Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Subject : Pathology
Fundamentals of Pathology
1. Overview of Pathology - Answer (click here)
Inflammation
1. Acute Inflammation - Answer (click here)
2. Chronic Inflammation - Answer (click here)
3. Tissue Responses to Infectious Agents - Answer (click here)
Tissue Repair
1. Regeneration and Healing - Answer (click here)
2. Aberrations in Wound Healing - Answer (click here)
Circulatory Pathology
1. EDEMA - Answer (click here)
2. Hemostasis and Bleeding Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Thrombosis - Answer (click here)
4. Embolism - Answer (click here)
5. Infarction - Answer (click here)
6. Shock - Answer (click here)
Genetic Disorders
1. Disorders Involving an Extra Autosome - Answer (click here)
2. Disorders Involving Chromosomal Deletions - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD) - Answer (click here)
5. Mendelian Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Autosomal Recessive Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Autosomal Dominant Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. X-Linked Recessive Conditions - Answer (click here)
9. X-Linked Dominant Conditions - Answer (click here)
10. Triplet Repeat Mutations - Answer (click here)
11. Genomic Imprinting - Answer (click here)
12. Mitochondrial DNA Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Multifactorial Inheritance - Answer (click here)
Immunopathology
1. Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)
2. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Immune Deficiency Syndromes - Answer (click here)
4. Secondary Immune Deficiency Syndromes - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - Answer (click here)
6. Immunology of Transplant Rejection - Answer (click here)
Amyloidosis
1. Composition of Amyloid - Answer (click here)
2. Systemic Types of Amyloid - Answer (click here)
3. Localized Types of Amyloid - Answer (click here)
4. Amyloidosis: Clinical Features - Answer (click here)
Principles of Neoplasia
1. Principles of Neoplasia: Definition, Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
2. Carcinogenic Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Carcinogenesis - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis of Cancer - Answer (click here)
Skin Pathology
1. Disorders of Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
2. Melanocytic Tumors - Answer (click here)
3. Epidermal and Dermal Lesions - Answer (click here)
4. Malignant Tumors - Answer (click here)
Vascular Pathology
1. The Vasculitides - Answer (click here)
2. Raynaud Disease Versus Phenomenon - Answer (click here)
3. Arteriosclerosis - Answer (click here)
4. Hypertension (HTN) - Answer (click here)
5. Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Fistulas - Answer (click here)
6. Venous Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Vascular Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
Cardiac Pathology
1. Ischemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Congestive Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
3. Valvular Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Myocarditis - Answer (click here)
5. Congenital Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Primary Cardiomyopathies (Diagnosis of Exclusion) - Answer (click here)
7. Carcinoid Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Cardiac Tumors - Answer (click here)
9. Pericardial Disease - Answer (click here)
Respiratory Pathology
1. Congenital Cystic Lung Lesions - Answer (click here)
2. Atelectasis - Answer (click here)
3. Pulmonary Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Sarcoidosis - Answer (click here)
5. Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Infiltrative Restrictive Lung Diseases(Diffuse Interstitial Diseases) -
Answer (click here)
7. Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Pulmonary Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
9. Laryngeal Cancer - Answer (click here)
10. Diseases of the Pleural Cavity - Answer (click here)
Renal Pathology
1. Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
2. Cystic Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Glomerular Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Primary Glomerulopathies (Nephritic Syndrome) - Answer (click here)
5. Primary Glomerulopathies (Nephrotic) - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
7. Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
8. Tubulointerstitial Nephritis - Answer (click here)
9. Acute Tubular Injury - Answer (click here)
10. Urolithiasis - Answer (click here)
11. Chronic Renal Failure - Answer (click here)
12. Vascular Disorders of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
13. Tumors of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
14. Obstructive Disorders of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
15. Ureteral Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Urinary Bladder Pathology - Answer (click here)
Pancreatic Pathology
1. Congenital Anomalies of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
2. Inflammation of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
3. Pancreatic Tumors - Answer (click here)
Liver Pathology
1. Liver Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
2. Jaundice - Answer (click here)
3. Cirrhosis - Answer (click here)
4. Viral Hepatitis - Answer (click here)
5. Amebic Liver Abscess - Answer (click here)
6. Alcoholic Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolic Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Hemodynamic Liver Diseases - Answer (click here)
9. Liver Tumors - Answer (click here)
Breast Pathology
1. Mastitis - Answer (click here)
2. Fibrocystic Changes - Answer (click here)
3. Benign Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
4. Malignant Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
5. Gynecomastia - Pathology - Answer (click here)
Male Pathology
1. Penis - Pathology - Answer (click here)
2. Testes - Pathology - Answer (click here)
3. Testicular Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Prostate - Answer (click here)
Endocrine Pathology
1. Thyroid Gland - Pathology - Answer (click here)
2. Parathyroid Glands - Pathology - Answer (click here)
3. Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, and Pineal Gland - Pathology - Answer
(click here)
4. Adrenal Gland - Pathology - Answer (click here)
5. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes - Answer (click here)
6. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
Bone Pathology
1. Normal Bone - Pathology - Answer (click here)
2. Hereditary Bone Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Paget Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Osteoporosis - Answer (click here)
5. Osteomalacia and Rickets - Answer (click here)
6. Osteomyelitis - Answer (click here)
7. Miscellaneous Bone Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Benign Tumors of Bone - Answer (click here)
9. Malignant Tumors of Bone - Answer (click here)
Joint Pathology
1. Osteoarthritis - Answer (click here)
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
3. Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies - Answer (click here)
4. Arthritis Related to Crystal Deposition - Answer (click here)
5. Infectious Arthritis - Answer (click here)
6. Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint) - Answer (click here)
Tissues
1. Tissues and Histology - Answer (click here)
2. Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of Epithelia - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Epithelia - Answer (click here)
5. Connective tissue - Answer (click here)
6. Functions of Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
7. Muscle tissue - Answer (click here)
8. Nervous tissue - Answer (click here)
9. Tissue membranes - Answer (click here)
10. Tissue damage and inflammation - Answer (click here)
11. Tissue repair - Answer (click here)
12. Effects of aging on tissues - Answer (click here)
Integumentary System
1. Functions of the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
2. Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Subcutaneous Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Accessory skin structures - Answer (click here)
5. Physiology of the integumentary system - Answer (click here)
6. Integumentary system as a diagnostic Aid - Answer (click here)
7. Burns: Classify burns on the basis of the amount of skin damage
produced - Answer (click here)
8. Skin Cancer - Answer (click here)
9. Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
Muscular System
1. Functions of the Muscular System - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
3. Skeletal Muscle Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Excitability of Muscle Fibers - Answer (click here)
5. Nerve Supply and Muscle fiber Stimulation - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
7. Energy Requirements for Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
8. Fatigue - Answer (click here)
9. Effect of Fiber Type on Activity Level - Answer (click here)
10. Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle - Answer (click here)
11. General Principles - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy - Answer (click here)
12. Nomenclature - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy - Answer (click here)
13. Muscles of the head and Neck - Answer (click here)
14. Trunk Muscles - Answer (click here)
15. Upper limb Muscles - Answer (click here)
16. Lower Limb Muscles - Answer (click here)
17. Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
Nervous System
1. Functions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Divisions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
3. Cells of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
5. Resting Membrane Potential - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways -
Answer (click here)
6. Action Potentials - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click
here)
7. The Synapse - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
8. Reflexes - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
9. Neuronal Pathways - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer
(click here)
10. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems - Answer (click here)
11. Spinal Cord and Spinal Cord Reflexes - Answer (click here)
12. Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
13. Brain Anatomy - Answer (click here)
14. Sensory Functions - Answer (click here)
15. Motor Functions: Motor Areas Of The Cerebral Cortex, Descending
tracts, Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
16. Communication Between the right and Left hemispheres - Brain
Functions - Answer (click here)
17. Speech - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
18. Brain waves and Consciousness - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
19. Memory - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
20. Limbic system and emotions - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
21. Meninges - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
22. Ventricles - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
23. Cerebrospinal fluid - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
24. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
25. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
26. Enteric Nervous System - Answer (click here)
27. Effects of Aging on the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
Senses
1. Sensation - Answer (click here)
2. Sensory Receptors - Answer (click here)
3. General Senses - Answer (click here)
4. Special Senses - Answer (click here)
5. Olfaction - Answer (click here)
6. Taste - Answer (click here)
7. Vision - Answer (click here)
8. Accessory Structures of the Eye - Answer (click here)
9. Anatomy of the Eye - Answer (click here)
10. Functions of the Eye - Answer (click here)
11. Neuronal Pathways for Vision - Answer (click here)
12. Hearing and Balance - Answer (click here)
13. Anatomy and function of the Ear - Answer (click here)
14. Hearing - Ear - Answer (click here)
15. Neuronal Pathways for Hearing - Answer (click here)
16. Balance - Ear - Answer (click here)
17. Neuronal Pathways for Balance - Ear - Answer (click here)
18. Effects of Aging on the Senses - Answer (click here)
Endocrine System
1. Principles of Chemical Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
4. Chemical Nature of Hormones - Answer (click here)
5. Control of Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
6. Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
7. Pituitary and hypothalamus - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones -
Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer (click
here)
9. Parathyroid Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer
(click here)
10. Adrenal Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer (click
here)
11. Pancreas, Insulin, and Diabetes - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
- Answer (click here)
12. Testes and Ovaries - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer
(click here)
13. Thymus and Pineal Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones -
Answer (click here)
14. Other Hormones - Answer (click here)
15. Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
Blood
1. Functions of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Composition of Blood - Answer (click here)
3. Plasma - Answer (click here)
4. Formed Elements - Blood - Answer (click here)
5. Preventing Blood Loss - Answer (click here)
6. Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)
7. ABO Blood Group - Answer (click here)
8. Rh Blood Group - Answer (click here)
9. Diagnostic Blood Tests - Answer (click here)
Heart
1. Functions of the Heart - Answer (click here)
2. Size, Form, and Location of the Heart - Answer (click here)
3. Anatomy of the Heart - Answer (click here)
4. Heart valves - Answer (click here)
5. Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart - Answer (click here)
6. Blood Supply to the Heart - Answer (click here)
7. Histology of the Heart - Answer (click here)
8. Electrical Activity of the Heart - Answer (click here)
9. Cardiac Cycle - Answer (click here)
10. Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
11. Regulation of Heart Function - Answer (click here)
12. Effects of Aging on the Heart - Answer (click here)
Respiratory System
1. Functions of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
3. Nose - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
4. Pharynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. Larynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
6. Trachea - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
7. Bronchi - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
8. Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
9. Pleural Cavities - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
10. Lymphatic Supply - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click
here)
11. Ventilation and Respiratory Volumes - Answer (click here)
12. Changing thoracic Volume - Answer (click here)
13. Lung Recoil - Answer (click here)
14. Changing Alveolar Volume - Answer (click here)
15. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities - Answer (click here)
16. Gas Exchange - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
17. Gas Transport in the Blood - Answer (click here)
18. Rhythmic Breathing - Answer (click here)
19. Generation of Rhythmic Breathing - Answer (click here)
20. Nervous and Chemical Control of Breathing - Answer (click here)
21. Effect of Exercise on Breathing - Answer (click here)
22. Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise - Answer (click here)
23. Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
Digestive System
1. Functions of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
3. Anatomy of Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus - Answer (click here)
4. Anatomy of the oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
5. Saliva - Answer (click here)
6. Swallowing - Digestive System - Answer (click here)
7. Stomach - Answer (click here)
8. Anatomy of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
9. Secretions of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
10. Regulation of Stomach Secretions - Answer (click here)
11. Movement in the Stomach - Answer (click here)
12. Anatomy of the Small intestine - Answer (click here)
13. Secretions of the Small intestine - Answer (click here)
14. Movement and Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
15. Anatomy of the liver - Answer (click here)
16. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
17. Anatomy and Functions of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
18. Anatomy of the large intestine - Answer (click here)
19. Functions of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)
20. Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
21. Effects of Aging on the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
Reproductive System
1. Functions of the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of Gametes - Answer (click here)
3. Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
4. Physiology of Male Reproduction - Answer (click here)
5. Regulation of Reproductive Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
6. Puberty In Males - Answer (click here)
7. Effects of Testosterone - Answer (click here)
8. Male Sexual Behavior and The Male Sex Act - Answer (click here)
9. Infertility in Males - Answer (click here)
10. Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
11. Ovaries - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
12. Oogenesis and Fertilization - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click
here)
13. Uterine tubes - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
14. Uterus - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
15. Vagina - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
16. Mammary Glands and Anatomy of the Breast - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
17. Physiology of Female Reproduction - Answer (click here)
18. Puberty in Females - Answer (click here)
19. Menstrual Cycle - Answer (click here)
20. Female sexual Behavior and the Female sex act - Answer (click here)
21. Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
Cells
1. Cells - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleus - Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Cytoplasm and Cell Organelles - Answer (click here)
6. Cellular Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
7. The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
8. Cell Division - Answer (click here)
9. Aging and Cells - Answer (click here)
The Senses
1. Sensory Pathway - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics of Sensations - Answer (click here)
3. Cutaneous Senses - Answer (click here)
4. Muscle Sense - Answer (click here)
5. Sense of Taste - Answer (click here)
6. Sense of Smell - Answer (click here)
7. Hunger and Thirst - Answer (click here)
8. The Eye - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
9. Eyeball: Layers and Cavities of the Eyeball - Answer (click here)
10. Physiology of Vision - Eye - Answer (click here)
11. The Ear: Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
12. Arterial Receptors - Answer (click here)
13. Aging and the Senses - Answer (click here)
The Heart
1. Location and Pericardial Membranes - Answer (click here)
2. Heart Chambers-Vessels and Valves - Answer (click here)
3. Coronary Vessels - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
5. Cardiac Conduction Pathway - Answer (click here)
6. Heart Rate - Answer (click here)
7. Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Heart Rate - Answer (click here)
9. Aging and the Heart - Answer (click here)
Cardiac Failure
1. Acute Effects of Moderate Cardiac Failure - Answer (click here)
2. Chronic Stage of Failure-Fluid Retention Helps to Compensate Cardiac
Output - Answer (click here)
3. Summary of the Changes That Occur After Acute Cardiac Failure-
“Compensated Heart Failure” - Answer (click here)
4. Dynamics of Severe Cardiac Failure- Decompensated Heart Failure -
Answer (click here)
5. Unilateral Left Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
6. Low-Output Cardiac Failure- Cardiogenic Shock - Answer (click here)
7. Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure - Answer (click here)
8. Cardiac Reserve - Answer (click here)
9. Quantitative Graphical Method for Analysis of Cardiac Failure - Answer
(click here)
Pulmonary Ventilation
1. Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation - Answer (click here)
2. Muscles That Cause Lung Expansion and Contraction - Answer (click here)
3. Movement of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause
the Movement - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of the Thoracic Cage on Lung Expansibility - Answer (click here)
5. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities - Answer (click here)
6. Minute Respiratory Volume Equals Respiratory Rate Times Tidal
Volume - Answer (click here)
7. Alveolar Ventilation - Answer (click here)
8. Functions of the Respiratory Passageways - Answer (click here)
9. Normal Respiratory Functions of the Nose - Answer (click here)
10. Vocalization - Functions of the Respiratory Passageways - Answer (click
here)
Regulation of Respiration
1. Respiratory Center - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical Control of Respiration - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity -
Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control - Answer (click here)
4. Regulation of Respiration During Exercise - Answer (click here)
5. Other Factors That Affect Respiration - Answer (click here)
6. Sleep Apnea - Answer (click here)
Lipid Metabolism
1. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
3. Fat Deposits: Adipose Tissue, Liver Lipids - Answer (click here)
4. Use of Triglycerides for Energy: Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate -
Answer (click here)
5. Formation of Acetoacetic Acid in the Liver and Its Transport in the
Blood - Answer (click here)
6. Synthesis of Triglycerides from Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
7. Synthesis of Triglycerides from Proteins - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Energy Release from Triglycerides - Answer (click here)
9. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Cholesterol - Answer (click here)
11. Cellular Structural Functions of Phospholipids and Cholesterol-
Especially for Membranes - Answer (click here)
12. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
13. Basic Causes of Atherosclerosis - The Roles of Cholesterol and
Lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
14. Few Major Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
15. Prevention of Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
Protein Metabolism
1. Basic Properties of Protein Metabolism: Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
2. Transport and Storage of Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
3. Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
5. Use of Proteins for Energy - Answer (click here)
6. Obligatory Degradation of Proteins - Answer (click here)
7. Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
Introduction to Endocrinology
1. Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers - Answer (click
here)
2. Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance from the Blood - Answer
(click here)
4. Hormone Receptors and Their Activation - Answer (click here)
5. Intracellular Signaling After Hormone Receptor Activation - Answer (click
here)
6. Second Messenger Mechanisms for Mediating Intracellular Hormonal
Functions - Answer (click here)
7. Hormones That Act Mainly on the Genetic Machinery of the Cell -
Answer (click here)
8. Measurement of Hormone Concentrations in the Blood - Answer (click
here)
Adrenocortical Hormones
1. Adrenocortical Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of the Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone - Answer (click here)
4. Renal and Circulatory Effects of Aldosterone - Answer (click here)
5. Aldosterone Stimulates Sodium and Potassium Transport - Answer (click
here)
6. Cellular Mechanism of Aldosterone Action - Answer (click here)
7. Possible Nongenomic Actions of Aldosterone and Other Steroid
Hormones - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion - Answer (click here)
9. Functions of the Glucocorticoids - Answer (click here)
10. Effects of Cortisol on Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
11. Effects of Cortisol on Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
12. Effects of Cortisol on Fat Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Cortisol is Important in Resisting Stress and Inflammation - Answer (click
here)
14. Other Effects of Cortisol - Answer (click here)
15. Cellular Mechanism of Cortisol Action - Answer (click here)
16. Regulation of Cortisol Secretion by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone from
the Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
17. Adrenal Androgens - Answer (click here)
18. Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion - Answer (click here)
19. Hypoadrenalism-Addison’s Disease - Answer (click here)
20. Hyperadrenalism-Cushing’s Syndrome - Answer (click here)
21. Primary Aldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome) - Answer (click here)
22. Adrenogenital Syndrome - Answer (click here)
Sports Physiology
1. Sports Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Muscles in Exercise: Strength, Power, and Endurance of Muscles -
Answer (click here)
3. Muscle Metabolic Systems in Exercise - Answer (click here)
4. Phosphocreatine-Creatine System - Muscles in Exercise - Answer (click
here)
5. Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity - Muscles in Exercise - Answer
(click here)
6. Effect of Athletic Training on Muscles and Muscle Performance - Answer
(click here)
7. Respiration in Exercise - Answer (click here)
8. Cardiovascular System in Exercise - Answer (click here)
9. Body Heat in Exercise - Answer (click here)
10. Body Fluids and Salt in Exercise - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs and Athletes - Answer (click here)
12. Body Fitness Prolongs Life - Answer (click here)
Diseases Staphylococci
1. Staphyloccoci: Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Morphology and Structure - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics for Identification and Subtyping - Staphylococcus aureus
- Answer (click here)
4. Toxins and Biologically active Extracellular Enzymes - Staphylococcus
aureus - Answer (click here)
5. Staphylococcal Disease - Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity -
Answer (click here)
6. Staphylococcal Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - Answer (click here)
Diseases Neisseria
1. Neisseria: General Features - Answer (click here)
2. Neisseria Meningitidis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Meningo Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Meningo Coccal Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
6. Gonorrhea - Answer (click here)
7. Gonorrhea : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
Diseases Enterobacteriaceae
1. Enterobacteriaceae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Diseases Caused By Entero Bacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
3. Entero Bacteriaceae : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Escherichia Coli - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Escherichia Coli Opportunistic Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Escherichia Coli Intestinal Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC) - Answer (click here)
8. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) - Answer (click here)
9. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) - Answer (click here)
10. Escherichia Coli Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Shigella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
12. Shigellosis - Answer (click here)
13. Shigellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Salmonella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
15. Salmonella Gastroenteritis ( S. enterica) - Answer (click here)
16. Enteric ( Typhoid ) Fever ( Salmonella sero type Typhi ) - Answer (click
here)
17. Salmonellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
18. Yersinia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
19. Yersinia Diseases(Y. pseudotuberculosisand Y. enterocolitica) - Answer
(click here)
20. Yersinia Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
21. Klebsiella - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
22. Enterobacter - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
23. Serratia - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
24. Citrobacter - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
25. Proteus, Providencia, And Morganella - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click
here)
Diseases Legionella
1. Legionella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Legionellosis - Answer (click here)
3. Legionellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
Diseases Spirochetes
1. Spirochetes - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Spirochetal Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Treponema Pallidum - Answer (click here)
4. Syphilis - Answer (click here)
5. Syphilis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Leptospira Interrogans - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
7. Leptospirosis - Answer (click here)
8. Leptospirosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Borrelia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
10. Relapsing Fever - Answer (click here)
11. Relapsing Fever : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Borrelia Burgdorferi - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
13. Lyme Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Lyme Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
Diseases Mycobacteria
1. Mycobacterium - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Mycobacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
4. Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
5. Tuberculosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Tuberculosis : Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
7. Tuberculosis : Pathogenesis - Answer (click here)
8. Tuberculosis : Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Tuberculosis : Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
10. Tuberculosis: Treatment - Answer (click here)
11. Tuberculosis: Prevention - Answer (click here)
12. Mycobacterium Leprae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
13. Leprosy - Answer (click here)
14. Leprosy : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Mycobacteria Causing Tuberculosis-Like Diseases - Answer (click here)
16. Mycobacterial Soft Tissue Infections - Answer (click here)
Diseases Chlamydia
1. Chlamydia Trachomatis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Chlamydia trachomatis Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Chlamydiatrachomatis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Chlamydia Psittaci - Answer (click here)
5. Chlamydia Pneumoniae - Answer (click here)
Diseases Poxviruses
1. Poxviruses: Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Variola (Smallpox) - Answer (click here)
3. Smallpox :Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Vaccinia virus - Answer (click here)
5. Molluscum Contagiosum virus - Answer (click here)
6. Orf - Answer (click here)
7. Milker’s Nodules and Cowpox - Answer (click here)
Diseases Enteroviruses
1. Enteroviruses: Group Characteristics - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Entero Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Entero Viruses: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Polio - Answer (click here)
5. Polio : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Coxsackieviruses and Echoviruses - Answer (click here)
Diseases Herpesviruses
1. Herpesviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Herpes Simplex Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
3. Herpes Simplex Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Herpes Simplex : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Varicella-Zoster Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
6. Varicella - Zoster Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Varicella - Zoster Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Cytomegalovirus - Virology - Answer (click here)
9. Cytomegalo Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Cytomegalo Virus : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Epstein-Barr Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
12. Epstein – Barr Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Epstein - Barr Virus : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Human Herpesvirus-6 - Answer (click here)
15. Human Herpesvirus-7 - Answer (click here)
16. Human Herpesvirus-8 - Answer (click here)
Diseases Rabies
1. Rabies - Answer (click here)
2. Rabies : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
Diseases Papovaviruses
1. Papillomaviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Papilloma Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Papilloma Virus :Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Polyomaviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
5. Polyoma Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Polyoma Viruses : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
Diseases Papovaviruses
1. Human Diseases Caused By Unconventional Viral Agents: Subacute
Spongiform Encephalopathies - Answer (click here)
Diseases Sporozoa
1. Plasmodia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
2. Malaria - Answer (click here)
3. Epidemiology - Malaria - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
5. Immunity - Malaria - Answer (click here)
6. Malaria : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Manifestations - Malaria - Answer (click here)
8. Diagnosis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment - Malaria - Answer (click here)
10. Prevention - Malaria - Answer (click here)
11. Toxoplasma Gondii - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
12. Toxoplasmosis - Answer (click here)
13. Toxoplasmosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Cryptosporidia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
15. Cryptosporidiosis - Answer (click here)
16. Cryptosporidiosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
Diseases Rhizopods
1. Rhizopods or Amebas - Answer (click here)
2. Entamoeba Histolytica - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Amebiasis - Answer (click here)
4. Amebiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Amebic Meningoencephalitis - Answer (click here)
Diseases Flagellates
1. Noninvasive Luminal Flagellates - Answer (click here)
2. Trichomonas vaginalis - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Trichomoniasis - Answer (click here)
4. Trichomoniasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Giardia lamblia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
6. Giardiasis - Answer (click here)
7. Giardiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Blood and Tissue Flagellates - Answer (click here)
9. Leishmania - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
10. Localized Cutaneous Leish Maniasis - Answer (click here)
11. Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)
12. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)
13. Disseminated Visceral Leishmaniasis ( Kala Azar ) - Answer (click here)
14. African Trypanosoma - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
15. African Trypan Osomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness ) - Answer (click here)
16. African Trypanosomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness ) : Clinical Aspects -
Answer (click here)
17. American Trypanosoma - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
18. American Trypanosomiasis(Chagas’ Disease ) - Answer (click here)
19. American Trypanosomiasis ( Chagas’ Disease) :Clinical Aspects -
Answer (click here)
Diseases Cestodes
1. Cestodes - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
2. Cestodes Clinical Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Taenia saginata Beef Tapeworm : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
4. Beef Tapeworm Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Beef Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Taenia solium : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
7. Pork Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Fish Tapeworm: Diphyllobothrium latum : Parasitology - Answer (click
here)
9. Fish Tape Worm Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Fish Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Echinococcus granulosus - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
12. Echino Coccosis - Answer (click here)
13. Echino Coccosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Echinococcus multilocularis - Answer (click here)
Diseases Trematodes
1. Trematodes - Answer (click here)
2. Paragonimus Species : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Paragonimiasis ( Lung Fluke Infection ) : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click
here)
4. Clonorchis sinensis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
5. Clonorchiasis ( Liver Fluke Infection ) - Answer (click here)
6. Schistosoma Species : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
7. Schistosomiasis( Blood Fluke Infection ) - Answer (click here)
8. Schistosomiasis ( Blood Fluke Infection ) : Clinical Aspects - Answer
(click here)
Biomolecules
1. Biomolecule: Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
Enzymes
1. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical nature of enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Naming of enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of enzymes - Answer (click here)
5. Factors influencing enzyme activity - Answer (click here)
6. Types of enzyme inhibition - Answer (click here)
7. Iso enzymes - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of enzymes - Answer (click here)
Carbohydrates
1. Functions of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
4. Physical properties of monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical properties of glucose - Answer (click here)
6. Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose - Answer (click here)
7. Disaccharides - Answer (click here)
8. Poly saccharides - Answer (click here)
Proteins
1. Proteins and Sources of protein - Answer (click here)
2. Amino acids - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of amino acids - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Protein structure - Answer (click here)
7. Biologically important proteins - Answer (click here)
Lipids
1. Lipids - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
3. Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
6. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
7. Classification of Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids - Answer
(click here)
9. Importance of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Sterols - Answer (click here)
11. Cholesterol: Structure, Properties - Answer (click here)
Nucleic Acids
1. Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases - Answer (click here)
2. Purine bases: Structure and Properties - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
6. Functions of DNA - Answer (click here)
7. Structure and types of RNA - Answer (click here)
Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Fat soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
3. Water soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin - A - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
8. Thiamine (B1) - Answer (click here)
9. Riboflavin (B2) - Answer (click here)
10. Niacin (B3) - Answer (click here)
11. Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer (click here)
12. Folic acid - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
14. Pantothenic acid (B5) - Answer (click here)
15. Biotin - Answer (click here)
16. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Answer (click here)
Minerals
1. Minerals Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium - Answer (click here)
3. Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
4. Sodium - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium - Answer (click here)
6. Chlorine - Answer (click here)
7. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
8. Sulphur - Answer (click here)
9. Iron - Answer (click here)
10. Copper - Answer (click here)
11. Iodine - Answer (click here)
12. Fluorine - Answer (click here)
13. Zinc - Answer (click here)
14. Cobalt - Answer (click here)
15. Manganese - Answer (click here)
16. Chromium - Answer (click here)
17. Molybdenum - Answer (click here)
18. Selenium - Answer (click here)
Biochemical Techniques
1. Chromatography - Answer (click here)
2. Types of chromatography - Answer (click here)
3. Column chromatography: Types, Principle - Answer (click here)
4. Thin Layer chromatography - Answer (click here)
5. Paper chromatography - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of chromatography - Answer (click here)
7. Electrophoresis: principle, Types - Answer (click here)
8. Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses - Answer (click here)
9. Differential centrifugation technique - Answer (click here)
10. Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
11. The photoelectric colorimeter - Answer (click here)
12. Applications of spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
Cell Membrane
1. Cell Membrane: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition - Answer (click here)
3. Models proposed for the plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Membrane: Viscosity - Answer (click here)
6. Surface tension - Answer (click here)
7. Osmosis and Biological Significance - Answer (click here)
8. Buffers - Answer (click here)
Digestion
1. Biochemistry: Digestion - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates in Digestion - Answer (click here)
3. Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Digestion of Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion of Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrate as a source of energy - Answer (click here)
3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) - Answer (click here)
4. HMP shunt pathway - Answer (click here)
5. Glycogen - Answer (click here)
6. Glycogen biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) - Answer (click here)
8. Gluconeogenesis - Answer (click here)
9. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
Protein Metabolism
1. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Protein biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. Protein Metabolism Translation - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Urea Cycle - Answer (click here)
6. Formation of Niacin - Answer (click here)
7. Formation of Melanin - Answer (click here)
8. Formation of thyroid hormone - Answer (click here)
9. Formation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)
Lipid Metabolism
1. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Biological functions of Lipids - Answer (click here)
3. Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
4. Biosynthesis of fatty acids - Answer (click here)
5. Oxidation of Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
6. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Biosynthesis of cholesterol - Answer (click here)
8. Important products derived from cholesterol - Answer (click here)
9. Biosynthesis of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Cephalin - Answer (click here)
11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
Biological Oxidation
1. Biological Oxidation - Answer (click here)
2. Redox Couple - Answer (click here)
3. Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
5. High energy compounds - Answer (click here)
Enzyme Kinetics
1. Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Derivation of M - M Equation - Answer (click here)
3. Enzyme Action - Answer (click here)
4. Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts - Answer (click here)
Immunology
1. Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Natural Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Humoral immunity - Answer (click here)
7. Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Antigens - Answer (click here)
9. Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here)
10. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here)
11. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
12. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
13. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here)
14. Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here)
15. Blood groups - Answer (click here)
Practicals
1. Collection of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Preparation of Starch From Potatoes - Answer (click here)
3. Preparation of Casein From Milk - Answer (click here)
4. Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation - Answer
(click here)
5. Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method) - Answer (click here)
6. Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method) - Answer (click here)
7. Determination of Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)
Subject : Biochemistry
Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells
1. How does biochemistry describe life processes? - Answer (click here)
2. How did living things originate? - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry - Answer (click here)
4. How and when did the Earth come to be? - Answer (click here)
5. How were biomolecules likely to have formed on the early Earth? -
Answer (click here)
6. Molecules to Cells: Which came first - the catalysts or the hereditary
molecules? - Answer (click here)
7. The Biggest Biological Distinction-Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - Answer
(click here)
8. How is prokaryotic DNA organized without a nucleus? - Answer (click
here)
9. Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Five Kingdoms, Three Domains - Answer (click here)
11. Extremophiles: The Toast of the Industry - Answer (click here)
12. Common Ground for All Cells - Answer (click here)
13. Did eukaryotes develop from prokaryotes? - Answer (click here)
14. Did symbiosis play a role in the development of eukaryotes? - Answer
(click here)
15. Biochemical Energetics - Answer (click here)
16. Energy and Change: What kinds of energy changes take place in living
cells? - Answer (click here)
17. Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
18. Life and Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
19. Predicting Reactions - Answer (click here)
Carbohydrates
1. Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry - Answer (click here)
2. What is unique about the structures of sugars? - Answer (click here)
3. What happens if a sugar forms a cyclic molecule? - Answer (click here)
4. Reactions of Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin C Is Related to Sugars - Answer (click here)
6. Some Important Oligosaccharides - Answer (click here)
7. Fruits, Flowers, Striking Colors, and Medicinal Uses Too - Answer (click
here)
