound motors: It also has high starting torque and variable speed. Its advantage is, it can run at NIL
loads without any danger. This motor will therefore find its application in loads having high inertia load
P a g e | 19
or requiring high intermittent torque such as elevators, conveyor, rolling mill, planes, presses, shears and
punches, coal cutter and winding machines etc.
Explain the process of commutation in a dc machine. Explain what are inter-poles and why they are
required in a dc machine.
Commutation: It is phenomenon when an armature coil moves under the influence of one pole- pair; it
carries constant current in one direction. As the coil moves into the influence of the next pole- pair, the
current in it must reverse. This reversal of current in a coil is called commutation. Several coils undergo
commutation simultaneously. The reversal of current is opposed by the static coil emf and therefore must
be aided in some fashion for smooth current reversal, which otherwise would result in sparking at the
brushes.
The aiding emf is dynamically induced into the coils undergoing commutation by means of compoles or
interpoles, which are series excited by the armature current. These are located in the interpolar region of
the main poles and therefore influence the armature coils only when these undergo commutation.
Comment on the working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer.

Working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer can be explained as An AC supply passes
through the primary winding, a current will start flowing in the primary winding. As a result, the flux is
set. This flux is linked with primary and secondary windings. Hence, voltage is induced in both the
windings. Now, when the load is connected to the secondary side, the current will start flowing in the load
in the secondary winding, resulting in the flow of additional current in the secondary winding. Hence,
according to Faraday‟s laws of electromagnetic induction, emf will be induced in both the windings. The
voltage induced in the primary winding is due to its self inductance and known as self induced emf and
according to Lenze‟s law it will oppose the cause i.e. supply voltage hence called as back emf. The
voltage induced in secondary coil is known as mutually induced voltage. Hence, transformer works on the
principle of electromagnetic induction.
Define the following terms:-

• Reliability,
• Maximum demand,
• Reserve-generating capacity,
• Availability (operational).
Reliability: It is the capacity of the power system to serve all power demands without failure over long
periods.
Maximum Demand: It is maximum load demand required in a power station during a given period.
Reserve generating capacity: Extra generation capacity installed to meet the need of scheduled
downtimes for preventive maintenance is called reserve-generating capacity.
Availability: As the percentage of the time a unit is available to produce power whether needed by the
system or not.
Mention the disadvantages of low power factor? How can it be improved?

Disadvantages of low power factor:
Line losses are 1.57 times unity power factor.
Larger generators and transformers are required.
Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop, hence extra regulation equipment is required to
keep voltage drop within prescribed limits.
Greater conductor size: To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at fixed voltage, the conductors
will have to carry more current at low power factor. This requires a large conductor size.
State the methods of improving power factor?

Methods of improving power factor:
P a g e | 20
By connecting static capacitors in parallel with the load operating at lagging power factor.
A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over excited and therefore behaves like a capacitor.
By using phase advancers to improve the power factor of induction motors. It provides exciting ampere
turns to the rotor circuit of the motor. By providing more ampere-turns than required, the induction motor
can be made to operate on leading power factor like an overexcited synchronous motor.
State the factors, for the choice of electrical system for an aero turbine.
The choice of electrical system for an aero turbine is guided by three factors:
Type of electrical output: dc, variable- frequency ac, and constant- frequency ac.
Aero turbine rotational speed: constant speed with variable blade pitch, nearly constant speed with
simpler pitch- changing mechanism or variable speed with fixed pitch blades.
Utilization of electrical energy output: in conjunction with battery or other form of storage, or
interconnection with power grid.
What are the advantages of VSCF wind electrical system?

Advantages of VSCF wind electrical system are:
No complex pitch changing mechanism is needed.
Aero turbine always operates at maximum efficiency point.
Extra energy in the high wind speed region of the speed – duration curve can be extracted
Significant reduction in aerodynamic stresses, which are associated with constant – speed operation.
Explain the terms real power, apparent power and reactive power for ac circuits and also the units
used.
Real Power: It is the product of voltage, current and power factor i.e. P = V I cos j and basic unit of real
power is watt. i.e. Expressed as W or kW.
Apparent power: It is the product of voltage and current. Apparent power = V I and basic unit of
apparent power is volt- ampere. Expressed as VA or KVA.
Reactive Power: It is the product of voltage, current and sine of angle between the voltage and current
i.e.
Reactive power = voltage X current X sinj or Reactive power = V I sin j and has no other unit but
expressed in VAR or KVAR.
Define the following: Average demand, Maximum demand, Demand factor, Load factor.
Average Demand: the average power requirement during some specified period of time of considerable
duration is called the average demand of installation.
Maximum Demand: The maximum demand of an installation is defined as the greatest of all the
demand, which have occurred during a given period. It is measured accordingly to specifications, over a
prescribed time interval during a certain period.
Demand Factor: It is defined as the ratio of actual maximum demand made by the load to the rating of
the connected load.
Load Factor: It is defined as the ratio of the average power to the maximum demand.
Explain forward resistance, static resistance and dynamic resistance of a pn junction diode.
Forward Resistance: Resistance offered in a diode circuit, when it is forward biased, is called forward
resistance.
DC or Static Resistance: DC resistance can be explained as the ratio of the dc-voltage across the diode
to the direct current flowing through it.
AC or Dynamic Resistance: It can be defined as the reciprocal of the slope of the forward characteristic
of the diode. It is the resistance offered by a diode to the changing forward current.
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How does Zener phenomenon differ from Avalanche breakdown?

The phenomenon when the depletion region expands and the potential barrier increases leading to a very
high electric field across the junction, due to which suddenly the reverse current increases under a very
high reverse voltage is called Zener effect. Zener-breakdown or Avalanche breakdown may occur
independently or both of these may occur simultaneously. Diode junctions that breakdown below 5v are
caused by Zener Effect.
Junctions that experience breakdown above 5v are caused by avalanche-effect. The Zener-breakdown
occurs in heavily doped junctions, which produce narrow depletion layers. The avalanche breakdown
occurs in lightly doped junctions, which produce wide depletion layers.
Compare JFET’s and MOSFET’s.

Comparison of JFET‟s and MOSFET‟s:
JFET‟s can only be operated in the depletion mode whereas MOSFET‟s can be operated in either
depletion or in enhancement mode. In a JFET, if the gate is forward-biased, excess-carrier injunction
occurs and the gatecurrent is substantial.
MOSFET‟s have input impedance much higher than that of JFET‟s. Thus is due to negligible small
leakage current.
JFET‟s have characteristic curves more flat than that of MOSFET is indicating a higher drain resistance.
When JFET is operated with a reverse-bias on the junction, the gate-current IG is larger than it would be
in a comparable MOSFET.
Explain thin film resistors and wire-wound resistors

a. Thin film resistors- It is constructed as a thin film of resistive material is deposited on an insulating
substrate.
Desired results are obtained by either trimming the layer thickness or by cutting helical grooves of
suitable pitch along its length. During this process, the value of the resistance is monitored closely and
cutting of grooves is stopped as soon as the desired value of resistance is obtained.
b. Wire wound resistors – length of wire wound around an insulating cylindrical core are known as wire
wound resistors. These wires are made of materials such as Constantan and Manganin because of their
high resistivity, and low temperature coefficients. The complete wire wound resistor is coated with an
insulating material such as baked enamel
What is a differential amplifier? Also, explain CMRR.

Differential Amplifier: The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage difference between two input-
lines neither of which is grounded, is called differential amplifier. This reduces the amount of noise
injected into the amplifier, because any noise appearing simultaneously on both the input-terminals as the
amplifying circuitry rejects it being a common mode signal.
CMRR: It can be defined as the ratio of differential voltage-gain to common made voltage gain. If a
differential amplifier is perfect, CMRR would be infinite because in that case common mode voltage gain
would be zero.
What is the difference between electronic regulator and ordinary electrical rheostat regulator for
fans?
The difference between the electronic and ordinary electrical regulator is that in electronic regulator
power losses are less because as we decrease the speed the electronic regulator gives the power needed
for that particular speed but in case of ordinary rheostat type regulator, the power wastage is same for
every speed and no power is saved.In electronic regulator, triac is employed for speed control by varying
the firing angle speed and it is controlled but in rheostatic ,control resistance is decreased by steps to
achieve speed control.
P a g e | 22
What is the voltage gain or transfer function of amplifier?

Vout/Vin
What does the KVAR means?

The KVAR indicates the electrical power. KVAR means “Kilo Volt Amperes with Reactive components”
Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can’t use ACB?
Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to air because in VCB ,the die
electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y always vacuum used as inHT breaker and air used as in
LT .
What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?
MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit protection in small
current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current
and magnetic operation for instant trip in short circuit condition.under voltage and under frequency may
be inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A.
Define the term synchronous speed

For synchronous machines there exists a fixed relationship between number of poles P, frequency (f) and
the speed of the machine. The speed of the synchronous machine for the given number of poles and the
rated frequency is called the synchronous speed mentioned as NS.
Write an expression for synchronous speed

An expression for synchronous speed is NS = 120f/P.
Where
f = frequency
P = No of poles of the machine.
What does speed voltage mean?

