Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Humans Machines
Worker operates a powered equipment
Sense unexpected stimuli Perform repetitive operations
consistently
Examples: Solve problems
Store large amounts of information
Machinist operating a milling machine Cope with abstract problems
Retrieve data from memory
Construction worker operating a backhoe Adapt to change reliably
Truck driver driving an 18-wheel tractor- Generalize from observations Perform multiple tasks at the
same time
trailer
Learn from experience
Apply high forces and power
Worker crew operating a rolling mill
Make decisions on incomplete Perform computations very quickly
Clerical worker entering data into a PC data
Make routine decisions quickly
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Classification of Powered
Types of Powered Equipment Machinery
Powered machinery: A source of power other
than human (or animal) strength is used to
operate that tool (or machine).
Cars, buses, trucks, airplanes
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1
Numbers of Workers and Machines Level of Operator Attention
One worker and One worker and Full-time attention
Welders performing arc welding
One machine Multiple machines
Taxicab driver and A worker Part-time attention during each work cycle
taxi operating several Worker loading and unloading a production machine on
machines semi-automatic cycle
Multiple workers and Multiple workers and Periodic attention with regular servicing
One machine Multiple machines Worker loading a machine every 20 cycles
2
Case 2.a: Cycle Times with No Overlap Example 2.8: Effect of machine
Between Worker and Machine allowance on standard time
Standard time for cycle Given: The work cycle consists of several
Tstd = Tnw (1 + Apfd) + Tm (1 + Am) manual work elements (operator controlled)
where and one machine element performed under
Tnw = Normal time for the, min semiautomatic control. The manual work
Tm = Machine cycle time (constant) elements: a normal time of 1 min and the
Am = Machine allowance factor semiautomatic machine cycle time is 2 min.
Apfd=15%.
Am=30%: Workers love that since efficiencies are
overestimated
Am=0%: Workers hate that since efficiencies are Determine: the standard time using
overestimated (a) Am=0,
Am= Apfd (b) Am=30%.
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The normal time for the work cycle: Tn=1.0+2.0=3.0 min Given: Standard times in the previous example (Example 2.8).
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Case 2.b: Internal Work Elements Normal Time and Standard Time
Some worker elements are performed while Normal time
machine is working Tn = Tnw + Max{Tnwi , Tm}
Internal work elements performed simultaneously
with machine cycle Standard time
Tstd = Tnw (1 + Apfd) +
External work elements performed sequentially with
machine cycle Max{Tnwi(1 + Apfd) , Tm(1 + Am)}
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
3
Example 2.10: Internal vs external work Example 2.10: Internal vs external work
elements in cycle time analysis elements in cycle time analysis
Worker Machine
Seq. Work Element Description Time Time
Worker Machine
Time Time (min) (min)
Seq. Work Element Description
(min) (min)
1 Worker unloads finished part from machine 0.10 (idle)
1 Worker walks to tote pan containing raw stock 0.13 (idle)
2 Worker picks up raw workpart and transports to machine 0.23 (idle) 2 Worker loads part into machine and engages 0.12 (idle)
semiautomatic machine cycle
3 Worker loads part into machine and engages machine 0.12 (idle)
3 Machine semiautomatic cycle (idle) 0.75
semiautomatic cycle
=(1.03-0.68)/0.68=%53
Power is required to drive the process and
%decrease in R=(Rcurrent-Rimproved)/Rcurrent operate the control system
=(0.68-1.03)/0.68=-%53
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
4
Determining worker and machine
Requirements
How many workers/machines are required to
achieve the organization’s work objectives?
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Number of workers and number of machines Given: 800 shafts must be produced in the
required: lathe section of a machine shop in particular
week. Each shaft is identical and Tstd=11.5min.
w= WL/AT, or n=WL/AT All the lathes are identical. There are 40 hours
of available time on each lathe.
where
Determine: Number of lathes and lathe
w = number of workers, operators must be devoted during that week.
n = number of workstations,
AT = available time of one worker in the
period, hr/period/worker
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
5
Example 2.11: Solution Factors that affect the workload
Workload: Learning effect:
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Factors that affect the workload Factors that affect the workload
Worker efficiency: Worker may perform either Defect rate: Fraction of parts produced that are defective.
above or below standard performance. A defect rate greater than zero increases the quantity of
work units that must be processed to yield the desired
quantity. So workload increases with defect rate.
Ew=Workload actually completed / Workload
completed at standard performance The relationship between the starting quantity and the final
quantity produced:
Q=Q0(1-q)
Worker efficiency greater than 1.00 reduces the where
workload. Q=quantity of good units made in the process,
Q0=original or starting quantity; q=fraction defect rate.
The combined effect of worker efficiency and defect rate is
given by
WL=(QTstd) / (Ew(1-q))
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
where
AT=available time, hr/worker,
Hsh=shift hours during the period, hr,
A=availability, expressed as a decimal fraction.
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
6
Example 2.12: Solution We omit
Total workload 2.4.2 When setup time is included
- a
Cse 2
Available time
AT=40(0.95)=38hr/machine