8. Lactose Intolerance: Why Do So Many People Not Want to Drink Milk?
- Answer (click here)
9. Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides - Answer (click here)
10. Why Is Dietary Fiber So Good for You? - Answer (click here)
11. Glycoproteins - Answer (click here)
12. Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here)
13. Glycoproteins and Blood Transfusions - Answer (click here)
Glycolysis
1. The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
2. Biofuels from Fermentation - Answer (click here)
3. Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose toThree-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-
Phosphate - Answer (click here)
4. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
5. Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
6. What Is the Connection between Anaerobic Metabolism and Dental
Plaque? - Answer (click here)
7. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Answer (click here)
8. Energy Production in Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
Lipid Metabolism
1. Catabolism of Lipids - Answer (click here)
2. The Energy Yield from the Oxidationof Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
3. Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids -
Answer (click here)
4. Ketone Bodies - Answer (click here)
5. Fatty-Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Ketone Bodies and Effective Weight Loss - Answer (click here)
7. Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids - Answer (click here)
8. A Gene for Obesity - Answer (click here)
9. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-A New Target in the Fight against Obesity? -
Answer (click here)
10. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
Photosynthesis
1. Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
2. The Relationship between Wavelength and Energy of Light - Answer
(click here)
3. Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis - Answer
(click here)
4. Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosystem I - Answer (click here)
5. Photosynthesis and ATP Production - Answer (click here)
6. Killing Weeds by Inhibiting Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen -
Answer (click here)
8. Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2 - Answer (click here)
9. Chloroplast Genes - Answer (click here)
10. CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants - Answer (click here)
Living Cell
1. Living Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Living cells - Answer (click here)
3. Sub cellular Organelles - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Membrane and its Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Wall and its Functions - Answer (click here)
6. Nucleus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
7. Mitochondria and its Functions - Answer (click here)
8. Endoplasmic reticulum and its Functions - Answer (click here)
9. Golgi apparatus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
10. Ribosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
11. Lysosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
12. Peroxisomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
13. Cytoplasm and its Functions - Answer (click here)
14. Chloroplasts and its Functions - Answer (click here)
15. Cell Vacuoles - Answer (click here)
16. Blood: Composition and Functions - Answer (click here)
17. Formation of blood - Answer (click here)
18. Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
19. Buffers - Answer (click here)
20. Uses of buffer - Answer (click here)
21. Buffers of blood - Answer (click here)
22. Acids and bases - Answer (click here)
Biomolecules
1. Biomolecule: Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
Enzymes
1. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical nature of enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Naming of enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of enzymes - Answer (click here)
5. Factors influencing enzyme activity - Answer (click here)
6. Types of enzyme inhibition - Answer (click here)
7. Iso enzymes - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of enzymes - Answer (click here)
Carbohydrates
1. Functions of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
4. Physical properties of monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical properties of glucose - Answer (click here)
6. Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose - Answer (click here)
7. Disaccharides - Answer (click here)
8. Poly saccharides - Answer (click here)
Proteins
1. Proteins and Sources of protein - Answer (click here)
2. Amino acids - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of amino acids - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Protein structure - Answer (click here)
7. Biologically important proteins - Answer (click here)
Lipids
1. Lipids - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
3. Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
6. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
7. Classification of Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids - Answer
(click here)
9. Importance of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Sterols - Answer (click here)
11. Cholesterol: Structure, Properties - Answer (click here)
Nucleic Acids
1. Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases - Answer (click here)
2. Purine bases: Structure and Properties - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
6. Functions of DNA - Answer (click here)
7. Structure and types of RNA - Answer (click here)
Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Fat soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
3. Water soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin - A - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
8. Thiamine (B1) - Answer (click here)
9. Riboflavin (B2) - Answer (click here)
10. Niacin (B3) - Answer (click here)
11. Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer (click here)
12. Folic acid - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
14. Pantothenic acid (B5) - Answer (click here)
15. Biotin - Answer (click here)
16. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Answer (click here)
Minerals
1. Minerals Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium - Answer (click here)
3. Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
4. Sodium - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium - Answer (click here)
6. Chlorine - Answer (click here)
7. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
8. Sulphur - Answer (click here)
9. Iron - Answer (click here)
10. Copper - Answer (click here)
11. Iodine - Answer (click here)
12. Fluorine - Answer (click here)
13. Zinc - Answer (click here)
14. Cobalt - Answer (click here)
15. Manganese - Answer (click here)
16. Chromium - Answer (click here)
17. Molybdenum - Answer (click here)
18. Selenium - Answer (click here)
Biochemical Techniques
1. Chromatography - Answer (click here)
2. Types of chromatography - Answer (click here)
3. Column chromatography: Types, Principle - Answer (click here)
4. Thin Layer chromatography - Answer (click here)
5. Paper chromatography - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of chromatography - Answer (click here)
7. Electrophoresis: principle, Types - Answer (click here)
8. Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses - Answer (click here)
9. Differential centrifugation technique - Answer (click here)
10. Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
11. The photoelectric colorimeter - Answer (click here)
12. Applications of spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
Cell Membrane
1. Cell Membrane: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition - Answer (click here)
3. Models proposed for the plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Membrane: Viscosity - Answer (click here)
6. Surface tension - Answer (click here)
7. Osmosis and Biological Significance - Answer (click here)
8. Buffers - Answer (click here)
Digestion
1. Biochemistry: Digestion - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates in Digestion - Answer (click here)
3. Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Digestion of Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion of Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrate as a source of energy - Answer (click here)
3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) - Answer (click here)
4. HMP shunt pathway - Answer (click here)
5. Glycogen - Answer (click here)
6. Glycogen biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) - Answer (click here)
8. Gluconeogenesis - Answer (click here)
9. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
Protein Metabolism
1. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Protein biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. Protein Metabolism Translation - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Urea Cycle - Answer (click here)
6. Formation of Niacin - Answer (click here)
7. Formation of Melanin - Answer (click here)
8. Formation of thyroid hormone - Answer (click here)
9. Formation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)
Lipid Metabolism
1. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Biological functions of Lipids - Answer (click here)
3. Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
4. Biosynthesis of fatty acids - Answer (click here)
5. Oxidation of Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
6. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Biosynthesis of cholesterol - Answer (click here)
8. Important products derived from cholesterol - Answer (click here)
9. Biosynthesis of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Cephalin - Answer (click here)
11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
Biological Oxidation
1. Biological Oxidation - Answer (click here)
2. Redox Couple - Answer (click here)
3. Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
5. High energy compounds - Answer (click here)
Enzyme Kinetics
1. Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Derivation of M - M Equation - Answer (click here)
3. Enzyme Action - Answer (click here)
4. Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts - Answer (click here)
Immunology
1. Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Natural Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Humoral immunity - Answer (click here)
7. Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Antigens - Answer (click here)
9. Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here)
10. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here)
11. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
12. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
13. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here)
14. Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here)
15. Blood groups - Answer (click here)
Practicals
1. Collection of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Preparation of Starch From Potatoes - Answer (click here)
3. Preparation of Casein From Milk - Answer (click here)
4. Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation - Answer
(click here)
5. Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method) - Answer (click here)
6. Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method) - Answer (click here)
7. Determination of Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)
Subject : Microbiology
Microbiology
1. History Of Microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. The compound light microscope - Answer (click here)
3. Stains and staining reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
5. Factors Influenzing Sterilization by Heat - Answer (click here)
6. Merits and Demerits of Heat Sterilization - Answer (click here)
7. Pure culture methods - Answer (click here)
8. Microbial nutrition and growth - Answer (click here)
9. Prokaryotic cell structure - Answer (click here)
10. Microbiology Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
11. Taxonomy of Fungi - Answer (click here)
12. Taxonomy of Algae - Answer (click here)
13. Microbiology of air - Answer (click here)
14. Microbiology of water - Answer (click here)
15. Sources of water pollution - Microbiology of water - Answer (click here)
16. Microbiology of food - Answer (click here)
17. Factors that influence the growth of the microorganisms - Answer (click
here)
18. Microbiology of milk - Answer (click here)
19. Sources of microorganisms in milk - Answer (click here)
20. Microbiology of soil - Answer (click here)
21. Distribution of different types of soil microorganisms - Answer (click here)
22. Factors that influencing microbial population - Answer (click here)
23. Harmful microbial interactions - Answer (click here)
24. Medical Microbiology - Answer (click here)
25. Routes of spread of infection - Answer (click here)
26. Virulence Factors - Answer (click here)
27. Respiratory tract infections - Answer (click here)
28. Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
29. Infections of the Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
30. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
31. Bacterial skin and wound infection - Answer (click here)
32. Factors Responsible For Wound Infections - Answer (click here)
33. Bacterial infections of thegastrointestinal tract - Answer (click here)
34. Superficial mycoses and dermatomycoses - Answer (click here)
35. Amoebiasis - Answer (click here)
36. Malaria - Answer (click here)
37. Filariasis - Answer (click here)
38. Poliomyelitis - Answer (click here)
39. Influenza - Answer (click here)
40. Zoonotic diseases - Answer (click here)
41. Rabies - Answer (click here)
42. Structure and Development of Immune System - Answer (click here)
43. Function of the thymus gland - Answer (click here)
44. Effects of thymectomy (removal of thymus) - Answer (click here)
45. Bursa of Fabricius and Functions of Bursa of Fabricius - Answer (click here)
46. Functions of lymph node - Answer (click here)
47. Functions of spleen - Answer (click here)
48. Functions of MALT(Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) and GALT -
Answer (click here)
49. Cells of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
50. Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
51. Anatomic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
52. Physiologic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
53. Phagocytic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
54. Inflammatory Barriers - Answer (click here)
55. Collaboration between Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
56. Adaptive Imuunity - Answer (click here)
57. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
58. Characterization of antibodies - Answer (click here)
59. Properties and functions of immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
60. Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
61. Stages Involved in Antigen-antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
62. General Features of Antigen-antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
63. Measurement of Antignen and Antibody - Answer (click here)
64. Types of Agglutination Reactions - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer
(click here)
65. Precipitation Reactions: Test, Application - Answer (click here)
66. Microbial genetics - Answer (click here)
67. DNA as the Genetic Material - Answer (click here)
68. Griffith Experiment - Answer (click here)
69. Avery, MacLeod and McCarthy experiment - Answer (click here)
70. Hershey and Chase Experiment - Answer (click here)
71. DNA Structure - Answer (click here)
72. Alternative form of DNA - Answer (click here)
73. DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
74. Enzymology of DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
Sterilizationand Disinfection
1. Definition of Frequently Used Terms in Sterilizationand Disinfection -
Answer (click here)
2. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
3. Physical Methods of Sterilization - Answer (click here)
4. Chemical Methods of Sterilization - Answer (click here)
5. Sterilization by moist heat - Answer (click here)
6. Sterilization by dry heat - Answer (click here)
7. Disinfection - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of Ideal Disinfectant - Answer (click here)
9. Action of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
10. Factors Influencing Activity of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
11. Types of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
12. Testing of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
Culture Media
1. Culture Media - Answer (click here)
2. Ingredients of Culture Media - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Culture Media - Answer (click here)
Culture Methods
1. Culture Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Methods of Culture - Answer (click here)
3. Anaerobic Culture: Specimen, Culture Media, Methods - Answer (click
here)
Bacterial Genetics
1. Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
2. Chromosomal Substances - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Mutations - Answer (click here)
4. Extrachromosomal DNA Substances - Answer (click here)
5. Transfer of DNA Within Bacterial Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Transfer of DNA Between Bacterial Cells - Answer (click here)
Microbial Pathogenesis
1. Microbial Pathogenesis: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
3. Infection and Types of Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Transmission of Infection - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer
(click here)
6. Entry of Organisms and Evasion of Local Defenses - Stages of
Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Adherence to Cell Surfaces - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections -
Answer (click here)
8. Growth and Multiplication of Bacteria at the Site of Adherence - Stages
of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Manifestations and Termination of Disease - Stages of Pathogenesis of
Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Stages of an Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
Immunity
1. Immunity - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Immunity - Answer (click here)
3. Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors influencing innate immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Mechanisms of innate immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Mediators of inflammatory reactions - Answer (click here)
7. Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity and its Types - Answer (click here)
Antigen
1. Antigen: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Determinants of Antigenicity - Answer (click here)
3. Antigenic Specificity: Epitopes - Answer (click here)
4. Species Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
5. Isospecificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
6. Autospecificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
7. Organ Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
8. Heterophile Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
9. Haptens - Answer (click here)
10. Superantigens - Answer (click here)
Antibodies
1. Antibodies: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Immunoglobulins with Proteolytic Enzymes - Answer (click
here)
4. Immunoglobulin Antigen Determinants - Answer (click here)
5. Biosynthesis of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
7. Immunoglobulin Classes - Answer (click here)
8. Abnormal Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
Complement System
1. Complement System - Answer (click here)
2. Activation of Complement - Answer (click here)
3. Regulation of Complement System - Answer (click here)
4. Biological Effects of Complement - Answer (click here)
5. Deficiency of Complement - Answer (click here)
6. Biosynthesis of Complement - Answer (click here)
7. Quantitation of Complement - Answer (click here)
Immune Response
1. Humoral Immunity - Answer (click here)
2. Production of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
3. Theories of antibody formation - Answer (click here)
4. Factors affecting production of antibodies - Answer (click here)
5. Immunosuppressive agents - Answer (click here)
6. Monoclonal Antibodies and Method of production - Answer (click here)
7. Function of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Induction of CMI - Answer (click here)
10. Cytokines and Categories of cytokines - Answer (click here)
11. Tests for Detection of CMI - Answer (click here)
12. Transfer Factor - Answer (click here)
13. Immunological Tolerance - Answer (click here)
14. Mechanisms of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
15. Types of Immune Tolerance - Answer (click here)
Immunodeficiency
1. Immunodeficiency: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
3. B-Cell Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
4. T-Cell Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
5. Combined B-Cell and T-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
6. Complement Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
7. Phagocyte Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
8. Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
9. B-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
10. T-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
11. Complement Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
Hypersensitivity
1. Hypersensitivity: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Type I (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
3. Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
4. Type III (Immune-Complex) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
5. Type IV Delayed (Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
6. Type V (Stimulatory Type) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
7. Types of DTH(delayed type hyper-sensitivity) Reactions - Answer (click
here)
8. Mechanism of DTH(delayed type hyper-sensitivity) - Answer (click here)
9. Immune-Complex Diseases - Answer (click here)
Autoimmunity
1. Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
2. Tolerance and Mechanisms of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
4. Mechanisms in Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
5. Autoimmune Pathological Process - Answer (click here)
6. Animal Models of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
7. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
Immunohematology
1. ABO Blood Group System and Antigens - Answer (click here)
2. Rh Blood Group System and Antigens - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
4. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer (click
here)
5. ABO Hemolytic Diseases - Answer (click here)
Bacteriology Staphylococcus
1. Staphylococcus - Answer (click here)
2. Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of the Bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Staphylococcus aureus
- Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Syndromes of Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcal infections - Staphylococcus
aureus - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of staphylococcal infection - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer
(click here)
10. Prevention and Control of staphylococcal infection - Staphylococcus
aureus - Answer (click here)
11. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - Answer (click here)
12. Micrococcus, Planococcus, Stomatococcus - Staphylococcus - Answer
(click here)
Bacteriology Pneumococusm
1. Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Streptococcus
pneumonia - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click
here)
4. Clinical Syndromes - Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis - Streptococcus pneumonia infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Treatment of Streptococcus pneumonia infections - Answer (click here)
Bacteriology Neisseria
1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of the Bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click here)
9. Prevention and Control of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click
here)
10. Neisseria meningitides: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
11. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Neisseria meningitides
- Answer (click here)
12. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
13. Clinical Syndromes - Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
14. Epidemiology of Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
15. Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer (click
here)
16. Treatment of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer (click here)
17. Prevention and Control of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer
(click here)
18. Other Neisseria Bacteria Species - Answer (click here)
Bacteriology Corynebacterium
1. Corynebacterium - Answer (click here)
2. Corynebacterium diphtheria: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click
here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click
here)
4. Clinical Syndromes - Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Treatment of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections - Answer (click here)
8. Prevention and Control of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections -
Answer (click here)
9. Other Pathogenic Corynebacterium Species - Answer (click here)
10. Few Coryneform Genera - Answer (click here)
Bacteriology Bacillus
1. Bacillus: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of the Bacteria Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Bacillus anthracis -
Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Syndromes - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click here)
10. Prevention and Control of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click
here)
11. Anthracoid Bacilli - Answer (click here)
12. Bacillus cereus - Answer (click here)
Bacteriology Clostridium
1. Clostridium - Answer (click here)
2. General Properties of Clostridia - Answer (click here)
3. Clostridium perfringens: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens infections - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Clostridium perfringens infections
- Answer (click here)
9. Clostridium tetani: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
10. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
11. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
12. Epidemiology - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
13. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click here)
14. Treatment of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click here)
15. Prevention and Control of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click
here)
16. Clostridium botulinum: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Pathogenicity and Immunity - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
18. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
19. Epidemiology - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
20. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer (click
here)
21. Treatment of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer (click here)
22. Prevention and Control of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer
(click here)
23. Clostridium difficile - Answer (click here)
Coliforms
1. Coliforms - Answer (click here)
2. Escherichia - Answer (click here)
3. Escherichia coli: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Escherichia coli -
Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Escherichia coli Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Escherichia coli Infections -
Answer (click here)
9. Edwardsiella - Answer (click here)
10. Citrobacter - Nonsporing Anaerobes - Answer (click here)
11. Klebsiella - Answer (click here)
12. Enterobacter - Answer (click here)
13. Hafnia - Answer (click here)
14. Serratia - Answer (click here)
15. Proteus - Answer (click here)
16. Proteus: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Proteus - Answer (click
here)
18. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Proteus - Answer (click here)
19. Clinical Syndromes - Proteus - Answer (click here)
20. Epidemiology - Proteus - Answer (click here)
21. Laboratory Diagnosis of Proteus Infections - Answer (click here)
22. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Proteus Infections - Answer (click
here)
23. Morganella - Answer (click here)
24. Providencia - Answer (click here)
25. Erwinia - Answer (click here)
Bacteriology Salmonella
1. Salmonella - Answer (click here)
2. Salmonella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Salmonella - Answer
(click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Prevention and Control of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Salmonella Gastroenteritis - Answer (click here)
11. Salmonella Bacteremia - Answer (click here)
Bacteriology Shigella
1. Shigella - Answer (click here)
2. Shigella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Shigella - Answer (click
here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Shigella - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Shigella - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Shigella - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Shigella Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment and Prevention and Control of Shigella Infections - Answer
(click here)
Bacteriology Yersinia
1. Yersinia - Answer (click here)
2. Yersinia pestis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Yersinia pestis - Answer
(click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Prevention and Control of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Yersinia enterocolitica - Answer (click here)
11. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis - Answer (click here)
Bacteriology Brucella
1. Brucella - Answer (click here)
2. Brucella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Brucella - Answer (click
here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Brucella - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Brucella - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Brucella - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Brucella Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Brucella Infections - Answer (click
here)
Bacteriology Actinomycetes
1. Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
2. Actinomyces: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Actinomyces - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Actinomyces - Answer (click here)
5. Laboratory Diagnosis - Actinomyces Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Actinomyces Infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Nocardia - Answer (click here)
8. Nocardia: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Syndromes - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
11. Epidemiology - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
12. Laboratory Diagnosis - Nocardia Infections - Answer (click here)
13. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Nocardia Infections - Answer (click
here)
14. Rhodococcus - Answer (click here)
15. Gordonia, Tsukamurella, Thermophilic Actinomyces, Tropheryma
whippelii, Dermatophilus, Oerskovia - Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
Hepatitis Viruses
1. Hepatitis Viruses: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Hepatitis A Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Syndrome - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Hepatitis A Virus Infections -
Answer (click here)
8. Hepatitis B Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
9. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Syndromes - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
11. Epidemiology - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
12. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
13. Treatment - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
14. Prevention and Control - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
15. Hepatitis C Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
16. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
17. Clinical Syndromes - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
18. Epidemiology - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
19. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis C Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
20. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Hepatitis C Virus Infections -
Answer (click here)
21. Hepatitis D Virus - Answer (click here)
22. Hepatitis E Virus - Answer (click here)
23. Hepatitis G Virus - Answer (click here)
Biochemical Principles
1. Atomic structure - Answer (click here)
2. Isotopes - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical bonds - Answer (click here)
4. Acids, bases, and pH - Answer (click here)
5. Biomacromolecules - Answer (click here)
6. Carbohydrates - Biomacromolecules - Answer (click here)
7. Proteins - Biomacromolecules - Answer (click here)
8. Higher levels of protein structure - Answer (click here)
9. Nucleic acids: Structure of DNA and RNA - Answer (click here)
10. Lipids - Biomacromolecules - Answer (click here)
Microbial Growth
1. Estimation of microbial numbers - Answer (click here)
2. Factors affecting microbial growth - Answer (click here)
3. The kinetics of microbial growth - Answer (click here)
4. Growth in multicellular microorganisms - Answer (click here)
Microbial Metabolism
1. Why is energy needed? - Answer (click here)
2. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Principles of energy generation - Answer (click here)
4. Oxidation - reduction reactions - Answer (click here)
5. Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
6. Aerobic respiration - Answer (click here)
7. Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain - Answer (click
here)
8. Fermentation - Answer (click here)
9. Metabolism of lipids and proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Anaerobic respiration - Answer (click here)
11. Energy may be generated by the oxidation of inorganic molecules -
Answer (click here)
12. Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
13. Anoxygenic photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Anabolic reactions - Answer (click here)
15. Regulation of metabolism - Answer (click here)
Microbial Diversity
1. A few words about Microbial Classification - Answer (click here)
Procaryote Diversity
1. Procaryote Diversity - Answer (click here)
2. Domain: Archaea : Classification and General features - Answer (click here)
3. Phylum: Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Photosynthetic Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Nitrifying Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Iron- and sulphur-oxidising Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
7. Hydrogen-oxidising Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
8. Nitrogen-fixing Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Methanotrophic Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
10. Sulphate- and sulphur-reducing Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
11. Enteric Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
12. Vibrio and related genera - Answer (click here)
13. Pseudomonads - Answer (click here)
14. Acetic acid bacteria - Answer (click here)
15. Stalked and budding Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
16. Sheathed Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Predatory Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
18. Spirilla - Answer (click here)
19. Rickettsia - Answer (click here)
20. Phylum Cyanobacteria: the blue-green bacteria - Answer (click here)
21. Phylum Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria) and phylum Chloroflexi
(green non-sulphur bacteria) - Answer (click here)
22. Phylum Aquificae and phylum Thermotogae: the deeply branching
bacteria - Answer (click here)
23. Phylum ‘Deinococcus-Thermus’ - Answer (click here)
24. Phylum Planctomycetes - Answer (click here)
25. Phylum Chlamydiae - Answer (click here)
26. Phylum Spirochaetes - Answer (click here)
27. Phylum Bacteroidetes - Answer (click here)
28. Phylum: Verrucomicrobia - Answer (click here)
29. The Gram-positive bacteria: phylum Firmicutes and phylum
Actinobacteria - Answer (click here)
30. Phylum Firmicutes: The low GC Gram-positive bacteria - Answer (click
here)
31. Phylum Actinobacteria: The high GC Gram-positive bacteria - Answer
(click here)
32. Bacteria and human disease - Answer (click here)
Fungi
1. General biology of the Fungi - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of the Fungi - Answer (click here)
3. Fungi and disease - Answer (click here)
Protista
1. The Algae - Answer (click here)
2. Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click here)
3. Euglenophyta - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click
here)
4. Dinoflagellata - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click
here)
5. Diatoms - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click here)
6. Chlorophyta - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click
here)
7. Phaeophyta - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click here)
8. Rhodophyta - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click
here)
9. Protozoa - Answer (click here)
10. Zooflagellates (Mastigophora) - Protozoa - Answer (click here)
11. Ciliates (Ciliophora) - Protozoa - Answer (click here)
12. Amoebas (Sarcodina) - Protozoa - Answer (click here)
13. Sporozoans (Apicomplexa) - Protozoa - Answer (click here)
14. The slime moulds and water moulds (the fungus-like protists) - Answer
(click here)
15. Protistan taxonomy: a modern view - Answer (click here)
Viruses
1. What are viruses? - Answer (click here)
2. Viral structure - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of viruses - Answer (click here)
4. Viral replication cycles - Answer (click here)
5. Replication cycles in bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
6. Replication cycles in animal viruses - Answer (click here)
7. Replication of RNA viruses - Answer (click here)
8. Replication cycles in plant viruses - Answer (click here)
9. Viroids - Answer (click here)
10. Prions - Answer (click here)
11. Cultivating viruses - Answer (click here)
12. Viral diseases in humans - Answer (click here)
Microbial Genetics
1. How do we know genes are made of DNA? - Answer (click here)
2. DNA replication - Answer (click here)
3. DNA replication in procaryotes - Answer (click here)
4. What happens when replication goes wrong? - Answer (click here)
5. DNA replication in eucaryotes - Answer (click here)
6. What exactly do genes do? - Answer (click here)
7. Regulation of gene expression - Answer (click here)
8. Molecular basis of mutations - Answer (click here)
9. Genetic transfer in microorganisms - Answer (click here)
Antimicrobial Agents
1. Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
3. What other properties should an antibiotic have? - Answer (click here)
4. How do antibiotics work? - Answer (click here)
5. Resistance to antibiotics - Answer (click here)
6. How does antibiotic resistance work? - Answer (click here)
7. How does antibiotic resistance arise? - Answer (click here)
8. Antibiotic susceptibility testing - Answer (click here)
9. Antifungal and antiviral agents - Answer (click here)
Microbial Associations
1. Microbial associations with animals - Answer (click here)
2. Microbial associations with plants - Answer (click here)
3. Microbial associations with other microorganisms - Answer (click here)
Identification
1. Forensic Medicine: Identification - Answer (click here)
2. Forensic Medicine: Age determination - Answer (click here)
3. Determination of sex - Answer (click here)
4. Determining height - Answer (click here)
5. Determining ethnic type (race) - Answer (click here)
6. Personal identity - Forensic Medicine - Answer (click here)
7. Molecular biology - Forensic Medicine - Answer (click here)
8. Case studies: Comparison of skulls and photographs - Answer (click here)
General traumatology
1. Definition of trauma - Answer (click here)
2. Types of trauma - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanical trauma - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of mechanical trauma - Answer (click here)
5. Description of wounds - Answer (click here)
6. Dating of wounds - Answer (click here)
Complications of trauma
1. Shock - Answer (click here)
2. Embolism - Answer (click here)
3. Pneumothorax - Answer (click here)
Head injuries
1. Head injuries - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of head injuries - Answer (click here)
3. Types of head injuries - Answer (click here)
Asphyxia
1. Anoxia/hypoxia - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of asphyxic deaths - Answer (click here)
3. 'Classical' signs of asphyxia - Answer (click here)
4. Causes of asphyxic death: Suffocation - Answer (click here)
5. Causes of asphyxic death: Smothering - Answer (click here)
6. Causes of asphyxic death: Choking - Answer (click here)
7. Causes of asphyxic death: Restriction of respiratory movements - Answer
(click here)
8. Causes of asphyxic death: Deaths due to pressure on the neck - Answer
(click here)
9. Causes of asphyxic death: Hanging - Answer (click here)
10. Causes of asphyxic death: Auto-erotic deaths - Answer (click here)
11. Causes of asphyxic death: Drowning - Answer (click here)
Firearm injuries
1. Firearm injuries - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology of gunshot wounds and wound ballistics - Answer (click
here)
3. Examination of the body - Answer (click here)
4. Cutaneous (skin) entrance wounds caused by rifled firearms - Answer
(click here)
5. Cutaneous gunshot exit wounds caused by rifled firearms - Answer (click
here)
6. Gunshot wounds caused by smooth-bore firearms (shotguns) - Answer
(click here)
7. Injury by rubber and plastic bullets - Answer (click here)
8. Industrial nail guns - Answer (click here)
9. Blank cartridge injuries - Answer (click here)
10. Accident, suicide or homicide? - Answer (click here)
Sexual offences
1. Rape - Answer (click here)
2. Sexually transmitted diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Interpretation of clinical findings - Answer (click here)
4. Sodomy (buggery; anal intercourse) - Answer (click here)
Diagnosis of Poisoning
1. Diagnosis of Poisoning - Answer (click here)
Organic Acids
1. Acetic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Formic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Carbolic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
4. Oxalic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
Chemical Poisons
Non Metallic Chemical Poisons
1. Phosphorus - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Phosphine - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Aluminium Phosphide - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
4. Zinc Phosphide - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
5. Chlorine - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Bromine - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Fluorine - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
Heavy Metals
1. Arsenic - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Lead - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Lead - Chemical Poisons: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Lead - Chemical Poisons: Treatment - Answer (click here)
5. Lead - Chemical Poisons: Forensic Issues - Answer (click here)
6. Mercury - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Iron - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Copper - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. Antimony - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
10. Barium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
11. Cadmium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
12. Cobalt - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
13. Lithium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
14. Magnesium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
15. Manganese - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
16. Potassium (Kalium) - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
17. Thallium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
18. Metal Fume Fever - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
Neurotoxic Poisons
Somniferous Drugs
1. Somniferous Drugs - Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Opium - Somniferous Drugs(Narcotics) Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer
(click here)
3. Opium: Diagnosis, Treatment, Autopsy Features, Forensic Issues -
Somniferous Drugs(Narcotics) Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
Inebriants
1. Alcohols - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Ethanol - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Ethanol: Clinical Features - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click
here)
4. Ethanol: Diagnosis - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
5. Ethanol: Autopsy Features, Forensic Issues - Inebriant Neurotoxic
Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Ethanol and cardiac health - Answer (click here)
7. Methanol - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Isopropanol - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. Ethylene Glycol - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
10. Barbiturates - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
11. Benzodiazepines - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
12. Chloral Hydrate - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
13. Paraldehyde - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
14. Methaqualone - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
15. Buspirone - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
16. Zolpidem - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
17. Zopiclone - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
Deliriants
1. Datura - Deliriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Cannabis - Deliriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
Stimulants
1. Amphetamines - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Designer Amphetamines - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click
here)
3. Cocaine - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
4. Cocaine: Clinical Features - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click
here)
5. Cocaine: Diagnosis, Treatment - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer
(click here)
6. Cocaine: Autopsy Features, Mediocosocial and Forensic Issues -
Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular Poisons
Diurets Antihypertensives and Antiarrhythmics
1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Diuret Cardiovascular Poison - Answer
(click here)
2. Osmotic Diuretics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
3. Loop Diuretics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
4. Thiazide Diuretics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium Sparing Diuretics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
6. Antihypertensives - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
7. Methyldopa - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
8. Clonidine - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
9. Ganglionic Blocking Agents - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular
Poison - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Agents - Sympatholytic Drug
Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
11. Reserpine - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
12. Beta Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta Blockers) - Sympatholytic Drug
Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
13. Alpha Adrenergic Antagonists (Alpha Blockers) - Sympatholytic Drug
Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
14. Vasodilators - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
15. Hydralazine - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
16. Minoxidil - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
17. Sodium Nitroprusside - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison -
Answer (click here)
18. Calcium Channel Blockers - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison
- Answer (click here)
19. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors) -
Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
20. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists - Sympatholytic Drug
Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
21. Antiarrhythmics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
22. Disopyramide - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
23. Procainamide - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
24. Lignocaine (Lidocaine) - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer
(click here)
25. Mexiletine and Tocainide - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison -
Answer (click here)
26. Propafenone (Fenopraine) - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison -
Answer (click here)
27. Amiodarone - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
28. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
Cardiotoxic Plants
1. Cardiotoxic Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Aconite - Cardiotoxic Plant - Answer (click here)
3. Common Oleander - Cardiotoxic Plant - Answer (click here)
4. Yellow Oleander - Cardiotoxic Plant - Answer (click here)
5. Suicide Tree - Cardiotoxic Plant - Answer (click here)
Asphyxiant Poisons
Toxic Gases
1. Toxic Gases - Answer (click here)
2. Carbon Dioxide - Simple Asphyxiant Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Gases - Simple Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click
here)
4. Ammonia - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
5. Formaldehyde - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click
here)
6. Hydrogen Sulfide - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison - Answer
(click here)
7. Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison -
Answer (click here)
8. Phosgene - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
9. Carbon Monoxide - Systemic Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
10. Cyanide - Systemic Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
11. Smoke - Systemic Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
Anti Infectives
1. Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Antiprotozoal Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Antibacterials - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
4. Quinolones - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
5. Penicillins - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
6. Cephalosporines - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
7. Aminoglycosides - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
8. Tetracyclines - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
9. Chloramphenicol - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
10. Macrolides - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
11. Anti-tubercular Drugs - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
12. Antileprotic Drugs - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
13. Other Antibacterial Drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Antiherpesvirus Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Antiretroviral Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Other Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
17. Amphotericin B - Antifungals - Answer (click here)
18. Flucytosine - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
19. Imidazoles - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
20. Griseofulvin - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
21. Antimalarials - Antiprotozoal Agent - Answer (click here)
22. Chloroguanide (Proguanil) - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
23. Primaquine - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
24. Quinine and Quinidine - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
25. Chloroquine and Amodiaquine - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
26. Mefloquine, Halofantrine, Endoperoxidases, Pyrimethamine, Mepacrine
- Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
27. Antiamoebics - Anti-Infectives - Answer (click here)
28. Antihelminthics (Anthelmintics) - Answer (click here)
29. Autopsy Features (Anti-infective Overdose Deaths) - Answer (click here)
30. Forensic Issues (Anti-infectives) - Answer (click here)
Gastrointestinal and Endocrinal Drugs
1. Antacids and Anti-ulcer Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Laxatives - Gastrointestinal Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Antidiarrhoeals - Answer (click here)
4. Antiemetics - Antiemetics and Prokinetic Drug - Answer (click here)
5. Prokinetic Drugs - Antiemetics and Prokinetic Drug - Answer (click here)
6. Bile Acids and Pancreatic Enzymes - Antiemetics and Prokinetic Drug -
Answer (click here)
7. Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
9. Antithyroid Drugs - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
10. Oestrogens - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
11. Anti-oestrogens - Answer (click here)
12. Progestins - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
13. Anti-progestins - Answer (click here)
14. Androgens (Anabolic Steroids) - Answer (click here)
15. Anti-androgens - Answer (click here)
16. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Corticosteroids - Endocrinal Drug -
Answer (click here)
17. Insulin - Answer (click here)
18. Oral Hypoglycaemics - Answer (click here)
19. Sulfonylureas - Oral Hypoglycaemics - Answer (click here)
20. Biguanides - Oral Hypoglycaemics - Answer (click here)
21. Other Hypoglycaemics - Answer (click here)
22. Anti-Asthmatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
23. Corticosteroids - Anti-inflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
24. Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
25. Immunomodulators - Answer (click here)
26. Immunostimulants - Answer (click here)
27. Antineoplastic Agents - Answer (click here)
28. Antimetabolites - Answer (click here)
29. Drugs Acting on the Uterus - Answer (click here)
30. Radiocontrast Agents - Answer (click here)
31. Sildenafil - Drugs Used in the Treatment of Impotence - Answer (click here)
Food Poisons
Food Poisoning
1. Causes and Diagnosis of Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
2. General Treatment Measures of Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
3. Prevention of Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
4. Bacillus cereus - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
5. Staphylococcus aureus - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
6. Salmonella - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
7. Shigella - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
8. Vibrio - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
9. Escherichia coli - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
10. Campylobacter - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
11. Yersinia enterocolitica - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
12. Listeria monocytogenes - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
13. Clostridium Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
14. Clostridium perfringens - Clostridium Microbial Food Poisoning -
Answer (click here)
15. Clostridium botulinum - Clostridium Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
16. Clinical Features - Clostridium Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click
here)
17. Diagnosis - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
18. Treatment - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
19. Prevention of Botulism - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
20. Forensic Issues - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
21. Viruses - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
22. Protozoa - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
23. Parasites - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
24. Fungi: Mushrooms - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
25. Fungi: Aflatoxins - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
26. Fungi: Trichothecenes - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
27. Cyanogenic Plants - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
28. Sweet Pea - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
29. Prickly Poppy - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
30. Fish - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
31. Scombroid Poisoning (Histamine Fish Poisoning) - Answer (click here)
32. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning - Answer (click here)
33. Tetrodotoxic Poisoning - Answer (click here)
34. Shellfish Poisoning - Answer (click here)
35. Chemicals: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) - Food Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
Substance Abuse
Substances of Dependence and Abuse
1. Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Classification - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
3. Tobacco - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
4. Cocaine - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
5. Cocaine: Diagnosis, Treatment - Substances of Dependence and Abuse -
Answer (click here)
6. Cannabis - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
7. Amphetamines - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click
here)
8. Designer Drugs - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click
here)
9. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics, Psychotomimetics) - Substances of
Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
10. Inhalants (“Glue Sniffing”,Volatile Substance Abuse, Inhalant-related
Disorders) - Answer (click here)
Analytical Toxicology
Biochemical and Haematological Tests
1. Analytical Toxicology: Biochemical and Haematological Tests - Answer
(click here)
2. Biochemical Tests - Analytical Toxicology - Answer (click here)
3. Haematological Tests - Analytical Toxicology - Answer (click here)
Analytical Instrumentation
1. Analytical Methods Used In Toxicology - Answer (click here)
2. Qualitative Tests - Analytical Toxicology Instrumentation - Answer (click
here)
3. Quantitative Assays - Analytical Toxicology Instrumentation - Answer
(click here)
4. Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -
Answer (click here)
Subject : Pharmacology
Fundamentals of clinical pharmacology
1. Pharmacology basics - Answer (click here)
2. Where drugs come from - Answer (click here)
3. How drugs are administered - Answer (click here)
4. New drug development - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
6. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacokinetics: Distribution - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
9. Pharmacokinetics: Excretion - Answer (click here)
10. Onset, peak, and duration - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