When the magnetic flux is constant as well as stationary and the coil rotates to cut the flux then EMF gets
induced due to relative speed between flux and coil. This EMF is called speed EMF, rotational EMF or
dynamically induced EMF.
Mention the factors on which hysteresis loss depends

The hysteresis loss is directly proportional to the area under the hysteresis curve ie area of the hysteresis
loop.
It is directly proportional to frequency ie number of cycles of magnetization per second.
It is directly proportional to volume of the material.
Distinguish between statically induced and dynamically induced EMF

An induced EMF which is due to physical movement of coil, conductor with respect to flux or movement
of magnet with respect to stationary coil, conductor is called dynamically induced EMF or motional
induced EMF.
The change in flux lines with respect to coil can be achieved without physically moving the coil or the
magnet. Such induced emf in a coil which is without physical movement of coil or a magnet is called
statically induced EMF.
Define torque
A turning or a twisting force about an axis is called as torque.
What are the three types of basic rotating electric machines?
P a g e | 23
DC machines
Induction Machines
Synchronous Machines
What are the causes of core loss? what are the components of core loss?
When a core is subjected to an alternating flux then it undergoes the cycles of magnetisation and
demagnetisation. This produces hysteresis effect which causes hysteresis loss in the core.
Similarly core is under the influence of the changing flux and under such condition according to the
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, EMF gets induced in the core. Such currents in the core
which are due to induced emf in the core are called as eddy current loss. Thus eddy current and hysteresis
are the two components of the core loss.
Kirchhoff's laws:
(a) Current Law:
At any junction in an electric circuit the total current flowing towards that junction is equal to the total
current flowing away from the junction, i.e. I =0
(b) Voltage Law:

In any closed loop in a network, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops (i.e.products of current and
resistance) taken around the loop is equal to the resultant e.m.f. acting in that loop.
Superposition Theorem:
In any network made up of linear resistances and containing more than one source of EMF, the resultant
current flowing in any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would flow in that branch if each
source was considered separately, all other sources being replaced at that time by their respective internal
resistances.
Thevenin Theorem:
The current in any branch of a network is that which would result if an EMF. equal to the potential
differential across a break made in the branch, were introduced into the branch, all other EMFs being
removed and represented by the internal resistances of the sources.
Norton Theorem:
The current that flows in any branch of a network is the same as that which would flow in the branch if it
were connected across a source of electrical energy, the short-circuit current of which is equal to the
current that would flow in a short-circuit across the branch, and the internal resistance of which is equal to
the resistance which appears across the open-circuited branch terminals.
The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:

The power transferred from a supply source to a load is at its maximum when the resistance of the load is
equal to the internal resistance of the source
Define Power and Energy?

The rate at which work is done in an electric circuit is known as Electric power.
Power = Voltage X Current
The basic unit for electric power is Watts
The instrument used to measure the power is known as watt meter.
The total amount of work done in an electric circuit is called as electric energy.
Energy = Power X Time
the basic unit is Joule or watt-sec
P a g e | 24
The practical unit is Kilo watt-hour

The instrument used to measure the energy is known as Energy meter.
In our house are we monitoring/measuring power or energy?

Energy. It is done by energy meter.
What is meant by cycle in ac waveform? what is period? Define frequency?

One complete set of change in value is known as waveform.
If you any basic question on AC waveform, then first draw an ac waveform and explain with reference to
the waveform.
Explain about various AC Values?

Instantaneous value:
Instantaneous values are the values of the alternating quantities at any instant of time. They are
represented by small letters like i, e etc.
Peak value:
The largest value reached in a half cycle is called the peak value or the maximum value or the amplitude
of the waveform. Such values are represented by Vm, Im etc.
Peak-to-peak value is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a cycle.
Average value:
The average or mean value of a symmetrical alternating quantity (such as a sine wave), is the average
value measured over a half cycle (since over a complete cycle the average value is zero). For a sine
wave, average value = 0.637 times maximum value
RMS Value:
The effective value of an alternating current is that current which will produce the same heating effect as
an equivalent direct current. The effective value is called the root mean square (rms) value and whenever
an alternating quantity is given, it is assumed to be the rms value.
What is form factor and peak factor?

The ratio of rms value to average value of an ac quantity is called form factor.
Form Factor = RMS value/ Average value
The ratio of maximum value to the RMS value of an ac quantity is called as peak factor.
Peak Factor = Maximum Value/RMS value
What is the Scope of Electrical Engineering?

Electrical Engineering has a very broad scope with the science and technology which involves electricity,
electronics, and electromagnetism in order to design, construct, and maintain products, services, and
information systems.
Electrical Engineering is a branch that deals with the field associated with power transmission and motor
control.
Electrical engineering is one of the core fields of engineering, so it is always evergreen in terms of job
prospects.
Electrical Engineering is the heart of whole engineering discipline.
Nowadays, we see Electronics playing an important role in the implementation and control of Electrical
Machines. Keeping this fact file in mind the course have transformed from core electrical Engineering
into a Fusion of Electronics and Electrical and has been renamed as Electronics and Electrical
engineering.
Electricity has become the basic need for survival, globally. From household to industrial plants,
communication and satellite navigation system, electronic equipment, computers etc., all require
electricity.
P a g e | 25
Electrical engineering thus deals with study and application of electrical systems for use in these different
environments. It equips you with the knowledge of transmission and generation of electrical power,
electrical circuit design, electronics, instrumentation, control system, understanding electrical and
electronic networks etc.
The course also covers the study of electronic devices and circuits involved in measurement,
instrumentation, control and protection of electrical equipments and conversion systems. Concept of
computer and recent applications of computer based systems in design, analysis and efficient operation of
power system, maintaining quality and security, also included in the course.
What does '230V AC Supply' really mean? Is it the RMS or peak voltage?
If the peak value is meant it should be clearly stated, otherwise assume it is the RMS value. The supply is
230V AC means 230V RMS, so the peak voltage of the mains is about 320V.
What does the multimeter in volt meter mode show? Is it the RMS or peak voltage?
If the multimeter is in voltmeter mode and when it connects to AC circuits it shows the RMS value of the
voltage or current. When it connects to varying DC signals it will show RMS value only.
How does Induction Motor work?

Induction motors are also known as rotating transformer.( Primary winding is stator and secondary
winding is rotor).
When the 3 phase stator windings are fed by 3 phase supply a magnetic flux of constant magnitude,
rotating at synchronous speed is generated. These flux passes through the air gap, sweeps past the rotor
surface, cuts stationary rotor conductors.
According to Faraday's laws of electro-magnetic induction, an emf is induced in the rotor. This emf
frequency is same as supply frequency.
As rotor conductors form a closed circuit, the induced emf produces a current. It's direction will oppose
the cause producing it ( according to lenz's law).
In this case, the cause is relative velocity between the rotating flux of the stator and stationary rotor
conductors. So to reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts to run in the same direction of the stator flux
How to reverse the direction of rotation of dc motor?

To reverse direction of rotation of dc motor, either direction of main field produced by the field winding
is reversed or direction of the current passing through the armature is reversed.
By changing the direction of current passing through the field winding,the direction of the main field can
be reversed.
What are the functions of yoke? what is the choice material for the yoke?
It serves the purpose of outer most cover of the dc machine. so that the insulating material get protected
from the harmful atmospheric environmental like noise, dust and various gases like SO2, acidic fumes
etc.
It provides mechanical support to the poles.
It forms a part of the magnetic circuit.
It provides a path of low reluctance for magnetic flux.
It is prepared by using cast iron. For large machines, rolled steel, cast steel, silicon steel is used which
provides high permeability.
Why generators are operated in parallel?

The generators are operated in parallel to get,
Continuity and reliability of service without interruption
Maintenance and repair will be easy
P a g e | 26
Efficient operation of each generator

Increase in plant capacity
Why pole shoe has been given a specific shape?

It is necessary that maximum area of the armature comes across the flux produced by the field winding.
Pole shoe enlarges the area of armature core to come across the flux, which is necessary to produce larger
induced emf. To achieve this, pole shoe has been given a particular shape.
What are the basic components required for generator action to exits?
A generating action requires following basic components to exits,
The conductor or a coil
The flux
The relative motion between conductor and flux
What is the PMSM?

In medium and small size synchronous motors, DC field can be produced by permanent magnets. Such
kind of motors are called as PMSM
What are the advantages and disadvantages of PMSM

Advantages
Elimination of field copper loss
Higher power density
Lower rotor inertia
Robust construction
Disadvantages
Power rating low
Motor power factor can not be controlled because of field excitation cannot be controlled
What are the classification of PMSM

Based on construction
Surface mounted PMSM
Interior mounted PMSM
Based on the nature of voltage induced
Sinusoidally excited
Trapezoidally excited
Give some applications of PMSM

Robots
Machine tools
Define torque angle

The angle between excitation emf and supply voltage. This angle is called torque angle or load or power
angle .
What are the different classifications of synchronous motor?

