Interconnecting Cisco Networking

Devices Part 1
ICND1 100-105

Instructor
Paul A. Parker

1
 Chapter 1

Introduction to TCP/IP Networking

2
 Chapter 1
Foundation Topics
v Perspectives on Networking
▼ Typical High-Speed Internet Connections

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 Chapter 1
Perspectives on Networking
v A networking model provides a blueprint for the network
and describes all the functions required for the network
to operate.
v Some documents of the model define a protocol which is
a set of rules that the devices must follow to
communicate.
v Other documents describe physical requirements for
networking such as voltage levels, signaling methods,
and other factors used to transmit data.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v History leading to TCP/IP
▼ There were a number of protocols prior to TCP/IP starting with
IBM’s System Network Architecture (SNA) networking model
published in 1974.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model
▼ Request for Comments (RFC) define protocols and standards
used by TCP/IP.
▼ The TCP/IP model avoids repeating work already done by other
standards body or vendor consortium by referring to the work.
▼ The TCP/IP model was originally conceived as a U.S. Department
of Defense (DoD) contract.
▼ The Link layer was also referred
to as the Network Access layer.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model
▼ Examples of Protocols by TCP/IP Layer

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Application Layer
▼ HTTP Overview
➘  What really happens that allows a web page to appear on the web
browser?

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Application Layer
▼ HTTP Protocol Mechanisms
➘  HTTP was created by Tim Berners-Lee in the early 1990s and is
mainly responsible for making the Internet as popular as it is today.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Transport Layer
▼ TCP Error Recovery Basics
➘  Each layer provides a service to the layer above it and TCP provides
a mechanism for reliable delivery of data.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Transport Layer
▼ Same-Layer and Adjacent Layer Interactions

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Network Layer
▼ Internet Protocol and the Postal Service
➘  You put all your letters in your mailbox and expect the Post Office to
deliver them to the correct address.
➘  This requires regular routes and carriers to move the letters to their
destination.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Network Layer
▼ Internet Protocol Addressing Basics
➘  IP defines addresses because each host needs a unique address so
that it can be identified on the network.
➘  IP groups the addresses together just like the postal system.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Network Layer
▼ IP Routing Basics
➘  The TCP/IP network layer uses the IP protocol to forward packets
from one device to another.
➘  The IP protocol defines a header that includes a source and
destination IP address for the packet.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Link Layer (Data Link Plus Physical)
▼ The term link refers to the physical connection between to
devices and the protocols used to control those links.

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Model and Terminology
▼ Data Encapsulation Terminology

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Networking Model
v TCP/IP Model and Terminology
▼ Names of TCP/IP Messages

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 Chapter 1
OSI Networking Model
v Comparing OSI and TCP/IP

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 Chapter 1
OSI Networking Model
v OSI Layers and Their Functions
▼ Application layer. This layer provides an interface between the
communications software and any applications that need to
communicate outside the computer on which the application
resides. It also defines processes for user authentication.
▼ Presentation layer. This layer’s main purpose is to define and
negotiate data formats, such as ASCII text, EBCDIC text, binary,
BCD, and JPEG. Encryption is also defined by OSI as a
presentation layer service.

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 Chapter 1
OSI Networking Model
v OSI Layers and Their Functions
▼ Session layer. This layer defines how to start, control, and end
conversations (called sessions). This includes the control and
management of multiple bidirectional messages so that the
application can be notified if only some of a series of messages
are completed. This allows the presentation layer to have a
seamless view of an incoming stream of data.
▼ Network layer. This layer defines three main features: logical
addressing, routing (forwarding), and path determination.
Routing defines how devices (typically routers) forward packets
to their final destination. Logical addressing defines how each
device can have an address that can be used by the routing
process. Path determination refers to the work done by routing
protocols to learn all possible routes and choose the best route.

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 Chapter 1
OSI Networking Model
v OSI Layers and Their Functions
▼ Data link layer. This layer defines the rules that determine
when a device can send data over a particular medium. Data link
protocols also define the format of a header and trailer that
allows devices attached to the medium to successfully send and
receive data.
▼ Physical layer. This layer typically refers to standards from
other organizations. These standards deal with the physical
characteristics of the transmission medium, including connectors,
pins, use of pins, electrical currents, encoding, light modulation,
and the rules for how to activate and deactivate the use of the
physical medium.

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 Chapter 1
OSI Networking Model
v OSI Reference Model – Example Devices and Protocols

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 Chapter 1
OSI Networking Model
v OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits
▼ Less complex: Compared to not using a layered model, network
models break the concepts into smaller parts.
▼ Standard interfaces: The standard interface definitions
between each layer allow multiple vendors to create products
that fill a particular role, with all the benefits of open competition.
▼ Easier to learn: Humans can more easily discuss and learn
about the many details of a protocol specification.
▼ Easier to develop: Reduced complexity allows easier program
changes and faster product development.

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 Chapter 1
OSI Network Model
v OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits
▼ Multivendor interoperability: Creating products to meet the
same networking standards means that computers and
networking gear from multiple vendors can work in the same
network.
▼ Modular engineering: One vendor can write software that
implements higher layers—for example, a web browser—and
another vendor can write software that implements the lower
layers—for example, Microsoft’s built-in TCP/IP software in its
OSs.

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 Chapter 1
OSI Network Model
v OSI Encapsulation Terminology
▼ TCP/IP uses terms like segment, packet, and frame where OSI
uses the generic term protocol data unit (PDU).

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 Chapter 1
Exam Preparation Tasks

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Questions?

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