12. Pharmacotherapeutics - Answer (click here)
13. Drug interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Adverse drug reactions - Answer (click here)
Pain medications
1. Drugs and pain control - Answer (click here)
2. Nonopioid analgesics, antipyretics, and NSAIDs - Answer (click here)
3. Salicylates - Answer (click here)
4. Acetaminophen - Answer (click here)
5. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride - Answer (click here)
7. Opioid agonist and antagonist drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Opioid agonists - Answer (click here)
9. Mixed opioid agonist-antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Opioid antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthetic drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Intravenous anesthetics - Answer (click here)
13. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
14. Topical anesthetics - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular drugs
1. Drugs and the cardiovascular system - Answer (click here)
2. Inotropics - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiac glycosides - Answer (click here)
4. PDE inhibitors - Answer (click here)
5. Antiarrhythmic drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Class IA antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
7. Class IB antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
8. Class IC antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
9. Class II antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
10. Class III antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
11. Class IV antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
12. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
13. Antianginal drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Nitrates - Answer (click here)
15. Beta-adrenergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
16. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
17. Antihypertensive drugs - Answer (click here)
18. Sympatholytic drugs - Answer (click here)
19. Vasodilating drugs - Answer (click here)
20. ACE inhibitors - Answer (click here)
21. Angiotensin II receptor blockers - Answer (click here)
22. Antilipemic drugs - Answer (click here)
23. Bile-sequestering drugs - Answer (click here)
24. Fibric acid derivatives - Answer (click here)
25. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
26. Nicotinic acid - Answer (click here)
Hematologic drugs
1. Drugs and the hematologic system - Answer (click here)
2. Hematinic drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Hematinic drugs: Iron - Answer (click here)
4. Hematinic drugs: Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
5. Hematinic drugs: Folic acid - Answer (click here)
6. Hematinic drugs: Erythropoietin agents - Answer (click here)
7. Anticoagulant drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Heparin - Answer (click here)
9. Oral anticoagulants - Answer (click here)
10. Antiplatelet drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Direct thrombin inhibitors - Answer (click here)
12. Factor Xa inhibitor drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Thrombolytic drugs - Answer (click here)
Respiratory drugs
1. Drugs and the respiratory system - Answer (click here)
2. Beta2-adrenergic agonists - Answer (click here)
3. Anticholinergics - Answer (click here)
4. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
5. Leukotriene modifiers - Answer (click here)
6. Mast cell stabilizers - Answer (click here)
7. Methylxanthines - Answer (click here)
8. Monoclonal antibodies: Omalizumab - Answer (click here)
9. Expectorants: Guaifenesin - Answer (click here)
10. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
11. Mucolytics: Acetylcysteine - Answer (click here)
12. Decongestants - Answer (click here)
Gastrointestinal drugs
1. Drugs and the Gastrointestinal (GI) system - Answer (click here)
2. Antiulcer drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Systemic antibiotics - Answer (click here)
4. Antacids - Answer (click here)
5. H2-receptor antagonists - Answer (click here)
6. Proton pump inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Other antiulcer drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Adsorbent drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Antiflatulent drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Digestive drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Obesity drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Antidiarrheal and laxative drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Opioid-related drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Kaolin and pectin - Answer (click here)
15. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists - Answer (click here)
16. Hyperosmolar laxatives - Answer (click here)
17. Dietary fiber and related bulk-forming laxatives - Answer (click here)
18. Emollient laxatives - Answer (click here)
19. Stimulant laxatives - Answer (click here)
20. Lubricant laxatives - Answer (click here)
21. Antiemetics - Answer (click here)
22. Emetics - Answer (click here)
Genitourinary drugs
1. Drugs and the genitourinary system - Answer (click here)
2. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
3. Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics - Answer (click here)
4. Loop diuretics - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium-sparing diuretics - Answer (click here)
6. Osmotic diuretics - Answer (click here)
7. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Urinary tract antispasmodics - Answer (click here)
9. Erectile dysfunction therapy drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Hormonal contraceptives - Answer (click here)
Psychotropic drugs
1. Sedative and hypnotic drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
3. Barbiturates - Answer (click here)
4. Nonbenzodiazepines-nonbarbiturates - Answer (click here)
5. Antianxiety drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Antidepressant and mood stabilizer drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Tricyclic antidepressants - Answer (click here)
9. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
10. Miscellaneous antidepressants - Answer (click here)
11. Lithium - Answer (click here)
12. Antipsychotic drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Atypical antipsychotics - Answer (click here)
14. Typical antipsychotics - Answer (click here)
15. Stimulants - Answer (click here)
Endocrine drugs
1. Drugs and the endocrine system - Answer (click here)
2. Antidiabetic drugs and glucagon - Answer (click here)
3. Insulin - Answer (click here)
4. Oral antidiabetic drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Glucagon - Answer (click here)
6. Estrogens - Answer (click here)
7. Natural and synthetic estrogen - Answer (click here)
8. Pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Anterior pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Posterior pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Thyroid drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Antithyroid drugs - Answer (click here)
Antineoplastic drugs
1. Drugs and cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Alkylating drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Nitrogen mustards - Answer (click here)
4. Alkyl sulfonate - Answer (click here)
5. Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
6. Triazenes - Answer (click here)
7. Ethylenimines - Answer (click here)
8. Alkylating-like drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Antimetabolite drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Folic acid analogues - Answer (click here)
11. Pyrimidine analogues - Answer (click here)
12. Purine analogues - Answer (click here)
13. Antibiotic antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Hormonal antineoplastic drugs and hormone modulators - Answer (click
here)
15. Aromatase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
16. Antiestrogens - Answer (click here)
17. Androgens - Answer (click here)
18. Antiandrogens - Answer (click here)
19. Progestins - Answer (click here)
20. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues - Answer (click here)
21. Natural antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
22. Vinca alkaloids - Answer (click here)
23. Podophyllotoxins - Answer (click here)
24. Monoclonal antibodies - Answer (click here)
25. Topoisomerase I inhibitors - Answer (click here)
26. Targeted therapies - Answer (click here)
27. Unclassifiable antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
28. Arsenic trioxide - Answer (click here)
29. Asparaginases - Answer (click here)
30. Procarbazine - Answer (click here)
31. Hydroxyurea - Answer (click here)
32. Interferons - Answer (click here)
33. Aldesleukin - Answer (click here)
34. Altretamine - Answer (click here)
35. Paclitaxel and docetaxel - Answer (click here)
Subject : Pharmacology
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Introduction
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)
Drug Biotransformation
1. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
2. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
3. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
4. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
5. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
6. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
7. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
8. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
Development Regulation of Drugs
1. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
3. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
4. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
5. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
6. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
7. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
8. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
9. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
10. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
Antihypertensive Agents
1. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
5. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
6. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
8. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
9. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
12. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
13. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
14. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
15. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
16. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
17. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
18. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
19. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
20. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
21. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
22. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
23. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
24. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
25. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)
Diuretic Agents
1. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
3. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
5. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
6. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
7. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
8. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
9. Peptides - Answer (click here)
10. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
11. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
12. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
13. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
14. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
15. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
16. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
17. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
18. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)
Vasoactive Peptides
1. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
3. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
4. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
5. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
6. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
7. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
8. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
9. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
10. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
12. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
13. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
14. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
15. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
16. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
17. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
18. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
19. Substance P - Answer (click here)
20. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
21. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
22. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
23. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
24. Urotensin - Answer (click here)
Nitric Oxide
1. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
2. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
3. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
4. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
7. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
8. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
9. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
The Alcohols
1. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
4. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
5. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
6. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
8. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
9. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
12. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)
Antiseizure Drugs
1. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
5. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
6. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
7. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
8. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
9. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
10. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
11. Primidone - Answer (click here)
12. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
13. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
14. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
15. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
16. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
17. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
18. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
19. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
20. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
21. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
22. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
23. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
24. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
25. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
26. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
27. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
28. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
29. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
30. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
31. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
32. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
33. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)
General Anesthetics
1. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
3. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
6. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
7. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
8. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
9. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
10. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
11. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
12. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
13. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
14. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
15. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
16. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
Local Anesthetics
1. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
3. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
5. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
6. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)
Antidepressant Agents
1. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
3. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
4. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
5. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
6. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
7. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
8. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
9. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
- Answer (click here)
10. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
11. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
12. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
13. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
Drugs of Abuse
1. Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Dependence Versus Addiction - Answer (click here)
3. Addictive Drugs Increase the Level of Dopamine: Reinforcement -
Answer (click here)
4. Animal Models in Addiction Research - Answer (click here)
5. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction - Answer (click here)
6. Dependence: Tolerance & Withdrawal - Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click
here)
7. Addiction: A Disease of Maladaptive Learning - Answer (click here)
8. Nonaddictive Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
9. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
10. Opioids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer (click here)
11. Cannabinoids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer
(click here)
12. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled
Receptors - Answer (click here)
13. LSD, Mescaline, & Psilocybin - Answer (click here)
14. Drugs that Mediate their Effects via Ionotropic Receptors - Answer (click
here)
15. Drugs that Bind to Transporters of Biogenic Amines - Answer (click here)
16. Clinical Pharmacology of Dependence & Addiction - Answer (click here)
ENDOCRINE DRUGS
Hypothalamic Pituitary Hormones
1. Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Anterior Pituitary & Hypothalamic Hormone Receptors - Answer (click
here)
3. Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Obesity - Answer (click here)
5. Mecasermin - Answer (click here)
6. Growth Hormone Antagonists - Answer (click here)
7. Gonadotropins & Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - Answer (click here)
8. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone & Its Analogs - Answer (click here)
9. GNRH Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Prolactin - Answer (click here)
11. Dopamine Agonists - Answer (click here)
12. Oxytocin - Answer (click here)
13. Oxytocin Antagonist - Answer (click here)
14. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH) - Answer (click here)
15. Vasopressin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Beta Lactam OtherCell Wall Membrane Active Antibiotics
1. Beta Lactam Compounds: Penicillins - Answer (click here)
2. Cephalosporins & Cephamycins - Answer (click here)
3. Monobactams - Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors (Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)
- Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Carbapenems - Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Glycopeptide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
7. Other Cell Wall or Membrane Active Agents - Answer (click here)
Aminoglycosides Spectinomycin
1. General Properties of Aminoglycosides - Answer (click here)
2. Streptomycin - Answer (click here)
3. Gentamicin - Answer (click here)
4. Tobramycin - Answer (click here)
5. Amikacin - Answer (click here)
6. Netilmicin - Answer (click here)
7. Neomycin & Kanamycin - Answer (click here)
8. Spectinomycin - Answer (click here)
SulfonamidesTrimethoprim Quinolones
1. Sulfonamides - Antifolate Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Trimethoprim & Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Mixtures - Antifolate
Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Dna Gyrase Inhibitors : Fluoroquinolones - Answer (click here)
Antimycobacterial Drugs
1. Antimycobacterial Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
3. Isoniazid - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
4. Rifampin - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
5. Ethambutol - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
6. Pyrazinamide - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
7. Streptomycin - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
8. Second-Line Drugs for Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
9. Rifaximin - Answer (click here)
10. Drugs Active Against Atypical Mycobacteria - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs Used in Leprosy - Answer (click here)
Antifungal Agents
1. Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Amphotericin B - Answer (click here)
3. Flucytosine - Answer (click here)
4. Azoles - Answer (click here)
5. Echinocandins - Answer (click here)
6. Oral Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Mucocutaneous Infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Topical Antifungal Therapy - Answer (click here)
Antiviral Agents
1. Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Agents to Treat Herpes Simplex Virus HSV & Varicella Zoster Virus
VZV Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Agents to Treat Cytomegalovirus CMV Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Antiretroviral Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Nucleoside & Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click
here)
6. Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Protease Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Entry Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
9. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
10. New & Investigational Antiretroviral Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection - Answer (click here)
13. Anti Influenza Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Other Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
Antiprotozoal Drugs
1. Parasite Life Cycle - Malaria - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Classification - Malaria - Answer (click here)
3. Chemoprophylaxis & Treatment - Malaria - Answer (click here)
4. Malaria: Chloroquine - Answer (click here)
5. Other Quinolines - Malaria - Answer (click here)
6. Artemisinin & Its Derivatives - Malaria - Answer (click here)
7. Quinine & Quinidine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
8. Mefloquine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
9. Primaquine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
10. Atovaquone - Malaria - Answer (click here)
11. Inhibitors of Folate Synthesis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
12. Antibiotics - Malaria - Answer (click here)
13. Halofantrine & Lumefantrine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
14. Treatment of Specific Forms of Amebiasis - Answer (click here)
15. Metronidazole & Tinidazole - Answer (click here)
16. Iodoquinol - Answer (click here)
17. Diloxanide Furoate - Answer (click here)
18. Paromomycin Sulfate - Answer (click here)
19. Emetine & Dehydroemetine - Answer (click here)
20. Pentamidine Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
21. Sodium Stibogluconate Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
22. Nitazoxanide Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
23. Other Drugs for Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)
Clinical Pharmacology of the Antihelminthic Drugs
1. Chemotherapy of Helminthic Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Albendazole - Answer (click here)
3. Bithionol - Answer (click here)
4. Diethylcarbamazine Citrate - Answer (click here)
5. Doxycycline - Answer (click here)
6. Ivermectin - Answer (click here)
7. Mebendazole - Answer (click here)
8. Metrifonate (Trichlorfon) - Answer (click here)
9. Niclosamide - Answer (click here)
10. Oxamniquine - Answer (click here)
11. Piperazine - Answer (click here)
12. Praziquantel - Answer (click here)
13. Pyrantel Pamoate - Answer (click here)
14. Thiabendazole - Answer (click here)
Cancer Chemotherapy
1. Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of Cancer - Answer (click here)
3. Cancer Treatment Modalities - Answer (click here)
4. Role of Cell Cycle Kinetics & Anticancer Effect - Answer (click here)
5. Drug Resistance - Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
6. Alkylating Agents - Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs -
Answer (click here)
7. Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
8. Nonclassic Alkylating Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Platinum Analogs - Answer (click here)
10. Antimetabolites - Answer (click here)
11. Antifolates - Answer (click here)
12. Fluoropyrimidines - Answer (click here)
13. Deoxycytidine Analogs - Answer (click here)
14. Purine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
15. Vinca Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
16. Taxanes & Related Drugs - Answer (click here)
17. Epipodophyllotoxins - Answer (click here)
18. Camptothecins - Answer (click here)
19. Antitumor Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
20. Miscellaneous Anticancer Drugs - Answer (click here)
21. Clinical Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs - Answer (click
here)
22. The Leukemias - Answer (click here)
23. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
24. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
25. Multiple Myeloma - Answer (click here)
26. Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
27. Gastrointestinal Cancers - Answer (click here)
28. Lung Cancer - Answer (click here)
29. Ovarian Cancer - Answer (click here)
30. Testicular Cancer - Answer (click here)
31. Malignant Melanoma - Answer (click here)
32. Brain Cancer - Answer (click here)
33. Secondary Malignancies & Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
Immunopharmacology
1. Immunopharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
3. Abnormal Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
4. Glucocorticoids - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Calcineurin Inhibitors - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Mycophenolate Mofetil - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
8. Immunomodulatory Derivatives Of Thalidomide (IMiDs) - Answer (click
here)
9. Cytotoxic Agents - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Immunosuppressive Antibodies - Answer (click here)
11. Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs) - Answer (click here)
12. Clinical Uses of Immunosuppressive Drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Immunologic Reactions to Drugs & Drug Allergy - Answer (click here)
14. Immediate (Type I) Drug Allergy - Answer (click here)
15. Autoimmune (Type Ii) Reactions to Drugs - Answer (click here)
16. Serum Sickness & Vasculitic (Type III) Reactions - Answer (click here)
TOXICOLOGY
Introduction to Toxicology Occupational Environmental
1. Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational & Environmental - Answer
(click here)
2. Toxicologic Terms & Definitions - Answer (click here)
3. Environmental Considerations - Toxicology - Answer (click here)
4. Air Pollutants - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
5. Solvents - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
6. Pesticides - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
7. Herbicides - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
8. Environmental Pollutants - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
9. Metals - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
SPECIAL TOPICS
Special Aspects of Perinatal Pediatric Pharmacology
1. Drug Therapy in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Therapy in Infants & Children - Answer (click here)
3. Pediatric Dosage Forms & Compliance - Answer (click here)
4. Drug Use During Lactation - Answer (click here)
5. Pediatric Drug Dosage - Answer (click here)
Dermatologic Pharmacology
1. Dermatologic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Dermatologic Vehicles - Answer (click here)
3. Antibacterial Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Oral Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Topical Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Immunomodulators - Answer (click here)
8. Ectoparasiticides - Answer (click here)
9. Agents Affecting Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
10. Sunscreens - Answer (click here)
11. Acne Preparations - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs for Psoriasis - Answer (click here)
13. Biologic Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Anti Inflammatory Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Keratolytic & Destructive Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Antipruritic Agents - Answer (click here)
17. Trichogenic & Antitrichogenic Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Antineoplastic Agents - Answer (click here)
19. Antiseborrhea Agents - Answer (click here)
Subject : Anesthesiology
The Practice of Anesthesiology
1. The Practice of Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
3. Inhalation Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Local & Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
5. Intravenous Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Evolution of the Specialty - Answer (click here)
7. The Scope of Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
Breathing Systems
1. Anesthetic Equipment & Monitors : Breathing Systems - Answer (click
here)
2. Insufflation - Answer (click here)
3. Open Drop and Draw Over Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
5. Components of Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
6. Performance Characteristics of Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
7. The Circle System - Answer (click here)
8. Components of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
9. Optimization of Circle System Design - Answer (click here)
10. Performance Characteristics of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
11. Disadvantages of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
12. Resuscitation Breathing Systems - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular Monitoring
1. Arterial Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
2. Noninvasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring Indications - Answer
(click here)
3. Invasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring - Answer (click here)
4. Electrocardiography - Answer (click here)
5. Central Venous Catheterization - Answer (click here)
6. Pulmonary Artery Catheterization - Answer (click here)
7. Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
Clinical Pharmacology
Pharmacological Principles
1. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics: Distribution - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacokinetics: Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics: Excretion - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics: Compartment Models - Answer (click here)
6. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
7. Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
8. Factors Affecting Inspiratory Concentration - Answer (click here)
9. Factors Affecting Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
10. Factors Affecting Arterial Concentration - Answer (click here)
11. Factors Affecting Elimination - Answer (click here)
12. Theories of Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthetic Neurotoxicity - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthetic Neuroprotection and Cardiac Preconditioning - Answer (click
here)
15. Minimum Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
16. Nitrous Oxide - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics -
Answer (click here)
17. Halothane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
18. Isoflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
19. Desflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
20. Sevoflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
21. Xenon - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer (click
here)
Intravenous Anesthetics
1. Intravenous Anesthetics: Barbiturates - Answer (click here)
2. Intravenous Anesthetics: Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
3. Intravenous Anesthetics: Ketamine - Answer (click here)
4. Intravenous Anesthetics: Etomidate - Answer (click here)
5. Intravenous Anesthetics: Propofol - Answer (click here)
6. Intravenous Anesthetics: Fospropofol - Answer (click here)
Analgesic Agents
1. Analgesic Agents: Opioids - Answer (click here)
2. Analgesic Agents: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
Anticholinergic Drugs
1. Anticholinergic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Specific Anticholinergic Drugs - Answer (click here)
Hypotensive Agents
1. Hypotensive Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Nitrovasodilators: Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
3. Nitrovasodilators: Nitroglycerin - Answer (click here)
4. Nitrovasodilators: Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
5. Non-Nitrovasodilator Hypotensive Agents: Fenoldopam - Answer (click
here)
6. Non-Nitrovasodilator Hypotensive Agents: Calcium Antagonists -
Answer (click here)
Local Anesthetics
1. Mechanisms of Local Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
2. Local Anesthetic: Structure Activity Relationships - Answer (click here)
3. Local Anesthetic: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Local Anesthetic: Effects on Organ Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Local Anesthetic: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
Adjuncts to Anesthesia
1. Aspiration - Answer (click here)
2. Aspiration: Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
3. Aspiration: H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
4. Aspiration: H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
5. Aspiration: Antacids - Answer (click here)
6. Aspiration: Metoclopramide - Answer (click here)
7. Aspiration: Proton Pump Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Postoperative Nausea & Vomiting PONV - Answer (click here)
9. 5 HT3 Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Butyrophenones - Answer (click here)
11. Dexamethasone - Answer (click here)
12. Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist - Answer (click here)
13. Adjuncts to Anesthesia: Ketorolac - Answer (click here)
14. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
15. Dexmedetomidine - Answer (click here)
16. Doxapram - Answer (click here)
17. Naloxone - Answer (click here)
18. Naltrexone - Answer (click here)
19. Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
Anesthetic Management
Preoperative Assessment and Premedication Perioperative
Documentation
1. Preoperative Evaluation - Answer (click here)
2. Elements of the Preoperative History - Answer (click here)
3. Elements of the Preoperative Physical Examination - Answer (click here)
4. Preoperative Laboratory Testing - Answer (click here)
5. Premedication - Answer (click here)
6. Documentation - Clinical Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)
Obstetric Anesthesia
1. Anesthetic Risk in Obstetric Patients - Answer (click here)
2. General Approach to the Obstetric Patient - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Labor & Vaginal Delivery - Answer (click here)
4. Regional Anesthetic Techniques: Spinal Opioids Alone - Answer (click
here)
5. Regional Anesthetic Techniques: Local Anesthetic/Local Anesthetic
Opioid Mixtures - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: General Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia for Emergency Cesarean Section - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Umbilical Cord Prolapse - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia for Dystocia & Abnormal Fetal Presentations & Positions -
Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Multiple Gestations - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Antepartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthesia for Premature Rupture of Membranes & Chorioamnionitis -
Answer (click here)
15. Anesthesia for Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
16. Anesthesia for Hypertensive Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthesia for Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
18. Anesthesia for Amniotic Fluid Embolism - Answer (click here)
19. Anesthesia for Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
20. Anesthesia for Fetal Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
21. Anesthesia for Neonatal Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
Pediatric Anesthesia
1. Pediatric Anesthesia: Anatomic & Physiological Development - Answer
(click here)
2. Pediatric Anesthesia: Pharmacological Differences - Answer (click here)
3. Pediatric Anesthetic Risk - Answer (click here)
4. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Preoperative Considerations - Answer
(click here)
5. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Monitoring - Answer (click here)
6. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Induction - Answer (click here)
7. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Intravenous Induction - Answer (click
here)
8. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Inhalational Induction - Answer (click
here)
9. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Intravenous Access - Answer (click here)
10. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Tracheal Intubation - Answer (click here)
11. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Maintenance - Answer (click here)
12. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Perioperative Fluid Requirements -
Answer (click here)
13. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia -
Answer (click here)
14. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Sedation for Procedures in and out of
the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
15. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Emergence & Recovery - Answer (click
here)
16. Anesthetic Considerations in Prematurity - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthetic Considerations in Intestinal Malrotation & Volvulus - Answer
(click here)
18. Anesthetic Considerations in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - Answer
(click here)
19. Anesthetic Considerations in Tracheoesophageal Fistula - Answer (click
here)
20. Anesthetic Considerations in Gastroschisis & Omphalocele - Answer (click
here)
21. Anesthetic Considerations in Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - Answer
(click here)
22. Anesthetic Considerations in Infectious Croup, Foreign Body Aspiration,
& Acute Epiglottitis - Answer (click here)
23. Anesthetic Considerations in Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy - Answer
(click here)
24. Anesthetic Considerations in Myringotomy & Insertion of
Tympanostomy Tubes - Answer (click here)
25. Anesthetic Considerations in Trisomy 21 Syndrome Down Syndrome -
Answer (click here)
26. Anesthetic Considerations in Cystic Fibrosis - Answer (click here)
27. Anesthetic Considerations in Scoliosis - Answer (click here)
Geriatric Anesthesia
1. Geriatric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Age-Related Anatomic & Physiological Changes - Answer (click here)
3. Age-Related Pharmacological Changes - Answer (click here)
Anesthetic Complications
1. Litigation and Anesthetic Complications - Answer (click here)
2. Adverse Anesthetic Outcomes - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthetic Complications: Mortality and Brain Injury - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthetic Complications: Vascular Cannulation - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthetic Complications: Obstetric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthetic Complications: Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthetic Complications: Pediatric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Out of the Operating Room Anesthesia and Monitored Anesthesia Care -
Answer (click here)
9. Anesthetic Complications: Equipment Problems - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthetic Complications: Quality Management - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthetic Complications: Airway Injury - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthetic Complications: Peripheral Nerve Injury - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthetic Complications: Awareness - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthetic Complications: Eye Injury - Answer (click here)
15. Anesthetic Complications: Cardiopulmonary Arrest During Spinal
Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
16. Anesthetic Complications: Hearing Loss - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthetic Complications: Allergic Reactions - Answer (click here)
18. Occupational Hazards in Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
1. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Airway - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Breathing - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Circulation - Answer (click here)
5. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Defibrillation - Answer (click here)
6. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Recommended Resuscitation Protocols
- Answer (click here)
Postanesthesia Care
1. Postanesthesia Care - Answer (click here)
2. The Postanesthesia Care Unit - Answer (click here)
3. Emergence From General Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Transport From the Operating Room to the PACU - Answer (click here)
5. Routine Recovery - Answer (click here)
6. Respiratory Complications - Answer (click here)
7. Circulatory Complications - Answer (click here)
Critical Care
1. Critical Care - Answer (click here)
2. Economic, Ethical, & Legal Issues in Critical Care - Answer (click here)
3. Respiratory Care - Answer (click here)
4. Medical Gas Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Classifying Oxygen Therapy Equipment - Answer (click here)
6. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Variable-Performance Equipment
- Answer (click here)
7. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Fixed-Performance (High-Flow)
Equipment - Answer (click here)
8. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Hazards of Oxygen Therapy -
Answer (click here)
9. Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
10. Positive-Pressure Ventilators - Answer (click here)
11. Care of Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
12. Discontinuing Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
13. Positive Airway Pressure Therapy - Answer (click here)
14. Other Respiratory Care Techniques - Answer (click here)
15. Respiratory Failure - Answer (click here)
16. Pulmonary Edema - Answer (click here)
17. Increased Transmural Pressure Pulmonary Edema (“Cardiogenic”
Pulmonary Edema) - Answer (click here)
18. Increased Permeability Pulmonary Edema (Noncardiogenic Pulmonary
Edema): Acute Lung Injury & ARDS - Answer (click here)
19. Critical Care: Drowning & Near Drowning - Answer (click here)
20. Critical Care: Smoke Inhalation - Answer (click here)
21. Acute Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click here)
22. Acute Kidney Injury & Failure - Answer (click here)
23. Prerenal Azotemia - Answer (click here)
24. Postrenal Azotemia - Answer (click here)
25. Reversible Azotemia Versus AKI - Answer (click here)
26. Infections & Sepsis - Answer (click here)
27. Pathophysiology of SIRS - Answer (click here)
28. Infections In the ICU - Answer (click here)
29. Septic Shock - Answer (click here)
30. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
31. End-of-Life Care - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular
1. Physiology and Anatomy - Cardiovascular - Answer (click here)
2. History - Cardiovascular - Answer (click here)
3. Differentiating Chest Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Peripheral Exam - Physical Exam - Answer (click here)
5. Praecordium - Physical Exam - Answer (click here)
6. Heart sounds - Physical Exam - Answer (click here)
7. Heart Murmurs - Physical Exam - Answer (click here)
8. Lungs, Abdomen and Legs - Answer (click here)
9. ECG Interpretation - Answer (click here)
10. Chest X-ray - Answer (click here)
11. Cardiovascular Risk factors - Answer (click here)
12. Vessel Pathology - Answer (click here)
13. Ischaemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Hypertension - Answer (click here)
15. Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
16. Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Answer (click here)
17. Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
18. Atrial Fibrillation - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
19. Sinus Arrhythmia - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
20. Other Abnormal Rhythms - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
21. Heart Block - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
22. Drugs for Acute, Life Threatening Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
23. Emergency cardiac pacing - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
24. Valvular Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
25. Aortic Stenosis - Answer (click here)
26. Aortic Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
27. Mitral Stenosis - Answer (click here)
28. Mitral Regurgitation (MR) - Answer (click here)
29. Tricuspid Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
30. Infective Endocarditis - Answer (click here)
31. Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
32. Myocarditis - Answer (click here)
33. Cardiovascular Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
35. Neoplasia of the Heart and Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
Respiratory
1. Blood Gases - Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Lung Function Tests - Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Respiratory Failure - Physiology - Answer (click here)
4. Oxygen Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Respiratory Exam - Answer (click here)
6. Nasal & Sinus - Upper Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
7. Acute Pharyngitis - Answer (click here)
8. Antibiotic Treatment of URTI - Answer (click here)
9. Larynx - Upper Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
10. Adult Pneumonia - Answer (click here)
11. Pleural Disease - Answer (click here)
12. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - Venous Thromboembolism - Answer
(click here)
13. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) - Venous Thromboembolism - Answer (click
here)
14. Asthma - Answer (click here)
15. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer (click here)
16. Restrictive/Interstitial Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Acute Interstitial Lung Disease - Answer (click here)
18. Chronic Infiltrative (Restrictive) Lung Disease - Answer (click here)
19. Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
20. Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses - Answer (click here)
21. Tumours of the Larynx - Answer (click here)
22. Lung Cancer - Answer (click here)
23. Sleep Apnoea - Answer (click here)
24. Miscellaneous Lung Diseases - Answer (click here)
Neuro sensory
1. History - Neurology - Answer (click here)
2. Physical Exam - Neurology - Answer (click here)
3. Cognitive Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Common Peripheral Nerve Lesions - Neurology - Answer (click here)
5. Brain Anatomy - Neurology - Answer (click here)
6. Intracranial Haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
7. Stroke - Answer (click here)
8. Head Trauma - Answer (click here)
9. Coma and Stupor - Answer (click here)
10. Syncope (Fainting) - Answer (click here)
11. Abnormal Speech - Answer (click here)
12. Parkinson’s Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Dystonias - Answer (click here)
14. Demyelinating Disease - Answer (click here)
15. Other CNS Degenerative Diseases - Answer (click here)
16. Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
17. Brain Tumours - Answer (click here)
18. Spinal Chord Syndromes - Answer (click here)
19. Headaches - Answer (click here)
20. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
21. Other neurological emergencies - Answer (click here)
22. History - Eyes - Answer (click here)
23. Physical Examination - Eyes - Answer (click here)
24. Anatomy - Eyes - Answer (click here)
25. Loss of Vision - Answer (click here)
26. The Red Eye - Answer (click here)
27. Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
28. Eye Infections - Answer (click here)
29. Optic Nerve Lesions - Answer (click here)
30. Nerve Lesions Affecting Eye movement - Answer (click here)
31. Retinal Vascular Disease - Answer (click here)
32. Focal Ischaemic Retinal Disease - Answer (click here)
33. Tumours - Answer (click here)
34. Paediatric Ophthalmology - Answer (click here)
35. Vestibular - Answer (click here)
36. External Ear - Answer (click here)
37. Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
38. Ear Testing - Answer (click here)
39. Hearing Loss - Answer (click here)
Gastro Intestinal
1. Abdominal Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Abdominal History - Answer (click here)
3. Abdominal Exam - Answer (click here)
4. Abdominal Tests - Answer (click here)
5. Oral Pathology - Answer (click here)
6. Dysphagia - Answer (click here)
7. Oesophageal Tumours - Answer (click here)
8. Achalasia - Answer (click here)
9. Dyspepsia - Answer (click here)
10. Oesophagitis - Answer (click here)
11. Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) - Answer (click here)
12. Hiatus Hernia - Answer (click here)
13. Gastritis - Stomach and Duodenum - Answer (click here)
14. Acute Ulcers - Answer (click here)
15. Peptic (Gastric & Duodenal) Ulcer - Answer (click here)
16. Pernicious Anaemia - Answer (click here)
17. Gastric Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
18. Ceoliac Disease - Answer (click here)
19. Other Malabsorption Syndromes - Answer (click here)
20. Pathology - Small & Large Bowel - Answer (click here)
21. Ischaemic Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Bowel Obstruction - Answer (click here)
23. Appendicitis - Answer (click here)
24. Ulcerative Colitis (UC) - Answer (click here)
25. Crohn’s Disease - Answer (click here)
26. Small Bowel Tumours - Answer (click here)
27. Colorectal Cancer - Answer (click here)
28. Diverticular disease of the colon - Answer (click here)
29. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Answer (click here)
30. Bacterial Overgrowth of Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
31. Pseudomembranous Colitis - Answer (click here)
32. Diarrhoea - Infectious Agents - Answer (click here)
33. Constipation - Answer (click here)
34. Anorectal problems - Answer (click here)
35. GI Bleeding - Answer (click here)
36. Assessment - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
37. Alcoholic Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
38. Viral Hepatitis - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
39. Hepatitis A - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
40. Hepatitis B - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
41. Hepatitis C - Answer (click here)
42. Hepatitis D,E - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
43. Tumours of the Liver - Answer (click here)
44. Other Liver Diseases - Answer (click here)
45. End Stage Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
46. Cholelithiasis - Gallbladder and Bile Ducts - Answer (click here)
47. Cholecystitis - Gallbladder and Bile Ducts - Answer (click here)
48. Tumours - Gallbladder and Bile Ducts - Answer (click here)
49. Acute Pancreatitis - Answer (click here)
50. Chronic Pancreatitis - Answer (click here)
51. Pancreatic Tumours - Answer (click here)
Musculo Skeletal
1. History - Musculo Skeletal - Answer (click here)
2. Exam - Musculo Skeletal - Answer (click here)
3. Radiology - Answer (click here)
4. Fractures - Answer (click here)
5. Soft Tissue Injury - Answer (click here)
6. Nerve Injury - Answer (click here)
7. History - Back and Neck - Answer (click here)
8. Exam - Back and Neck - Answer (click here)
9. Neck and Radiating Arm Pain - Answer (click here)
10. Back Pain - Answer (click here)
11. Pelvic Injury - Answer (click here)
12. Upper Limb - Answer (click here)
13. Upper Arm and Elbow - Answer (click here)
14. Fore arm and Hand - Answer (click here)
15. Gait - Answer (click here)
16. Hip and Femur - Answer (click here)
17. Knee - Answer (click here)
18. Lower Leg and Foot - Answer (click here)
19. Facial Fractures - Answer (click here)
20. Joint and Bone Infections - Answer (click here)
21. Metabolic Bone Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Orthopaedic Tumours - Answer (click here)
23. Arthritis Overview - Answer (click here)
24. Osteoarthritis - Answer (click here)
25. Management of Inflammatory Arthritis - Answer (click here)
26. Blood tests in Inflammatory Arthritis - Answer (click here)
27. Pharmacology - Inflammatory Arthritis - Answer (click here)
28. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
29. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
30. Spondyloarthropathies (Seronegative Arthritis) - Answer (click here)
31. Crystal Arthropathy - Answer (click here)
32. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer
(click here)
33. Sjogren’s Syndrome - Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click here)
34. Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS) - Connective Tissue Diseases -
Answer (click here)
35. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis - Connective Tissue Diseases -
Answer (click here)
36. Polymyalgia Rheumatica - Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click
here)
37. Vasculitis - Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click here)
38. Pain Syndromes - Answer (click here)
39. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Answer (click here)
40. Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) - Answer (click here)
Haematology and Immunology
1. Microscopy of Abnormal Cells - Answer (click here)
2. Anaemias - Answer (click here)
3. Microcytic Anaemia - Answer (click here)
4. Macrocytic Anaemia - Answer (click here)
5. Pancytopenia - Anaemias - Answer (click here)
6. Hereditary Spherocytosis - Answer (click here)
7. Data Interpretation - Anaemias - Answer (click here)
8. Porphyria - Anaemias - Answer (click here)
9. Haematology of Systemic Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Anaemia of Chronic Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Haemostasis - Answer (click here)
12. Platelets and Platelet disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) - Answer (click here)
14. Polycythaemia Vera - Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) - Answer (click
here)
15. Essential thrombocythaemia - Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) -
Answer (click here)
16. Myelofibrosis - Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) - Answer (click here)
17. Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia - Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD)
- Answer (click here)
18. Myelodysplastic syndromes - Answer (click here)
19. Leukaemia - Answer (click here)
20. Acute Leukaemia - Answer (click here)
21. Fever in a Neutropenic Patient - Answer (click here)
22. Multiple Myeloma - Lymphoproliferative Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Lymphoproliferative Disorders -
Answer (click here)
24. Lymphoma and Hairy Cell Leukaemia - Lymphoproliferative Disorders
- Answer (click here)
25. Data Interpretation: Leukaemia & Lymphoproliferative disorders -
Answer (click here)
26. Immunology - Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
27. Primary Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
28. Secondary Immunodeficiency (Acquired) - Answer (click here)
29. Hypersensitivity Disorders - Answer (click here)
30. Allergy - Answer (click here)
31. Diagnosis - Allergy and Hypersensitivity Disorders - Answer (click here)
32. Diseases caused by Antibodies - Allergy and Hypersensitivity Disorders
- Answer (click here)
Skin
1. Dermatology Glossary - Skin - Answer (click here)
2. Diagnosis - Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Bacterial infections of skin and soft tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Fungal Skin Infections/Dermatophytosis - Answer (click here)
5. Viral Skin Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Other Skin Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Eczema - Answer (click here)
8. Atopic Eczema - Answer (click here)
9. Seborrhoeic Dermatitis - Answer (click here)
10. Contact Dermatitis - Eczema - Answer (click here)
11. Eczema Related Conditions - Answer (click here)
12. Nappy Rash - Answer (click here)
13. Sun Damaged Skin - Answer (click here)
14. Naevi and Melanoma - Skin Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
15. Tumours - Skin Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
16. Ulcers - Answer (click here)
17. Inflammatory skin lesions - Answer (click here)
18. Acne - Answer (click here)
19. Other Skin Lesions - Answer (click here)
20. Skin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
Psychological Medicine
1. Aetiology of Psychiatric Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Summary - Psychiatric History - Answer (click here)
3. Psychiatric History - Answer (click here)
4. Mental State Examination - Psychiatric History - Answer (click here)
5. Suicide Assessment and Management - Psychiatric History - Answer (click
here)
6. Interviewing Aggressive Patients - Psychiatric History - Answer (click here)
7. DSM IV Classification - Answer (click here)
8. Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. History Taking in Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Panic Disorder (with or without agoraphobia) - Answer (click here)
11. Specific Phobia and Social Phobia - Answer (click here)
12. Generalised Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
13. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Answer (click here)
14. Treatment of Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Differentiating Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms - Answer (click here)
16. Depressive Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Postpartum Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Dysthymic Disorder - Answer (click here)