(i) Wound field synchronous motor
Cylindrical rotor construction
Salient pole rotor construction
(ii) Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors
P a g e | 27
Surface mounted (Projecting Type and Inset Type)

Interior Buried Type
(iii) Synchronous Reluctance Motors
(iv) Hysteresis motors
What are the different modes employed to achieve variable frequency control in synchronous
motors?
Separate or true synchronous mode
Self controlled mode
Why a Synchronous Motor without damper winding is used, in the drive system employing a
Cycloconverter?
A Synchronous Motor without the damper winding is used, because the damper winding reduces the
inductance of the machine, and therefore is ability to filter out harmonics in the output voltage of
Cycloconverter. Since the drive operates in self-controlled mode, the damper winding is not needed for its
converter.
What is meant by synchronising the alternators?

The process of connecting two or more alternators in parallel for supplying a common load is called
synchronising.
What are the conditions to be satisfied for proper synchronising of alternators?

(i) The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be the same as bus-bar voltage.
(ii) The speed of the incoming alternator must be such that its frequency equals to the bus-bar frequency
(iii) The phase sequence of the incoming alternator must be the same as that of the other alternators or
busbars.
What are the advantages of Parallel operation of alternators?

(i) It ensures continuity of power supply to consumers in case of breakdown of an alternator in an
generation station.
(ii) This is economical and improves the efficiency of the generating station.
(iii) When the demand of power increases, new alternators can be installed to operate in parallel.
(iv) It is not possible to built single large size alternator to meet the requirement.
What are types of rotors used in alternators?

There are two types of rotors used in alternators namely
(i) Salient pole rotor
(ii) Smooth cylindrical type rotor
What are the advantages of providing damper winding?

The damper winding is useful in preventing the hunting ( momentary speed fluctuations) in generators.
The damper winding also used to maintain balanced 3 phase voltage under unbalanced load conditions.
What are the various methods to determine the voltage regulation of the large alternators?
In case of small machines, the regulation can be found by direct loading.
For large alternators, to find the voltage regulation indirect methods are used. They are
(i)Synchronous Impedance Method.
(ii) The Ampere-turn method.
(iii) Zero power factor or Pointer Method.
P a g e | 28
What is the basic principle of alternators?

Alternators is noting but a AC generators. They operate on the fundamental principle of electromagnetic
induction as dc generators.
ie, when the rotor rotates, the emf is induced in the stator.
Which type of rotor is suitable for low speed alternators? salient pole type or cylindrical type
rotor?
Salient pole type alternators are suitable for low and medium speed alternators. It has large number of
projecting poles. It has large diameters and short axial lengths.
What is meant by turbo alternators?

High speed alternators are called as Turbo alternators.
As it runs at very high speed, salient pole rotors are not used. Smooth cylindrical type rotor is suitable for
turbo alternators.
How does the Induction motor work? (OR) Why does the Rotor rotate?
When the 3 phase stator windings are fed by 3 phase supply, a magnetic flux of constant magnitude which
is rotating at synchronous speed is set up.
The flux passes through the air-gap and sweeps past the rotor surface thus it cuts the rotor conductors.
Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor conductors, an emf is induced
in the stationary rotor conductors as per the Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction.
The frequency of the induced emf is the same as the supply frequency.
Its magnitude is proportional to the relative velocity between the flux and the conductors.
Its direction will be as per Fleming's right hand rule.
Since the rotor conductors form a closed circuit the rotor current is produced.
This current's direction will oppose the very cause producing it ( as per Len's law)
Here the cause is the relative velocity between the rotating flux of the stator and the stationary rotor
conductors.
Hence, in order to reduce the relative speed, the rotor begins to rotate in the same direction as that of the
rotating magnetic flux and tries to catch up with the rotating flux. Thus the rotor of induction motor starts
to rotate.
What is the general working principle of Induction motor?

The conversion of electrical power into mechanical power takes place in the rotating part of an electric
motor.
In DC motors the electrical power is conducted directly to the armature through brushes and commutator.
Thus the DC motor can be called as conduction motor. But in case of AC motors, the rotor receives
electric power, not by conduction but by induction.
This is exactly in the same way as the secondary of two winding transformer receives its power from the
primary.
That is why such motors are known as induction motors.
Thus an induction motor is also known as rotating transformer ( ie, one in which primary winding is
stationary and the secondary is free to rotate)
What is the advantage of skewed stator slots in the rotor of Induction motors?
In the induction motor design, the rotor slots are purposely made with a slight skew arrangement. It will
not be parallel to the shaft.
This is for the purpose of reducing magnetic locking or reducing magnetic attraction between stator and
rotor teeth.
In addition to that this arrangement will help to reduce the magnetic hum and noise.
P a g e | 29
What is meant by cogging in the Induction motor? How to prevent the cogging?
When the number of teeth in stator and rotor are equal, the stator and rotor teeth have a tendency to align
themselves exactly opposite to each other, since this corresponds to minimum reluctance position. In such
case the rotor may refuse to accelerate. This phenomenon is called as magnetic locking or cogging.
This problem can be prevented by proper choice of stator and rotor slots and also by skewing the rotor
slots by one slot pitch.
What are the various methods of measuring slip?

1. By actual measurement of rotor speed
2. By measurement of rotor frequency
3. Stroboscopic method
What are the various methods of speed control in three phase induction motors?
(i) Control from stator side
1. By changing the supply frequency
2. By changing the number of stator poles
3. By changing the supply voltage
(ii) Control from rotor side
1. By inserting resistance in rotor circuit
2. By various ways of cascade connection
3. By injecting EMFs in the rotor circuit.
What is meant by crawing in the induction motor?

In induction motors, particularly squirrel cage type induction motors, sometimes exhibit a tendency to run
stably at speeds as low as one-seventh of their synchronous speed Ns. This phenomenon is known as
crawling of an induction motor and the speed is called as crawling speed.
What is AC voltage controller?

It is defined as the power electronics converter which converts the fixed AC voltage into a variable AC
voltage without change in the frequency.
What is inverter? What are the types of Inverter?

A device which converts dc power into ac power at desired output voltage and frequency is called as
Inverter.
Inverters are broadly classified into
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Current Source Inverter (CSI)
What is chopper?
It is equivalent to a dc transformer in ac circuit. The Chopper is a static switch which is used to get the
variable dc output voltage from a constant dc input voltage.
Step down chopper:

In this circuit, the average output voltage [VO = D . VS] is less than the input supply voltage. It is also
known as Buck converter.
Step up chopper:
It is also known as Boost converter. Here the average output voltage [VO = VS / 1 - D] is more than the
input supply voltage.
P a g e | 30
What is load commutation?

In load commutation, the load current flowing through the thyristor either becomes zero or is transferred
to another device from the conducting SCR.
What is meant by pulse triggered devices?

As the name indicates, to trigger these devices just a pulse is sufficient. Continuous gate voltage of entire
on time is not required. The advantage of pulse triggering is, it will avoid the hard triggering.
Ex. Thyristor, GTO
What is level-sensitive devices? give some examples

Some of the level sensitive devices are
MOSFET
IGBT
MCT
IGCT
In order to keep these devices in the ON state condition, we have to apply gate current/voltage
continuously to these devices.
What is meant by GTO?

It is a three terminal, four layer PNPN Power Semiconductor device that can be turned on by a positive
gate current and can be turned off by a reverse gate current.
What are the types of GTO?

Asymmetrical GTO
Symmetrical GTO
What does 10V AC mean? Is it the RMS voltage or Peak voltage or Average voltage?
In general, AC voltages and currents are mentioned in RMS values only. It is sensible to compare with
steady DC voltages and currents.
For example 230V AC supply means, 230Vrms AC Supply.
When we have to connect the SCRs in a parallel manner?

To meet the high current demand we will connect the SCRs in a parallel manner.
Similarly to meet the high voltage demand we have to connect the SCRs in series.
Define Gate Charge in MOSFET?

The gate charge is defined as the amount of charge required for the device during turn-on and turn-off
time. It is the most important parameter we have to consider while selecting the MOSFET. The switching
speed of the MOSFET depends on the speed at which the gate driver can charge or discharge the input
gate charge.
Compare MOSFET and BJT

BJT MOSFET
More Power handling Capability Less Power handling capability
Low switching speed Fast switching speed
High On state resistance Low on state resistance
Has second breakdown voltage problem No second breakdown voltage problem
P a g e | 31
Why transformers rated in KVA instead of KW?

The copper loss (I2R) in the transformer depends on the current I through the winding while the iron or
core loss depends on the voltage V as frequency of operation is constant. None of these losses depend on
the power factor (cosφ) of the load. Hence losses decide the temperature rise and hence the rating of the
transformer. As losses depends on V and I only, the rating of the transformer is specified as a product of
these two parameters VxI. Thus the transformer rating is in kVA and not in kW.
Why is the efficiency of transformers more than that of other rotating machines?
There are no moving parts in transformer hence the friction and mechanical losses are absent in
transformer. Hence efficiency of the transformer is more than of other rotating machines.
Define leakage inductance

Inductance offered by the winding due to the leakage flux associated with it is called leakage inductance.
It is the ratio of leakage flux linkages with the winding to the current passing through the winding.
What material is used in the transformer core?