19. Bipolar Depression (Manic-Depression) - Answer (click here)
20. Antidepressant and Mood Stabilising Medication - Answer (click here)
21. Psychotic Disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Types of Psychotic Disorder - Answer (click here)
23. Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
24. Treatment of Psychosis - Answer (click here)
25. Dementia - Answer (click here)
26. Dementia Due to Head Trauma - Answer (click here)
27. Delirium - Answer (click here)
28. Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
29. Disorders due to a General Medical Condition - Answer (click here)
30. Diagnostic Criteria - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
31. Epidemiology - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
32. Models of Aetiology of Addiction - Substance Use Disorders - Answer
(click here)
33. History Taking - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
34. Investigations - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
35. Drugs of Abuse - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
36. Treatment of Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
37. Alcohol Abuse - Answer (click here)
38. Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
39. Impulse Control Disorders - Answer (click here)
40. Fictitious Disorder - Answer (click here)
41. Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
42. Treatment of Mental Illness - Answer (click here)
43. Grief and Bereavement - Answer (click here)
Emergency Management
1. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) - Resuscitation Emergency
Management - Answer (click here)
2. Cardiac Arrest Rhythms - Resuscitation Emergency Management -
Answer (click here)
3. Drugs in Cardiac Arrest - Resuscitation Emergency Management -
Answer (click here)
4. Secondary survey - Resuscitation Emergency Management - Answer (click
here)
5. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) - Resuscitation Emergency Management -
Answer (click here)
6. Resuscitation Ethics - Resuscitation Emergency Management - Answer
(click here)
7. Shock - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
8. Airway Obstruction - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
9. Asthma - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
10. Burns - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
11. Coma - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
12. Electrocution - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
13. Hypertensive Crisis - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
14. Near Drowning - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
15. Hypothermia - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
16. Hyperthermia - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
17. Poisoning and Overdose - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
18. Pulmonary Oedema - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
19. Renal failure and Spinal Shock - Emergency Management - Answer (click
here)
20. Trauma to Abdomen - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
21. Trauma to Chest - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
Infectious Diseases
1. Blood Culture - Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Bacterial Meningitis - Infections of the CNS - Answer (click here)
3. Brain Abscess - Infections of the CNS - Answer (click here)
4. Viral CNS Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Streptococcus - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Staphlococcus - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Haemophilus Influenzae - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Moraxella Catarrhalis - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Mycobacteria - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
11. Varicella Zoster - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
12. Epstein Barr Virus - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
13. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
14. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
15. Toxoplasmosis - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
16. Malaria - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
17. Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica) - Answer (click here)
18. Giardiasis - Answer (click here)
19. Filariasis - Answer (click here)
20. Intestinal Worms - Answer (click here)
21. Hydatid Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Cryptosporidium - Answer (click here)
23. Pneumocystis Carinii - Answer (click here)
24. Travel Medicine - Answer (click here)
25. Antibiotic Treatment - Answer (click here)
26. Vaccination - Answer (click here)
Pharmacology
1. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Variability of Drug Response - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Volume of Distribution (Vd) - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Clearance (Cl) - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
5. Half Life (T½) - Answer (click here)
6. Steady State Concentration - Answer (click here)
7. Bioavailability (F) - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
8. Absorption - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Metabolism - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Excretion of Drugs - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
12. Inter-individual Differences - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
13. Controlled Release Formulations - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
14. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
15. Pharmacology of Pregnancy and Breast Feeding - Answer (click here)
16. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) - Answer (click here)
17. Drug Allergy - Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) - Answer (click here)
18. Drug Interactions - Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) - Answer (click here)
19. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) - Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)
- Answer (click here)
20. Drug withdrawal syndromes - Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) - Answer
(click here)
21. Sleep - Answer (click here)
22. Treatment of Insomnia - Answer (click here)
23. Compliance Issues - Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
24. Prescribing - Answer (click here)
25. Regulation of Medicines and Drugs - Answer (click here)
Anaesthetics
1. General Anaesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Anaesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Pain Management - Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
4. Local Anaesthesia - Answer (click here)
5. Local Anaesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Obstetric Anaesthesia - Answer (click here)
7. Preoperative Assessment - Answer (click here)
Public Health
1. Public Health - Answer (click here)
2. Health Care Delivery - Answer (click here)
3. Measures of Health Status - Answer (click here)
4. Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Public Health - Answer (click here)
6. Communicable Disease Control - Answer (click here)
7. Classification - Environmental Health - Answer (click here)
8. Inter-relationship of Host and Environment - Answer (click here)
9. Consequences of Global Environmental Changes - Answer (click here)
10. Screening - Answer (click here)
11. Health Promotion - Answer (click here)
12. Social Inequalities in Health - Answer (click here)
13. Health Economics - Answer (click here)
Professional Development
1. Professional Development - Answer (click here)
2. Working in Teams - Professional Development - Answer (click here)
3. Physical Hazards of Medicine - Answer (click here)
4. Medical Crises - Answer (click here)
5. The Doctor's Health - Answer (click here)
6. Code of Health and Disability Services Consumer's Rights - Answer (click
here)
7. Medical Error and Misadventure - Answer (click here)
8. Medical Council - Answer (click here)
9. Certification of Death - Answer (click here)
10. Coroner - Answer (click here)
Ethics
1. Ethical Principles - Answer (click here)
2. Morality and Standpoints - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
3. Two Classes of Moral Theory - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
4. Confidentiality - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
5. Consent - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
6. Refusal of Treatment - Answer (click here)
7. End of life issues - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
8. Ethical Issues in Dealing with Impaired or Incompetent Colleagues -
Answer (click here)
9. Professional Ethics - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
10. Tissue Donation - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
11. Assisted Human Reproduction - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
12. Innovative Treatment - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
13. Research Ethics - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
Subject : Radiology
INTRODUCTION
Scope of Diagnostic Imaging
1. Scope of Diagnostic Imaging - Answer (click here)
2. Conventional Radiography - Answer (click here)
3. Ultrasonography - Answer (click here)
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Answer (click here)
5. Nuclear Medicine - Radiology - Answer (click here)
CHEST
Imaging of the Heart and Great Vessels
1. Imaging of the Heart and Great Vessels - Answer (click here)
2. Conventional Radiographs - Answer (click here)
3. Echocardiography - Answer (click here)
4. Techniques and Normal Anatomy : Radionuclide Imaging (Nuclear
Medicine) - Answer (click here)
5. Techniques and Normal Anatomy : Computed Tomography - Answer
(click here)
6. Techniques and Normal Anatomy : Magnetic Resonance Imaging and
Angiography - Answer (click here)
7. Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise : Increased Heart Size - Answer (click here)
9. Exercise : Alterations In Cardiac Contour - Answer (click here)
10. Exercise: Pulmonary Vascularity - Answer (click here)
11. Exercise : Vascular Abnormalities - Answer (click here)
12. Exercise: Heart And Great Vessel Calcifications - Answer (click here)
13. Exercise: Monitoring Devices - Answer (click here)
Imaging of Joints
1. Imaging of Joints: Techniques and Normal Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Imaging of Joints: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
3. Exercise: Joint Trauma - Answer (click here)
4. Exercise: Joint Instability - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Arthritides - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Miscellaneous Joint Disorders - Answer (click here)
ABDOMEN
Plain Film of the Abdomen
1. Plain Film of the Abdomen - Answer (click here)
2. Plain Film of the Abdomen: Technique and Normal Imaging - Answer
(click here)
3. Plain Film of the Abdomen: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
4. Exercise: Upper Abdominal Calcifications - Answer (click here)
5. Exercises: Pelvic Calcifications - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Increased Abdominal Density or Masses - Answer (click here)
7. Exercise: Intestinal Distention - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise: Increased or Decreased Density in the Abdomen - Answer (click
here)
9. Exercise: Extraluminal Gas Pattern - Answer (click here)
Gastrointestinal Tract
1. Basic Radiology : Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
2. Gastrointestinal Tract: Examination Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Gastrointestinal Tract: Normal Imaging - Answer (click here)
4. Gastrointestinal Tract: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Dysphagia - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding - Answer (click here)
7. Exercise: Small-Bowel Bleeding - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise: Small-Bowel Obstruction - Answer (click here)
9. Exercise : Colonic Bleeding - Answer (click here)
10. Exercise: Colonic Obstruction - Answer (click here)
Subject : Paediatrics
Clinical assessment
1. Paediatrics: Communication skills - Answer (click here)
2. Taking a paediatric history - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: The presenting complaint - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: History of present illness - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Past health history - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Symptom review - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Family history - Answer (click here)
8. Examining a child: introduction - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: General condition - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Vital signs - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Respiratory system - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Cardiovascular system - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Gastrointestinal system - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Genitourinary system - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Musculoskeletal system - Answer (click here)
Resuscitation
1. Paediatrics: Cardiopulmonary arrest - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Rapid cardiopulmonary assessment - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatric basic life support - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Choking children - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Rhythm disturbances - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Treating supraventricular tachycardia - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Following unsuccessful resuscitation - Answer (click here)
Neonatology
1. Paediatrics: Newborn life support - Answer (click here)
2. Perinatal definitions - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Small for gestational age - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Large for gestational age - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Prematurity - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Birth at the limit of viability - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Outcome following prematurity - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Basic obstetrics - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Obstetric problems - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Maternal disorders causing neonatal disease - Answer (click
here)
11. Paediatrics: Birth trauma - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Non-specifi cally ill neonate - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Neonatal jaundice - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Hypoglycaemia - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Neonatal seizures - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: The floppy infant - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Hydrops foetalis - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Routine care of the newborn - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Milk feeding - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Routine neonatal examination - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Normal variations and minor abnormalities - Answer (click
here)
22. Newborn fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Respiratory distress syndrome - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Acute respiratory diseases - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Neonatal respiratory support - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Conventional positive pressure ventilation - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: High frequency oscillatory ventilation - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Circulatory adaptation at birth - Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Patent ductus arteriosus - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: CNS malformations - Answer (click here)
32. Paediatrics: Hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy - Answer (click here)
33. Paediatrics: Cerebral haemorrhage and ischaemia - Answer (click here)
34. Paediatrics: Necrotizing enterocolitis - Answer (click here)
35. Paediatrics: Neonatal infection - Answer (click here)
36. Paediatrics: Transplacental (congenital infection) - Answer (click here)
37. Paediatrics: Prevention of neonatal infection - Answer (click here)
38. Paediatrics: Neonatal abstinence syndrome - Answer (click here)
39. Inborn errors of metabolism - Answer (click here)
40. Paediatrics: Retinopathy of prematurity - Answer (click here)
41. Metabolic bone disease - Answer (click here)
42. Paediatrics: Orofacial clefts - Answer (click here)
43. Paediatrics: Neonatal haematology - Answer (click here)
44. Paediatrics: Rh disease (rhesus haemolytic disease) - Answer (click here)
45. Paediatrics: Bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus) - Answer (click here)
46. Paediatrics: Neonatal dermatology - Answer (click here)
47. Paediatrics: Perinatal death - Answer (click here)
Practical procedures
1. Paediatrics: Capillary blood sampling - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Venepuncture - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Intravenous cannulation - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Peripheral arterial blood sampling - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Peripheral arterial cannulation - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Umbilical arterial catheter - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Umbilical venous catheter - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Central venous catheterization via a peripheral vein - Answer
(click here)
9. Paediatrics: Airway management - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Mask ventilation - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Endotracheal intubation - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Insertion of a chest drain - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Intraosseous infusion - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Intracardiac injection - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Pericardiocentesis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Abdominal paracentesis - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Urethral bladder catheterization - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Suprapubic aspiration of urine - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Lumbar puncture - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Cerebral ventricular tap - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Exchange transfusion - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular
1. Paediatrics: Cardiovascular Common presentations - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Heart failure - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Heart murmurs - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Murmurs: clinical features - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Acyanotic: congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Left to right shunt: atrial septal defect - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Ventricular septal defect - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Persistent ductus arteriosus - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Right to left shunt: tetralogy of Fallot - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Transposition of the great arteries - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Common mixing: complete atrioventricular septal defect -
Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Tricuspid atresia - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Aortic stenosis - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Pulmonary stenosis - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Coarctation of the aorta - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection - Answer
(click here)
18. Paediatrics: Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Dextrocardia - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Infection: infective bacterial endocarditis - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Rheumatic fever - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Pericarditis - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Myocarditis - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Cardiac arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
Nephrology
1. Paediatrics: Polyuria and frequency - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Abdominal/renal mass - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Haematuria - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Proteinuria - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Urinary tract infection - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Vesicoureteric reflux - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Acute kidney injury - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Acute kidney injury: diagnosis and treatment - Answer (click
here)
9. Paediatrics: Chronic kidney disease - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Chronic kidney disease: treatment - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Congenital urinary tract anomalies - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Inherited renal disease - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Haemolytic–uraemic syndrome - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Nephrotic syndrome - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Nephrotic syndrome: complications and follow-up - Answer
(click here)
17. Paediatrics: Renal tubular disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Proximal renal tubular acidosis - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Bartter’s syndrome - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Renal calculi - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Hypertension: definition - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Hypertension: causes and features - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Hypertension: management - Answer (click here)
Neurology
1. Paediatrics: Neurology Examination - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Neurology Examination: children aged <5 years who can’t
walk - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Paroxysmal episodes: not epilepsy - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Paroxysmal episodes: general management - Answer (click
here)
6. Paediatrics: Seizures and childhood epilepsies - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Seizures: management - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Epilepsies: neonatal - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Epilepsies: infantile - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Epilepsies: mid to late childhood (1) - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Epilepsies: mid to late childhood (2) - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Headache - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Headache: migraine - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Bell’s palsy - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Stroke in childhood - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Acute abnormal movements - Answer (click here)
18. Subdural haemorrhage in a child under 2 years - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Neurocutaneous disorders - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Macrocephaly and microcephaly - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Degenerative disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Neuromuscular disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Peripheral neuropathies - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Guillain–Barre syndrome - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Neuromuscular junction - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Muscular disorders - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Management of neuromuscular junction and muscular
disorders - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Cerebral palsy - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Acute encephalopathy - Answer (click here)
Child development
1. Paediatrics: Managing and living with disability - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Normal development - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Gross motor development - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Fine motor development - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Speech and language development - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Social, emotional, and behavioural development - Answer
(click here)
7. Paediatrics: Developmental assessment - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Neurodevelopmental delay - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Learning difficulties/disabilities - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Developmental co-ordination disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Communication difficulties - Answer (click here)
Haematology
1. Paediatrics: Anaemia - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Haemolytic anaemias - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Deficiency anaemias - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Red blood count membrane defect anaemias - Answer (click
here)
5. Paediatrics: Red blood count enzyme defect anaemias - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Sickle cell disease - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Thalassaemia - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Immune haemolytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Red blood cell fragmentation - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Aplastic anaemia - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Failure of red cell production (pure red cell aplasia) - Answer
(click here)
12. Paediatrics: Polycythaemia - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Abnormal bleeding or bruising - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Coagulation studies - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Disseminated intravascular coagulation - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Haemophilia A - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Haemophilia B - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: von Willebrand disease - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Platelet function disorders - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Thrombocytosis - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Thrombocytopenia - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Acute immune thrombocytopenia - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Thrombophilia - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Blood transfusion reactions - Answer (click here)
Oncology
1. Paediatrics: Epidemiology of childhood cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Oncology Clinical assessment: history - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Oncology Clinical examination - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Key investigations - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Acute myeloid leukaemia - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (adult type) - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Central nervous system tumours (1) - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Central nervous system tumours (2) - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Neuroblastoma - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma) - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Other renal tumours in childhood - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Bone tumours - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Rhabdomyosarcoma - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Germ cell tumours - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Primary liver tumours - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Other rare tumours - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Stem cell transplant - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Radiotherapy - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Surgery - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Acute care - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Acute care: biochemistry - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Acute care: other - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Urgent care - Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Principles of follow-up - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: Palliative care - Answer (click here)
Infectious diseases
1. Paediatrics: Infectious diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: The child with fever - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Fever: examination and assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Fever: management (green features) - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Fever: management (red or amber features) - Answer (click
here)
6. Paediatrics: Prolonged fever of unknown cause - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Common infections characterized by rash - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Exanthem 1: measles - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Exanthem 2: group A streptococcus - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Exanthem 3: rubella - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Exanthem 4: enteroviruses - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Exanthem 5: parvovirus - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Exanthem 6: human herpes virus 6 - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Rash: chickenpox and zoster - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Rash: infectious mononucleosis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Lyme disease - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Mumps - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Bacteraemia and shock - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Kawasaki disease - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Skin and soft tissues - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Meningitis - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Mycobacteria - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Tropical infections - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Immunodeficiency disorders - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Human immunodeficiency virus - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Immunizations - Answer (click here)
Adolescent health
1. Paediatrics: Adolescent health Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Adolescence: overview - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Adolescent health problems - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Substance misuse - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Sexual health problems - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Adolescence and chronic illness - Answer (click here)
Dermatology
1. Paediatrics: Dermatology Assessment of a rash - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Atopic eczema/dermatitis - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Red scaly rashes - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Papular rashes (1) - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Papular rashes (2) - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Vesiculobullous rashes - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Red blanching (erythematous) rashes - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Pruritus - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Pustular rashes - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Purpuric rashes - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Lymphoedema - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Blood vessel disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Skin infection: viral and bacterial - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Fungal skin infections - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Parasitic skin infections - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Protozoal skin infections - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Hair disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Nail disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Photosensitivity and light eruptions - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Pigmentation disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Collagen and elastin disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Miscellaneous skin conditions - Answer (click here)
Paediatric Surgery
1. Paediatrics: Paediatric Surgery Symptoms and signs that should cause
concern - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: upper airway - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: tracheo-oesophageal - Answer (click
here)
4. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: oesophagus - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: lung - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: chest - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Ingested foreign bodies - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Bezoars - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Midgut malrotation and volvulus - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Intussusception - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Duodenal atresia - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Small bowel atresias - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Meconium ileus - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Acute appendicitis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Mesenteric adenitis - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Meckel’s diverticulum - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Gastroschisis - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Exomphalos (omphalocele) - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Inguinal hernias - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Hydroceles - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Hirschsprung’s disease - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Rectal prolapse - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Anorectal malformations - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Umbilical anomalies - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Testicular torsion - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Orchitis and epididymitis - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Testicular trauma - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) - Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Retractile testes - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: Hypospadias - Answer (click here)
32. Paediatrics: Phimosis and paraphimosis - Answer (click here)
33. Paediatrics: Balanitis/balanoposthitis - Answer (click here)
34. Paediatrics: Priapism - Answer (click here)
35. Paediatrics: Penile trauma - Answer (click here)
36. Paediatrics: Imperforate hymen - Answer (click here)
37. Paediatrics: Labial adhesions in infants - Answer (click here)
38. Paediatrics: Miscellaneous conditions - Answer (click here)
39. Paediatrics: Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
40. Paediatrics: Consent for surgery - Answer (click here)
41. Paediatrics: Post-operative care: fluids - Answer (click here)
42. Paediatrics: Post-operative care: analgesia - Answer (click here)
43. Paediatrics: Post-operative care: drains and wounds - Answer (click here)
Special senses
1. Paediatrics: Special senses Common presentations - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Hearing assessment - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Childhood deafness - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Disorders of the ear - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Common disorders of the nose - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Disorders of mouth and tongue - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Visual development and examination - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Vision assessment - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Vision screening in the UK - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Squints (strabismus) - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Ametropia (refractive disorders) - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Amblyopia - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Visual impairment - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Nystagmus - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Disorders of the eye: infection and inflammatory - Answer
(click here)
16. Paediatrics: Eye foreign body - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Cataract - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Orbit and eyelids - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Back of the eye problems - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Trauma - Answer (click here)
Genetics
1. Paediatrics: Clinical genetics and genetic counselling - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: When to refer to clinical genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Taking a family history - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Genetic testing - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Chromosome tests - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Molecular genetic analysis - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Practical issues relating to genetic testing - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Down syndrome - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Common chromosomal disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Genetic disorders with cardiac features - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Genetic testing in cognitive impairment - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Genetic disorders with neuromuscular features - Answer (click
here)
13. Paediatrics: Genetic disorders with dermatological features - Answer (click
here)
14. Paediatrics: Genetic disorders of growth - Answer (click here)
Child protection
1. Paediatrics: Child protection - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Illness fabricated or induced by carers - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Physical abuse - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Sexual abuse - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Emotional abuse - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Medical involvement in child protection - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Referrals to other agencies - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Medical assessment - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Assessment by social care - Answer (click here)
Subject : Psychology
Prologue What Is Psychology
1. Prologue: What Is Psychology? - Answer (click here)
2. Psychology’s Diverse Methods and Perspectives - Answer (click here)
3. The Neural Basis of Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
4. The Evolutionary Basis for Emotional Remembering - Answer (click here)
5. Cognitive Influences on Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
6. Social Influences on Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
7. The Cultural Setting of Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
8. A Developmental Perspective on Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
9. Disorders of Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
10. What Unites Psychology? - Answer (click here)
Research Methods
1. Psychology: Research Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Psychology: Making Observations - Answer (click here)
3. Making Observations: Defining the Question - Answer (click here)
4. Making Observations: Systematically Collecting Data - Answer (click here)
5. Making Observations: Defining the Sample - Answer (click here)
6. Making Observations: Assessing External Validity - Answer (click here)
7. Making Observations: Monitoring Demand Characteristics - Answer (click
here)
8. Psychology: Working With Data - Answer (click here)
9. Working With Data: Descriptive Statistics - Answer (click here)
10. Working With Data: Inferential Statistics - Answer (click here)
11. Psychology: Observational Studies - Answer (click here)
12. Establishing Cause and Effect: the Power of Experiments - Answer (click
here)
13. Experimental Groups versus Control Groups - Answer (click here)
14. Random Assignment - Answer (click here)
15. Within-Subject Comparisons - Answer (click here)
16. Internal Validity - Answer (click here)
17. Beyond the Single Experiment - Answer (click here)
18. Research Ethics - Answer (click here)
19. The Power of Science - Answer (click here)
20. Some Final Thoughts: Methodological Eclecticism - Answer (click here)
Sensation
1. Psychology: Sensation - Answer (click here)
2. The Origins of Knowledge - Answer (click here)
3. Psychophysics - Answer (click here)
4. Psychophysics: Sensory Thresholds - Answer (click here)
5. Psychophysics: Detection and Decision - Answer (click here)
6. A Survey of the Senses - Answer (click here)
7. A Survey of the Senses: Sensory Coding - Answer (click here)
8. A Survey of the Senses: Sensory Adaptation - Answer (click here)
9. A Survey of the Senses: The Vestibular Sense - Answer (click here)
10. A Survey of the Senses: The Skin Senses - Answer (click here)
11. A Survey of the Senses: Pain - Answer (click here)
12. A Survey of the Senses: Smell - Answer (click here)
13. A Survey of the Senses: Taste - Answer (click here)
14. Hearing - Answer (click here)
15. The Stimulus: Sound - Answer (click here)
16. From Sound Waves to Hearing - Answer (click here)
17. Vision - Answer (click here)
18. The Stimulus: Light - Answer (click here)
19. Gathering the Stimulus: The Eye - Answer (click here)
20. The Visual Receptors - Answer (click here)
21. Vision Contrast Effects - Answer (click here)
22. Vision Color - Answer (click here)
23. The Neural Basis of Color Vision - Answer (click here)
24. Vision Perceiving Shapes - Answer (click here)
Perception
1. Psychology: Perception - Answer (click here)
2. Form Perception: What Is It?: The Importance of Features - Answer (click
here)
3. Form Perception: What Is It?: The Importance of Organization - Answer
(click here)
4. Network Models of Perception - Answer (click here)
5. The Neuroscience of Vision - Answer (click here)
6. Perceptual Constancy - Answer (click here)
7. Distance Perception: Where Is It? - Answer (click here)
8. Motion Perception: What Is It Doing? - Answer (click here)
9. Perceptual Selection: Attention - Answer (click here)
10. Perception: Other Modalities - Answer (click here)
Consciousness
1. Consciousness - Answer (click here)
2. Introspection and the Functions of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
3. Consciousness: Translating Thoughts into Words - Answer (click here)
4. Consciousness: The Cognitive Unconscious - Answer (click here)
5. Consciousness: Brain Damage and Unconscious Functioning - Answer
(click here)
6. Consciousness: Unconscious Attributions - Answer (click here)
7. Consciousness: Mistaken Introspections - Answer (click here)
8. The Function of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
9. Neural Basis for Consciousness - Answer (click here)
10. Neural Basis for Consciousness: The Mind-Body Problem - Answer (click
here)
11. The Many Brain Areas Needed for Consciousness - Answer (click here)
12. Neural Correlates of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
13. The Global Workspace Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
14. Varieties of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
15. Consciousness: Sleep - Answer (click here)
16. Consciousness: Sleep and Wake Cycles - Answer (click here)
17. Consciousness: The Need For Sleep - Answer (click here)
18. Consciousness: The Function of Sleep - Answer (click here)
19. Consciousness: Dreams - Answer (click here)
20. Why Do We Dream ? - Answer (click here)
21. Sleep, Dreams, and Consciousness - Answer (click here)
22. Consciousness: Hypnosis - Answer (click here)
23. Consciousness: Religious States(Meditation) - Answer (click here)
24. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness - Answer (click here)
25. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Depressants - Answer (click here)
26. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Stimulants - Answer (click here)
27. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Marijuana - Answer (click here)
28. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Hallucinogens - Answer (click
here)
29. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Addiction - Answer (click here)
Learning
1. Psychology: Learning - Answer (click here)
2. The Perspective of Learning Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Habituation - Answer (click here)
4. Classical Conditioning - Answer (click here)
5. Classical Conditioning: Pavlov and the Conditioned Response - Answer
(click here)
6. The Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning - Answer (click here)
7. Classical Conditioning: Acquisition of Conditioned Responses - Answer
(click here)
8. Classical Conditioning: Extinction - Answer (click here)
9. Classical Conditioning: Generalization - Answer (click here)
10. Classical Conditioning: Discrimination - Answer (click here)
11. Classical Conditioning: The CS as a “Signal” - Answer (click here)
12. Classical Conditioning: Contingency - Answer (click here)
13. Classical Conditioning: The Absence of Contingency - Answer (click here)
14. Classical Conditioning: Role of Surprise - Answer (click here)
15. Classical Conditioning: The Relationship between the CR and the UR -
Answer (click here)
16. Instrumental Conditioning - Answer (click here)
17. Instrumental Conditioning: Thorndike and the Law of Effect - Answer
(click here)
18. Instrumental Conditioning: Skinner and Operant Behavior - Answer (click
here)
19. Instrumental Conditioning: The Major Phenomena of Instrumental
Conditioning - Answer (click here)
20. Instrumental Conditioning: Changing Behaviors or Acquiring
Knowledge? - Answer (click here)
21. Observational Learning - Answer (click here)
22. Varieties of Learning - Answer (click here)
23. Biological Influences on Learning: Belongingness - Answer (click here)
24. Different Types of Learning - Answer (click here)
25. Similarities in How Different Species Learn - Answer (click here)
26. The Neural Basis for Learning - Answer (click here)
Memory
1. Psychology: Memory - Answer (click here)
2. Acquisition, Storage, Retrieval - Answer (click here)
3. Acquisition - Answer (click here)
4. Acquisition: Working Memory, Long-Term Memory - Answer (click here)
5. Acquisition: Establishing Long-Term Memories - Answer (click here)
6. Psychology: Storage - Answer (click here)
7. Psychology: Retrieval - Answer (click here)
8. Psychology: Memory Gaps, Memory Errors - Answer (click here)
9. Memory Gaps, Memory Errors: Forgetting - Answer (click here)
10. Psychology: Memory Intrusions - Answer (click here)
11. Psychology: Memory: An Overall Assessment - Answer (click here)
12. Psychology: Varieties of Memory - Answer (click here)
13. Psychology: Episodic and Semantic Memory - Answer (click here)
14. Psychology: Possible Subdivisions of Episodic Memory - Answer (click
here)
15. Psychology: Explicit and Implicit Memory - Answer (click here)
Thinking
1. Psychology: Thinking - Answer (click here)
2. Mental Representations - Answer (click here)
3. Judgment: Drawing Conclusions from Experience - Answer (click here)
4. Judgment: The Availability Heuristic - Answer (click here)
5. Judgment: The Representativeness Heuristic - Answer (click here)
6. Judgment: Thinking Dual-Process Theories - Answer (click here)
7. Reasoning: Drawing Implications from Our Beliefs - Answer (click here)
8. Reasoning: Confirmation Bias - Answer (click here)
9. Reasoning: Faulty Logic - Answer (click here)
10. Reasoning: Triggers for Good Reasoning - Answer (click here)
11. Reasoning: Judgment and Reasoning: An Overview - Answer (click here)
12. Decision Making: Choosing Among Options - Answer (click here)
13. Decision Making: Framing Effects - Answer (click here)
14. Decision Making: Affective Forecasting - Answer (click here)
15. Decision Making: Too Many Options - Answer (click here)
16. Decision Making: Reason-Based Choice - Answer (click here)
17. Decision Making: An Overview - Answer (click here)
18. Problem Solving: Finding a Path Toward a Goal - Answer (click here)
19. Problem Solving: The Role of the Goal State - Answer (click here)
20. Problem Solving: Hierarchical Organization - Answer (click here)
21. Problem Solving: Automaticity - Answer (click here)
22. Problem Solving: Obstacles to Problem Solving - Answer (click here)
23. Problem Solving: Overcoming Obstacles to Solutions - Answer (click here)
24. Problem Solving: Restructuring - Answer (click here)
25. Problem Solving: Creative Thinking - Answer (click here)
26. Problem Solving: Experts - Answer (click here)
Language
1. Psychology: Language - Answer (click here)
2. Building Blocks of Language - Answer (click here)
3. Building Blocks of Language: The Sound Units - Answer (click here)
4. Building Blocks of Language: Morphemes and Words - Answer (click here)
5. Building Blocks of Language: Phrases and Sentences - Answer (click here)
6. How Language Conveys Meaning - Answer (click here)
7. Psychology Language: Meanings of Words - Answer (click here)
8. Psychology Language: The Meanings of Sentences - Answer (click here)
9. Psychology Language: How We Understand - Answer (click here)
10. How We Learn a Language - Answer (click here)
11. The Social Origins of Language Learning - Answer (click here)
12. Discovering the Building Blocks of Language - Answer (click here)
13. The Growth of Word Meaning - Answer (click here)
14. The Progression to Adult Language - Answer (click here)
15. Language Learning in Changed Environments - Answer (click here)
16. Wild Children - Answer (click here)
17. Isolated Children - Answer (click here)
18. Language without Sound - Answer (click here)
19. Language without a Model - Answer (click here)
20. Children Deprived of Access to Some of the Meanings - Answer (click here)
21. Children Exposed to More Than One Language: The Case of
Bilingualism - Answer (click here)
22. Language Learning with Changed Endowments - Answer (click here)
23. The Sensitive Period Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
24. Language in Nonhumans - Answer (click here)
25. Language and Thought - Answer (click here)
26. How Language Connects to Thought - Answer (click here)
27. Do People Who Talk Differently Come to Understand the World
Differently? - Answer (click here)
28. How Can We Study Language and Thought? - Answer (click here)
Intelligence
1. Intelligence - Answer (click here)
2. Intelligence Testing - Answer (click here)
3. What Is Intelligence? The Psychometric Approach - Answer (click here)
4. The Logic of Psychometrics - Answer (click here)
5. Factor Analysis and the Idea of General Intelligence - Answer (click here)
6. A Hierarchical Model of Intelligence - Answer (click here)
7. Intelligence: Fluid and Crystallized G - Answer (click here)
8. The Building Blocks of Intelligence - Answer (click here)
9. Intelligence Beyond the IQ Test - Answer (click here)
10. The Roots of Intelligence - Answer (click here)
11. The Roots of Intelligence: The Politics of IQ Testing - Answer (click here)
12. The Roots of Intelligence: The Problems with “Nature vs. Nurture” -
Answer (click here)
13. The Roots of Intelligence: Genetics and Individual IQ - Answer (click here)
14. The Roots of Intelligence: Environment and Individual IQ - Answer (click
here)
15. The Roots of Intelligence: Heritability Ratios - Answer (click here)
16. The Roots of Intelligence: Group Differences in IQ - Answer (click here)
17. Group Differences in IQ: Between - Group and Within – Group
Differences - Answer (click here)
18. Group Differences in IQ: Comparisons Between Men And Women -
Answer (click here)
19. Group Differences in IQ: Stereo Type Threat - Answer (click here)
Social Psychology
1. Social Psychology - Answer (click here)
2. Social Cognition - Answer (click here)
3. Social Cognition: Attribution - Answer (click here)
4. Social Cognition: Person Perception - Answer (click here)
5. Social Cognition: Attitudes - Answer (click here)
6. Social Influence - Answer (click here)
7. Social Influence: Conformity - Answer (click here)
8. Social Influence: Obedience - Answer (click here)
9. Social Influence: Compliance - Answer (click here)
10. Social Influence: Group Dynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Social Relations - Answer (click here)
12. Social Relations: Helping and Altruism - Answer (click here)
13. Social Relations: Attraction - Answer (click here)
14. Social Relations: Love - Answer (click here)
Development
1. Psychology: Development - Answer (click here)
2. Prenatal Development - Answer (click here)
3. Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
4. Physical and Sensorimotor Development in Infancy and Childhood -
Answer (click here)
5. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
6. Piaget ’S Stage Theory - Answer (click here)
7. Beyond Piaget - Answer (click here)
8. Early Conceptions of the Physical World - Answer (click here)
9. Number and Mathematical Reasoning - Answer (click here)
10. Social Cognition and Theory of Mind - Answer (click here)
11. Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click
here)
12. The Earliest Interactions - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and
Childhood - Answer (click here)
13. Attachment - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Childhood -
Answer (click here)
14. Differences in Attachment - Socioemotional Development in Infancy
and Childhood - Answer (click here)
15. The Role of Temperament - Socioemotional Development in Infancy
and Childhood - Answer (click here)
16. The Role of Culture - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and
Childhood - Answer (click here)
17. The Role of Parenting Styles - Socioemotional Development in Infancy
and Childhood - Answer (click here)
18. The Impact of Child Care - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and
Childhood - Answer (click here)
19. The Effects of Domestic Conflict and Divorce - Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
20. What Happens When there is No Attachment ? - Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
21. Peer Relationships - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and
Childhood - Answer (click here)
22. Development of Moral Thinking - Socioemotional Development in
Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
23. Conscience and Moral Feeling - Socioemotional Development in
Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
24. Adolescence - Answer (click here)
25. Physical Development in Adolescence - Answer (click here)
26. Cognitive Development in Adolescence - Answer (click here)
27. Socioemotional Development in Adolescence - Answer (click here)
28. Adulthood and Older Age - Answer (click here)
29. Physical and Sensorimotor Changes in Adulthood - Answer (click here)
30. Cognitive Changes in Adulthood - Answer (click here)
31. Socioemotional Development in Adulthood - Answer (click here)
Personality
1. Personality - Answer (click here)
2. The Trait Approach: Defining Our Differences - Answer (click here)
3. The Trait Approach: The Big Five - Answer (click here)
4. The Trait Approach: The Consistency Controversy - Answer (click here)
5. The Trait Approach: Traits and Biology - Answer (click here)
6. The Trait Approach: Traits and the Environment - Answer (click here)
7. The Trait Approach: Contributions of the Trait Approach - Answer (click
here)
8. Psychodynamic Approach: Probing the Depths - Answer (click here)
9. Psychodynamic Approach: Psychoanalysis: Theory and Practice - Answer
(click here)
10. Psychodynamic Approach: Psychological Defenses and Development -
Answer (click here)
11. Psychodynamic Approach: The Empirical Basis of Freud’s Claims -
Answer (click here)
12. Psychodynamic Approach: Psychodynamic Formulations after Freud -
Answer (click here)
13. Psychodynamic Approach: Contributions of the Psychodynamic
Approach - Answer (click here)
14. The Humanistic Approach: Appreciating Our Potential - Answer (click here)
15. The Humanistic Approach: Phenomenology and Self-actualization -
Answer (click here)
16. The Humanistic Approach: The Self - Answer (click here)
17. The Humanistic Approach: Positive Psychology - Answer (click here)
18. Contributions of the Humanistic Approach - Answer (click here)
19. The Social-Cognitive Approach: The Power of Beliefs - Answer (click here)
20. Origins of the Social-Cognitive Approach - Answer (click here)
21. Key Social-Cognitive Concepts - Answer (click here)
22. Contributions of the Social-Cognitive Approach - Answer (click here)
Psychopathology
1. Psychopathology - Answer (click here)
2. Conceptions of Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Defining Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Assessing Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Psychopathology: Making Diagnoses Using the DSM - Answer (click here)
6. Psychopathology: The Costs and Benefits of Labeling - Answer (click here)
7. Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Anxiety Disorders: Phobias - Answer (click here)
9. Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia - Answer (click here)
10. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Answer (click here)
12. Stress Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Roots of the Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Mood Disorders: Depression - Answer (click here)
16. Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder - Answer (click here)
17. The Roots of Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
19. Schizophrenia: Signs and Symptoms - Answer (click here)
20. The Roots of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
21. Developmental Disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Dissociative Disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
Psoriasis
1. Cause and pathogenesis of Psoriasis - Answer (click here)
2. Psoriasis: Precipitating factors - Answer (click here)
3. Psoriasis: Histology - Answer (click here)
4. Psoriasis: Presentation - Answer (click here)
5. Psoriasis: Complications - Answer (click here)
6. Psoriasis: Differential diagnosis, Investigations - Answer (click here)
7. Psoriasis: Treatment - Answer (click here)
8. Psoriasis: Local treatments - Answer (click here)
9. Psoriasis: Ultraviolet radiation treatments - Answer (click here)
10. Psoriasis: Special situations treatments - Answer (click here)
11. Psoriasis: Systemic treatment - Answer (click here)
12. Psoriasis: Combination therapy treatment - Answer (click here)
Bullous diseases
1. Bullous diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Pemphigus - Answer (click here)
3. Other causes of subcorneal and intraepidermal blistering - Answer (click
here)
4. Pemphigoid - Answer (click here)
5. Pemphigoid gestationis (herpes gestationis) - Answer (click here)
6. Cicatricial pemphigoid - Answer (click here)
7. Linear IgA bullous disease - Answer (click here)
8. Acquired epidermolysis bullosa - Answer (click here)
9. Dermatitis herpetiformis - Answer (click here)
10. Other causes of subepidermal blisters - Answer (click here)
11. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell’s disease) - Answer (click here)
12. Epidermolysis bullosa - Answer (click here)
Regional dermatology
1. The hair - Answer (click here)
2. The hair: Classification - Answer (click here)
3. The hair cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Alopecia - Answer (click here)
5. Alopecia areata - Answer (click here)
6. Androgenetic alopecia (male-pattern baldness) - Answer (click here)
7. Traction alopecia - Answer (click here)
8. Patchy hair loss caused by skin disease - Answer (click here)
9. Diffuse hair loss - Answer (click here)
10. Rare genetic causes of hypotrichosis - Answer (click here)
11. Hirsutism and hypertrichosis - Answer (click here)
12. Hypertrichosis - Answer (click here)
13. The nails - Answer (click here)
14. The nails: Effects of trauma - Answer (click here)
15. The nail in systemic disease - Answer (click here)
16. Nail changes in the common dermatoses - Answer (click here)
17. The nails Infections - Answer (click here)
18. Some other nail abnormalities - Answer (click here)
19. The mouth and genitals - Answer (click here)
20. Lichen planus - Answer (click here)
21. Candidiasis - Answer (click here)
22. Contact stomatitis - Answer (click here)
23. Bullous diseases - Answer (click here)
24. Aphthae - Answer (click here)
25. Some other oral lumps, bumps and colour changes - Answer (click here)
26. Squamous cell carcinoma - Answer (click here)
27. Vulvovaginitis - Answer (click here)
28. Lichen sclerosus - Answer (click here)
29. Vulval and scrotal pruritus - Answer (click here)
30. Malignant conditions: Squamous cell carcinoma - Answer (click here)
Infections
1. Bacterial infections: The resident flora of the skin - Answer (click here)
2. Streptococcal infections - Answer (click here)
3. Spirochaetal infections - Answer (click here)
4. Other Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
5. Mycobacterial infections - Answer (click here)
6. Other mycobacterial infections - Answer (click here)
7. Viral infections: Viral warts - Answer (click here)
8. Viral infections: Varicella (chickenpox) - Answer (click here)
9. Viral infections: Herpes zoster - Answer (click here)
10. Molluscum contagiosum - Answer (click here)
11. Orf - Answer (click here)
12. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - Answer (click here)
13. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki’s disease) - Answer
(click here)
14. Gianotti–Crosti syndrome - Answer (click here)
15. Herpangina, Measles, Rubella, Erythema infectiosum - Answer (click here)
16. Dermatophyte infections (ringworm) - Fungal infections - Answer (click
here)
17. Candidiasis - Fungal infections - Answer (click here)
18. Pityriasis versicolor - Answer (click here)
19. Deep fungal infections - Answer (click here)
Infestations
1. Insect bites - Arthropods - Answer (click here)
2. Papular urticaria - Answer (click here)
3. Bed bugs (Hemiptera) and Myiasis - Answer (click here)
4. Lice infestations (pediculosis) - Answer (click here)
5. Scabies - Answer (click here)
6. Infestations of Parasitic worms - Answer (click here)
Disorders of pigmentation
1. Normal skin colour - Answer (click here)
2. Abnormal skin colours - Answer (click here)
3. Decreased melanin pigmentation - Answer (click here)
4. Disorders with increased pigmentation (hypermelanosis) - Answer (click
here)
Skin tumours
1. Skin tumours: Prevention - Answer (click here)
2. Benign - Answer (click here)
3. Premalignant tumours - Answer (click here)
4. Basal cell carcinoma (rodent ulcer) - Answer (click here)
5. Squamous cell carcinoma - Answer (click here)
6. Malignant melanoma - Answer (click here)
7. Paget’s disease of the nipple - Answer (click here)
8. Tumours of the dermis: Benign - Answer (click here)
9. Tumours of the dermis: Malformations - Answer (click here)
10. Tumours of the dermis: Haemangiomas - Answer (click here)
11. Tumours of the dermis: Lymphangiomas - Answer (click here)
12. Other benign dermal tumours - Answer (click here)
13. Malignant: Kaposi’s sarcoma - Answer (click here)
14. Lymphomas and leukaemias - Answer (click here)
15. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and Cutaneous metastases - Answer
(click here)
Drug eruptions
1. Drug eruptions Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
2. Drug eruptions Presentation: Some drugs and the reactions they can
cause - Answer (click here)
3. Some common reaction patterns and drugs which can cause them -
Answer (click here)
4. Drug eruptions Course and Differential diagnosis - Answer (click here)
5. Drug eruptions Treatment - Answer (click here)
Medical treatment
1. Medical treatment - Answer (click here)
2. Therapeutic options - Answer (click here)
3. Topical treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Systemic therapy - Answer (click here)
Subject : Orthopaedics
Orthopaedics
1. Orthopaedics: Differential Diagnosis of Joint Pain - Answer (click here)
2. Fractures - General Principles - Answer (click here)
3. Orthopaedic Emergencies - Answer (click here)
4. Pelvic Fracture - Answer (click here)
5. Orthopaedics: Shoulder - Answer (click here)
6. Humeral Fracture - Answer (click here)
7. Orthopaedics: Elbow - Answer (click here)
8. Orthopaedics: Forearm - Answer (click here)
9. Orthopaedics: Wrist - Answer (click here)
10. Orthopaedics: Hand - Answer (click here)
11. Orthopaedics: Spine - Answer (click here)
12. Orthopaedics: Hip - Answer (click here)
13. Orthopaedics: Femur - Answer (click here)
14. Orthopaedics: Knee - Answer (click here)
15. Orthopaedics: Patella - Answer (click here)
16. Orthopaedics: Tibia - Answer (click here)
17. Orthopaedics: Ankle - Answer (click here)
18. Orthopaedics: Foot - Answer (click here)
19. Pediatric Orthopaedics - Answer (click here)
20. Bone Tumours - Answer (click here)
21. Articular Cartilage Defects - Answer (click here)
Subject : Ophthalmology
The Ophthalmic Examination
1. Ophthalmic Examination: Equipment - Answer (click here)
2. Ophthalmic Examination: History - Answer (click here)
3. Ophthalmic Examination: Visual Acuity - Answer (click here)
4. Ophthalmic Examination: Ocular Motility - Answer (click here)
5. Ophthalmic Examination: Binocular Alignment - Answer (click here)
6. Examination of the Eyelids and Nasolacrimal Duct - Answer (click here)
7. Examination of the Conjunctiva - Answer (click here)
8. Examination of the Cornea - Answer (click here)
9. Examination of the Anterior Chamber - Answer (click here)
10. Examination of the Lens - Answer (click here)
11. Confrontation Field Testing - Answer (click here)
12. Measurement of Intraocular Pressure - Answer (click here)
13. Eyedrops, Ointment, and Bandages - Answer (click here)
The Eyelids
1. Eyelids: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Eyelids: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Eyelids: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Eyelids: Deformities - Answer (click here)
5. Ptosis - Answer (click here)
6. Entropion - Answer (click here)
7. Ectropion - Answer (click here)
8. Trichiasis - Answer (click here)
9. Blepharospasm - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Skin and Margin of the Eyelid - Answer (click here)
11. Contact Eczema - Answer (click here)
12. Edema - Answer (click here)
13. Seborrheic Blepharitis - Answer (click here)
14. Herpes Simplex of the Eyelids - Answer (click here)
15. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus - Answer (click here)
16. Eyelid Abscess - Answer (click here)
17. Louse Infestation of the Eyelids - Answer (click here)
18. Disorders of the Eyelid Glands - Answer (click here)
19. Hordeolum - Answer (click here)
20. Chalazion - Answer (click here)
21. Eyelids: Benign Tumors - Answer (click here)
22. Eyelids: Malignant Tumors - Answer (click here)
23. Basal Cell Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
24. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
25. Adenocarcinoma - Answer (click here)
Lacrimal System
1. Lacrimal System: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Lacrimal System: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of the Lower Lacrimal System - Answer (click here)
4. Dacryocystitis - Answer (click here)
5. Canaliculitis - Answer (click here)
6. Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac - Answer (click here)
7. Lacrimal System Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
8. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca - Answer (click here)
9. Illacrimation - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Lacrimal Gland - Answer (click here)
11. Acute Dacryoa - Answer (click here)
12. Chronic Dacryoadenitis - Answer (click here)
13. Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland - Answer (click here)
Conjunctiva
1. Conjunctiva: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Conjunctiva: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Conjunctival Degeneration and Aging Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Pingueculum - Answer (click here)
5. Pterygium - Answer (click here)
6. Pseudopterygium - Answer (click here)
7. Conjunctival Xerosis - Answer (click here)
8. General Notes on the Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of
Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
9. Infectious Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
10. Noninfectious Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
11. Conjunctiva Tumors - Answer (click here)
12. Epithelial Conjunctival Tumors - Answer (click here)
13. Melanocytic Conjunctival Tumors - Answer (click here)
14. Conjunctival Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
15. Kaposi's sarcoma - Answer (click here)
16. Conjunctival Deposits - Answer (click here)
Cornea
1. Cornea: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Cornea: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Cornea: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Protrusion Anomalies: Keratoconus, Keratoglobus - Answer (click here)
5. Infectious Keratitis - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Keratitis - Answer (click here)
7. Viral Keratitis - Answer (click here)
8. Mycotic Keratitis - Answer (click here)
9. Acanthamoeba Keratitis - Answer (click here)
10. Noninfectious Keratitis and Keratopathy - Answer (click here)
11. Superficial Punctate Keratitis - Answer (click here)
12. Exposure Keratitis - Answer (click here)
13. Neuroparalytic Keratitis - Answer (click here)
14. Problems with Contact Lenses - Answer (click here)
15. Bullous Keratopathy - Answer (click here)
16. Corneal Deposits - Answer (click here)
17. Corneal Degeneration - Answer (click here)
18. Corneal Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
19. Corneal Surgery - Answer (click here)
20. Curative Corneal Procedures - Answer (click here)
21. Refractive Corneal Procedures - Answer (click here)
Sclera
1. Sclera : Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Sclera : Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Sclera : Color Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Staphyloma and Ectasia - Answer (click here)
5. Sclera : Trauma - Answer (click here)
6. Sclera : Inflammations - Answer (click here)
7. Episcleritis - Answer (click here)
8. Scleritis - Answer (click here)
Eye Lens
1. Eye Lens: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Eye Lens: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Developmental Anomalies of the Eye Lens - Answer (click here)
4. Eye Lens: Cataract - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired Cataract : Senile Cataract - Answer (click here)
6. Cataract in Systemic Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Complicated Cataracts - Answer (click here)
8. Cataract after Intraocular Surgery - Answer (click here)
9. Traumatic Cataract - Answer (click here)
10. Toxic Cataract - Answer (click here)
11. Congenital Cataract - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Cataracts - Answer (click here)
13. Eye Lens Dislocation - Answer (click here)
Pupil
1. Pupil: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Pupil: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Pupillary Motor Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
4. Isocoria with Normal Pupil Size - Answer (click here)
5. Anisocoria with Dilated Pupil in the Affected Eye - Answer (click here)
6. Anisocoria with a Constricted Pupil in the Affected Eye - Answer (click
here)
7. Isocoria with Constricted Pupils - Answer (click here)
8. Isocoria with Dilated Pupils - Answer (click here)
Glaucoma
1. Glaucoma: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Glaucoma: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
4. Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
5. Secondary Glaucomas - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Open Angle Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
7. Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
8. Childhood Glaucomas - Answer (click here)
Vitreous Body
1. Vitreous Body - Answer (click here)
2. Vitreous Body: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Vitreous Body: Aging Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Persistent Fetal Vasculature (Developmental Anomalies) - Answer (click
here)
5. Abnormal Opacities of the Vitreous Body - Answer (click here)
6. Vitreous Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
7. Vitritis and Endophthalmitis - Answer (click here)
8. Vitreoretinal Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
9. The Role of the Vitreous Body in Various Ocular Changes and
Following Cataract Surgery - Answer (click here)
10. Surgical Treatment: Vitrectomy - Answer (click here)
Retina
1. Retina - Answer (click here)
2. Examination of the Fundus - Answer (click here)
3. Normal and Abnormal Fundus Findings in General - Answer (click here)
4. Retina: Color Vision - Answer (click here)
5. Retina: Electrophysiologic Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
6. Diabetic Retinopathy - Answer (click here)
7. Retinal Vein Occlusion - Answer (click here)
8. Retinal Arterial Occlusion - Answer (click here)
9. Hypertensive Retinopathy and Sclerotic Changes - Answer (click here)
10. Coats’ Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Retinopathy of Prematurity - Answer (click here)
12. Retinal Detachment - Answer (click here)
13. Degenerative Retinoschisis - Answer (click here)
14. Peripheral Retinal Degenerations - Answer (click here)
15. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy - Answer (click here)
16. Age-Related Macular Degeneration - Answer (click here)
17. Degenerative Myopia - Answer (click here)
18. Retinal Dystrophies: Macular Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
19. Retinal Dystrophies: Retinitis Pigmentosa - Answer (click here)
20. Toxic Retinopathy - Answer (click here)
21. Retinal Vasculitis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Posterior Uveitis Due to Toxoplasmosis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease
- Answer (click here)
23. AIDS-Related Retinal Disorders - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer
(click here)
24. Viral Retinitis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
25. Retinitis in Lyme Disease - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click
here)
26. Parasitic Retinal Disorders - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click
here)
27. Retinoblastoma - Answer (click here)
28. Astrocytoma - Answer (click here)
29. Hemangiomas - Answer (click here)
Optic Nerve
1. Optic Nerve - Answer (click here)
2. Optic Nerve: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Congenital Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disk - Answer
(click here)
4. Acquired Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disk - Answer
(click here)
5. Papilledema - Answer (click here)
6. Optic Neuritis - Answer (click here)
7. Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) - Answer (click here)
8. Arteriosclerotic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy - Answer (click here)
9. Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy - Answer (click here)
10. Infiltrative Optic Disk Edema - Answer (click here)
11. Atrophy of the Optic Nerve - Answer (click here)
12. Optic Nerve Pits - Answer (click here)
13. Optic Disk Coloboma (Morning Glory Disk) - Answer (click here)
14. Intraocular Optic Nerve Tumors - Answer (click here)
15. Retrobulbar Optic Nerve Tumors - Answer (click here)
Visual Pathway
1. Visual Pathway - Answer (click here)
2. Visual Pathway: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of the Visual Pathway - Answer (click here)
4. Chiasmal Lesions - Answer (click here)
5. Retrochiasmal Lesions - Answer (click here)
Orbital Cavity
1. Orbital Cavity - Answer (click here)
2. Orbital Cavity: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Orbital Cavity: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Orbital Involvement in Autoimmune Disorders: Graves Disease - Answer
(click here)
5. Orbital Cellulitis - Answer (click here)
6. Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis - Answer (click here)
7. Orbital Pseudotumor - Answer (click here)
8. Myositis - Answer (click here)
9. Orbital Periostitis - Answer (click here)
10. Mucocele and Mycoses (Mucormycosis and Aspergillomycosis) - Answer
(click here)
11. Pulsating Exophthalmos - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Intermittent Exophthalmos - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Orbital Hematoma - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Orbital Cavity Tumors - Answer (click here)
15. Orbital Surgery - Answer (click here)
Ocular Trauma
1. Ocular Trauma: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Ocular Injuries by Mechanism of Injury - Answer (click
here)
3. Mechanical Injuries - Answer (click here)
4. Eyelid Injury - Answer (click here)
5. Injuries to the Lacrimal System - Answer (click here)
6. Conjunctival Laceration - Answer (click here)
7. Corneal and Conjunctival Foreign Bodies - Answer (click here)
8. Corneal Erosion - Answer (click here)
9. Blunt Ocular Trauma (Ocular Contusion) - Answer (click here)
10. Eye Blow-out Fracture - Answer (click here)
11. Eye Open-Globe Injuries - Answer (click here)
12. Impalement Injuries of the Orbit - Answer (click here)
13. Chemical Injuries in Eye - Answer (click here)
14. Eye Injuries Due to Physical Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Indirect Ocular Trauma: Purtscher’s Retinopathy - Answer (click here)
Intrapartum Care
1. Maternal Changes Before the onset of Labor - Answer (click here)
2. Evaluation For Labor - Answer (click here)
3. Stages of Labor - Answer (click here)
4. Mechanism of Labor - Answer (click here)
5. Normal Labor And Delivery: General Management - Answer (click here)
6. Control of Pain in Normal Labor And Delivery - Answer (click here)
7. Management of Labor - Answer (click here)
8. Labor Induction - Answer (click here)
9. Cesarean Delivery - Answer (click here)
10. Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery (VBAC) - Answer (click here)
Postpartum Care
1. Physiology of the Puerperium - Answer (click here)
2. Management of the Immediate Postpartum Period - Answer (click here)
3. Anxiety, Depression, and the Postpartum Period - Answer (click here)
4. The Postpartum Visit - Answer (click here)
Postpartum Hemorrhage
1. Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
2. Postpartum Hemorrhage: Recognition and Early Detection - Answer (click
here)
3. General Management of Patients With Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer
(click here)
4. Major Causes of Postpartum Hemorrhage and their Management -
Answer (click here)
5. Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
Hypertension in Pregnancy
1. Classification of Hypertension in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Hypertension in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology - Answer (click here)
3. Hypertension in Pregnancy: Evaluation - Answer (click here)
4. Management of Hypertension in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
Multifetal Gestation
1. Multifetal Gestation - Answer (click here)
2. Multifetal Gestation: Natural History - Answer (click here)
3. Risks of Multifetal Gestation - Answer (click here)
4. Multifetal Gestation: Diagnosis and Antenatal Management - Answer
(click here)
5. Multifetal Gestation: Intrapartum Management - Answer (click here)
Isoimmunization
1. Isoimmunization - Answer (click here)
2. Isoimmunization: Natural History - Answer (click here)
3. Isoimmunization: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Isoimmunization: Assessment - Answer (click here)
5. Isoimmunization: Management - Answer (click here)
6. Isoimmunization: Prevention - Answer (click here)
7. Management of Isoimmunization to Other Red Cell Antigens - Answer
(click here)
Preterm Labor
1. Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
2. Cause, Prediction, and Prevention of Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
3. Evaluation of a Patient in Suspected Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
4. Management of Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
Postterm Pregnancy
1. Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Cause of Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Effects of Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis of Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Management of Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
Contraception
1. Contraception - Answer (click here)
2. Factors Affecting Choice of Contraceptive Method - Answer (click here)
3. Hormonal Contraceptives: Oral Contraceptives - Answer (click here)
4. Ring and Patch - Contraception - Answer (click here)
5. Injectable and Implantable Hormonal Contraceptives - Answer (click here)
6. Barrier Contraceptives - Answer (click here)
7. Intrauterine Contraception - Answer (click here)
8. Natural Family Planning - Answer (click here)
9. Postcoital/Emergency Contraception - Answer (click here)
10. Ineffective Methods - Answer (click here)
Sterilization
1. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
2. Sterilization of Men - Answer (click here)
3. Sterilization of Women - Answer (click here)
4. Reversal of Tubal Ligation - Answer (click here)
5. The Decision For Sterilization - Answer (click here)
Vulvovaginitis
1. Vulvovaginitis - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Vulvovaginal Ecosystem - Answer (click here)
3. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, Trichomonas
Vulvovaginitis - Answer (click here)
4. Other Causes of Vulvovaginitis - Answer (click here)
Endometriosis
1. Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
2. Endometriosis: Pathogenesis - Answer (click here)
3. Endometriosis: Pathology - Answer (click here)
4. Signs and Symptoms of Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
5. Differential Diagnosis of Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnosis of Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment of Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
Gynecological Procedures
1. Gynecological Procedures: Imaging Studies - Answer (click here)
2. Gynecological Procedures - Answer (click here)
3. Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Considerations - Answer
(click here)
Reproductive Cycles
1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis - Answer (click here)
2. Reproductive Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Manifestations of Hormonal Changes - Answer (click here)
Puberty
1. Normal Pubertal Development - Answer (click here)
2. Abnormalities of Pubertal Development - Answer (click here)
3. Precocious Puberty - Answer (click here)
4. Delayed Puberty - Answer (click here)
Menopause
1. Menstruation and Menopause - Answer (click here)
2. Symptoms and Signs of Menopause - Answer (click here)
3. Premature Ovarian Failure - Answer (click here)
4. Management of Menopause - Answer (click here)
5. Cautions in Hormone Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Alternatives to Hormone Therapy - Answer (click here)
Infertility
1. Infertility - Answer (click here)
2. Etiology of Infertility - Answer (click here)
3. Evaluation of Infertility - Answer (click here)
4. Male Infertility - Answer (click here)
5. Unexplained Infertility - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment of Infertility - Answer (click here)
7. Infertility: Counseling - Answer (click here)
Human Sexuality
1. Human Sexuality - Answer (click here)
2. Sexual Identity - Answer (click here)
3. Human Sexual Response - Answer (click here)
4. Sexual Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
5. Factors Affecting Sexuality - Answer (click here)
6. Management of Human Sexuality - Answer (click here)
Subject : Psychiatry
Listening to the Patient
1. Listening: The Key Skill in Psychiatry - Answer (click here)
2. The Primary Tools: Words, Analogies, Metaphors, Similes and Symbols
- Answer (click here)
3. How Does One Hear Words in This Way? - Answer (click here)
4. Listening as More Than Hearing - Answer (click here)
5. Common Blocks to Effective Listening - Answer (click here)
6. Crucial Attitudes that Enable Effective Listening - Answer (click here)
7. Theoretical Perspectives on Listening - Answer (click here)
8. Using Oneself in Listening - Answer (click here)
9. To Be Found: The Psychological Product of Being Heard - Answer (click
here)
10. Listening to Oneself to Listen Better - Answer (click here)
11. Listening in Special Clinical Situations - Answer (click here)
12. Growing and Maturing as a Listener - Answer (click here)
PhysicianPatient Relationship
1. Physician–Patient Relationship - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of the Physician–Patient Relationship - Answer (click here)
3. Special Issues in the Physician–Patient Relationship - Answer (click here)
4. The Physician–Patient Relationship in Specific Populations of Patients -
Answer (click here)
Psychiatric Epidemiology
1. Psychiatric Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
2. The Scope of Inquiry in Psychiatric Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
3. Measures of Disease Frequency - Answer (click here)
4. Measures of Association - Answer (click here)
5. Instruments to Identify Cases - Answer (click here)
6. Psychometric Properties of Instruments - Answer (click here)
7. Risk Factor Identification - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Epidemiological Studies - Answer (click here)
9. Threats to Validity in Epidemiological Studies - Answer (click here)
10. Examples of Psychiatric Epidemiologic Studies - Answer (click here)
11. The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study - Answer (click here)
12. The National Comorbidity Survey - Answer (click here)
Social Psychology
1. Social Psychology: The Self - Answer (click here)
2. Social Psychology: Social Cognition - Answer (click here)
3. Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes: Attachment - Answer (click
here)
4. Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes: Treatment Relationship -
Answer (click here)
5. Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes: The Egoism-Altruism
Debate - Answer (click here)
6. Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes: Aggressive Behavior -
Answer (click here)
7. Social Psychology: Behavior in Groups - Answer (click here)
8. Social Psychology: Culture and Social Psychology - Answer (click here)
Psychoanalytic Theories
1. Psychoanalytic Theories: Development and Major Concepts - Answer
(click here)
2. Psychoanalytic Theories: Melanie Klein - Answer (click here)
3. Psychoanalytic Theories: Donald W. Winnicott - Answer (click here)
4. Psychoanalytic Theories: John Bowlby - Answer (click here)
5. Psychoanalytic Theories: Margaret Mahler - Answer (click here)
6. Psychoanalytic Theories: Otto Kernberg - Answer (click here)
7. Psychoanalytic Theories: Erik H. Erikson - Answer (click here)
8. Psychoanalytic Theories: Heinz Kohut: Self-psychology - Answer (click
here)
Psychiatric Classification
1. Goals of a Psychiatric Classification - Answer (click here)
2. Approaches to Psychiatric Classification - Answer (click here)
3. DSM-IV Multiaxial System - Answer (click here)
4. DSM-IV-TR Classification and Diagnostic Codes - Answer (click here)
Somatoform Disorders
1. Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Somatoform Disorders: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis - Answer
(click here)
3. Somatoform Disorders: Epidemiology, Treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Somatization Disorder - Answer (click here)
5. Somatization disorder: Course, Natural History and Prognosis - Answer
(click here)
6. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Conversion Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Pain Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Hypochondriasis - Answer (click here)
10. Body Dysmorphic Disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Somatoform Disorder not Otherwise Specified - Answer (click here)
Factitious Disorders
1. Factitious Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Factitious Disorders: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis,
Epidemiology, Etiology - Answer (click here)
3. Factitious Disorders: Treatment and Prognosis - Answer (click here)
4. Factitious Disorders: Ethical Considerations, Factitious Disorder by
Proxy, Treatment - Answer (click here)
Dissociative Disorders
1. Dissociative Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Dissociative Disorders: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
3. Dissociative Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Dissociative
Amnesia - Answer (click here)
4. Dissociative Disorders: Implicit Effects of Dissociated Memories -
Answer (click here)
5. Depersonalization Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) - Answer
(click here)
7. Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality
Disorder) - Answer (click here)
8. Dissociative Trance Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Acute Stress Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Theoretical and Research Issues: Models and Mechanisms of
Dissociation - Answer (click here)
Sexual Disorders
1. Sexual Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Sexual Disorders: The Sexual Dysfunctions - Answer (click here)
3. Sexual Disorders: Problems with Orgasm - Answer (click here)
4. Sexual Disorders: Dyspareunia - Answer (click here)
5. Sexual Disorders: Gender Identity Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Sexual Disorders: The Paraphilias - Answer (click here)
7. Sexual Disorders: The Specific Paraphilias - Answer (click here)
8. Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified - Answer (click here)
Eating Disorders
1. Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Anorexia Nervosa - Answer (click here)
3. Anorexia Nervosa: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Bulimia Nervosa - Answer (click here)
5. Bulimia Nervosa: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click
here)
6. Bulimia Nervosa: Assessment - Answer (click here)
7. Bulimia Nervosa: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
8. Binge-eating Disorder - Answer (click here)
Adjustment Disorders
1. Adjustment Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Adjustment Disorders: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
3. Adjustment Disorders: Etiology - Answer (click here)
4. Adjustment Disorders: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis - Answer
(click here)
5. Adjustment Disorders: Maladaptation, Stresses - Answer (click here)
6. Assessment of the Subtypes of Adjustment Disorder, Comorbidity and
Diagnostic Boundaries - Answer (click here)
7. Adjustment Disorders: Treatment - Answer (click here)
Personality Disorders
1. Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
2. Paranoid Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
3. Schizoid Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
4. Schizotypal Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
5. Antisocial Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Borderline Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Histrionic Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Avoidant Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Dependent Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
12. Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified - Answer (click here)
13. Passive–Aggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder - Answer (click
here)
14. Depressive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
Relational Problems
1. Relational Problems - Answer (click here)
2. Diagnosis of Relational Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Relational Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Relational Disorders - Answer (click here)
Group Psychotherapy
1. Group Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. Group Psychotherapy: Group Development - Answer (click here)
3. Group Psychotherapy: Group Dynamics - Answer (click here)
4. Theories of Group Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Group Psychotherapy: Beginning a Group - Answer (click here)
6. Group Psychotherapy: Special Treatment Considerations - Answer (click
here)
7. Group Psychotherapy: Alternative Treatment Formats - Answer (click here)
Family Therapy
1. Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Psychodynamic Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Structural Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Strategic Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Postmodern Family Therapies - Answer (click here)
7. Family Psychoeducation Therapies - Answer (click here)
8. Family Resilience Therapies - Answer (click here)
Couples Therapy
1. What Is “Couples Therapy?” - Answer (click here)
2. Couples Therapy: Couples Function and Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
3. Couples Therapy: Secrets and Confidentiality - Answer (click here)
4. Evaluation of the Couple - Answer (click here)
5. Indications for Couples Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Individual, Couple, or Sex Therapy for Sexual Problems - Answer (click
here)
7. Couples Therapy: Treatment - Answer (click here)
8. Couples Therapy: Strategies and Techniques of Intervention - Answer
(click here)
9. Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
10. Couples Therapy: Effectiveness and Efficacy, Dropouts, Ethical Issues,
Boundaries - Answer (click here)
Hypnosis
1. Hypnosis - Answer (click here)
2. Hypnosis: What It is and What It is Not - Answer (click here)
3. Hypnotizability Scales - Answer (click here)
4. Hypnotizability in Psychiatric Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Hypnosis - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of Hypnosis in General Medicine - Answer (click here)
7. Applications of Hypnosis in Habit Control - Answer (click here)
8. Applications of Hypnosis in Forensic Psychiatry - Answer (click here)
Psychosocial Rehabilitation
1. Psychosocial Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
2. Issues in the Design of Psychosocial Interventions - Answer (click here)
3. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Strategies - Answer (click here)
Electroconvulsive Therapy
1. Electroconvulsive Therapy(ECT) - Answer (click here)
2. Electroconvulsive Therapy(ECT): Treatment - Answer (click here)
3. New Somatic Treatments - Answer (click here)
Antipsychotic Drugs
1. Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Antipsychotic Medications for Different Indications - Answer (click here)
3. Effects of Antipsychotic Agents on Symptoms of Schizophrenia - Answer
(click here)
4. Treatment of Different Phases of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
5. Use of Plasma Levels of Antipsychotic Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug Interactions and Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Antipsychotic Medications and Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Antipsychotic Drugs: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
Mood Stabilizers
1. Acute Mania - Answer (click here)
2. Acute Bipolar Depression - Answer (click here)
3. Maintenance Therapy - Answer (click here)
Antidepressants
1. Antidepressants: Mechanisms of Actions - Answer (click here)
2. Antidepressants: Taxonomy and Relation to Mechanism of Action -
Answer (click here)
3. Antidepressants: The Formulation of Treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Antidepressants: Preparation of the Patient - Answer (click here)
5. Antidepressants: Initiation of Treatment - Answer (click here)
6. Antidepressants: Starting Doses - Answer (click here)
7. Antidepressants: Continuation Period - Answer (click here)
8. Antidepressants: Discontinuance of Treatment - Answer (click here)
9. Antidepressants: Maintenance Period - Answer (click here)
10. Antidepressants: Treatment Failure - Answer (click here)
Anxiolytic Drugs
1. Anxiolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
Medication Compliance
1. Medication Compliance - Answer (click here)
Abnormal Pregnancy
1. Multiple Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Hyper Emesis Gravidarum - Answer (click here)
3. Pregnancy Induced Hypertention - Answer (click here)
4. Antepartum Haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
5. Polyhydramnios - Answer (click here)
6. Rhesus Incompatibility - Answer (click here)
7. Disease Associated With Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
Abnormal Labour
1. Malpresentation and Malpostion - Answer (click here)
2. Post partum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
3. Prolonged Labour - Answer (click here)
4. Prolapse of Cord - Answer (click here)
5. Cephalopelvic Disproportion - Answer (click here)
6. Contracted Pelvis - Answer (click here)
7. Retained Placenta - Answer (click here)
8. Adherent Placenta - Answer (click here)
9. Rupture of the Uterus - Answer (click here)
10. Lacerations - Answer (click here)
11. Premature Rupture of the Membrane (PROM) - Answer (click here)
Abnormal Puerperium
1. Urinary Complications - Answer (click here)
2. Breast Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Puerperal Sepsis - Answer (click here)
4. Puerperal Psychosis - Answer (click here)
5. Subinvolution - Abnormal Puerperium - Answer (click here)
Induction of Labour
1. Induction of Labour - Answer (click here)
2. Augmentation (Stimulation) of Labour - Answer (click here)
3. Trial of Labour - Answer (click here)
Obstetric Operations
1. Forceps Delivery - Answer (click here)
2. Caesarean Section - Answer (click here)
3. Destructive Operations /Embryotomy/ - Obstetric Operations - Answer
(click here)
4. Obstetric Operations: Version - Answer (click here)
5. Vacuum Extraction / Ventouse delivery/ - Answer (click here)
Laboratory Techniques
1. Laboratory Techniques: General Comments - Answer (click here)
2. Laboratory Techniques: Fixation - Answer (click here)
3. Laboratory Techniques: Special Stains - Answer (click here)
4. Laboratory Techniques: Immunohistochemical Stains - Answer (click here)
5. Laboratory Techniques: Decalcification - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Techniques: Intraoperative Consultation - Answer (click here)
Lymph Nodes
1. Lymph Node Dissections - Answer (click here)
2. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy - Answer (click here)
Larynx
1. Larynx: The Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Total Laryngectomy - Answer (click here)
3. Subtotal Laryngectomies - Answer (click here)
4. Important Issues to Address in Your Surgical Pathology Report on the
Larynx - Answer (click here)
Complex Specimens
1. Complex Specimens - Answer (click here)
Maxilla
1. Surgical Pathology Dissection : Maxilla - Answer (click here)
Breast
1. Breast : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Breast Needle Core Biopsy: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click
here)
3. Breast Biopsies for Mammographic Abnormalities: Surgical Pathology
Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Breast Lumpectomy : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
5. Breast Mastectomy : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
6. Breast Reduction Mammoplasty: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer
(click here)
Pediatric Tumors
1. Pediatric Tumors : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
Emergency Gynaecology
1. Case Study Reports: Pain and the Intrauterine System - Answer (click here)
2. Case Study Reports: Bleeding In Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Pelvic Pain - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Vulval Swelling - Answer (click here)
5. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Pain - Answer (click here)
6. Case Study Reports: Urinary Retention - Answer (click here)
7. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Pain - Answer (click here)
8. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Pain - Answer (click here)
9. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Pain and Vaginal Discharge - Answer
(click here)
Early Pregnancy
1. Case Study Reports: Bleeding and Pain in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
2. Case Study Reports: Pain In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Early Pregnancy Ultrasound - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Pregnancy Dating - Answer (click here)
5. Case Study Reports: Pain and Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
6. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
9. Case Study Reports: Pain In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
10. Case Study Reports: Vomiting in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
11. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
General Obstetrics
1. Case Study Reports: Pain in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Case Study Reports: Illegal Drug Use in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Antenatal Screening - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Epilepsy in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Case Study Reports: Glucose Tolerance Test - Answer (click here)
7. Case Study Reports: Antenatal Screening - Answer (click here)
8. Case Study Reports: Antenatal Care - Answer (click here)
9. Case Study Reports: Previous Caesarean Section - Answer (click here)
10. Case Study Reports: Group B Streptococcus - Answer (click here)
11. Case Study Reports: Twin Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
12. Case Study Reports: Postpartum Pyrexia - Answer (click here)
13. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
14. Case Study Reports: Breech Presentation - Answer (click here)
15. Case Study Reports: Antenatal Screening - Answer (click here)
16. Case Study Reports: Pain in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
17. Case Study Reports: Postpartum Chest Pain - Answer (click here)
18. Case Study Reports: Anti-D - Answer (click here)
19. Case Study Reports: HIV in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
20. Case Study Reports: Itching In Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
21. Case Study Reports: Tiredness in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
22. Case Study Reports: Diabetes in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
Airway management
1. Airway management - Answer (click here)
2. Examination of the airway - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer
(click here)
3. Mask ventilation - Airway management techniques - Answer (click here)
4. Laryngeal mask airway - Airway management techniques - Answer (click
here)
5. Endotracheal intubation: Oral intubation by direct laryngoscopy -
Airway management techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Can’t intubate situations - Answer (click here)
7. Awake fiberoptic intubation - Airway management techniques - Answer
(click here)
8. Airway management plan - Answer (click here)
Regional anesthesia
1. Regional anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Neuraxial anesthesia - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral nerve blocks - Answer (click here)
4. Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) - Answer (click here)
5. Local anesthetic toxicity - Answer (click here)
General anesthesia
1. General anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Induction, maintenance and emergence - General anesthesia - Answer
(click here)
3. Early post-operative care - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Early post-operative pain - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
5. Desaturation - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Hypotension - Anesthesia Early post-operative care - Answer (click here)
7. Hypertension - Anesthesia Early post-operative care - Answer (click here)
8. PACU discharge and Outpatients - Anesthesia Early post-operative care
- Answer (click here)
9. Continued post-operative care - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
10. Chronic pain - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
Monitoring
1. Monitoring - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
2. Focused monitoring - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
3. Instruments that supplement clinical monitoring - Anesthesia Clinical
management - Answer (click here)
4. Pulse oximetry - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
5. The electrocardiogram - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
6. Monitoring respired gases - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer
(click here)
7. Neuromuscular function - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
8. Doppler and ultrasound - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
9. The electroencephalogram and evoked responses - Anesthesia Clinical
management - Answer (click here)
10. Invasive monitors - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
Clinical cases
1. Anesthesia Clinical cases abbreviations - Answer (click here)
2. Breast biopsy under conscious sedation - Answer (click here)
3. Carpal tunnel release under Bier block - Answer (click here)
4. Cataract removal under MAC(Monitored Anesthetic Care) - Answer (click
here)
5. Cesarean section under regional anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Gastric bypass under general anesthesia - Answer (click here)
7. AV shunt placement under peripheral nerve block - Answer (click here)
8. Open repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with coronary
artery disease - Answer (click here)
9. Trauma patient under general anesthesia - Answer (click here)
Aortic Stenosis
1. Aortic Stenosis - Answer (click here)
2. What are the symptoms and long-term prognosis of aortic stenosis? -
Answer (click here)
3. What is the etiology of aortic stenosis? - Answer (click here)
4. How is the aortic valve area calculated? - Answer (click here)
5. Why is it important to maintain sinus rhythm? - Answer (click here)
6. What is the treatment for supraventricular tachy-dysrhythmias or
bradydysrhythmias? - Answer (click here)
7. How is hypotension best treated in the patient with aortic stenosis? -
Answer (click here)
8. How would you anesthetize this patient for cardiac or noncardiac
surgery? - Answer (click here)
Mitral Stenosis
1. Mitral Stenosis - Answer (click here)
2. What is the etiology and pathophysiology of mitral stenosis? - Answer
(click here)
3. How should preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility be managed
in a patient with mitral stenosis? - Answer (click here)
4. How would you optimize this patient’s condition preoperatively? -
Answer (click here)
5. What intraoperative monitoring would be appropriate? - Answer (click here)
6. How would you anesthetize this patient? - Answer (click here)
7. How should hypotension be treated in a patient with mitral stenosis? -
Answer (click here)
8. What is the treatment for perioperative right ventricular failure? - Answer
(click here)
Cardiac Tamponade
1. Cardiac Tamponade - Answer (click here)
2. What is the pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the clinical signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade? -
Answer (click here)
4. What is the initial management of this patient’s condition? - Answer (click
here)
5. What intraoperative monitoring techniques should be used? - Answer
(click here)
6. Describe the implications for the conduct of general anesthesia in this
patient - Answer (click here)
Thoracoscopy
1. Thoracoscopy - Answer (click here)
2. What types of operations can be done with VAT? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the advantages of performing the surgery utilizing VAT in
comparison with traditional thoracotomy? - Answer (click here)
4. What anesthetic techniques can be utilized for VAT? - Answer (click here)
5. How can hypoxemia due to shunting during one-lung ventilation be
treated? - Answer (click here)
6. What complications can occur with VAT? - Answer (click here)
Intracranial Aneurysms
1. Intracranial Aneurysms - Answer (click here)
2. How are patients graded following subarachnoid hemorrhage from a
ruptured aneurysm? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the most serious complications following subarachnoid
hemorrhage from aneurysm rupture? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the treatment options? - Answer (click here)
5. What monitoring is indicated for patients undergoing craniotomy for
clipping of intracranial aneurysm? - Answer (click here)
6. How is arterial blood pressure controlled? - Answer (click here)
7. What is cerebral vasospasm, and how is it treated? - Answer (click here)
8. How is aneurysm rupture during aneurysm clipping managed? - Answer
(click here)
Carotid Endarterectomy
1. Carotid Endarterectomy - Answer (click here)
2. What are the indications for surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA)? -
Answer (click here)
3. What are the alternatives to surgical CEA? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the most serious perioperative complications? - Answer (click
here)
5. How is the patient’s neurologic status monitored? - Answer (click here)
6. What interventions may reduce the risk of neurologic injury? - Answer
(click here)
Electroconvulsive Therapy
1. Electroconvulsive Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. What are the physiologic effects of ECT? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the anesthetic agents of choice for ECT? - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the preanesthetic evaluation of ECT patients - Answer (click here)
5. What are the anesthetic implications of psychotropic agents used in
patients receiving ECT? - Answer (click here)
6. How would you anesthetize this particular patient for ECT? - Answer
(click here)
7. What are the contraindications to ECT? - Answer (click here)
Spine Surgery
1. Spine Surgery - Answer (click here)
2. What are the considerations for surgery in the prone position? - Answer
(click here)
3. What monitors will you use for this case? - Answer (click here)
4. What are somatosensory and motor evoked potentials? - Answer (click here)
5. Describe the effects of anesthetics on somatosensory and motor evoked
potentials - Answer (click here)
6. What is a “wake-up” test? - Answer (click here)
7. What is the bispectral index state (BIS)? Is monitoring the BIS useful in
this case? - Answer (click here)
8. Is this patient at risk for postoperative vision loss? - Answer (click here)
9. What modalities exist for pain relief after spine surgery? - Answer (click
here)
Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy
1. Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy - Answer (click here)
2. What is acromegaly? - Answer (click here)
3. What symptoms are typical of the disease? - Answer (click here)
4. How is the disease treated? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the anesthetic considerations of acromegaly? - Answer (click here)
6. How would you approach the airway management in this patient? -
Answer (click here)
7. What structures lie within the transsphenoidal surgical field? - Answer
(click here)
8. What is diabetes insipidus? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the postoperative concerns for this patient? - Answer (click here)
Myasthenia Gravis
1. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
2. What is the lesion of myasthenia gravis (MG)? - Answer (click here)
3. How is MG diagnosed? - Answer (click here)
4. Explain the treatment alternatives for MG - Answer (click here)
5. Why are patients with MG sensitive to nondepolariz-ing muscle
relaxants and resistant to depolarizing muscle relaxants? - Answer (click
here)
6. How are patients with MG premedicated for surgery? - Answer (click here)
7. Describe a reasonable anesthetic technique for a patient with MG
undergoing transcervical thymectomy - Answer (click here)
8. Following emergence from anesthesia and before extubation, how is
strength assessed? - Answer (click here)
9. What is cholinergic crisis? - Answer (click here)
10. Can preoperative evaluation predict the need for postoperative
ventilation? - Answer (click here)
Malignant Hyperthermia
1. Malignant Hyperthermia - Answer (click here)
2. What is malignant hyperthermia (MH)? - Answer (click here)
3. How is susceptibility to MH inherited? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the pathophysiology of MH? - Answer (click here)
5. What characterizes a clinical episode of MH? - Answer (click here)
6. Outline the pharmacology of dantrolene - Answer (click here)
7. How is MH treated? - Answer (click here)
8. How are patients with known MH susceptibility treated? - Answer (click
here)
9. What are the recognized triggering agents? - Answer (click here)
10. What is the significance of masseter muscle rigidity (MMR)? - Answer
(click here)
11. How is MH definitively diagnosed? - Answer (click here)
12. Describe the neurolept malignant syndrome - Answer (click here)
Diabetes Mellitus
1. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
2. Distinguish among the major types of diabetes mellitus (DM) - Answer
(click here)
3. Summarize the physiologic effects of insulin - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin preparations available
to treat DM - Answer (click here)
5. How does DM affect perioperative morbidity and mortality? - Answer
(click here)
6. What are the common causes and associated symptoms of
hypoglycemia? - Answer (click here)
7. Outline perioperative management alternatives for the diabetic patient -
Answer (click here)
8. Explain the acute complications of DM - Answer (click here)
9. Thyroid Disease - Answer (click here)
10. How does the thyroid affect vital organ function? - Answer (click here)
11. How is thyroid hormone synthesized and released? - Answer (click here)
12. How is thyroid hormone regulated? - Answer (click here)
13. How are thyroid disorders evaluated? - Answer (click here)
14. What other conditions are associated with thyroid disorders? - Answer
(click here)
15. What is thyroid storm and how is it treated? - Answer (click here)
16. What are the causes of hyperthyroidism? - Answer (click here)
17. What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - Answer (click here)
18. What are the preoperative considerations in a patient with thyroid
disease? - Answer (click here)
19. What are appropriate preoperative tests for a patient with thyroid
disease? - Answer (click here)
20. What are the intraoperative concerns with coexisting thyroid disease? -
Answer (click here)
21. What are the postoperative concerns? - Answer (click here)
Thyroid Disease
1. Thyroid Disease - Answer (click here)
2. How does the thyroid affect vital organ function? - Answer (click here)
3. How is thyroid hormone synthesized and released? - Answer (click here)
4. How is thyroid hormone regulated? - Answer (click here)
5. How are thyroid disorders evaluated? - Answer (click here)
6. What other conditions are associated with thyroid disorders? - Answer
(click here)
7. What is thyroid storm and how is it treated? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the causes of hyperthyroidism? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - Answer (click here)
10. What are the preoperative considerations in a patient with thyroid
disease? - Answer (click here)
11. What are appropriate preoperative tests for a patient with thyroid
disease? - Answer (click here)
12. What are the intraoperative concerns with coexisting thyroid disease? -
Answer (click here)
13. What are the postoperative concerns? - Answer (click here)
Calcium Metabolism
1. Calcium Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. What is the role of calcium in the body? - Answer (click here)
3. Where is calcium found in the body? - Answer (click here)
4. How is calcium regulated? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia? How is this treated? - Answer
(click here)
6. What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia? How is this treated? - Answer
(click here)
7. What are the causes of hyperparathyroidism? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the anesthetic considerations for parathyroid resection? -
Answer (click here)
9. What are the postoperative concerns after parathyroid resection? - Answer
(click here)
Pheochromocytoma
1. Pheochromocytoma - Answer (click here)
2. What is a pheochromocytoma? - Answer (click here)
3. Describe the clinical presentation of and diagnostic criteria for
pheochromocytoma - Answer (click here)
4. Pheochromocytoma is associated with what other syndromes? - Answer
(click here)
5. What conditions may mimic pheochromocytoma? - Answer (click here)
6. How are patients with pheochromocytoma prepared for surgery? - Answer
(click here)
7. Describe the intraoperative management goals - Answer (click here)
8. Outline the anesthetic choices for pheochromocytoma - Answer (click here)
9. What are the special postoperative problems associated with resection of
a pheochromocytoma? - Answer (click here)
10. How is a previously unsuspected and undiagnosed pheochromocytoma
managed following induction of anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
Full Stomach
1. Full Stomach - Answer (click here)
2. What are the mechanisms a conscious patient has to prevent
regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the risk factors for regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration
under general anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
4. When can aspiration occur during the perioperative period? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the problems associated with aspiration? - Answer (click here)