High grade silicon steel laminations are used for the construction of the core.
What is meant by leakage flux?

Part of the primary flux as well as the secondary flux completes the path through air and links with the
respecting winding only. Such a flux is called leakage flux. Leakage fluxes link with the respective
windings only and not to both the windings.
Define voltage regulation of a transformer?

The regulation is defined as change in the magnitude of the secondary terminal voltage, when full load ie,
rating load of specified power factor supplied at rated voltage is reduced to no load, with primary voltage
maintained constant expressed as the percentage of the rated terminal voltage.
What is an ideal transformer?

A transformer is said to be ideal if it satisfies following properties:
It has no losses
Its windings have zero resistance
Leakage flux is zero ie, 100% flux produced by primary links with the secondary
Permeability of core is so high that negligible current is required to establish the flux in it.
What is meant by synchronous condenser?

An over excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as synchronous condenser. It is used to
improve the power factor of the system.
Define Power Factor.

The cosine of angle between voltage and the current in an AC circuit is known as power factor.
The value of power factor will always be less than 1.
It is a usual practice to attach a word lagging or leading with the numerical value of power factor to
signify whether the current lags or leads the voltage.
What is the difference between fuse and circuit breaker?

(i) Fuse performs both detection and interruption functions. Circuit breaker performs interruption
function only. The detection of fault is made by relay system.
(ii) The breaking capacity of fuse is very small compare to that of circuit breaker.
(iii) The operating time of the fuse is smaller than operating time of CB.
P a g e | 32
(iv) After every operation, replacement is required in the fuse. In case of circuit breaker, replacement is
not required.
What is meant by Sag?

The difference in level between points of supports and the lowest point on the conductor is called sag.
What is corona?
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission
line is known as corona.
How can we reduce the effect of corona?

1. By increasing conductor size:
By increasing conductor size, the voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects are
considerably reduced.
2. By increasing conductor spacing:
By increasing the spacing between conductors, the voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence
corona effects can be eliminated.
What is tariff?
The rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a consumer is known as tariff.
The tariff should include the following items:
(i) Recovery of cost of producing electrical energy at the power station
(ii) Recovery of cost on the capital investment in transmission and distribution systems.
(iii) Recovery of cost of operation and maintenance of supply
(iv) A suitable profit on the capital investment.
What are the various types of tariff?

1. Simple tariff
2. Flat rate tariff
3. Block rate tariff
4. Two-part tariff
5. Maximum demand tariff
6. Power factor tariff
7. Three-part tariff
What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plant?

Advantages:
(i) The amount of fuel required is quite small.
(ii) It requires less space so it can be located near to the load centre.
(iii) Huge deposits of nuclear fuels available all over the world. So supply of electricity can be ensured.
(iv) It ensures reliability of operation.
Disadvantages:
(i) The fuel used is expensive and is difficult to recover.
(ii) The capital cost on a nuclear plant is very high as compared to other types of plants
(iii) The disposal of the by-products is a big problem. They are radioactive in nature.
(iv) The maintenance charges are high.
P a g e | 33
What is the general system requirements of alternator?

For the generation of emf, there should be two basic systems.
(i) magnetic field system to produce the magnetic field
(ii) Armature system which houses the conductors on which the EMF is to be induced.
Will the alternators have rotating armature system or stationary armature system?
Generally in alternators, the armature is stationary and the field rotates. Small low-voltage alternators
often have a rotating armature and a stationary field winding.But in large alternators rotating armature
field type is used.
What are the advantages of stationary armature and rotating field system?
(i) The stationary armature coils can be insulated easily.
(ii) Higher peripheral speed can be achieved in the rotor.
(iii) Cooling of the winding is more efficient.
(iv) Only two slip rings are required to give DC supply to the field system
(v) Output current can be easily supplied to the load circuit. Slip-rings and brushes are not necessary.
What is meant by stator? What is meant by rotor?

In any electrical machine ( AC/DC motor or generator) the stationary member is called as stator.
Similarly in all machines the rotating member is known as rotor.
What are the advantages of three phase motor over single phase motor?
Three phase motors are having
(i) Higher starting torques
(ii) Improved speed regulation
(iii) Less vibration
( iv) Quieter operation
compared to the single phase motors.
What is basic principle of operation of alternators/DC generators?

They are working on the fundamental principle based on Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
This law states that, When a current carrying conductor moves in magnetic field, it induces an EMF.
How to minimize the eddy current losses?

When the core is laminated and insulated from each other with paper or varnish the eddy current loss is
minimized.
What is meant by turbo alternators?

Turbo alternators are high speed alternators. Because of high speed of rotation, the rotor diameter is
reduced and the axial length is increased. Two or four poles are generally used and steam turbines are
used as prime movers.
What are the various types of rotors used in the alternators?

(i) Salient pole rotor
(ii) Non- salient pole rotor or Cylindrical rotor
Define Pole Pitch.

The distance between the centres of two adjacent poles is called pole pitch. One pole pitch is equals to
180 electrical degrees. It is also defined as the number of slots per pole.
P a g e | 34
Define coil span.

The distance between the two coil sides of a coil is called as coil span. It may be expressed in electrical
degrees or in number of slots.
What is meant by full pitched winding?

If the coil span is equal to pole pitch, the winding is called as full pitched winding.
What is meant by short pitched winding?

If the coil span is less than the pole pitch, the winding is called as shot-pitched winding. It is also known
as short-chorded winding.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of short-pitched winding?

The advantages are
1. They save copper for end connections
2. They improve the waveform of the generated EMF.
3. The generated EMF can be made to approximate to a sine wave more easily and the distorting
harmonics can be reduced.
The disadvantages are
1. The total voltage around the coils is some what reduced. Because the voltage induced in the two coil
sides are slightly out of phase.
How choppers are classified based on commutation technique?

Chopper circuits are classified into two types based on the methods of turn off process (commutation).
They are
Voltage commutated Chopper
Current commutated chopper
How choppers are classified based on quadrant of operation?
Class-A or Type-A
Class-B or Type-B
Class-C or Type-C
Class-D or Type-D
Class-E or Type-E
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What are the various types of forced commutation methods?

Voltage commutation (apply the stored charge from the capacitor to turn off the SCR)
Current commutation (apply the stored field from the Inductor (reactor) to turn off the SCR)
Give the example for Voltage commutated Chopper?

Jones chopper
Give the example for Current commutated Chopper?

Morgan chopper
How the power diode is classified based on reverse recovery characteristics?

Slow recovery diode
Fast recovery diode
Schottky diode
What are the design parameters to be considered to select a power diode for the particular
application?
Reverse recovery time
Reverse recovery charge
Peak reverse current
Rate of rise of current
Forward current rating
Forward voltage drop
What is the difference between normal PN junction diode and Tunnel Diode?
The tunnel diode is basically a PN junction diode with heavy doping of P & N type semiconductor
materials.
Usually tunnel diode is doped approximately 1000 times as heavy as a normal PN junction diode.
Due to this, tunnel diode shows negative resistance in forward biased condition. Remember that PN
junction diode shows positive resistance region.
What is meant by negative resistance and positive resistance?

When the voltage applied across the device or circuit increases,
If the current flowing through it increases, then it is called as positive resistance. (Example: PN Junction
Diode)
If the current flowing through it decreases, then it is called as negative resistance. (Example: Tunnel
Diode)
Name some of the special diodes?

Zener Diode
Light Emitting Diode (LEDs)
Tunnel Diode
Schottky diode
Photo Diode
Varactor Diode
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Flyback converter?

Advantages:
P a g e | 36
(1) No inductor is required at the output which is compulsory is the other converters topology.
(2) Number of components are less.
Disadvantages:
(1) Useful for low power applications(50W to 100W)
(2) Output load is compulsory otherwise output capacitance may get overcharge.
What is meant by Constant Current Source?

A voltage source that has a very high internal impedance as compared with external load impedance is
considered as a Constant Current Source( the source which can provide constant current to the load).
What is the difference between silicon diode and germanium diode?

Generally Silicon diodes have higher PIV (Peak Inverse Voltage) and current rating than germanium
diodes.
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) ratings
for silicon diodes is nearly 1000 V, whereas
for germanium diodes is maximum 400 V only.
Silicon diodes can work in wider temperature ranges. Temperature range
for Silicon diodes is about 200°C, whereas
for germanium diodes is maximum 100°C.
The disadvantage of silicon diode is the higher knee voltage (forward-bias voltage required to reach the
region of upward swing). Typically the knee voltage
for Silicon diodes is 0.7V, whereas
for germanium diodes is 0.3V.
What is the difference between Resistor, Rheostat and Potential Divider?

Resistor:
A fixed resistor connected permanently in the circuit for the purpose of limiting the current is called as
resistor.
Rheostat:
A variable resistance with a sliding contact is known as rheostat. The current flowing through the circuit
is restricted by inserting and varying the resistance with the help of the sliding contact.
Potential divider:
When a resistance is used to develop a voltage drop, it is called as a potential divider.
What are the characteristics of ideal Opamp?

Infinite open loop voltage gain
Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance
Infinite Bandwidth
Zero offset voltage
P a g e | 37
Draw the block diagram of the general power supply?
How to provide Over current protection in a power supply?

Using Fuse we can protect the power supply against over current.
We have to insert the fuse in the phase line.
How to protect power supply against applying reverse voltage?

By including diode in the phase line we can protect the circuit against applying reverse voltage.
If we use schottky diode we can reduce power dissipation across the diode as the power dissipation = Vf x
I
Why schottky diodes are used in reverse voltage protection section? Why the rectifier diodes are
not used in those places?
For the same load current, the forward voltage drop Vf is less in schottky diode compare to normal
rectifier grade diodes.
It gives low power loss. [Power dissipation = Vf x I]
What are the advantages of schottky diode?

They are having low forward voltage drop (Vf).
So the power dissipation is less compared to that of rectifier diodes.
They are having low reverse recovery time (Trr).
So they can be truned ON/OFF at very speed. ie, They are having high switching speed.
So they are used in high frequency applications like SMPS.
How to protect the power supply against over voltages or surge voltages?
By using MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) we can suppress the surge voltages.
The MOV is connected across the phase and neutral lines.
What is load regulation and line regulation?

Line Regulation:
The line regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in line supply voltage keeping
the load current and temperature constant.
ie, Line Regulation = Change in Output Voltage / Change in Input Voltage
= ΔVO / ΔVIN
Load Regulation:
The load Regulation is expressed as follows
Load Regulation = [Vno_load - Vfull_load] / [Vno_load]
Here
Vno_load = The output voltage at zero load current.
Vfull_load = Output voltage at rated load current.
What do you understand by constant torque drive and constant power drive?
P a g e | 38
Constant Torque Drive

In armature voltage control methods, armature current and field flux ( or field current) are kept constant
so as to meet the torque demand.
So the armature voltage control method is also called constant torque drive because motor torque T =
KaΦIa remains constant.
Constant Power Drive
Above rated speed can be obtained by varying the field current or field flex and by keeping motor voltage
V and Ia constant.
As flux decreases, speed increases so that motor back EMF (Eb) remains almost constant.
So field control method is also called constant power drive because power P = EIa remains constant.
Mention the applications of chopper fed dc drives

Subway cars
Cranes
Traction
Battery operated vehicles.
What are the four quadrants of dc drives?

Forward motoring mode
Forward braking mode
Reverse braking mode
Reverse motoring mode
What is chopper?
It converts fixed DC voltage into variable dc voltage.
What are the uses of phase controlled rectifier in dc drives?

Rolling mills
Hoists
Paper mills
Printing presses
Textile mills
What are the disadvantages of stator voltage control method?

Voltage and current waveforms are highly distorted due to harmonics, which affects the efficiency of the
motor.
Performance is poor under running condition at low speeds.
Operating efficiency is low as resistance losses are high.
At low speeds, motor currents are excessive and special arrangements should be provided to limit the
excessive currents.
Maximum torque available from the motor decreases with reduction in stator voltage.
What is meant by duty cycle in a chopper circuit?

The duty cycle is defined as the ratio of ON time of the chopper to total time period of the chopper.
α = TON/T
Why self commutated devices are preferred over thyristors for chopper circuits?
Self commutated devices such as power MOSFETs, power Transistors, IGBTs, GTOs and IGCTs are
preferred over thyristors for building choppers because they can be commutated by a low power control
signal and don't need commutation circuit.
P a g e | 39
Why thyristors are not preferred now a days for chopper fed DC drives?
Since it requires commutation circuit, thyristors are not preferred now a days for chopper fed DC drives.
The commutation circuit is complex for chopper circuits.
What is function of a free wheeling diode in a phase controlled rectifier?

Input power factor is improved
Make the load current continuous
What causes poor input power factor in phase controlled DC drives?

The input power factor in the phase controlled rectifier is low when the output voltage is less than the
maximum, that is when the firing angle is large. When the firing angle increases, the converter draws
more lagging reactive power. So the input power is low.
What are the advantages of three-phase drives over single phase drives?
Reducing the armature ripple current
The filtering requirement is less
Armature current is mostly continuous
Motor performance is better
What are the various control strategies for varying duty cycle of the chopper
Time Ratio Control (TRC)
Current Limit Control (CLC)
What are the different methods of speed control of induction motors?

Stator voltage control
Supply frequency control
Rotor resistance control
Slip power recovery control
What are the advantages in operation of choppers at high frequency?

The operation at a high frequency improves motor performance by reducing current ripple and
eliminating discontinuous conduction.
What is step angle in stepper motor?

Step angle is defined as the angle through which the stepper motor shaft rotates for each command pulse.
It is denoted beta.
What is stepper motor?

A stepper motor is a digital actuator whose input is in the form of programmed energization of the stator
windings and whose output is in the form of discrete angular rotation.
What is slewing in stepper motor?

A stepper motor operates at high speeds is called as slewing.
Define resolution in stepper motor?

It is defined as the number of steps needed to complete one revolution of the rotor shaft.
Resolution = No of steps/ Revolution
State some applications of stepper motor

Floppy disk drives
Camera shutter operation
P a g e | 40
Machine tool application

Robotics
Dot matrix and line printers
Quartz watches
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the stepper motor? [Anna Univ. May-2009]
Advantages
It is mechanically simple.
It requires less maintenance.
It can be driven in open loop without feedback
As it responds directly to digital control signals, stepper motors are natural choice for digital computer
controls.
Disadvantages:
Low efficiency with ordinary controller.
Limited power output and sizes available
Low efficiency with ordinary controller.
Fixed step angle
What are the different types of stepping motors?

Variable reluctance stepper motor
Permanent magnet stepper motor
Hybrid stepper motor
What are the different modes of excitation in a stepper motor?

1-Phase on or full-step operation
2-phase on mode
Half step operation ( alternate 1-phase on and 2-phase on mode)
Micro stepping operation
What is meant by half-step operation?

It is the alternate one-phase on and 2-phase on mode operation.
Here, the rotor rotate an each angle is half of the full step angle.
What is meant by full-step operation?

It is one-phase on mode operation.
It means, at that time only one winding is energized.
By energizing one stator winding, the rotor rotates some angle.
It is the full-step operation.
What is meant by micro stepping in stepper motor?
Micro stepping means, the step angle of the VR stepper motor is very small.
It is also called mini-stepping.
It can be achieved by two phases simultaneously as in 2-phase on mode but with the two currents
deliberately made unequal.
What is the main application of the micro stepping VR stepper motor?

The micro stepping is mainly used where very fine resolution is required.
The applications are printing and photo type setting.
A VR stepper motor with micro stepping provides very smooth low-speed operation and high-resolution.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of VR stepper motor?

Advantages:
P a g e | 41
Low rotor inertia

Less weight
Freewheeling capability
High stepping rate capability
High torque to inertia ratio
Disadvantages
Normally available in 3.6deg to 30 step angles
No detente torque available with windings de-energized.
What is a multi-stack VR stepper motor?

Micro stepping of VR stepper motor can be achieved by using multistack VR stepper motor.
It has 3 separate magnetically isolated sections or stacks. Here the stator and rotor teeths are equal.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of permanent magnet stepper motor?
Advantages
Requires low power
High detente torque as compared to VR motor.
Rotor do not require external exciting current.
It produces more torque per ampere stator current.
What is meant by V/F control?

When the frequency is reduced, the input voltage must be reduced proportionally so as to
maintain constant flux.
Otherwise the core will get saturated resulting in excessive iron loss and magnetizing current.
This type of induction motor behaviour is similar to the working of dc series motors.
What are the advantages of V/F control?

1. Smooth speed control
2. Small input current and improved power factor at low-frequency start
3. Higher starting torque for low case resistance
What is meant by stator current control?

The three-phase induction motor speed can be controlled by stator current control.
The stator current can be varied by using current source inverter.

Regenerative braking occurs when the motor speed exceeds the synchronous speed.
In this case, the induction motor would run as the induction machine is converting the mechanical
power into electrical power, which is delivered back to the electrical system.
This method of braking is known as regenerative braking.
What is meant by dynamic braking?

Dynamic braking of electric motors occurs when the energy stored in the rotating mass is dissipated in an
electrical resistance.
This requires the motor to operate as a generator to convert this stored energy into electrical.
What is meant by plugging?

It is one method of braking of induction motor.
When phase sequence of supply of the motor running at a speed is reversed, by interchanging connections
P a g e | 42
of any two phases of stator with respect to supply terminals, operations shifts from motoring to plugging
region.
What is meant by rotor resistance control?