6. If aspiration occurs, what are the usual course, treat-ment and prognosis?
- Answer (click here)
7. How should the nasogastric tube (NGT) be managed during induction? -
Answer (click here)
8. What pharmacologic interventions can be made to decrease the risk of
aspiration? - Answer (click here)
9. What is the reason for applying cricoid pressure during a rapid sequence
induction, and what are some of the problems associated with it? - Answer
(click here)
10. What is the effect of commonly used pharmacological agents during
anesthesia on lower esophageal sphincter tone? - Answer (click here)
11. What would be an acceptable anesthetic plan for this patient? - Answer
(click here)
Liver Disease
1. Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the basic hepatic functions that are of immediate concern to
anesthesiologists - Answer (click here)
3. Explain the liver’s detoxifying and first-pass, metabolic functions -
Answer (click here)
4. Describe common extrahepatic problems associated with chronic liver
failure - Answer (click here)
5. What should a preoperative evaluation of this patient include? - Answer
(click here)
6. What effects do surgery and anesthesia have on normal liver function? -
Answer (click here)
7. What are the concerns associated with viral hepatitis? - Answer (click here)
8. Describe acetaminophen- and halothane-associated hepatitis - Answer
(click here)
9. Is nitrous oxide, enflurane, or isoflurane hepatotoxic? - Answer (click here)
10. List the causes of postoperative hepatic dysfunction - Answer (click here)
11. Are some anesthetic techniques free of hepatotoxic effects? - Answer (click
here)
12. What coagulation problems are anticipated and how are they managed? -
Answer (click here)
13. What intraoperative anesthetic problems occur during liver
transplantation? - Answer (click here)
Morbid Obesity
1. Morbid Obesity - Answer (click here)
2. How is morbid obesity (MO) defined? - Answer (click here)
3. Name the diseases associated with MO - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea - Answer (click
here)
5. How is obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed? - Answer (click here)
6. Outline the effect of MO on functional residual capacity - Answer (click
here)
7. Is MO an indication for awake intubation? - Answer (click here)
8. What special equipment does the anesthesiologist require to anesthetize
patients for bariatric surgery? - Answer (click here)
9. Describe an anesthetic plan for bariatric surgery - Answer (click here)
Laparoscopy
1. Laparoscopy - Answer (click here)
2. What procedures are amenable to the laparoscopic technique? - Answer
(click here)
3. How is laparoscopy initiated? - Answer (click here)
4. Why is carbon dioxide (CO2) the gas used for insufflation? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the cardiovascular changes associated with laparoscopic
surgery? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the regional circulatory changes that occur during laparoscopy?
- Answer (click here)
7. What are the pulmonary effects associated with laparoscopic surgery? -
Answer (click here)
8. What are the benefits of laparoscopic surgery? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the complications of laparoscopic surgery? - Answer (click here)
10. What anesthetic techniques can be used for laparo-scopic surgery? -
Answer (click here)
11. What is the controversy regarding the use of nitrous oxide? - Answer (click
here)
12. What is the etiology and treatment of post-laparoscopy pain? - Answer
(click here)
Carcinoid Syndrome
1. Carcinoid Syndrome - Answer (click here)
2. What are carcinoid tumors? - Answer (click here)
3. What is carcinoid syndrome? - Answer (click here)
4. In what locations do carcinoid tumors occur? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the major anesthetic concerns in patients with carcinoid
syndrome? - Answer (click here)
6. What is the mechanism of action of somatostatin? - Answer (click here)
7. What precautions are prudent for anesthetizing patients with carcinoid
syndrome? - Answer (click here)
8. How is chemoem bolization used to treat metastatic carcinoid
syndrome? - Answer (click here)
Kidney Transplantation
1. Kidney Transplantation - Answer (click here)
2. How does diabetes affect renal transplantation? - Answer (click here)
3. Why is timing of hemodialysis important for renal transplantation? -
Answer (click here)
4. Discuss the treatment of hyperkalemia and its associated metabolic
problems - Answer (click here)
5. What are the major anesthetic concerns for renal transplantation? -
Answer (click here)
6. What are the implications of long ischemic times during renal
transplantation? - Answer (click here)
Retinal Detachment
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of general anesthesia for
scleral buckle repair? - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the oculocardiac reflex and its treatment - Answer (click here)
3. What are the potential complications of retrobulbar anesthesia? - Answer
(click here)
4. What types of retinal detachments are amenable to elective repair? -
Answer (click here)
5. Briefly describe the series of events that occur during retinal detachment
surgery - Answer (click here)
6. Reattachment of the retina requires intraocular gas - Answer (click here)
Tympanomastoidectomy
1. Is the anxious patient a good candidate for surgery under monitored
anesthesia care (MAC)? - Answer (click here)
2. What general anesthetic techniques are most likely to minimize
postopertive nausea and vomiting? - Answer (click here)
3. Are regional anesthetics less likely to result in PONV in this patient? -
Answer (click here)
4. Why is control of blood loss important during middle ear surgery? -
Answer (click here)
5. Are long-acting neuromuscular blockers contraindi-cated in middle ear
surgery? - Answer (click here)
6. Describe the conduction of general and regional anesthesia for middle
ear surgery - Answer (click here)
Adenotonsillectomy
1. What are the indications and contraindications for adenotonsillectomy? -
Answer (click here)
2. Describe the essential elements of preoperative evaluation for
adenotonsillectomy - Answer (click here)
3. How is the patient premedicated for adenotonsillectomy? - Answer (click
here)
4. What anesthetic alternatives are available for patients undergoing
adenotonsillectomy? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the common postanesthesia care unit problems anticipated
following adenotonsillectomy? - Answer (click here)
6. Which patients are suitable candidates for ambulatory
adenotonsillectomy? - Answer (click here)
7. Describe the anesthetic management of a patient presenting with post-
tonsillectomy hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
Laser Laryngoscopy
1. What is a laser? - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the most common types of lasers used in medical practice -
Answer (click here)
3. Which lasers are used in laryngeal and tracheobronchial surgery? -
Answer (click here)
4. What are the indications for laser laryngoscopy? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the hazards of laser laryngoscopy to patients, operating room
personnel, and anesthesia equipment? - Answer (click here)
6. What anesthetic techniques are appropriate for patients undergoing laser
laryngoscopy? - Answer (click here)
7. What maneuvers are instituted to treat an airway fire? Is the risk of fire
any less likely with electrocautery? - Answer (click here)
Transfusion Reaction
1. How are standards for transfusion practice developed? - Answer (click here)
2. What steps should be taken when a transfusion reaction occurs? - Answer
(click here)
3. How does the laboratory determine which direction the investigation
should take? - Answer (click here)
4. How many different types of crossmatches are there and how does the
laboratory decide which should be performed? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the immediate and delayed adverse effects of blood
transfusion? - Answer (click here)
Intraoperative Coagulopathies
1. What should be included in the preoperative evaluation? - Answer (click
here)
2. If the screening PT or aPTT are prolonged, which other laboratory tests
should be ordered? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the most common intraoperative coagulopathies? - Answer (click
here)
4. Which blood products are used to treat intraoperative coagulopathies? -
Answer (click here)
Blood Replacement
1. How is oxygen transported by the circulatory system? - Answer (click here)
2. Describe compensatory mechanisms that take place in response to blood
loss - Answer (click here)
3. What is the minimum acceptable hemoglobin concentration (transfusion
trigger)? - Answer (click here)
4. List the potential sources of autologous blood - Answer (click here)
5. Explain acute isovolemic hemodilution (AIHD) - Answer (click here)
6. Outline the physiologic response to AIHD - Answer (click here)
7. How is AIHD accomplished? - Answer (click here)
8. Which patients are suitable candidates for AIHD? - Answer (click here)
9. What is intraoperative cell salvage and how do modern cell salvage
devices work? - Answer (click here)
10. Outline the characteristics of blood obtained by cell salvage - Answer
(click here)
11. Describe the indications for use of intraoperative cell salvage - Answer
(click here)
12. Explain the controversies and contraindications involving intraoperative
cell salvage - Answer (click here)
13. What is preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD)? - Answer (click
here)
14. Who is eligible and what are the contraindications for PABD? - Answer
(click here)
15. Outline the disadvantages and risks of PABD - Answer (click here)
16. Describe postoperative blood salvage - Answer (click here)
17. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different autologous blood
sources - Answer (click here)
Local Anesthetics
1. Describe the chemistry of local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the mechanism of action of local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
3. What factors affect the potency, onset, and duration of action of local
anesthetics? - Answer (click here)
4. Discuss the sequence of clinical anesthesia following neural blockade -
Answer (click here)
5. What are the clinical differences between the ester and amide local
anesthetics? - Answer (click here)
6. Describe the pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
7. How do factors such as dosage of local anesthetic, addition of
vasoconstrictors, carbonation and pH adjustment - Answer (click here)
8. Which local anesthetics are appropriate for the various regional
anesthetic procedures? - Answer (click here)
9. Describe the toxic effects of local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
10. How is systemic local anesthetic toxicity treated? - Answer (click here)
11. Is it prudent to use regional anesthesia in a patient who reports a
Novocain allergy? - Answer (click here)
12. What is the treatment for local anesthetic allergic reactions? - Answer
(click here)
Spinal Anesthesia
1. Other than the spinal kit, what equipment must be immediately available
while performing spinal anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
2. When arranging the spinal tray, where is the antiseptic placed in relation
to the tray’s other constituents? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the advantages of the lateral decubitus position for placing a
subarachnoid block? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the advantages of the sitting position for placing a
subarachnoid block? - Answer (click here)
5. Describe a technique for placing a spinal anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Describe alternative approaches to the subarachnoid space - Answer (click
here)
7. What factors affect the spread of anesthetic within the subarachnoid
space? - Answer (click here)
8. What agents are commonly used for subarachnoid block? - Answer (click
here)
9. Besides local anesthetics, what other agents are administered in the
subarachnoid space? - Answer (click here)
10. What are the advantages of adding a vasoconstrictor to the spinal
anesthetic solution? - Answer (click here)
11. What are the recognized complications of spinal anesthesia? - Answer
(click here)
12. What are the contraindications to spinal anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
13. Describe the advantages of spinal anesthesia over general anesthesia -
Answer (click here)
14. Explain the advantages of spinal anesthesia over epidural anesthesia -
Answer (click here)
15. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of catheter (continuous) spinal
anesthesia - Answer (click here)
Preeclampsia
1. Classify the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. What are the incidence and risk factors of preeclampsia? - Answer (click
here)
3. Explain the etiology of preeclampsia - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the pathophysiology of preeclampsia - Answer (click here)
5. Outline the obstetric management of preeclampsia - Answer (click here)
6. How is preeclampsia prevented from degenerating into eclampsia? -
Answer (click here)
7. Explain the management of preeclampsia-related hypertension - Answer
(click here)
8. What are the potential consequences of epidural anesthesia in the patient
with preeclampsia? - Answer (click here)
9. Describe the anesthetic options for cesarean section for the preeclamptic
patient - Answer (click here)
10. Outline the anticipated postpartum problems associated with
preeclampsia - Answer (click here)
Thrombocytopenia In Pregnancy
1. What are the concerns when placing an epidural catheter if the platelet
count is low? - Answer (click here)
2. Who is at risk for developing an epidural hematoma? - Answer (click here)
3. What is considered a low platelet count from the perspective of epidural
catheter placement? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the expected platelet count during pregnancy? - Answer (click here)
5. Describe coagulation and the role that platelets play in the process -
Answer (click here)
6. What are the causes of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy? - Answer
(click here)
7. What tests are available to evaluate platelet function? - Answer (click here)
8. Describe the bleeding time test and its limitation - Answer (click here)
9. Describe the thromboelastogram and its limitations - Answer (click here)
10. Describe the platelet function analyzer and its limitations - Answer (click
here)
11. What is the overall risk of epidural hematoma? - Answer (click here)
12. Describe the known cases in the literature of epidural hematoma in the
parturient - Answer (click here)
13. What is the evidence that initiating an epidural anesthetic in a woman
with a platelet count <100,000 mm−3 may be safe? - Answer (click here)
14. How do you evaluate the patient who has a platelet count <100,000
mm−3? - Answer (click here)
15. What are some practical recommendations regard-ing neuraxial
anesthesia in the parturient who presents with a low platelet count? -
Answer (click here)
16. What is low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and how does it
compare with and differ from standard heparin? - Answer (click here)
17. Why do some pregnant women take LMWH? - Answer (click here)
18. What has been the anesthetic experience with LMWH and neuraxial
anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
19. What are some of the unique recommendations for anesthetizing the
parturient taking LMWH? - Answer (click here)
Neonatal Resuscitation
1. Describe the fetal circulation - Answer (click here)
2. What are the physiologic changes that occur at birth? - Answer (click here)
3. How is neonatal resuscitation managed in the delivery room? - Answer
(click here)
4. What is the Apgar score? - Answer (click here)
Pyloric Stenosis
1. What is pyloric stenosis? - Answer (click here)
2. What is the clinical presentation of pyloric stenosis? - Answer (click here)
3. How is the diagnosis made? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the metabolic derangements and how are they treated? - Answer
(click here)
5. What is the surgical treatment of pyloric stenosis? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the anesthetic considerations? - Answer (click here)
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
1. What is a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)? - Answer (click here)
2. How does a patient with a TEF typically present? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the preoperative concerns in a patient with TEF? - Answer (click
here)
4. How is the patient with a TEF managed intraoperatively? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the postoperative concerns in TEF patients? - Answer (click here)
Congenital Heart Disease
1. How are innocent and pathologic systolic murmurs differentiated? -
Answer (click here)
2. What is the incidence of congenital heart disease? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the general anesthetic considerations for the common cardiac
lesions? - Answer (click here)
4. What should be included in the preoperative assessment? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the anesthetic implications of intracardiac lesions with left-to-
right shunting? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the common intracardiac left-to-right shunting lesions? - Answer
(click here)
7. What are the anesthetic implications of right-to-left shunting lesions? -
Answer (click here)
8. What are the common right-to-left shunting lesions with reduced
pulmonary blood flow? - Answer (click here)
9. How are congenital heart lesions repaired? - Answer (click here)
10. Discuss the sequelae associated with the repair of specific cardiac
lesions - Answer (click here)
Preterm Infant
1. What are the anatomic and physiologic differences between the infant
and the adult? - Answer (click here)
2. What is the definition of prematurity? - Answer (click here)
3. Do the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anesthetic drugs
differ in this population as compared with adults? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the nil per os (NPO) guidelines for this case? - Answer (click here)
5. What anesthetic options are available and what are the concerns
regarding each option? - Answer (click here)
6. If a general anesthetic is planned, what are the induction options? -
Answer (click here)
7. What are the appropriate monitors for this case? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the options for postoperative pain control? - Answer (click here)
9. When can this infant be discharged home? Could this procedure have
been done as an outpatient after discharge? - Answer (click here)
Postherpetic Neuralgia
1. What is the pathogenesis of an acute herpes zoster infection? - Answer
(click here)
2. How does an acute herpes zoster infection manifest itself? - Answer (click
here)
3. What is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)? - Answer (click here)
4. Which patients are at risk for the development of PHN? - Answer (click
here)
5. How does PHN present? - Answer (click here)
6. What medications can be used for treatment of PHN? What is the
mechanism of action of these medications? - Answer (click here)
7. What invasive procedures can be used for the treatment of PHN? -
Answer (click here)
8. Can PHN be prevented? - Answer (click here)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
1. Define complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 and type 2 -
Answer (click here)
2. What are the pathophysiologic theories leading to CRPS? - Answer (click
here)
3. Delineate the different stages of CRPS - Answer (click here)
4. What are the signs and symptoms of CRPS? - Answer (click here)
5. How is the diagnosis of CRPS made? - Answer (click here)
6. What different nerve blocks can be used for diagnosis and treatment of
CRPS? - Answer (click here)
7. What other modalities can be used to treat CRPS? - Answer (click here)
Ambulatory Surgery
1. Are there advantages to performing surgery on an ambulatory basis? -
Answer (click here)
2. Which patients are considered acceptable candidates for ambulatory
surgery? - Answer (click here)
3. Are there any patients who should never have surgery on an ambulatory
basis? - Answer (click here)
4. Are diabetic patients suitable candidates for ambulatory surgery? -
Answer (click here)
5. What types of surgical procedures are appropriate for ambulatory
surgery? - Answer (click here)
6. What is the appropriate fasting time before ambulatory surgery that
necessitates an anesthetic? - Answer (click here)
7. Should drugs be administered to empty the stomach or change gastric
acidity or volume before the administration of an anesthetic? - Answer
(click here)
8. How can patients be appropriately screened for anesthesia when
ambulatory surgery is planned? - Answer (click here)
9. What preoperative laboratory studies should be obtained before surgery?
- Answer (click here)
10. Should an internist evaluate each patient before ambulatory surgery? -
Answer (click here)
11. Is anxiolytic premedication advisable before ambulatory surgery, and
what agents are appropriate? - Answer (click here)
12. What are the reasons for last-minute cancellation or postponement of
surgery? - Answer (click here)
13. What is the ideal anesthetic for ambulatory surgery? - Answer (click here)
14. Are there relative or absolute contraindications to the administration of a
general anesthetic in the ambulatory setting? - Answer (click here)
15. What are the advantages and disadvantages to performing a conduction
anesthetic in the ambulatory patient? - Answer (click here)
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of selecting a nerve block
technique for the ambulatory patient? - Answer (click here)
17. Describe the intravenous regional anesthetic technique (Bier block) for
surgery on the extremities - Answer (click here)
18. What sedatives can be administered to supplement a regional anesthetic?
- Answer (click here)
19. What complications of nerve block anesthesia are of special concern to
the ambulatory patient? - Answer (click here)
20. Should patients having ambulatory surgery be tracheally intubated? -
Answer (click here)
21. What is the role of propofol in ambulatory surgery? - Answer (click here)
22. What is total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), and what are its advantages
and disadvantages? - Answer (click here)
23. What is moderate sedation, when is it employed, and what advantages
does it offer? - Answer (click here)
24. When tracheal intubation is required for a short procedure, can one avoid
the myalgias associated with succinylcholine? - Answer (click here)
25. Can a relative overdose of benzodiazepines be safely antagonized? -
Answer (click here)
26. Do the newer volatile agents offer advantages over older agents such as
enflurane and isoflurane? - Answer (click here)
27. What are the etiologies of nausea and vomiting, and what measures can
be taken to decrease their incidence and severity? - Answer (click here)
28. How is pain best controlled in the ambulatory patient in the PACU? -
Answer (click here)
29. What discharge criteria must be met before a patient may leave the
ambulatory surgery center? - Answer (click here)
30. What are the causes of unexpected hospitalization following ambulatory
surgery? - Answer (click here)
31. When may patients operate a motor vehicle after receiving a general
anesthetic? - Answer (click here)
32. What is the role of aftercare centers for the ambulatory surgery patient? -
Answer (click here)
33. Are quality assurance and continuous quality improvement possible for
ambulatory surgery? - Answer (click here)
Thoracic Trauma
1. What are the consequences of thoracic trauma? - Answer (click here)
2. How are traumatic pneumothorax and/or hemothorax managed in a
patient undergoing laparotomy for splenic injury? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the mechanisms of morbidity and mortality from flail chest? -
Answer (click here)
4. What are the management options for flail chest and pulmonary
contusion? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the perioperative management options for traumatic
hemopericardium? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the clinical implications of blunt cardiac trauma? - Answer (click
here)
7. When should traumatic thoracic aortic injury be suspected and how is
the diagnosis made? - Answer (click here)
8. In blunt trauma patients with multiple injuries that include thoracic
aortic injury, how is surgery prioritized? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the perioperative clinical and anesthetic pitfalls - Answer (click
here)
10. Describe the clinical management of transmediastinal gunshot wounds -
Answer (click here)
Asthma
1. What is asthma? - Answer (click here)
2. How is asthma classified? - Answer (click here)
3. How would you distinguish obstructive from restrictive lung disease, and
asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
4. Briefly describe the pharmacology of medications available to treat
asthma. - Answer (click here)
5. What are the indications for mechanical ventilation in severe asthma
(status asthmaticus)? - Answer (click here)
6. What preoperative evaluation and preparation would you order for this
patient? - Answer (click here)
7. Would you choose general anesthesia (with endotra-cheal intubation,
with a laryngeal mask airway) or a neuraxial block for this patient? -
Answer (click here)
8. What are the signs and causes of perioperative bronchospasm? - Answer
(click here)
9. The patient refused to have “a needle stuck in her back” - Answer (click
here)
Shock
1. What are the determinants of blood pressure? - Answer (click here)
2. How should postoperative hypotension be approached? - Answer (click
here)
3. What is the definition of shock? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the different types of shock and the basics of treatment for each
type? What would you do for this patient? - Answer (click here)
5. A pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) was inserted - Answer (click here)
6. What is the classification of hemorrhage according to the American
College of Surgeons? - Answer (click here)
7. The heart rate suddenly goes up to 170 beats per minute with wide QRS
complexes and the blood pressure drops further. What are the diagnostic
possibilities? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the treatment options for each of the discussed dysrhythmias?
What would you do for this patient? - Answer (click here)
Hypothermia
1. How is hypothermia defined and graded? - Answer (click here)
2. What mechanisms lead to hypothermia in a patient under general
anesthesia in the operating room? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the physiologic responses to hypothermia? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the physiologic consequences of hypothermia? - Answer (click
here)
5. Are there any benefits to mild intraoperative hypothermia? - Answer (click
here)
6. What are the different sites at which temperature can be monitored? -
Answer (click here)
7. What are the modalities to prevent and treat perioperative hypothermia?
- Answer (click here)
8. Is prevention of hypothermia warranted in a patient who received a
central neuraxial block? - Answer (click here)
Respiratory Failure
1. How is postoperative respiratory failure defined? What are the two main
types of acute respiratory failure? - Answer (click here)
2. What are the four primary causes of hypoxemia and how are they distin-
guished? Which is most likely in this patient, and how would you treat
it? - Answer (click here)
3. how would this ABG be interpreted? What treatment should be
prescribed? - Answer (click here)
4. How would you manage this patient? - Answer (click here)
5. Briefly describe the most common ventilatory modes - Answer (click here)
6. What criteria are used to determine whether extubation will be
successful? - Answer (click here)
Anaphylaxis
1. What is the mechanism of anaphylaxis? What is the difference between
anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions? - Answer (click here)
2. What treatment should be administered to this patient? What else should
be checked on physical examination? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the medications most often implicated in anaphylaxis? In
anaphylactoid reactions? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the percentage of patients allergic to penicillin who will have a
reaction when challenged with a cephalosporin? - Answer (click here)