In a slip ring induction motor, a variable resistances are connected in the rotor circuit.
By controlling the rotor resistance, the motor speed can be controlled as well as increase the starting
torque and reduce the starting current.
This method of speed control is called rotor resistance control method.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of rotor resistance control?

Advantages
Absence of in-rush starting current
Availability of full rated torque at starting
High line power factor
Absence of line current harmonics
Smooth and wide range of speed control
Disadvantages
Reduced efficiency because of the slip energy is wasted in the rotor circuit resistance
Speed changes very widely with load variation
Unbalance in voltages and current of rotor circuit resistances are not equal.
What is meant by slip power?

The portion of air gap power, which is not converted into mechanical power, is called slip power.
Slip power is nothing but multiplication of slip(s) and airgap power (PA-G)
Slip power = s. PA-G
What are the advantages of slip power recovery system?

In chopper method of speed control for SRM, the slip power is wasted in the external resistance and the
efficiency also reduced.
However, instead of wasting the slip power can be recovered by various schemes for the speed control of
slip ring induction motor.
This system is called as slip power recovery system.
The slip power can be recovered and fed back to the supply. So the overall efficiency also improved.
Name some of the various methods of traction motor control?
Rheostatic control
Thyristor control
Metadyne control
Buck and boost method
Series parallel control
Field control
What are the basic requirements of a braking system?

The basic requirements of a braking system is given below
Easy to use for driver to operate
It should be inexhaustible.
The maintenance should be a minimum
It should be simple, quick, robust and reliable in action
Kinetic energy of the train be storage during braking which could be used subsequently during
acceleration of the train.
P a g e | 43
What are the various methods of applying electric traction?

There are three methods of applying electric braking. They are
Plugging or reverse current braking
Rheostatic braking
Regenerative braking
Give some of advanced methods of speed control of traction motors

Tap changer control
Thyristor control
Chopper control
Microprocessor control
What are the advantages of microprocessor based control of traction motors?

High speed of response
High accuracy
Over voltage and over speed protection
Electronic interlocking
Less sensitive to temperature variations and drift
Numbers of components used are less
Define dead weight and adhesive weight

Dead weight
The total weight of locomotive and train to be pulled by the locomotive is known as dead weight
Adhesive weight
The total weight to be carried on the driving wheels is known as the adhesive weight.
What is tractive effect?

The effective force necessary to propel the train at the wheels of the locomotive to which the motor is
geared is called the tractive effect. It is measured in newtons and is tangential to the driving wheels.
Total tractive effort required to run a train on tract = Tractive effort to produce acceleration + Tractive
effort to overcome effort of gravity + Tractive effort to overcome train resistance
Define electric drives?

Systems employed for motion control are called as drives and drives employ any of the prime movers
such as diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, hydraulic motors and electric motors for supplying
mathematical energy for motion control. Drives employing electric motion is called as electrical drives.
What are the various parts of electrical drives?

Electrical motors and load
Power Modulator
Sources
Control Unit
Sensing unit
What are various advantages of electrical drives?

They are having flexible control characteristics. The study state and dynamic characteristics of electrical
drives can be shaped to satisfy load requirements.
Drives can be provided with automatic fault detection systems. PLCs and computers can be employed to
automatically control the drive operations in a desired sequence.
Drives are available in wide range of speed, power and torque.
P a g e | 44
Control gear required for speed control, starting and braking is usually simple and easy to operate.
It can operate in all the four quadrants of speed - torque plane. Electric braking gives smooth deceleration
and increases life of the equipment compared to other forms of braking.
What are the different factors for the selection of electrical drives?
Steady state operation requirements
Transient operation requirements
Requirements related to the source
Capital and running cost, maintenance needs, life
Space and weight restrictions
Environment and location
Reliability
What are the parts of electrical drives?

Electrical motors and load
Power Modulator
Sources
Control Unit
Sensing unit
What are modes of operation of electrical drives?

Steady state
Acceleration including starting
Deceleration including stopping
What is meant by four quadrant operation?

A motor operate in two modes-motoring and braking. In motoring, it converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy, which supports its motion. In braking, it works as a generator converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy, and thus, opposes the motion. Motor can provide motoring and
braking operations for both forward and reverse directions.

Regenerative braking occurs when the motor speed exceeds the synchronous speed. In this case, the
induction motor would run as the induction generator is converting the mechanical power into electrical
power, which is delivered back to the electrical system. This method of braking is known as regenerative
braking.
What is the function of the free wheeling diode in a phase controlled rectifier?
To improve input power factor
To make the load current continuous
What is meant by chopper?

Chopper converts fixed dc voltage into variable dc voltage
What is brushless DC motor?

An inverter fed trapezoidal permanent magnet AC motor drive operating in self-controlled mode is called
brushless dc motor.
P a g e | 45
What is a PMSM?
PMSM = Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. In medium and small size synchronous motors dc field
can be produced by permanent magnets.
Classification of PMSM?
According to construction
1. Surface mounted PMSM
2. Interior mounted PMSM
According to the nature of voltage induced
1. Sinusoidally excited
2. Trapezoidally excited
What is the basic principle of an electric generator?

A basic principle of an electric generator is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. ie,
whenever a conductor is moved in the magnetic field, dynamically induced emf is produced in the
conductor.
What is the purpose of yoke in a dc machine?

It acts as a protected cover for the whole machine and provides mechanical support for poles. It carries
the magnetic flux produced by the poles. The flux per pole divides at the yoke, so that the yoke carries
only half the flux produced by each pole.
What is th purpose of interpoles in modern dc machine?

In modern dc machines, commutating poles or interpoles are provided to improve the commutation
process.
Why the armature poles are made of laminations?

Because to reduce the eddy current losses.
Define armature reaction...

The term armature reaction means the effect of the mmf set up by the armature current on the distribution
of mmf under main poles of a dc machine.
What are the main effects of armature reaction?

Due to armature reaction:
(1) The main field flux gets weakened or gets demagnetized. This effect is called Demagnetization effect.
(2) The main field flux gets distorted. This effect is called Cross-magnetization effect.
What are the advantages of free wheeling diode in rectifier circuit?

The input power factor is improved.
It prevents the output voltage from becoming negative.
The Load current waveform is improved.
What is meant by commutation?

The process of changing the direction of current flow in a particular path of the circuit. It is used to turn
off the SCR.
What are the types of commutation?

Natural commutation
Forced commutation
P a g e | 46
What is natural commutation?

The process of the current flowing through the thyristor goes through a natural zero and enable the
thyristor to turn off is called as natural commutation.
What is forced commutation?

The process of the current flowing through the thyristor is forced to become zero by external circuitry is
called as forced commutation.
What are the types of commutation with respect to commutation process?

Voltage commutated chopper
Current commutated chopper
Load commutated chopper
What is meant by cyclo-converter?

It is also known as frequency changer. It converts input power at one frequency to output power at
another frequency with one stage conversion.
What are the types of cyclo-converters?

Step up cyclo-converter
Step down cyclo-converter.
What is step down cyclo-converter?

It is the converter whose output frequency is less than the input frequency.
What is step up cyclo-converter ?

It is the converter whose output frequency is more than the input frequency.
What does the Voltmeter in AC mode show? Is it RMS value or peak value?
Multimeter in AC mode shows RMS value of the voltage or current. Also when it is DC mode it will
show the RMS value only.
What is the necessity to use the special machines?

General purpose motors (Induction motors, synchronous motors) are neither precision speed nor precision
position motors. For many automated systems require high precise speed and high precise positioning
motors. In such cases special purpose motors like stepper motors, PMDC motors etc. are used.
What are the control strategies of chopper?

The control strategies of chopper are
1. Pulse width modulation PWM (Variable TON, Constant frequency)
2. Frequency modulation (Constant TON or TOFF, Variable frequency)
3. Current Limit Control (CLC)
What is delay angle or what is firing angle of phase controlled rectifier?

The delay angle is the angle at which thyristors are triggered after zero crossing.
After zero crossing of supply voltage, one pair of thyristors is forward biased. ie, After delay angle(α)
these SCRs are triggered.
What is Universal Motor?

It is defined as a motor which can be operated either on DC or single-phase AC supply at approximately
the same speed and output.
The universal motor is built exactly like a series DC motor.
P a g e | 47
But a series DC motor cannot be run as a universal motor, even though both motors look the same
internally and externally.
We cannot use these motors in the industrial applications due to the low efficiency (25% -35%).
It has high starting torque and a variable speed characteristic. It runs at dangerously high-speed on no
load.
Give some examples of power electronics applications in the day-to-day life?

We can list a huge number of power electronics applications. Few of the applications which we can see in
our daily life are
UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
SMPS - Switch Mode Power Supply
Speed Control of Motors
ICU
What is meant by PMDC?

PMDC stands for Permanent Magnet DC Motor
A Permanent Magnet DC Motor is similar to an ordinary dc shunt motor except that its field is provided
by permanent magnets instead of salient-pole wound field structure.
There are three types of permanent magnets used for such motors namely;
(i) Alnico Magnets
(ii) Ceramic magnets
(iii) Rare-earth magnets
The major advantages are low noise, small size, high-efficiency, low manufacturing cost.
For Selecting MOSFET, what are the major parameters we have to consider in the datasheet?
In MOSFET datasheet, we have to focus on following parameters:
Drain to Source Voltage VDSS
On state Drain to Source Resistance RDS(ON)
Reverse Recovery Current IRR
Reverse Recovery Charge QRR
Gate Charge QG
Body Diode Characteristics
ID at ambient temperature
Channel power dissipation
Channel temperature
What is holding current in SCR?

It is the minimum current required to hold the SCR in forward conduction state.
When the forward current becomes less than holding current, SCR turns from forward conduction state to
forward blocking state.
What is latching current in SCR?

It is the minimum current required to latch(turn on) the SCR from forward blocking state to forward
conduction state.
What are the different turn on methods of SCR?

Forward voltage triggering
Gate Triggering
dv/dt triggering
Temperature triggering
Light triggering
P a g e | 48
What is snubber circuit?

The snubber circuit is used for the dv/dt protection of the SCR.
It is a series combination of a resistor and a capacitor in parallel with the SCR.
What is hard switching of the thyristor?

When gate current is several times higher than the required gate current, the SCR is said to be hard fired.
It reduces the turn ON time and enhances the di/dt capability.
What is firing angle?

The angle between the zero crossing of the input voltage and the instant the SCR is fired is called as delay
angle or firing angle.
What is meant by SOA?

SOA - Safe Operating Area determines the voltage and current boundary within which the Power Device
can be operated without destructive failure.
What are the main components used for isolating the Power Circuits, Power Semiconductor from
the low-power circuit?
Opto-Couplers, Transformers
Name some of the current controlled (current driven) devices...

SCR, GTO, GTR
Name some of the voltage driven ( Voltage controlled) devices

IGBT, MCT, IGCT, SIT
What is duty cycle?

It is the ratio of the ON time of the chopper to total time period of the chopper.
D = Ton / [Ton + Toff]
Can fuses with an AC voltage rating be used in a DC applications?

Fuses must be rated for the voltage AC or DC in which they will be used.
Generally, fuses have a DC voltage rating that is half of the maximum AC voltage rating.
What are the characteristics of ideal Opamp?

Infinite open loop voltage gain
Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance
Infinite Bandwidth
Zero offset voltage
For High voltage applications will you prefer MOSFET or IGBT?

For High voltage applications we have to use IGBT.
Because MOSFETs are low voltage devices. ie, Their voltage rating is lesser than IGBT.
General rule is MOSFETs are suitable for applications which has breakdown voltage less than 250V.
The IGBTs are suitable for applications which has breakdown voltage upto 1000V.
For High frequency applications will you prefer MOSFET or IGBT? Why?
For High frequency applications, MOSFET is the right choice of the device.
P a g e | 49
Because MOSFET has low switching losses compare to that of IGBT.

General rule of thumb is for low-frequency applications having frequency range upto 20kHz, we have to
use IGBT.
For high frequency applications having frequency range of more than 200kHz, we have to use MOSFET.
What happens when two positively charged material is placed together?

When two positively charged material place together it will repel.
What is referred to the electron in the outer orbit?

Electron in the outer orbit is known as valence.
Define the term Capacitance and Inductance?

Capacitance: It is the amount of charge that is stored inside a capacitor at a given voltage.
Inductance: It is defined as the property of a coil to resist any changes in electric current flowing through
it. Mutual inductance happens when a secondary coil opposes current change in the primary coil.
Mention what is the difference between generator and alternator?

Both generator and alternator work on the same principle they convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
Generator: It converts induced emf (Electro Motive Force) into direct current, where it based on
stationary magnetic field and revolving conductor which rolls on the armatures with slip rings and
brushes riding against each other.
Alternator: It has rotating magnetic and stationary armature for high voltage and stationary magnetic
field and a rotating armature for low voltage
Cables are categorized into three forms according to its thermal capacity
Low tension cables- transmits voltage upto 1000 volts
High tension cables- transmits voltage up to 23000 volts
Super tension cables- transmits voltage up to 66kv to 132kv
Mention what are the different colors on wires indicates?

This is a must know question for any good Electrical Engineer
Black wire: This wire is used for power supply in all circuits. Any circuits with this color is considered
hot or live. It is never used for a neutral or ground wire.
Red wire: This color wire is a secondary live wire in a 220 volt circuit and used in some types of
interconnection. You can join the red wire to another red wire or to a black wire
Blue and Yellow wire: These wires are also used to carry power but are not wiring the outlets for
common plug-in electrical devices. They are used for the live wire pulled through the conduct. You will
see yellow wire in the fan, structure lights, and switched outlets.
White and Gray: This color wire is used as a neutral wire. It carries the current (unbalanced load) to the
ground. You can join white and gray only to other white and gray wires
Green: It is connected to the grounding terminal in an outlet box and run from the outlet box to the
ground bus bar within an electric panel
Explain RLC circuit?

An RLC circuit carries an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R) and inductor (L) and a capacitor
(C), connected in parallel or series. This circuit is called a second order circuit as any voltage or current in
the circuit can be described by a second order differential equation.
Explain how you decide what size of electrical wire do you need?
P a g e | 50
Wire is sized by American Wire Gauge system. Your installation of conductors will depend on a few
factors like gauge of the wire, wire capacity, etc. For wires, smaller the wire gauge larger the ampacity or
capacity of the wire to handle current. For example, low voltage lighting and lamp cords will have 18
gauge, electric furnaces or large electric heaters are of 6 gauge.
Mention what are the types of semi-conductors?

There are two types of semi-conductors intrinsic and extrinsic. Again in extrinsic semi-conductors you
will have N-type semiconductors and P-type semiconductors.
Explain what is transistors comprised of?

Transistors are comprised of several combination of n-type and p-type semi-conductors.
Mention what is the role of transistor in Circuit?

Transistor has the ability to amplify the current, due to the reason that output power can be higher than the
input power.
Mention how NPN and PNP transistor works?

In a circuit when NPN is used,
No current flowing from A to D = No flow from X to Z
Current flowing from A to D = Current allowed to flow from X to Z
When PNP is used,
No current flowing from A to D = Current is allowed to flow from X to Z
Current flowing from A to D = No current flow from X to Z
What will be the current if the resistance total in a series circuit doubles?
If the resistance total in a series circuit doubles the current will reduce to half.
14) What happens if the series current double?
If the series current gets double then, the resistance is halved.
Explain what does a string of resistors in a series will do?

When a string of resistors in a series will divide the source voltage into proportion to their values.
What is meant by reverse polarity and how it can be fixed?

Reverse polarity is referred in a condition where one or more of your receptacles are connected
incorrectly. To fix the reverse polarity, check the wire connection at the outlet and inspect your
receptacle. A receptacle with reverse polarity will have the white wire screwed to the hot side and the
black wire will be connected to the neutral side, if that the case swap the wires and it will resolves the
problem. If it persists, a licensed electrician will be needed.
Explain what rectifiers is and what are the types of rectifiers?

A rectifier is an electrical device that transforms A.C or alternating current into direct current (D.C),
which flows in only one direction. The types of rectifiers are
Half wave rectifier: It uses one p-n junction
Full wave rectifier: It uses two p-n junction
Explain what is Zener diode?

Zener diode is a type of seme-conductor diode that allows current to flow in the opposite direction when
exposed to enough voltage.
Mention the difference between Analogue and Digital circuit?

Analogue Digital
P a g e | 51
These circuits operate on continuous valued

signals These circuits operate on the signal which exist
No conversion of the input signal required at two level 0‟s and 1‟s
before transmitting, the circuit directly executes Before the signal is transmitted, it is converted
various logical operations and produces an into digital form.
analogue output During signal conversion, amount of
There is no probability of losing any information is lost
information as there is no conversion Digital circuits anticipate high flexibility
Analogue lacks flexibility
Explain what is laser diodes?

Laser diodes are compact transistor like packages with two or more electrical leads. Lasing occurs when
stimulated emission results into the amplification of photon confined to the lasing mode. These photons
hit back and forth between the back and front mirror, and hence a diverging beam emits from the laser
diode packages.
What is a System?
When a number of elements or components are connected in a sequence to perform a specific function,
the group of elements that all constitute a System
What is Control System?

In a System the output and inputs are interrelated in such a manner that the output quantity or variable is
controlled by input quantity, then such a system is called Control System.
The output quantity is called controlled variable or response and the input quantity is called command
signal or excitation.
What are different types of Control Systems?

Two major types of Control Systems are 1) Open loop Control System 2) Closed Loop Control Systems
Open loop Control Systems:The Open loop Control System is one in which the Output Quantity has no
effect on the Input Quantity. No feedback is present from the output quantity to the input quantity for
correction.
Closed Loop Control System:The Closed loop Control System is one in which the feedback is provided
from the Output quantity to the input quantity for the correction so as to maintain the desired output of the
system.
What is a feedback in Control System?

The Feedback in Control System in one in which the output is sampled and proportional signal is fed back
to the input for automatic correction of the error ( any change in desired output) for futher processing to
get back the desired output.
Why Negative Feedback is preferred in the Control System?

The role of Feedback in control system is to take the sampled output back to the input and compare output
signal with input signal for error ( deviation from the desired result).
Negative Feedback results in the better stability of the system and rejects any disturbance signals and is
less sensitive to the parameter variations. Hence in control systems negative feedback is considered.
P a g e | 52
What is the effect of positive feedback on stability of the system?

Positive feedback is not used generally in the control system because it increases the error signal and
drives the system to instability. But positive feedbacks are used in minor loop control systems to amplify
certain internal signals and parameters
What is Latching current?

Gate signal is to be applied to the thyristor to trigger the thyristor ON in safe mode. When the thyristor
starts conducting the forward current above the minimum value, called Latching current, the gate signal
which is applied to trigger the device in no longer require to keep the scr in ON position.
What is Holding current ?

When scr is conducting current in forward conduction state, scr will return to forward blocking state when
the anode current or forward current falls below a low level called Holding current
Note: Latching current and Holding current are not same. Latching current is associated with the turn on
process of the scr whereas holding current is associated with the turn off process. In general holding
current will be slightly lesser than the latching current.
Why thyristor is considered as Charge controlled device?

During the triggering process of the thyristor from forward blocking state to forward conduction state
through the gate signal, by applying the gate signal (voltage between gate and cathode) increases the
minority carrier density in the p-layer and thereby facilitate the reverse break over of the junction J2 and
thyristor starts conducting. Higher the magnitude of the gate current pulse, lesser is the time required to
inject the charge and turning on the scr. By controlling the amount of charge we can control the turning
on time of the s
What are the different losses that occur in thyristor while operating?
Different losses that occur are
a)Forward conduction losses during conduction of the thyristor
b)Loss due to leakage current during forward and reverse blocking.
c)Power loss at gate or Gate triggering loss.
d)Switching losses at turn-on and turn-off.
What is meant by knee point voltage?

Knee point voltage is calculated for electrical Current transformers and is very important factor to choose
a CT. It is the voltage at which a CT gets saturated.(CT-current transformer).
What is reverse power relay?

Reverse Power flow relay are used in generating stations's protection. A generating stations is supposed to
fed power to the grid and in case generating units are off,there is no generation in the plant then plant may
take power from grid. To stop the flow of power from grid to generator we use reverse power relay.
What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer?

Mainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance.In case of DC supply there is no inductance
,only resistance will act in the electrical circuit. So high electrical current will flow through primary side
of the transformer.So for this reason coil and insulation will burn out.
What is the difference between isolators and electrical circuit breakers? What is bus-bar?
Isolators are mainly for switching purpose under normal conditions but they cannot operate in fault
conditions .Actually they used for isolating the CBs for maintenance. Whereas CB gets activated under
fault conditions according to the fault detected.Bus bar is nothing but a junction where the power is
getting distributed for independent loads.
P a g e | 53
What are the advantage of free wheeling diode in a Full Wave rectifier?
It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the mechanical switch so that it
reduces the voltage spike seen in a inductive load.
Mention the methods for starting an induction motor?

The different methods of starting an induction motor:
a)DOL:direct online starter
b)Star delta starter
c)Auto transformer starter
d)Resistance starter
e)Series reactor starter

A two phase motor is a motor with the the starting winding and the running winding have a phase split.
e.g;ac servo motor.where the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a phase split of 90 degree.

What are Motor Generator Sets and explain the different ways the motor generator set can be used
?
Motor Generator Sets are a combination of an electrical generator and an engine mounted together to
form a single piece of equipment. Motor generator set is also referred to as a genset, or more commonly, a
generator The motor generator set can used in the following different ways:
1.Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)
2.DC to AC
3.DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage
4.AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonically-related frequency
Which type of motor is used in trains, what is the rating of supply used explain Working principal?
Dc series is in the trains to get high starting torque while starting of the trains and operating voltage is
1500v dc.
What are the Application of DC Motors in Thermal Power Plant?

In thermal power plants dc motors are employed for certain control and critical emergency operations
which are supplied by dedicated batteries. DC motors operate as backup drives for normal ac drive
systems when ac power supply to the plant is lost.
In thermal power plant, the dc motors finds applications for performing control functions such as
Turbine governor motor

Governor limit setting
Motor operated rheostats
Emergency lubrication for the turbines (main, boiler feed pumps)
Generator (H2 oil seal).
DC motor operated valves
P a g e | 54
DC motors employed in thermal plants are classified in to two types based on the type of application.
DC motors carrying out Control function

Dc motors carrying out Emergency function
Control functions:This category consists of the turbine governor motor, governor limiting setting, motor
operated rheostats, etc. These motors are small, about 1/8 hp or less. They are operated quite infrequently
for short duration.
Emergency functions:This category consists of turbine-generator emergency (lubrication) bearing oil
pumps and emergency seal oil pumps. Such pumps may also be provided for steam turbine drives of
feedwater pumps, fans, and other large loads. The lack of lubrication during a shutdown without ac power
will ruin the linings of the bearings and damage the shaft.
Hydrogen seal oil pump is provided to prevent the escaping of hydrogen (for large turbine-generators
hydrogen cooling is provided for efficient cooling) from the casing by providing a tight seal with high
pressure oil
What are the Advantages & Disadvantages of Synchronous motors?
Advantage or Merits:
One of the major advantage of using synchronous motor is the ability to control the power factor. An over
excited synchronous motor can have leading power factor and can be operated in parallel to induction
motors and other lagging power factor loads thereby improving the system power factor.
In synchronous motor the speed remains constant irrespective of the loads. This characteristics helps in
industrial drives where constant speed is required irrespective of the load it is driving. It also useful when
the motor is required to drive another alternator to supply at a different frequency as in frequency
changes.
Synchronous motors can be constructed with wider air gaps than induction motors which makes these
motors mechanically more stable.
In synchronous motors electro-magnetic power varies linearly with the voltage.
Synchronous motors usually operate with higher efficiencies ( more than 90%) especially in low speed
and unity power factor applications compared to induction motors
Disadvantages or Demerits:
Synchronous motors requires dc excitation which must be supplied from external sources.
Synchronous motors are inherently not self starting motors and needs some arrangement for its starting
and synchronizing.
The cost per kW output is generally higher than that of induction motors.
These motors cannot be used for variable speed applications as there is no possibility of speed adjustment
unless the incoming supply frequency is adjusted (Variable Frequency Drives).
Synchronous motors cannot be started on load. Its starting torque is zero.
These motors have tendency to hunt.
When loading on the synchronous motor increases beyond its capability, the synchronism between rotor
and stator rotating magnetic field is lost and motor comes to halt.
Collector rings and brushes are required resulting in increase in maintenance.
Synchronous motors cannot be useful for applications requiring frequent starting or high starting torques
required.
P a g e | 55

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

What is electric traction?

What is “pu” in electrical engineering?

Operation carried out in Thermal power stations?

Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of ac circuit?

How tube light circuit is connected and how it works?

Whats is MARX CIRCUIT?

What is encoder, how it function?

What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor?

What is the principle of motor?

What is meant by armature reaction?

What happen if we give 220 volts dc supply to d bulb r tube light?

What is ACSR cable and where we use it?

What will happen when power factor is leading in distribution of power?

What is 2 phase motor?

What is the significance of vector grouping in Power Transformers?

What is the principle of motor?

What is meant by armature reaction?

Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor?

What is the difference between synchronous generator & asynchronous generator?

1 ton is equal to how many watts?

Why syn. generators r used for the production of electricity?

Enlist types of dc generator?

What is Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)?

What is an exciter and how does it work?

Difference between a four point starter and three point starter?

What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning arrestor?

What happens if i connect a capacitor to a generator load?

Why the capacitors works on ac only?

Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker?

How many types of colling system it transformers?

Define What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit breaker?

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#e= EXISTING P.F.

Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t.

What is power factor? whether it should be high or low? why?

What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker?

What is boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the transformer?

What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?

What is frantic effect?

What is meant by insulation voltage in cables? explain it?

Where should the lighting arrestor be placed in distribution lines?

Define IDMT relay?

What are the transformer losses?

What is the count of hvdc transmission lines in India?

What is meant by regenerative braking?

Why is the starting current high in a DC motor?

What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor?

Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?

Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?

Why ELCB can’t work if N input of ELCB do not connect to ground?

How electrical power is generated by an A.C Generator?

Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and isolators?

If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not?

What are HRC fuses and where it is used?

Which power plant has high load factor?

Mention the methods for starting an induction motor?

Explain What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage?

What is the power factor of an alternator at no load?

Explain How to determine capacitor tolerance codes?

What is meant by knee point voltage?

What is reverse power relay?