5. Should surgery be allowed to proceed or should the case be cancelled?
What will you tell the patient postoperatively? - Answer (click here)
Health Assessment
1. The Role of the Nurse in Assessment - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Guidelines for Conducting a Health Assessment - Answer (click here)
3. Ethical Use of History or Physical Examination Data - Answer (click here)
4. The Health History - Assessment - Answer (click here)
5. Physical Health Assessment - Answer (click here)
6. Nutritional Assessment - Answer (click here)
7. Assessment in the Home and Community - Answer (click here)
Chronic Illness
1. The Phenomenon of Chronicity - Answer (click here)
2. The Characteristics of Chronic Conditions - Answer (click here)
3. The Problems of Managing Chronic Conditions - Answer (click here)
4. Implications for Nursing - Characteristics of Chronic Conditions - Answer
(click here)
5. Phases of Chronic Illness - Answer (click here)
6. Care by Phases of Chronic Illness: Applying the Nursing Process -
Answer (click here)
7. Promoting Home and Community-Based Care - Answer (click here)
Pain Management
1. The Fifth Vital Sign - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Pain - Answer (click here)
3. Harmful Effects of Pain - Answer (click here)
4. Pain Transmission - Pathophysiology of Pain - Answer (click here)
5. Factors Influencing the Pain Response - Answer (click here)
6. Nursing Assessment of Pain - Answer (click here)
7. Characteristics of Pain - Answer (click here)
8. Instruments for Assessing the Perception of Pain - Answer (click here)
9. Nurse’s Role in Pain Management - Answer (click here)
10. Pain Management Strategies - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacologic Interventions - Pain Management Strategies - Answer (click
here)
12. Routes of Administration - Pain Management Strategies - Answer (click
here)
13. Nonpharmacologic Interventions - Pain Management Strategies - Answer
(click here)
14. Neurologic and Neurosurgical Approaches to Pain Management - Answer
(click here)
15. Promoting Home and Community-Based Care - Answer (click here)
16. Evaluating Pain Management Strategies - Answer (click here)
Emergency Nursing
1. Scope and Practice of Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
2. Principles of Emergency Care - Answer (click here)
3. Airway Obstruction - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
4. Hemorrhage - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
5. Hypovolemic Shock - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
6. Wounds - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
7. Trauma - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
8. Intra-abdominal Injuries - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
9. Crush Injuries - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
10. Multiple Injuries - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
11. Fractures - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
12. Heat Stroke - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
13. Frostbite - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
14. Hypothermia - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
15. Near-Drowning - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
16. Decompression Sickness - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click
here)
17. Anaphylactic Reaction - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
18. Latex Allergy - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
19. Injected Poisons: Stinging Insects, Snake Bites - Environmental
Emergencies - Answer (click here)
20. Poisoning - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
21. Substance Abuse - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
22. Violence, Abuse, and Neglect - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
23. Psychiatric Emergencies - Answer (click here)
Integumentary System
1. Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of the Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
4. The Epidermis - Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
5. The Dermis - Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
6. Nerve Supply to The Skin - Answer (click here)
7. Blood Circulation in the Skin - Answer (click here)
8. Skin and Temperature Control - Answer (click here)
9. Variation in Skin Color - Answer (click here)
10. Blood Flow and Skin Color Changes - Answer (click here)
11. Pigmentation of Skin By Carotene - Answer (click here)
12. Subcutaneous Layer, or Hypodermis - Answer (click here)
13. Accessory structures of the skin - Answer (click here)
14. Absorption Through the Skin - Answer (click here)
15. Microorganisms on the Skin - Answer (click here)
16. Inflammation and Healing on the surface of the skin - Answer (click here)
17. Effects of Aging on theIntegumentary System - Answer (click here)
18. Integumentary System and Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)
19. Massage Techniques and the Effects on the Body - Answer (click here)
20. Effect of Heat on Skin - Answer (click here)
21. Effect of Cold on Skin - Answer (click here)
22. Water and Skin - Answer (click here)
23. Body Wraps and Skin - Answer (click here)
24. Skin Lesions and Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)
Muscular System
1. Muscle Tissue and Physiology of Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
3. Myofilament: the Specialized proteins of Myofibrils - Answer (click here)
4. Sliding Filament Mechanism - Answer (click here)
5. Characteristics of Whole muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Tone - Answer (click here)
7. Muscle Spindles - Answer (click here)
8. Tendon Organs - Answer (click here)
9. Isotonic and Isometric contractions - Answer (click here)
10. Muscle Energetics - Answer (click here)
11. A Summary of the Role of CNS in Muscle Function Control - Answer
(click here)
12. Physical Conditioning - Muscular System - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
15. Smooth Muscle and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
16. Muscle Terminology and Major Muscles of the Body - Answer (click here)
17. The Axial Musculature - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer (click
here)
18. Appendicular Musculature - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer
(click here)
19. Muscles Of The Lower Limb - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer
(click here)
20. Muscular System and Aging - Answer (click here)
21. Muscular System and Massage - Answer (click here)
Nervous System
1. Organization of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of the Neuron - Answer (click here)
3. The Synapse - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
6. Production and Propagation of Impulses - Answer (click here)
7. Differences in Propagation of action Potential in Myelinatedand
Unmyelinated Axons - Answer (click here)
8. Synaptic Transmission - Answer (click here)
9. Examples of Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
10. Electrical Synapses - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
11. Summation - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
12. Factors that Affect Neural Function - Answer (click here)
13. Functional Organization of Neurons - Answer (click here)
14. Standard Terms and Grouping - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
15. Regeneration and Degenerationof Neurons - Answer (click here)
16. Sense Organs and Initiation of Impulses - Answer (click here)
17. Cutaneous Receptors - Sensory Nervous System - Answer (click here)
18. An Overview of Electrical and Ionic Events in Receptors - Answer (click
here)
19. Perception of Sensations - Sensory Nervous System - Answer (click here)
20. The Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves, and Dermatomes - Answer (click here)
21. Anatomic Structure of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
22. Distribution of Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
23. Nerve Plexus - Answer (click here)
24. Reflexes - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
25. Monosynaptic Reflex:The Stretch Reflex - Answer (click here)
26. Muscle Spindle - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
27. Reciprocal Innervation - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
28. Inverse Stretch Reflex - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
29. Polysynaptic Reflexes: Withdrawal Reflex - Answer (click here)
30. The Final Common Path - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
31. Input to Motor Neurons - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
32. Pathways of Cutaneous and Visceral Sensations - Answer (click here)
33. Direct Pathway of Fine Touch and Proprioception Senses - Answer (click
here)
34. Direct Pathway of Pain and temperature (and Remaining fibers of
Touch) Senses - Answer (click here)
35. Representation of the Body in the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
36. The Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
37. Integrative Centers - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
38. Right and Left Hemisphere Specializations - Brain and Brain Divisions -
Answer (click here)
39. The Limbic System - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
40. The Thalamus - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
41. The Hypothalamus - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
42. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
43. Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click here)
44. General Principles of the Control of Voluntary Movements - Answer (click
here)
45. The Motor Cortex - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click here)
46. Lesions and Muscle Tone - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer
(click here)
47. Vestibular Apparatus - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click
here)
48. Motor System Lesions - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click
here)
49. The Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
50. Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
51. Bodyworkers and the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
Endocrine System
1. General Properties of Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Control of Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
3. Hypothalamus - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
4. The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click
here)
5. Thyroid Gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
6. Parathyroid Glands - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
7. Adrenal Glands - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
8. Pineal Gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
9. Endocrine Function of The Pancreas - Answer (click here)
10. The Endocrine Function of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
11. The Endocrine Function of the Heart - Answer (click here)
12. Thymus gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
13. Digestive Tract - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
14. The Endocrine Function of Adipose Tissue - Answer (click here)
15. Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
16. Endocrine System and Massage - Answer (click here)
Reproductive System
1. Genetic Sex - Answer (click here)
2. Fetal Development - Answer (click here)
3. Puberty - Answer (click here)
4. Testis - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
5. The Vas Deferens - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
6. Accessory Glands - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
7. Semen - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
8. Penis - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
9. Endocrine Function of the Testis - Answer (click here)
10. Ovaries - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
11. The Uterine Tubes (Fallopiantubes; Oviduct) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
12. The Uterus - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
13. The Vagina - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
14. The External Genitalia - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
15. The Menstrual Cycle - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
16. The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse (In Brief) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
17. Contraception (Strategiesfor Birth Control) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
18. Development of The Fetus - Answer (click here)
19. Maternal Changes in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
20. Labor - Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
21. Lactation - Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
22. Age-Related Changes in the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
23. Massage and the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular System
1. Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
3. Red Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Types - Answer (click here)
5. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - Answer (click here)
6. Platelets - Answer (click here)
7. Hemostasis - Blood - Answer (click here)
8. The Clotting Mechanism - Blood - Answer (click here)
9. Anticlotting Mechanisms - Blood - Answer (click here)
10. Plasma - Blood - Answer (click here)
11. An Overview of Circulation in Heart - Answer (click here)
12. The Heart: Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac Centers, Innervation of the Heart, and Factors Affecting Heart
Rate - Answer (click here)
14. Blood Supply to the Heart - Answer (click here)
15. Cardiac Cycle - The Heart - Answer (click here)
16. Apex Beat, Arterial Pulse, Venous Pulse - The Heart - Answer (click here)
17. Factors Affecting Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
18. Blood Vessels and Circulation - Answer (click here)
19. Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
20. Capillaries - Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
21. Venules and Veins - Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer
(click here)
22. Volume in Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
23. Major Systemic Arteries - Answer (click here)
24. Systemic Veins - Answer (click here)
25. Dynamics of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
26. Regulation of the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
27. Compensatory Adjustment - Regulation of the Cardiovascular System -
Answer (click here)
28. Effect of Aging on the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
29. Massage and the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
Lymphatic System
1. Body Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
2. The Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
4. Components of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
5. Drainage Route of Lymph - Answer (click here)
6. Massage and the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
7. Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Nonspecific Immunity - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Specific Immunity - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
10. Lymphocytes - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
11. Immunization - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
12. Abnormalities of the Immune System - Lymphatic System Immunity -
Answer (click here)
13. The Lymphatic System, Immunity, and Aging - Answer (click here)
14. Basic Concepts of Health and Disease - Answer (click here)
15. General Causes of Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Infection and Infection Prevention - Answer (click here)
17. Pathways of Infection - Answer (click here)
18. Immunity and Massage - Answer (click here)
Respiratory System
1. Function of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
2. Upper Respiratory Tract - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer
(click here)
3. Lower Respiratory Tract - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer
(click here)
4. Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. The Pulmonary Circulation - Anatomy of the Respiratory System -
Answer (click here)
6. The Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
7. The Pleura - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
8. Mechanics of Respiration - Answer (click here)
9. External Respiration - Answer (click here)
10. Respiration Muscles - Answer (click here)
11. Breathing Patterns, Respiratory Volumes, and Capacities - Answer (click
here)
12. Gas Exchange - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
13. Transport of Gases - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
14. Regulation of Respiration - Answer (click here)
15. Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
16. Effect of Cold on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
17. Effect of Aging on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
18. Respiratory System and Massage - Answer (click here)
Digestive System
1. Functions of Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
2. Components of the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
3. Wall of the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
4. Peritoneum - Answer (click here)
5. Movement in the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
6. Factors Controlling Digestive Function - Answer (click here)
7. An Overview of Nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Functions of Important Nutrients - Answer (click here)
9. Regulation of Food Intake - Answer (click here)
10. The Structure and Function of Individual Organs of the Digestive
System - Answer (click here)
11. Mouth and Associated Structures - Structure and Function of Digestive
System - Answer (click here)
12. Salivary Glands and Saliva - Structure and Function of Digestive System
- Answer (click here)
13. Pharynx, Esophagus - Structure and Function of Digestive System -
Answer (click here)
14. Stomach - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click here)
15. Small Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
16. The Pancreas - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
17. The liver - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
18. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
19. Gallbladder - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
20. Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
21. Large Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
22. Movement in the Colon and Defecation - Answer (click here)
23. Digestion and Absorption of Food in the Gut - Answer (click here)
24. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
25. Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
26. Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
27. The Gastrointestinal System and Bodywork - Answer (click here)
Urinary System
1. Functions of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
2. Components of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
3. The Kidneys - Answer (click here)
4. Nephron - The Kidneys - Answer (click here)
5. Urine Formation - Answer (click here)
6. Composition of Urine - Answer (click here)
7. Transportation and Elimination of Urine - Answer (click here)
8. Urination or Micturition - Answer (click here)
9. Age-Related Changes in the Genitourinary System - Answer (click here)
10. Bodyworkers and the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
Subject : Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA Technology
1. Tools of rDNA technology - Answer (click here)
2. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) - Answer (click here)
3. Vectors: Vehicles for cloning - Answer (click here)
4. Plasmids - Answer (click here)
5. Vectors based on bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
6. Making rDNA - Answer (click here)
7. Introduction of rDNA into host cells - Recombinant DNA Technology -
Answer (click here)
8. Identification of Recombinants - Recombinant DNA Technology -
Answer (click here)
9. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Answer (click here)
10. Hybridisation Techniques - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer
(click here)
11. DNA Library - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
13. Site-directed Mutagenesis - Answer (click here)
Functional groups
1. Organic Chemistry: Recognition of functional groups - Answer (click here)
2. Aliphatic and aromatic functional groups - Answer (click here)
3. Intermolecular bonding - Answer (click here)
4. Functional groups: Properties and reactions - Answer (click here)
5. Nomenclature of compounds with functional groups - Answer (click here)
6. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary nomenclature - Answer (click
here)
Stereochemistry
1. Constitutional isomers - Answer (click here)
2. Configurational isomers – alkenes and cycloalkanes - Answer (click here)
3. Configurational isomers - optical isomers - Answer (click here)
4. Conformational isomers - Answer (click here)
Acidbase reactions
1. Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases - Answer (click here)
2. Acid strength - Answer (click here)
3. Base strength - Answer (click here)
4. Lewis acids and bases - Answer (click here)
5. Enolates - Answer (click here)
Aromatic chemistry
1. Aromaticity - Answer (click here)
2. Aromatic chemistry: Preparation and properties - Answer (click here)
3. Electrophilic substitutions of benzene - Answer (click here)
4. Synthesis of mono-substituted benzenes - Answer (click here)
5. Electrophilic substitutions of mono-substituted aromatic rings - Answer
(click here)
6. Synthesis of di- and tri-substituted benzenes - Answer (click here)
7. Aromatic chemistry: Oxidation and reduction - Answer (click here)
Aldehydes and ketones
1. Preparation of Aldehydes and ketones - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of Aldehydes and ketones - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleophilic addition - Aldehydes and ketones - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleophilic addition – charged nucleophiles - Answer (click here)
5. Aldehydes and ketones: Electronic and steric effects - Answer (click here)
6. Nucleophilic addition - nitrogen nucleophiles - Answer (click here)
7. Nucleophilic addition - oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles - Answer (click
here)
8. Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions of enolate ions - Answer (click here)
9. Aldehydes and ketones: α-Halogenation - Answer (click here)
10. Aldehydes and ketones: Reduction and oxidation - Answer (click here)
11. Aldehydes and ketones: α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones - Answer
(click here)
Alkyl halides
1. Preparation and physical properties of alkyl halides - Answer (click here)
2. Alkyl halides: Nucleophilic substitution - Answer (click here)
3. Alkyl halides: Factors affecting SN2 versus SN1 reactions - Answer (click
here)
4. Alkyl halides: Elimination - Answer (click here)
5. Alkyl halides: Elimination versus substitution - Answer (click here)
6. Reactions of alkyl halides - Answer (click here)
7. Alkyl halides: Organometallic reactions - Answer (click here)
DNA Synthesis
1. DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Proofreading, Okazaki Fragments, and DNA Ligase - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
3. Detection and Basic Properties of DNA Polymerases - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
4. In vitro DNA Replication - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
5. Error and Damage Correction - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
6. DNA Replication Areas In Chromosomes - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
7. Bidirectional Replication from E. coli Origins - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
8. The DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Constancy of the E. coli DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
10. Regulating Initiations - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Gel Electrophoresis Assay of Eukaryotic Replication Origins -
Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. How Fast Could DNA Be Replicated? - Physiological Aspects - Answer
(click here)
Protein Structure
1. Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
2. The Amino Acids - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Peptide Bond - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Electrostatic Forces that Determine Protein Structure - Protein Structure
- Answer (click here)
5. Hydrogen Bonds and the Chelate Effect - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
6. Hydrophobic Forces - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Thermodynamic Considerations of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
8. Structures within Proteins - Answer (click here)
9. Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet, and Beta Turn - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
10. Calculation of Protein Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
11. Secondary Structure Predictions - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
12. Structures of DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
13. Salt Effects on Protein-DNA Interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Locating Specific Residue-Base Interactions - Protein Structure - Answer
(click here)
Protein Synthesis
1. Activation of Amino Acids During Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Fidelity of Aminoacylation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. How Synthetases Identify the Correct tRNA Molecule - Answer (click here)
4. Decoding the Message - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Base Pairing between Ribosomal RNA and Messenger - Answer (click here)
6. Experimental Support for the Shine-Dalgarno Hypothesis - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Eukaryotic Translation and the First AUG - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
8. Tricking the Translation Machinery into Initiating - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
9. Protein Elongation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Peptide Bond Formation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Translocation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
12. Termination, Nonsense, and Suppression - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
13. Chaperones and Catalyzed Protein Folding - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
14. Resolution of a Paradox - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Messenger Instability - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
16. Protein Elongation Rates - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
17. Directing Proteins to Specific Cellular Sites - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
18. Verifying the Signal Peptide Model - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
19. The Signal Recognition Particle and Translocation - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
20. Expectations for Ribosome Regulation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
21. Proportionality of Ribosome Levels and Growth Rates - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
22. Regulation of Ribosome Synthesis - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
23. Balancing Synthesis of Ribosomal Components - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
Genetics
1. Genetics Mutations - Answer (click here)
2. Point Mutations, Deletions, Insertions, and Damage - Answer (click here)
3. Classical Genetics of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Complementation, Cis, Trans, Dominant, and Recessive - Answer (click
here)
5. Mechanism of a trans Dominant Negative Mutation - Answer (click here)
6. Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
7. Genetics Mapping by Recombination Frequencies - Answer (click here)
8. Genetics: Mapping by Deletions - Answer (click here)
9. Heteroduplexes and Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
10. Genetics: Branch Migration and Isomerization - Answer (click here)
11. Elements of Recombination in E. coli, RecA, RecBCD, and Chi - Answer
(click here)
12. Genetic Systems - Answer (click here)
13. Growing Cells for Genetics Experiments - Answer (click here)
14. Testing Purified Cultures, Scoring - Answer (click here)
15. Isolating Auxotrophs, Use of Mutagens and Replica Plating - Answer
(click here)
16. Genetic Selections - Answer (click here)
17. Mapping with Generalized Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
18. Principles of Bacterial Sex - Answer (click here)
19. Elements of Yeast Genetics - Answer (click here)
20. Elements of Drosophila Genetics - Answer (click here)
21. Isolating Mutations in Muscle or Nerve in Drosophila - Answer (click here)
22. Fate Mapping and Study of Tissue-Specific Gene Expression - Answer
(click here)
Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA
1. Isolation of DNA - Answer (click here)
2. Biology of Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Cutting DNA with Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Isolation of DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
5. Joining DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
6. Vectors: Selection and Autonomous DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
7. Plasmid Vectors - Answer (click here)
8. A Phage Vector for Bacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Vectors for Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Putting DNA Back into Cells - Answer (click here)
11. Cloning from RNA - Answer (click here)
12. Plaque and Colony Hybridization for Clone Identification - Answer (click
here)
13. Walking Along a Chromosome to Clone a Gene - Answer (click here)
14. Arrest of Translation to Assay for DNA of a Gene - Answer (click here)
15. Chemical DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
16. Enzymatic DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
Chemotaxis
1. Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
2. Assaying Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
3. Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
4. Genetics of Motility and Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
5. How Cells Swim - Answer (click here)
6. Mechanism of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
7. Energy for Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
8. Adaptation - Answer (click here)
9. Methylation and Adaptation - Answer (click here)
10. Phosphorylation and the Rapid Response - Answer (click here)
Urinary System
1. Urinary System - Answer (click here)
2. Kidneys - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of the kidney - Answer (click here)
4. The ureters - Answer (click here)
5. The bladder - Answer (click here)
6. The urethra - Answer (click here)
7. Micturation - Answer (click here)
8. Psychological changes in pregnancy, labour and puerperium - Answer
(click here)
9. The breast - Answer (click here)
10. Physiology of Lactation - breast - Answer (click here)
Physiology of Pregnancy
1. Physiology of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Differential Diagnosis - Physiology of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological changes due to pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Psychosocial care in pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Digestive system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Musculoskeletal system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer
(click here)
9. Genito-urinary system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
10. Circulatory system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
11. Nervous system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
Prenatal Care
1. Prenatal Care - Answer (click here)
2. Aim of antenatal care - Answer (click here)
3. Process of Antenatal care - Answer (click here)
4. Advice to the Pregnant Woman - Answer (click here)
5. General examination of the ante-natal patients - Answer (click here)
6. Investigations - General examination of the ante-natal patients - Answer
(click here)
7. Abdominal examination - General examination of the ante-natal patients
- Answer (click here)
8. Head fitting - General examination of the ante-natal patients - Answer
(click here)
9. Calculation of expected date of delivery (EDD) - Answer (click here)
10. Prenatal screening for hospital delivery - Answer (click here)
Labour
1. Labour - Answer (click here)
2. Stages of labour - Answer (click here)
3. Duration of labor - Answer (click here)
4. Physiology of labour - Answer (click here)
5. Methods of placental separation - Answer (click here)
6. Causes of onset of labor: Hormonal and Mechanical Theories - Answer
(click here)
7. Signs of Labour - Answer (click here)
8. Mechanism of normal labor - Answer (click here)
9. Pain relief in labour - Answer (click here)
10. Methods of Pain relief in labour - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs used in labour - Answer (click here)
Management of Labor
1. Management of patient in labour - Answer (click here)
2. Indications for vaginal examination - Answer (click here)
3. Subsequent management of labour - Answer (click here)
4. Second stage - Management of patient in labour - Answer (click here)
5. Methods of delivery - Management of patient in labour - Answer (click
here)
6. Left lateral position - Management of patient in labour - Answer (click here)
7. Management of third stage - Management of patient in labour - Answer
(click here)
8. Care after the delivery of the placenta - Answer (click here)
9. Episiotomy - Answer (click here)
Puerperium
1. Puerperium - Answer (click here)
2. Psychology of puerperium - Answer (click here)
3. Restoration of ovulation and menstruation - Answer (click here)
4. Management of puerperium - Answer (click here)
5. Birth control/family planning methods - Answer (click here)
MalpresentationsPositions
1. Malpresentations/Positions - Answer (click here)
2. Breech Presentation - Answer (click here)
3. Occipito Posterior Position - Answer (click here)
4. Abnormal Uterine Action: Definition, Causes and Types - Answer (click
here)
5. Transverse Lie/ Shoulder Presentation: Causes, Diagnosis, Management
- Answer (click here)
Obstetric Emergencies
1. Obstetric Emergencies - Answer (click here)
2. Bleeding In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Abortion and Causes, Types of Abortion - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Mole - Bleeding In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Extra-uterine Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Abdominal Pregnancy - Bleeding In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Hydatidiform Mole - Answer (click here)
8. Post Abortion Care (PAC) - Answer (click here)
9. Bleeding In Late Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
10. Management of Undiagnosed APH - Answer (click here)
11. Placental Praevia - Answer (click here)
12. Abruptio Placenta - Answer (click here)
13. Obstructed Labour - Answer (click here)
14. Rupture of Uterus - Answer (click here)
15. Cord Presentation - Answer (click here)
16. Cord Prolapse - Answer (click here)
17. Maternal and Fetal Distress - Answer (click here)
18. Obstetric Shock - Answer (click here)
19. Mendelson’s syndrome (Pulmonary acid Aspiration Syndrome) - Answer
(click here)
20. Amniotic Fluids Embolism - Answer (click here)
21. Endotoxic Shock - Answer (click here)
Abnormal Puerperium
1. Sub-Involution - Abnormal Puerperium - Answer (click here)
2. Post Partum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
3. Puerperal Pyrexia - Answer (click here)
4. Thrombotic Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Puerperal Psychosis - Answer (click here)
Obstetric Interventions
1. Obstetric Interventions - Answer (click here)
2. Episiotomy /Perineal Laceration - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Episiotomy /Perineal Laceration - Answer (click here)
4. Induction of Labour - Answer (click here)
5. Vacuum Extraction - Ventouse - Answer (click here)
6. Forceps Delivery - Answer (click here)
7. Symphysiotomy - Answer (click here)
8. Caesarean Section and Types of Caesarean Section - Answer (click here)
9. Amniocentesis - Answer (click here)
10. Cordocentesis - Answer (click here)
11. Destructive Operations (Embryotomy) - Answer (click here)
Pharmacokinetics
1. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
5. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
Pharmacodynamics
1. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
4. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
5. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
6. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
7. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
8. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)
Pharmacology of Eicosanoids
1. Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis of eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
3. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Lipoxygenases and related drugs - Answer (click here)
Hospital
1. Hospital as Social Organization - Answer (click here)
2. History of hospitals - Answer (click here)
3. Ownership and control - Hospital as Social Organization - Answer (click
here)
4. Financing - Hospital as Social Organization - Answer (click here)
5. Departments - Hospital as Social Organization - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Hospitals‐General Hospitals, Specializing Hospitals - Answer
(click here)
7. Functions of hospitals - Answer (click here)
8. Some critical points regarding functions of hospitals - Answer (click here)
9. What is Interpersonal relationship? - Answer (click here)
10. Types of communication in the care setting - Answer (click here)
11. Importance of Effective interpersonal Communication in Healthcare -
Answer (click here)
12. Effective Interpersonal Communication Practices in Health Care Settings
- Answer (click here)
13. Interpersonal theory in nursing practice - Answer (click here)
14. Nurse-client relationship - Answer (click here)
15. Nurse-client relationship some studies - Answer (click here)
16. Understanding culture and transcultural Nursing Care - Answer (click here)
17. Importance of Communication Skills for developing interpersonal
relationship in Nursing - Answer (click here)
18. Effective Interpersonal Communication Practices in Health Care Settings
- Answer (click here)
19. Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication - Answer (click here)
Community Health
1. Community Health - the concept - Answer (click here)
2. Scope of Community health - Answer (click here)
3. Interface between public health and primary healthcare - Answer (click
here)
4. Community health problems in India - Answer (click here)
5. Health in India - Community health problems in India - Answer (click here)
6. Major Health issues - Community health problems in India - Answer (click
here)
7. Schemes and plans for major community health problems in India -
Answer (click here)
8. Rural Healthcare Infrastructure - Answer (click here)
9. Central and state Government Role - Community health problems in
India - Answer (click here)
10. Concept of Integrated health service - Answer (click here)
11. Integrated Child Development Services in India - Answer (click here)
Health services
1. All Five year plan at a glance (India) - Answer (click here)
2. Alma Ata Declaration and the goal of “Health for all” - Answer (click here)
3. Introduction of “health for all” - Answer (click here)
4. Relevance of Alma‐ Ata to the primary health care system - Answer (click
here)
5. Four Assaults on Primary Health Care - Answer (click here)
6. Primary health care: 36 years since Alma‐Ata - Answer (click here)
7. Alma Ata and the primary health care in India - Answer (click here)
8. Challenges for Primary Healthcare System in India with few suggested
remedies - Answer (click here)
9. Role of government in public health: Current scenario in India - Answer
(click here)
10. Role of government within the health sector with few suggested majors -
Answer (click here)
11. Role of government in enabling intersectoral coordination towards
public health issues - Answer (click here)
Therapeutic Communication
1. Therapeutic Communication - Answer (click here)
2. What Is Therapeutic Communication? - Answer (click here)
3. Verbal Communication Skills - Answer (click here)
4. Nonverbal Communication Skills - Answer (click here)
5. Understanding the Meaning of Communication - Answer (click here)
6. Understanding Context - Answer (click here)
7. Understanding Spirituality - Answer (click here)
8. Cultural Considerations - Therapeutic Communication - Answer (click here)
9. The Therapeutic Communication Session - Answer (click here)
10. How to Phrase Questions - Answer (click here)
11. Guiding the Client in Problem-Solving and Empowering the Client to
Change - Answer (click here)
12. Assertive Communication - Answer (click here)
13. Community-Based Care - Answer (click here)
Assessment
1. Factors Influencing Assessment - Answer (click here)
2. How to Conduct the Interview - Answer (click here)
3. Content of the Assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Assessment of Suicide or Harm Toward Others - Answer (click here)
5. Data Analysis - Answer (click here)
Schizophrenia
1. Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
2. Clinical Course - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
3. Related Disorders - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
4. Etiology - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Considerations - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
7. Application of the Nursing Process: Assessment - Schizophrenia - Answer
(click here)
8. Application of the Nursing Process: Data Analysis - Schizophrenia -
Answer (click here)
9. Application of the Nursing Process: Outcome Identification -
Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
10. Application of the Nursing Process: Intervention - Schizophrenia -
Answer (click here)
11. Application of the Nursing Process: Evaluation - Schizophrenia - Answer
(click here)
12. Elder Considerations - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
13. Community-Based Care - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
14. Mental Health Promotion - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
Mood Disorders
1. Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Categories of Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Related Disorders - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Etiology - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Considerations - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Major Depressive Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Application of the Nursing Process: Depression - Answer (click here)
8. Bipolar Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Application of the Nursing Process: Bipolar Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Suicide - Answer (click here)
11. Community-Based Care - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Mental Health Promotion - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
Personality Disorders
1. Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Categories of Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Onset and Clinical Course - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Etiology - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Considerations - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Paranoid Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Schizoid Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Schizotypal Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Antisocial Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Application of the Nursing Process: Antisocial Personality Disorder -
Answer (click here)
12. Borderline Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
13. Application of the Nursing Process: Borderline Personality Disorder -
Answer (click here)
14. Histrionic Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
15. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
16. Avoidant Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
17. Dependent Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
18. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
19. Depressive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
20. Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
21. Elder Considerations - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Community-Based Care - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Mental Health Promotion - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
Substance Abuse
1. Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
3. Onset and Clinical Course - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
4. Etiology - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Considerations - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Substances and Treatment - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment and Prognosis - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
8. Application of the Nursing Process - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
9. Elder Considerations - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
10. Community-Based Care - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
11. Mental Health Promotion - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
12. Substance Abuse in Health Professionals - Answer (click here)
Eating Disorders
1. Overview of Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Categories of Eating Disorders and Related Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Etiology - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Cultural Considerations - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Anorexia Nervosa - Answer (click here)
6. Bulimia - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Application of the Nursing Process - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Community-Based Care - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Mental Health Promotion - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
Somatoform Disorders
1. Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Onset and Clinical Course - Somatoform Disorder - Answer (click here)
4. Related Disorders - Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Etiology - Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Application of the Nursing Process - Somatoform Disorders - Answer
(click here)
7. Community-Based Care - Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Mental Health Promotion - Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
Pharmacokinetics
1. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Concentration-Time Profiles and Basic Pharmacokinetic
Parameters - Answer (click here)
3. Additional Pharmacokinetic Parameters - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics of Single Versus Multiple Dosing - Answer (click here)
5. Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
Principles of Toxicology
1. Principles of Toxicology - Answer (click here)
2. Manifestations of Toxicity - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Poisonings - Answer (click here)
4. Exposure to Nontherapeutic Toxicants - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Toxicological Principles - Answer (click here)
Adrenomimetic Drugs
1. Adrenomimetic Drugs: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Adrenomimetic Drugs: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacodynamic Actions of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and
Isoproterenol - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacological Actions of Dopamine - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Uses of Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
6. Other Adrenomimetic Agents - Answer (click here)
Adrenoceptor Antagonists
1. Adrenoceptors - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
4. beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Drugs With Combined and Βeta-and Αlpha Blocking Activity - Answer
(click here)
Antianginal Drugs
1. Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. The Therapeutic Objectives in the Use of Antianginal Drugs - Answer
(click here)
3. Organic Nitrates Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Calcium Entry or Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
Antihypertensive Drugs
1. Antihypertensive Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
3. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
4. Vasodilators: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
5. Vasodilators: Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
6. Vasodilators: Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
7. Vasodilators: Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
8. Vasodilators: Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
9. Drugs That Impair Sympathetic Nervous System Functioning - Answer
(click here)
10. Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. Adrenergic Neuron Βeta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs that Interfere with Norepinephrine Storage - Answer (click here)
13. Drugs that Interfere with Norepinephrine Synthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Ganglionic Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Centrally Acting Hypotensive Drugs - Answer (click here)
Diuretic Drugs
1. Diuretic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Body Water and Electrolyte Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Thiazide Diuretics - Answer (click here)
5. Hypokalemia and Potassium-sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
6. High-Ceiling, or Loop, Diuretics - Answer (click here)
7. Osmotic Diuretics - Answer (click here)
8. Uses of Diuretics - Answer (click here)
Local Anesthetics
1. Properties of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Esters - Answer (click here)
3. Amides - Answer (click here)
4. Topical Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Agents Affecting Neuromuscular Transmission - Answer (click here)
6. Enhancement of Acetylcholine Release - Answer (click here)
7. Depression of Acetylcholine Release - Answer (click here)
8. Depression of Postjunctional Response to Acetylcholine - Answer (click
here)
9. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacology of Antispasticity Agents - Answer (click here)
Antiepileptic Drugs
1. Antiepileptic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Clinically Useful Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Sodium Channel Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs That Primarily Enhance the Action of GABA - Answer (click here)
5. Agents That Block T-Calcium Channels - Answer (click here)
6. Agents Whose Mechanism of Action Is Not Known - Answer (click here)
7. Anticonvulsant Drugs and Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment of Febrile Seizures - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of Status Epilepticus - Answer (click here)
Antipsychotic Drugs
1. The Disease of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
2. Antipsychotic Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Antipsychotic Drugs: Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
4. Antipsychotic Drugs: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
5. Antipsychotic Drugs: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
6. Antipsychotic Drugs: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
Introduction to Chemotherapy
1. Introduction to Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. The Patient–Drug–Pathogen Interaction - Answer (click here)
3. Managing Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
Lactam Antibiotics
1. β-Lactam Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
2. β-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. β-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanisms of Resistance - Answer (click here)
4. Penicillins - Answer (click here)
5. Cephalosporins - Answer (click here)
6. Carbapenems and Carbacephems - Answer (click here)
7. Monobactams - Answer (click here)
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
1. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Mechanism of Antibacterial Action -
Answer (click here)
3. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Mechanism of Antibacterial Resistance -
Answer (click here)
4. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
5. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Single Daily Dosing - Answer (click here)
7. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Toxicity - Answer (click here)
Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Macrolides and Lincosamides
1. Tetracyclines - Answer (click here)
2. Chloramphenicol - Answer (click here)
3. Macrolide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
4. Lincosamides - Answer (click here)
Antiviral Drugs
1. Viral Infection and Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Antiherpesvirus Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Acyclovir and Valacyclovir - Answer (click here)
4. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Cidofovir - Answer (click here)
5. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Docosanol - Answer (click here)
6. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Famciclovir and Penciclovir - Answer (click here)
7. Fomivirsen - Answer (click here)
8. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Foscarnet - Answer (click here)
9. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir - Answer (click
here)
10. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Idoxuridine - Answer (click here)
11. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Trifluridine - Answer (click here)
12. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Vidarabine - Answer (click here)
13. Antiinfluenza Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Antiinfluenza Agents: Amantadine and Rimantadine - Answer (click here)
15. Antiinfluenza Agents: Oseltamivir - Answer (click here)
16. Antiinfluenza Agents: Zanamivir - Answer (click here)
17. Antiviral Agents: Immune Globulin - Answer (click here)
18. Antiviral Agents: Interferons - Answer (click here)
19. Antiviral Agents: Ribavirin - Answer (click here)
20. Antiviral Agents: Lamivudine - Answer (click here)
21. Antiviral Agents: Palivizumab - Answer (click here)
Antifungal Drugs
1. Antifungal Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Amphotericin B - Answer (click here)
3. Nystatin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
4. The Azoles Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
5. Fluconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
6. Itraconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
7. Ketoconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
8. Miconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
9. Clotrimazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
10. Voriconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
11. Flucytosine Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
12. Capsofungin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
13. Allylamines Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
14. Griseofulvin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
15. Miscellaneous Topical Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
Antiprotozoal Drugs
1. Protozoal Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Antiprotozoal Drug: Metronidazole - Answer (click here)
3. Antiprotozoal Drug: Iodoquinol - Answer (click here)
4. Antiprotozoal Drug: Diloxanide Furoate - Answer (click here)
5. Antiprotozoal Drug: Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
6. Antiprotozoal Drug: Pentamidine - Answer (click here)
7. Antiprotozoal Drug: Suramin - Answer (click here)
8. Antiprotozoal Drug: Eflornithine - Answer (click here)
9. Antiprotozoal Drug: Arsenicals - Answer (click here)
10. Antiprotozoal Drug: Nifurtimox - Answer (click here)
11. Antiprotozoal Drug: Antimonials - Answer (click here)
12. Malaria - Answer (click here)
13. Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Antimalarial Drugs In Development - Answer (click here)
15. Selection of Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
Anthelmintic Drugs
1. Anthelmintic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Treatment for Infections Caused by Nematodes - Answer (click here)
3. Benzimidazoles - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment for Infections Caused by Cestodes - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment for Infections Caused by Trematodes - Answer (click here)
Antineoplastic Agents
1. Alkylating Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Alkylating Agents: Nitrogen Mustards - Answer (click here)
3. Alkylating Agents: Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
4. Alkylating Agents: Alkyl Sulfonates - Answer (click here)
5. Alkylating Agents: Ethylenimines - Answer (click here)
6. Alkylating Agents: Triazenes - Answer (click here)
7. Antimetabolites: Folate Antagonists - Answer (click here)
8. Antimetabolites: Purine Analogues - Answer (click here)
9. Antimetabolites: Pyrimidine Analogues - Answer (click here)
10. Antineoplastic Agents: Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
11. Antineoplastic Agents: Plant-Derived Products - Answer (click here)
12. Antineoplastic Agents: Enzymes - Answer (click here)
13. Antineoplastic Agents: Hormone Derivatives - Answer (click here)
14. Antineoplastic Agents: Miscellaneous Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Immunomodulating Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Cellular Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
17. New Drug Therapies for Cancer - Answer (click here)
Immunomodulating Drugs
1. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Organ Transplantation - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. General Principles of Immunosuppressive Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Individual Drugs Used to Suppress the Immune System - Answer (click
here)
6. Individual Drugs Used to Stimulate the Immune System - Answer (click
here)
Gene Therapy
1. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Gene Therapy: Definition and Goals - Answer (click here)
3. Antisense - Answer (click here)
4. Gene Excision and Replacement - Answer (click here)
5. Gene Addition - Answer (click here)
6. Gene Therapy: Delivery Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Disease Application and Future Directions - Answer (click here)
Vitamins
1. Dietary Reference Standards - Answer (click here)
2. Vitamins Deficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Vitamin Toxicity - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological Function and Dietary Sources - Vitamins - Answer (click
here)
5. Vitamins: Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin–Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Anemia - Answer (click here)
Herbal Medicine
1. Herbal Medicine - Answer (click here)
2. Herbal Medicine Traditions - Answer (click here)
3. Herbal Medicine: Potential Concerns - Answer (click here)
4. Herbal Medicine: Regulatory Issues - Answer (click here)
5. Herbal Preparations: Echinacea - Answer (click here)
6. Herbal Preparations: Feverfew - Answer (click here)
7. Herbal Preparations: Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract - Answer (click here)
8. Herbal Preparations: Ginseng - Answer (click here)
9. Herbal Preparations: Kava - Answer (click here)
10. Herbal Preparations: Milk Thistle - Answer (click here)
11. Herbal Preparations: Saw Palmetto - Answer (click here)
12. Herbal Preparations: St. John’s Wort - Answer (click here)
13. Herbal Preparations: Soy and Other Phytoestrogens - Answer (click here)
Equilibrium Chemistry
1. Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria - Answer (click here)
3. Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)
4. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants - Answer (click here)
5. Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
6. Equilibrium Constants for Precipitation Reactions - Answer (click here)
7. Equilibrium Constants for Acid–Base Reactions - Answer (click here)
8. Equilibrium Constants for Complexation Reactions - Answer (click here)
9. Equilibrium Constants for Oxidation–Reduction Reactions - Answer (click
here)
10. Le Chatelier’s Principle - Answer (click here)
11. Ladder Diagrams - Answer (click here)
12. Ladder Diagrams for Acid–Base Equilibria - Answer (click here)
13. Ladder Diagrams for Complexation Equilibria - Answer (click here)
14. Ladder Diagram for Oxidation–Reduction Equilibria - Answer (click here)
15. Solving Equilibrium Problems - Answer (click here)
16. A Simple Problem: Solubility of Pb(IO3)2 in Water - Answer (click here)
17. A More Complex Problem: The Common Ion Effect - Answer (click here)
18. Systematic Approach to Solving Equilibrium Problems - Answer (click
here)
19. Solving Equilibrium Problems: pH of a Monoprotic Weak Acid - Answer
(click here)
20. Solving Equilibrium Problems: pH of a Polyprotic Acid or Base - Answer
(click here)
21. Effect of Complexation on Solubility - Answer (click here)
22. Buffer Solutions - Answer (click here)
23. Activity Effects - Answer (click here)
24. Two Final Thoughts About Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)
Uality Assurance
1. Uality Assurance - Answer (click here)
2. Quality Control - Answer (click here)
3. Quality Assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Evaluating Quality Assurance Data: Prescriptive Approach - Answer (click
here)
5. Evaluating Quality Assurance Data: Performance-Based Approach -
Answer (click here)
Complexometric Analysis
1. Complexometric Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Complexometric Analysis: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Complexometric Analysis: Assay Methods - Answer (click here)
Gravimetric Analysis
1. Gravimetric Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Gravimetric Analysis: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Gravimetric Analysis: Assay Methods - Answer (click here)
4. Substances Assayed Gravimetrically - Answer (click here)
5. Substances Assayed After Conversion - Gravimetric Analysis - Answer
(click here)
Thermoanalytical Analysis
1. Thermoanalytical Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) - Answer (click here)
3. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) - Answer (click here)
4. Thermometric Titrations (TT) - Answer (click here)
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
Potentiometric Methods
1. Potentiometric Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Potentiometric Methods: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Potentiometric Methods Instrumentation: Electrodes, Automatic Titrator
- Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Potentiometric Titrations in Pharmaceutical Analysis -
Answer (click here)
Amperometric Methods
1. Amperometric Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Amperometric Methods: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Amperometric Methods: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Amperometric Titrations in Pharmaceutical Substances -
Answer (click here)
OPTICAL METHODS
Refractometry
1. Refractometry - Answer (click here)
2. Refractometry: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Refractometry: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Determination of Refractive Index of Pharmaceutical Substances -
Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Refractivity - Answer (click here)
Polarimetry
1. Polarimetry - Answer (click here)
2. Polarimetry: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Polarimetry: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Determination of Optical Activity of Pharmaceutical Substances - Answer
(click here)
5. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry - Answer (click here)
6. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry: Theory - Answer (click here)
7. Instruments for Nephelometry and Turbidimetry - Answer (click here)
8. Turbidimetric Assay of Pharmaceutical Substances - Answer (click here)
9. Nephelometric Assay of Pharmaceutical Substances - Answer (click here)
Infrared Spectrophotometry
1. Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
2. Infrared Spectrophotometry: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Infrared Spectrophotometry: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of IR-Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Assays - Answer (click
here)
5. Applications of IR-Spectroscopy in Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click
here)
Emission Spectroscopy
1. Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Emission Spectroscopy: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
Flame Spectroscopy
1. Flame Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Flame Spectroscopy: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Flame Spectroscopy: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Flame Emission Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical
Analysis - Answer (click here)
MISCELLANEOUS METHODS
Radioimmunoassay
1. Radioimmunoassay - Answer (click here)
2. Radioimmunoassay: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Radioimmunoassay: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Radioimmunoassay: Methodology of the Assay - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) in Pharmaceutical Analysis -
Answer (click here)
6. Novel Applications of Radioimmunoassay(RIA)-Techniques - Answer
(click here)
Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Food Sources of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism and Elimination of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
7. Dietary Requirements of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
Lipids or Fats
1. Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
3. Food Sources of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
5. Cholesterol - Answer (click here)
6. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolism and Elimination of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
8. Fats and the Consumer - Answer (click here)
9. Dietary Requirements of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
Proteins
1. Proteins - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Food Sources of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Composition of Proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Digestion and Absorption of Proteins - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolism and Elimination of Proteins - Answer (click here)
8. Dietary Requirements of Proteins - Answer (click here)
Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Dietary Requirements of Vitamins - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Vitamins - Answer (click here)
4. Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Answer (click here)
5. Water-Soluble Vitamins - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin A - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
8. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
9. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
10. Vitamin B Complex - Answer (click here)
11. Thiamine - Answer (click here)
12. Riboflavin - Answer (click here)
13. Niacin - Answer (click here)
14. Vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
15. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
16. Folate - Answer (click here)
17. Biotin - Answer (click here)
18. Pantothenic Acid - Answer (click here)
19. Vitamin C - Answer (click here)
20. Vitamins: Supplements - Answer (click here)
Minerals
1. Minerals - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Minerals - Answer (click here)
3. Toxicity - Answer (click here)
4. Calcium (Ca) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
5. Phosphorus (P) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
6. Potassium (K) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
7. Sodium (Na) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
8. Chloride (Cl) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
9. Magnesium (Mg) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
10. Sulfur (S) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
11. Iron (Fe) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
12. Iodine (I) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
13. Zinc (Zn) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
14. Selenium (Se) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
15. Copper (Cu) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
16. Manganese (Mn) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Fluoride (F) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
18. Chromium (Cr) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
19. Molybdenum (Mo) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
Water
1. Water - Nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance - Answer (click here)
3. Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
Cerebellum
1. Subdivision - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
2. Cerebellar Peduncles and Nuclei - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click
here)
3. Cerebellar Cortex - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
4. Neuronal Circuits - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
5. Functional Organization of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
6. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Restiform Body) - Answer (click here)
7. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium Pontis) - Answer (click here)
8. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium conjunctivum) - Answer (click
here)
Diencephalon
1. Development of the Prosencephalon - Answer (click here)
2. Telodiencephalic Boundary - Answer (click here)
3. Structure of Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
4. Subdivision of Diencephalon's Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Frontal Section at the Level of the Optic Chasm - Answer (click here)
6. Frontal Section Through the Tuber Cinereum - Answer (click here)
7. Frontal Section at the Level of the Mamillary Bodies - Answer (click here)
8. Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
9. Habenula - Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
10. Pineal Gland - Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
11. Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
12. Specific Thalamic Nuclei - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
13. Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
14. Anterior Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
15. Medial Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
16. Centromedian Nucleus - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
17. Lateral Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
18. Ventral Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
19. Lateral Geniculate Body - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
20. Medial Geniculate Body - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
21. Pulvinar - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
22. Frontal Section Through the Rostral Thalamus - Answer (click here)
23. Frontal Section Through the Caudal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
24. Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
25. Subdivision in Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
26. Responses to Stimulation of the Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
27. Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
28. Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
29. Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
30. Vascular Supply - Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
31. Fiber Connections of the Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click
here)
32. Fiber Connections of the Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click
here)
33. Functional Topography of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
34. Hypothalamus and Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
35. Development and Subdivision of the Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
36. Infundibulum - Answer (click here)
37. Blood Vessels of the Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
38. Neuroendocrine System - Answer (click here)
Telencephalon
1. Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
2. Subdivision of the Hemisphere - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
3. Rotation of the Hemisphere - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
4. Evolution - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
5. Cerebral Lobes - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
6. Frontal Sections of Brain Through the Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
7. Horizontal Sections of Brain Through the Telencephalon - Answer (click
here)
8. Paleocortex - Answer (click here)
9. Amygdaloid Body - Answer (click here)
10. Fiber Connections - Paleocortex and Amygdaloid Body - Answer (click
here)
11. Archicortex - Answer (click here)
12. Archicortex's Subdivision and Functional Significance - Answer (click here)
13. Ammon’s Horn - Answer (click here)
14. Fiber Connections in Archicortex - Answer (click here)
15. Hippocampal Cortex - Answer (click here)
16. Neostriatum - Answer (click here)
17. Insula - Answer (click here)
18. Neocortex: Cortical Layers - Answer (click here)
19. Neocortex: Vertical Columns - Answer (click here)
20. Cell Types of the Neocortex - Answer (click here)
21. Neocortex: The Module Concept - Answer (click here)
22. Neocortex: Cortical Areas - Answer (click here)
23. Neocortex: Frontal Lobe - Answer (click here)
24. Neocortex: Parietal Lobe - Answer (click here)
25. Neocortex: Temporal Lobe - Answer (click here)
26. Neocortex: Occipital Lobe - Answer (click here)
27. Neocortex: Fiber Tracts - Answer (click here)
28. Neocortex: Hemispheric Asymmetry - Answer (click here)
29. Imaging Procedures of Brain Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
Functional Systems
1. Brain Function - Answer (click here)
2. Corticospinal Tract - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Extrapyramidal Motor System - Answer (click here)
4. Motor End Plate - Answer (click here)
5. Tendon Organ - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Spindle - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Common Terminal Motor Pathway - Answer (click here)
8. Cutaneous Sensory Organs - Answer (click here)
9. Pathway of the Epicritic Sensibility - Answer (click here)
10. Pathway of the Protopathic Sensibility - Answer (click here)
11. Gustatory Organ: Taste Buds, Taste Fibers - Answer (click here)
12. Olfactory Organ - Answer (click here)
13. Limbic System - Answer (click here)
14. Cingulate Gyrus - Limbic System - Answer (click here)
15. Septal Area - Limbic System - Answer (click here)
The Eye
1. Eyelids - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
2. Lacrimal Apparatus - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
3. Orbital cavity (eye socket) - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
4. Muscles of the Eyeball - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
5. Eyeball: Development, Structure - Answer (click here)
6. Anterior Part of the Eye - Answer (click here)
7. Cornea - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
8. Anterior Chamber of the Eye - Answer (click here)
9. Iris - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
10. Ciliary Body - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
11. Lens of the Eye - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
12. Vascular Supply - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
13. Fundus of the Eye - Answer (click here)
14. Retina: Neural Layer, Structures, Neuronal Circuits - Structure of the
Eye - Answer (click here)
15. Optic Nerve - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
16. Photoreceptors - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
17. Visual Pathway - Eye - Answer (click here)
18. Topographic Organization of the Visual Pathway - Eye - Answer (click
here)
19. Ocular Reflexes - Eye - Answer (click here)
The Ear
1. Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
2. Outer Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
3. Middle Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
4. Tympanic Cavity - Structure of Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
5. Auditory Ossicles - Structure of Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
6. Medial Wall of the Tympanic Cavity - Answer (click here)
7. Muscles of the Tympanic Cavity - Answer (click here)
8. Inner Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
9. Cochlea - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
10. Organ of Corti - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
11. Vestibular Apperatus - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
12. Acoustic maculae and its function - Answer (click here)
13. Vestibular Sensory Cells - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
14. Auditory Pathway of The Ear - Answer (click here)
15. Vestibular Pathways of The Ear - Answer (click here)
Animal Biotechnology
1. Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Culture - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Criteria for Subculture - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Culture Conditions and Mammalian Cell - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
5. Aseptic Techniques - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Cryopreservation Medium - Answer (click here)
7. Protocol for Cryopreserving Cultured Cells - Answer (click here)
8. Protocol for Thawing Frozen Cells - Answer (click here)
9. Biological Contamination - Answer (click here)
10. Protocol for Microbial Decontamination - Answer (click here)
11. Protocol for Treating Mycoplasma contaminated Cell Cultures with BM
Cyclin - Answer (click here)
12. Cell Viability (quantitation and cytotoxicity) - Answer (click here)
13. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Cell Viability Assay - Answer (click
here)
14. Cell Viability Assays that Measure ATP and Metabolic Capacity -
Answer (click here)
15. Cytotoxicity Assays: Determining the Number of Live and Dead Cells -
Answer (click here)
16. Trypan Blue - Answer (click here)
17. Concentrating Cells - Answer (click here)
18. Cell Proliferation - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
19. Cell Cycle - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
20. Cytotoxicity - Answer (click here)
21. Applications of cell culture - Answer (click here)
22. What are stem cells, and why are they important? - Answer (click here)
23. What are the unique properties of all stem cells? - Answer (click here)
24. Embryonic stem cells grown in the laboratory - Answer (click here)
25. Similarities and Differences between Embryonic and Adult stem cells -
Answer (click here)
26. Potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles - Answer (click here)
27. Genetic manipulation of animals (animal models in research) - Answer
(click here)
28. Animal Breeding and Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
29. Methods of genetic manipulation in animals - Answer (click here)
30. A brief history of cloning - Answer (click here)
31. Cloning - Answer (click here)
32. Use of Animals in Research - Answer (click here)
33. Improving Agricultural Products with Transgenics - Answer (click here)
34. Genetically Engineered Insulin - Answer (click here)
35. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
36. Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
37. Economic impact in developing countries - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
38. Ethical Issues(biosafety and regulatory issues) - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
Medical Biotechnology
1. Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. History of Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Human Genome Project and its influence on medical biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
4. Detecting Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Biotech in the Hospital - Answer (click here)
6. Role of biotechnology in diagnostics and Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
7. Role of biotechnology in developing vaccines - Answer (click here)
8. Treatments developed with the aid of biotechnology - Answer (click here)
9. Other Applications of Biotechnology in Medical field - Answer (click here)
10. Designer Babies - Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
11. New Biotech Breakthroughs about to change Medicine - Answer (click
here)
Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology
1. Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Tools in the Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Measurement of Volume - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
4. Measurement of Weight - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
5. Measurement of pH - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Measurement of light - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
7. Solution Preparation - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
8. Microbiological techniques - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
9. Preparation of biological samples for analysis - Tools used in
Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
10. Separation of macromolecules - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer
(click here)
11. Manipulation of Nucleic Acids - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer
(click here)
12. Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
13. Isolation of Nucleic Acid (DNA) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
14. Plasmid Isolation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
15. RNA Isolation and mRNA Purification - Techniques of Biotechnology
and Innovations - Answer (click here)
16. Gene Isolation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer
(click here)
17. Molecular Mapping - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
18. Genomic DNA Library Construction - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
19. Transformation Techniques - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
20. Direct Gene Transformation - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
21. Labeling Methods - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
22. Southern Blotting Technique - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
23. In Situ Hybridization (ISH) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
24. Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
25. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) - Techniques of
Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
26. DNA Sequencing Techniques - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
27. Microarray - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click
here)
28. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
Gene Therapy
1. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Ex Vivo Versus In Vivo Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Therapy in The Clinic: Disease Targets - Answer (click here)
4. General Considerations - Vectors For Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
5. General Anatomy and Production of a Gene Transfer Vector - Answer
(click here)
6. Retroviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
7. Adenoviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
8. Adeno Associated Virus Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer -
Answer (click here)
9. Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
10. Construction of Non Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
11. Delivery Methods for Non-Viral Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
12. The Immune Response Against Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
13. Clinical Use of Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
14. Production and Processing of Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
15. The Role of Drug Metabolism in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
16. Gene Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (GDEPT) - Answer (click here)
17. Systems for Pharmacological Regulation of Gene Expression - Answer
(click here)
18. Regulation and Oversight of Gene Therapy Products - Answer (click here)
Oligonucleotides
1. Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
2. Interfering With Gene Expression - Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
3. Triple Helix-Forming Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
4. Transcription Factor Decoys - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene
Expression - Answer (click here)
5. Antisense/Ribozymes/EGS - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene
Expression - Answer (click here)
6. siRNA/miRNA - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene Expression -
Answer (click here)
7. Direct Binding to Non-Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
8. Gene Repair - Answer (click here)
9. Stimulating Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacokinetics of Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics - Answer (click
here)
11. Improving Oligonucleotide Stability - Answer (click here)
12. Improving Cellular Uptake - Answer (click here)
13. Diagnostic Applications - Answer (click here)
Insulin
1. Insulin - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical Description of Insulin - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology and Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
4. Regular and Rapid Acting Soluble Formulations - Pharmacology and
Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
5. Intermediate Acting Insulin Formulations - Pharmacology and
Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
6. Long Acting Insulin Formulations - Pharmacology and Formulations of
Insulin - Answer (click here)
7. Chemical Stability of Insulin Formulations - Answer (click here)
8. Physical Stability of Insulin Formulations - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical and Practice Aspects of Insulin - Answer (click here)
Growth Hormones
1. Human growth hormone (hGH): Structure and Isohormones - Answer
(click here)
2. Growth Hormone Secretion and Regulation - Answer (click here)
3. Growth Hormone Biologic Actions - Answer (click here)
4. hGH Receptor and Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Molecular Endocrinology and Signal Transduction - Answer (click here)
6. Dosing Schedules and Routes of Human growth hormone (hGH) -
Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Manufacture, Formulation and Stability- Growth Hormones -
Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Usage of Human growth hormone (hGH) - Answer (click here)
Follicle
1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
2. Biological Role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Description of Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click
here)
4. Production of Recombinant FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) - Answer
(click here)
5. Structural Characteristics of Isohormones - Follicle Stimulating
Hormone - Answer (click here)
6. Biological Properties of Recombinant FSH Isohormones - Answer (click
here)
7. Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Recombinant FSH Isohormones - Answer
(click here)
8. Pharmaceutical Formulations of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) -
Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Aspects of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) - Answer (click
here)
Vaccines
1. Vaccines - Answer (click here)
2. Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
3. Active Immunization: Generation of an Immune Response - Answer (click
here)
4. Uptake - Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
5. Activation and Migration - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
6. Antigen Presentation and Lymphocyte Activation - Answer (click here)
7. Adaptive Immune System - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
8. Vaccine Design in Relation with the Immune Response - Answer (click
here)
9. Route of Administration - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
10. Conventional Vaccines: Classification - Answer (click here)
11. Live Attenuated Vaccines - Answer (click here)
12. Non-Living Vaccines: Whole Organisms, Subunit Vaccines - Answer
(click here)
13. Genetically Improved Live Vaccines - Answer (click here)
14. Genetically Improved Subunit Vaccines - Answer (click here)
15. Reverse Vaccinology - Answer (click here)
16. Therapeutic Vaccines - Answer (click here)
17. Pharmaceutical Aspects of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
Immune Technology
1. Antibody Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
2. Antibodies, Antigens, and Epitopes - Answer (click here)
3. The Great Diversity of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
4. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
6. Monoclonal Antibodies for Clinical Use - Answer (click here)
7. Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Humanized Antibodies in Clinical Applications - Answer (click here)
9. Antibody Engineering - Answer (click here)
10. Diabodies and Bispecific Antibody Constructs - Answer (click here)
11. ELISA Assay - Answer (click here)
12. The ELISA as a Diagnostic Tool - Answer (click here)
13. Visualizing Cell Components Using Antibodies - Answer (click here)
14. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting - Answer (click here)
15. Immune Memory and Vaccination - Answer (click here)
16. Creating a Vaccine - Answer (click here)
17. Making Vector Vaccines Using Homologous Recombination - Answer
(click here)
18. Reverse Vaccinology - Answer (click here)
19. Identifying New Antigens for Vaccines - Answer (click here)
20. DNA Vaccines Bypass the Need to Purify Antigens - Answer (click here)
21. Edible Vaccines - Answer (click here)
Nanobiotechnology
1. Nanobiotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Visualization at the Nanoscale - Answer (click here)
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy - Answer (click here)
4. Atomic Force Microscopy - Answer (click here)
5. Virus Detection via AFM - Answer (click here)
6. Weighing Single Bacteria and Virus Particles - Answer (click here)
7. Nanoparticles and Their Uses - Answer (click here)
8. Nanoparticles for Labeling - Answer (click here)
9. Quantum Size Effect and Nanocrystal Colors - Answer (click here)
10. Nanoparticles for Delivery of Drugs, DNA, or RNA - Answer (click here)
11. Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Assembly of Nanocrystals by Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
13. Nanotubes - Answer (click here)
14. Antibacterial Nanocarpets - Answer (click here)
15. Detection of Viruses by Nanowires - Answer (click here)
16. Ion Channel Nanosensors - Answer (click here)
17. Nanoengineering of DNA - Answer (click here)
18. DNA Mechanical Nanodevices - Answer (click here)
19. Controlled Denaturation of DNA by Gold Nanoparticles - Answer (click
here)
20. Controlled Change of Protein Shape by DNA - Answer (click here)
21. Biomolecular Motors - Answer (click here)
Recombinant Proteins
1. Proteins and Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
2. Expression of Eukaryotic Proteins in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Translation Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
4. Codon Usage Effects - Answer (click here)
5. Avoiding Toxic Effects of Protein Overproduction - Answer (click here)
6. Increasing Protein Stability - Answer (click here)
7. Improving Protein Secretion - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Fusion Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
9. Expression of Proteins by Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Expression of Proteins by Yeast - Answer (click here)
11. Expression of Proteins by Insect Cells - Answer (click here)
12. Protein Glycosylation - Answer (click here)
13. Expression of Proteins by Mammalian Cells - Answer (click here)
14. Expression of Multiple Subunits in Mammalian Cells - Answer (click here)
15. Comparing Expression Systems - Answer (click here)
Protein Engineering
1. Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Engineering Disulfide Bonds - Answer (click here)
3. Improving Stability in Other Ways - Answer (click here)
4. Changing Binding Site Specificity - Answer (click here)
5. Structural Scaffolds - Answer (click here)
6. Directed Evolution - Answer (click here)
7. Adding New Functional Groups Using Nonnatural Amino Acids - Answer
(click here)
8. Recombining Domains - Answer (click here)
9. DNA Shuffling - Answer (click here)
10. Combinatorial Protein Libraries - Answer (click here)
11. Biomaterials Design Relies on Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
12. Engineered Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
Environmental Biotechnology
1. Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Identifying New Genes with Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
3. Culture Enrichment for Environmental Samples - Answer (click here)
4. Sequence Dependent Techniques for Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
5. Function or Activity Based Evaluation of the Environment - Answer (click
here)
6. Ecology and Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
7. Natural Attenuation of Pollutants - Answer (click here)
Pathway Engineering
1. Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Ethanol, Elephants, and Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
3. Degradation of Starch - Answer (click here)
4. Degradation of Cellulose - Answer (click here)
5. Ice Forming Bacteria and Frost - Answer (click here)
6. Degradation of Aromatic Ring Compounds - Answer (click here)
7. Indigo and Related Natural Pigments - Answer (click here)
8. The Toluene/Xylene Pathway - Answer (click here)
9. Removal of Halogen, Nitro, and Sulfonate Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Biorefining of Fossil Fuels - Answer (click here)
11. Biosynthesis of Medium-Sized Molecules - Answer (click here)
12. Sterol Synthesis and Modification - Answer (click here)
13. Biosynthesis of beta Lactam Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
14. Polyketides and Polyketide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
15. Biosynthetic Plastics Are Also Biodegradable - Answer (click here)
Transgenic Animals
1. New and Improved Animals - Answer (click here)
2. Creating Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
3. Larger Mice Illustrate Transgenic Technology - Answer (click here)
4. Recombinant Protein Production Using Transgenic Livestock - Answer
(click here)
5. Knockout Mice for Medical Research - Answer (click here)
6. Alternative Approaches to Making Transgenic Animals - Answer (click
here)
7. Location Effects on Expression of the Transgene - Answer (click here)
8. Combating Location Effects on Transgene Expression - Answer (click here)
9. Targeting the Transgene to a Specific Location - Answer (click here)
10. Deliberate Control of Transgene Expression - Answer (click here)
11. Control by Site-Specific Recombination Using Cre or Flp - Answer (click
here)
12. Transgenic Insects - Answer (click here)
13. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes - Answer (click here)
14. Cloning Animals by Nuclear Transplantation - Answer (click here)
15. Dolly the Cloned Sheep - Answer (click here)
16. Practical Reasons for Cloning Animals - Answer (click here)
17. Improving Livestock by Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
18. Problems and Ethics of Nuclear Transplantation - Answer (click here)
19. Imprinting and Developmental Problems in Cloned Animals - Answer
(click here)
20. Transgenic People, Primates, and Pets - Answer (click here)
21. Applications of RNA Technology in Transgenics - Answer (click here)
22. Applications of RNA Interference in Transgenics - Answer (click here)
23. Natural Transgenics and DNA Ingestion - Answer (click here)
Inherited Defects
1. Inherited Defects - Answer (click here)
2. Hereditary Defects in Higher Organisms - Answer (click here)
3. Hereditary Defects Due to Multiple Genes - Answer (click here)
4. Defects Due to Haploinsufficiency - Answer (click here)
5. Dominant Mutations May Be Positive or Negative - Answer (click here)
6. Deleterious Tandem Repeats and Dynamic Mutations - Answer (click here)
7. Defects in Imprinting and Methylation - Answer (click here)
8. Mitochondrial Defects - Answer (click here)
9. Identification, Location, and Cloning of Defective Genes - Answer (click
here)
10. Cystic Fibrosis - Answer (click here)
11. Muscular Dystrophy - Answer (click here)
12. Genetic Screening and Counseling - Answer (click here)
Gene Therapy
1. Gene Therapy or Genetic Engineering? - Answer (click here)
2. General Principles of Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Patching by Oligonucleotide Crossover - Answer (click here)
4. Aggressive Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Adenovirus Vectors in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy by Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Adeno Associated Virus - Answer (click here)
8. Retrovirus Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
9. Retrovirus Gene Therapy for SCID - Answer (click here)
10. Nonviral Delivery in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
11. Liposomes and Lipofection in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Aggressive Gene Therapy for Cancer - Answer (click here)
13. Antisense RNA and Other Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
14. Aptamers-Blocking Proteins with RNA - Answer (click here)
15. Ribozymes in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
Noninfectious Diseases
1. Noninfectious Diseases: Cellular Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Noninfectious Diseases: Receptors and Signal Transmission - Answer
(click here)
3. Steroids and Other Lipophilic Hormones - Answer (click here)
4. Cyclic AMP as Second Messenger - Answer (click here)
5. Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP - Answer (click here)
6. Cyclic Phosphodiesterase and Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
7. Insulin and Diabetes - Answer (click here)
8. The Insulin Receptor - Answer (click here)
9. Cloning and Genetic Engineering of Insulin - Answer (click here)
10. Obesity and Leptin - Answer (click here)
11. A Multitude of Genes Affect Obesity - Answer (click here)
12. Fat Degradation - Answer (click here)
13. Monoamine Oxidase and Violent Crime - Answer (click here)
Bacterial Infections
1. Bacterial Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Molecular Approaches to Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
3. Virulence Genes Are Often Found on Mobile Segments of DNA - Answer
(click here)
4. Attachment and Entry of Pathogenic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Iron Acquisition by Pathogenic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Toxins - Answer (click here)
7. ADP Ribosylating Toxins - Answer (click here)
8. Cholera Toxin - Answer (click here)
9. Anthrax Toxin - Answer (click here)
10. Antitoxin Therapy - Answer (click here)
Bioethics in Biotechnology
1. Approach to Bioethics - Answer (click here)
2. Power, Profit, Poverty, and Access - Answer (click here)
3. Ignorance, Novelty, and Cultural Viewpoint - Answer (click here)
4. Possible Dangers to Individuals, Society, or Nature - Answer (click here)
5. Health Care and Related Issues - Answer (click here)
6. Interference with the Natural World - Answer (click here)
7. Altering the Human Germline - Answer (click here)
8. Knowledge, Identity, and Ideology - Answer (click here)
9. Long Term Biological Problems - Answer (click here)
DNA Synthesis
1. DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Proofreading, Okazaki Fragments, and DNA Ligase - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
3. Detection and Basic Properties of DNA Polymerases - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
4. In vitro DNA Replication - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
5. Error and Damage Correction - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
6. DNA Replication Areas In Chromosomes - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
7. Bidirectional Replication from E. coli Origins - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
8. The DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Constancy of the E. coli DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
10. Regulating Initiations - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Gel Electrophoresis Assay of Eukaryotic Replication Origins -
Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. How Fast Could DNA Be Replicated? - Physiological Aspects - Answer
(click here)
Protein Structure
1. Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
2. The Amino Acids - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Peptide Bond - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Electrostatic Forces that Determine Protein Structure - Protein Structure
- Answer (click here)
5. Hydrogen Bonds and the Chelate Effect - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
6. Hydrophobic Forces - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Thermodynamic Considerations of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
8. Structures within Proteins - Answer (click here)
9. Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet, and Beta Turn - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
10. Calculation of Protein Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
11. Secondary Structure Predictions - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
12. Structures of DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
13. Salt Effects on Protein-DNA Interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Locating Specific Residue-Base Interactions - Protein Structure - Answer
(click here)
Protein Synthesis
1. Activation of Amino Acids During Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Fidelity of Aminoacylation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. How Synthetases Identify the Correct tRNA Molecule - Answer (click here)
4. Decoding the Message - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Base Pairing between Ribosomal RNA and Messenger - Answer (click here)
6. Experimental Support for the Shine-Dalgarno Hypothesis - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Eukaryotic Translation and the First AUG - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
8. Tricking the Translation Machinery into Initiating - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
9. Protein Elongation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Peptide Bond Formation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Translocation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
12. Termination, Nonsense, and Suppression - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
13. Chaperones and Catalyzed Protein Folding - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
14. Resolution of a Paradox - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Messenger Instability - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
16. Protein Elongation Rates - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
17. Directing Proteins to Specific Cellular Sites - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
18. Verifying the Signal Peptide Model - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
19. The Signal Recognition Particle and Translocation - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
20. Expectations for Ribosome Regulation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
21. Proportionality of Ribosome Levels and Growth Rates - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
22. Regulation of Ribosome Synthesis - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
23. Balancing Synthesis of Ribosomal Components - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
Genetics
1. Genetics Mutations - Answer (click here)
2. Point Mutations, Deletions, Insertions, and Damage - Answer (click here)
3. Classical Genetics of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Complementation, Cis, Trans, Dominant, and Recessive - Answer (click
here)
5. Mechanism of a trans Dominant Negative Mutation - Answer (click here)
6. Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
7. Genetics Mapping by Recombination Frequencies - Answer (click here)
8. Genetics: Mapping by Deletions - Answer (click here)
9. Heteroduplexes and Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
10. Genetics: Branch Migration and Isomerization - Answer (click here)
11. Elements of Recombination in E. coli, RecA, RecBCD, and Chi - Answer
(click here)
12. Genetic Systems - Answer (click here)
13. Growing Cells for Genetics Experiments - Answer (click here)
14. Testing Purified Cultures, Scoring - Answer (click here)
15. Isolating Auxotrophs, Use of Mutagens and Replica Plating - Answer
(click here)
16. Genetic Selections - Answer (click here)
17. Mapping with Generalized Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
18. Principles of Bacterial Sex - Answer (click here)
19. Elements of Yeast Genetics - Answer (click here)
20. Elements of Drosophila Genetics - Answer (click here)
21. Isolating Mutations in Muscle or Nerve in Drosophila - Answer (click here)
22. Fate Mapping and Study of Tissue-Specific Gene Expression - Answer
(click here)
Chemotaxis
1. Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
2. Assaying Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
3. Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
4. Genetics of Motility and Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
5. How Cells Swim - Answer (click here)
6. Mechanism of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
7. Energy for Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
8. Adaptation - Answer (click here)
9. Methylation and Adaptation - Answer (click here)
10. Phosphorylation and the Rapid Response - Answer (click here)
Genetic Manipulation
1. Genetic Manipulation - Answer (click here)
2. Training: Manipulation of Bacteria Without Genetic Engineering -
Answer (click here)
3. Manipulation of Bacteria by Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
4. Enzymes, solutions and equipment - Basic Principles of Genetic
Engineering - Answer (click here)
5. DNA for transfer - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click
here)
6. Cloning vectors - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click
here)
7. Expression vectors - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer
(click here)
8. Reporter genes - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click
here)
9. Analysis of Recombinants: Bacteria, Yeast, Viruses - Answer (click here)
10. Transgenic Plants - Answer (click here)
11. Examples of developments in plant GE(Genetic Engineering) - Answer
(click here)
12. Integrated Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. Bioenergy - Answer (click here)
14. Methane biogas - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
15. Ethanol fermentation - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
16. Short rotation coppicing - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
17. Biodiesel - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
18. The carbon sink or energy crop question - Answer (click here)
19. Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural Applications - Answer (click here)
20. Plant disease suppression - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural
Applications - Answer (click here)
21. Microbial pesticides - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural
Applications - Answer (click here)
22. Plant/microbe interactions - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural
Applications - Answer (click here)
23. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural
Applications - Answer (click here)
24. Endomycorrhizae - Answer (click here)
25. Plant pathogens: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Cauliflower mosaic virus -
Answer (click here)
Immunological Techniques
1. Antibody Production - Answer (click here)
2. Immunological Assays - Answer (click here)
3. Lymphocytic Assays - Answer (click here)
4. Fluorescein-Activated Cell Sorter - Answer (click here)
5. Lymphocyte Proliferation Assays - Answer (click here)
6. DNA Technology Assays - Answer (click here)
Immune Regulation
1. Immuno suppression: Immunosuppressive Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Antibodies and Other Immunosuppressive Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Immunopotentiation - Answer (click here)
4. Cytokine Immunomodulation - Answer (click here)
5. Cellular Vaccines and Modulations There of Dendritic Cell Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
Autoimmunity
1. Definitions and Types of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
2. Type II Autoimmune Reactions - Mechanisms of Autoimmune Tissue
Injury and Examples - Answer (click here)
3. Type IIA Autoimmune Reaction: Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia -
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Tissue Injury and Examples - Answer (click
here)
4. Type IIB Hypersensitivity: Graves’ Disease - Mechanisms of
Autoimmune Tissue Injury and Examples - Answer (click here)
5. Type IIB Hypersensitivity: Myasthenia Gravis - Mechanisms of
Autoimmune Tissue Injury and Examples - Answer (click here)
6. Type III Autoimmune Reactions (Immune Complex Disease) -
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Tissue Injury - Answer (click here)
7. Type IV Autoimmune Reactions (T-Cell Mediated) - Mechanisms of
Autoimmune Tissue Injury and Examples - Answer (click here)
8. Epidemiology of Autoimmune Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Animal Models of Autoimmune Disease - Answer (click here)
10. SLE (NZB X NZW F1, MRL, BXSB, TMPD) - Answer (click here)
11. Rheumatoid Arthritis (Collagen-Induced Arthritis, TTP Deficiency,
K/BxN Model) - Answer (click here)
12. Multiple Sclerosis (Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis) -
Answer (click here)
13. Type I Diabetes (Nonobese Diabetic Mouse Model) - Answer (click here)
14. Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis) -
Answer (click here)
15. Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Treatment of Autoimmune Disease - Answer (click here)
Immunoglobulin Structure
1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): The Prototype Immunoglobulin Molecule -
Answer (click here)
2. Structural and Antigenic Heterogeneity of Heavy and Light Chains -
Answer (click here)
3. Immunoglobulin Regions and Domains - Answer (click here)
4. The Immunoglobulin Superfamily of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. The Antibody-Combining Site - Answer (click here)
6. Immunoglobulin M: A Polymeric Molecule - Answer (click here)
7. Immunoglobulin A: A Molecularly Heterogeneous Immunoglobulin -
Answer (click here)
8. The Minor Immunoglobulin Classes: IgD And IgE - Answer (click here)
Phagocytic Cells
1. Physiology of the Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology of the Monocyte/Macrophage - Answer (click here)
3. Laboratory Evaluation of Phagocytic Function - Answer (click here)
Diagnostic Immunology
1. General Principles of Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
2. Precipitation Assays - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
3. Assay Methods Based on Agglutination - Immunoserology - Answer (click
here)
4. Tests Based on Complement Fixation - Immunoserology - Answer (click
here)
5. Tests Based on Immunofluorescence - Answer (click here)
6. Radioimmunoassay - Answer (click here)
7. Enzyme Immunoassay - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Tests for Assessment of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer
(click here)
9. Laboratory Tests For Assessment of Lymphocyte Function - Answer (click
here)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click
here)
2. Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
3. Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-immunoglobulin Antibodies - Answer (click
here)
4. Genetic Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
5. Cell-Mediated Immunity Abnormalities in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer
(click here)
6. Overview of Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
7. Therapy - Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions (IGE-Mediated Hypersensitivity,
Immediate Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
3. Cytotoxic Reactions (Type Ii Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
4. Immune Complex–Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type III
Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
5. Delayed (Type IV) Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)
Immunohematology
1. Introduction: Blood Groups - Immunohematology - Answer (click here)
2. Serological Principles of Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Transfusion Reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer
(click here)
5. Immune Hemolytic Anemias - Answer (click here)
Transplantation Immunology
1. Transplantation Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Donor-Recipient Matching - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click
here)
3. Graft Rejection - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
4. Immunosuppression - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
5. Graft-Versus-Host Reaction - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click
here)
Tumor Immunology
1. Tumor Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Immunogenicity of Tumors - Answer (click here)
3. Effector Mechanisms in Cancer Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Affecting Tumor Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
5. Immunotherapy - Answer (click here)
The Diencephalon
1. The Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
2. Internal Structure of the Thalamus - Answer (click here)
3. Connections of the Thalamus - Answer (click here)
4. Connections of Ventral Group of nuclei - Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) -
Answer (click here)
5. Medial & Lateral Geniculate Bodies - Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) -
Answer (click here)
6. The Hypothalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
7. Subdivisions of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
8. Hypothalamic nuclei - Answer (click here)
9. Connections of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
10. Control of hypophysis cerebri by the hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
11. Functions of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
12. Epithalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
13. Ventral Thalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
14. Subthalamic Nucleus - Answer (click here)
15. Development of the Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
Body Composition
1. Body Composition - Answer (click here)
2. Five levels of body composition - Answer (click here)
3. Relationships between different levels of body composition - Answer
(click here)
4. Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Direct methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Indirect methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
7. Doubly indirect methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
8. Carcass analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
9. In vivo neutron activation analysis - Direct methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
10. Densitometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
11. Dilution techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
12. Total body potassium - Indirect methods in Body composition
techniques - Answer (click here)
13. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - Indirect methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
14. Imaging techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
15. Weight/height indices - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition
techniques - Answer (click here)
16. Skinfold thickness measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
17. Anthropometric variables - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
18. Infrared interactance - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
19. Ultrasound measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
20. Bioelectrical impedance - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
21. Total body electrical conductivity - Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
22. Creatinine excretion and N-methyl-histidine excretion - Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
23. Use and misuse of body composition data - Answer (click here)
Energy Metabolism
1. Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Components of energy balance - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism -
Answer (click here)
3. Energy intake - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
4. Factors influencing food intake - Answer (click here)
5. Energy expenditure: Concept, Measurement, Historical aspects - Answer
(click here)
6. Factors that influence energy expenditure - Answer (click here)
7. Energy expenditure related to physical activity - Energy Metabolism -
Answer (click here)
8. Energy requirements - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer
(click here)
9. Energy balance(Human Nutrition) in various conditions - Answer (click
here)
10. Energy requirements in disease and trauma - Answer (click here)
11. Obesity: Basic metabolic principles - Answer (click here)
12. Definition of obesity - Answer (click here)
13. Etiology of obesity: excess intake or decreased physical activity - Answer
(click here)
14. Role of physical activity and energy expenditure in the development of
obesity - Answer (click here)
Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids
1. Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids - Answer (click
here)
2. A historical perspective - Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins - Answer
(click here)
3. Structure and chemistry of amino acids - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
5. Biology of protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
6. Body protein mass - Answer (click here)
7. Turnover of proteins and amino acid metabolism: Protein synthesis,
degradation, and turnover - Answer (click here)
8. Amino acids as precursors of physiologically important nitrogen
compounds - Answer (click here)
9. Urea cycle enzymes and urea production - Answer (click here)
10. Estimation of protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
11. Nitrogen balance and definition of requirement - Answer (click here)
12. Protein requirements for various age and physiological groups - Answer
(click here)
13. Definition and determination of indispensable amino acid requirements -
Answer (click here)
14. Meeting protein and amino acid needs - Answer (click here)
15. Factors other than diet affecting protein and amino acid requirements -
Answer (click here)
The Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Vitamins: Introduction - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. Vitamin A - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamers and international units - Answer (click here)
5. Metabolism and storage of vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids -
Answer (click here)
6. Metabolic functions of vitamin A and carotenes - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin A deficiency: night blindness and xerophthalmia - Answer (click
here)
8. Vitamin A requirements and reference intakes - Answer (click here)
9. Toxicity of vitamin A - Answer (click here)
10. Interactions of vitamin A with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click
here)
11. Vitamin D - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
12. Vitamers and international units - Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin D Absorption and metabolism - Answer (click here)
14. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism - Answer (click here)
15. Metabolic functions of vitamin D - Answer (click here)
16. Vitamin D deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia - Answer (click here)
17. Vitamin D requirements and reference intakes - Answer (click here)
18. Vitamin D toxicity - Answer (click here)
19. Interactions of Vitamin D with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click
here)
20. Vitamin E - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
21. Vitamers and units of activity - Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
22. Vitamin E Absorption and metabolism - Answer (click here)
23. Metabolic functions of vitamin E - Answer (click here)
24. Vitamin E deficiency - Answer (click here)
25. Vitamin E requirements - Answer (click here)
26. Interactions of Vitamin E with other nutrients - Answer (click here)
27. Vitamin K - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
28. Vitamers - Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
29. Dietary sources, bacterial synthesis and metabolism - Vitamin K - Answer
(click here)
30. Metabolic functions of vitamin K - Answer (click here)
31. Vitamin K deficiency and requirements - Answer (click here)
32. Toxicity and drug interactions of Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
33. Vitamin B1 (thiamin) - Answer (click here)
34. Absorption and metabolism of thiamin(Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
35. Metabolic functions of thiamin(Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
36. Absorption and metabolism of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
37. Metabolic functions of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
38. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency - Answer (click here)
39. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) requirements - Answer (click here)
40. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
41. Absorption and metabolism of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Answer (click
here)
42. Metabolic functions of the flavin coenzymes - Answer (click here)
43. Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) deficiency - Answer (click here)
44. Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) requirements - Answer (click here)
45. Interactions of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) with drugs and other nutrients -
Answer (click here)
46. Niacin - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
47. Vitamers and niacin equivalents - Answer (click here)
48. Absorption and metabolism of Niacin - Answer (click here)
49. Metabolic functions of niacin - Answer (click here)
50. Pellagra: a disease of tryptophan and niacin deficiency - Answer (click here)
51. Niacin requirements - Answer (click here)
52. Niacin toxicity - Answer (click here)
53. Vitamin B6 - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
54. Vitamers - vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
55. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
56. Metabolic functions of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
57. Vitamin B6 deficiency - Answer (click here)
58. Vitamin B6 requirements - Answer (click here)
59. Assessment of vitamin B6 status - Answer (click here)
60. Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
61. Vitamin B6 toxicity - Answer (click here)
62. Vitamin B12 - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
63. Structure and vitamers - vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
64. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
65. Vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia - Answer (click here)
66. Vitamin B12 requirements - Answer (click here)
67. Assessment of vitamin B12 status - Answer (click here)
68. Folic acid - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
69. Vitamers and dietary equivalence - Folic acid - Answer (click here)
70. Absorption and metabolism of folate - Answer (click here)
71. Metabolic functions of folate - Answer (click here)
72. Folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia - Answer (click here)
73. Folate requirements - Answer (click here)
74. Assessment of folate status - Answer (click here)
75. Drug-nutrient interactions of folate - Answer (click here)
76. Folate toxicity - Answer (click here)
77. Biotin - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
78. Absorption and metabolism of biotin - Answer (click here)
79. Metabolic functions of biotin - Answer (click here)
80. Biotin deficiency and requirements - Answer (click here)
81. Pantothenic acid - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
82. Absorption, metabolism, and metabolic functions of pantothenic acid -
Answer (click here)
83. Pantothenic acid deficiency and safe and adequate levels of intake -
Answer (click here)
84. Non-nutritional uses of pantothenic acid - Answer (click here)
85. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
86. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
87. Metabolic functions of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
88. Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy - Answer (click here)
89. Vitamin C requirements - Answer (click here)
90. Assessment of vitamin C status - Answer (click here)
91. Possible benefits of high intakes of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
92. Toxicity of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
Food Composition
1. Food Composition - Answer (click here)
2. Foods - Food Composition - Answer (click here)
3. Nutrients, nonnutrients and energy - Answer (click here)
4. Information required on sources of data in tables - Answer (click here)
5. Overcoming the inadequacies of food composition tables - Answer (click
here)
6. Nutrient losses and gains during food processing and preparation -
Answer (click here)
7. Bioavailability and glycemic index - Answer (click here)
8. How to calculate a recipe not included in the database - Answer (click here)
9. Description of food composition tables and databases and how to
retrieve data - Answer (click here)
10. Converting foods to nutrients - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular system
1. Cardiovascular chest pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Dyspnoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Palpitations - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Syncope - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Intermittent claudication - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
6. Signs of Oedema - Answer (click here)
7. Signs of Cyanosis - Answer (click here)
8. Signs of The arterial pulse - Answer (click here)
9. Signs of Jugular venous pressure - Answer (click here)
10. Signs of Precordial heaves, thrills and pulsation - Answer (click here)
11. Signs of Heart murmurs - Answer (click here)
12. Coronary angioplasty: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Coronary artery bypass surgery: Investigations and procedures - Answer
(click here)
14. Valve surgery: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
15. Permanent pacemakers: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
16. Echocardiography: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
17. Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
18. Chronic stable angina - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
19. Acute coronary syndrome - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
20. Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
- Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
21. Acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer
(click here)
22. Variant/Prinzmetal’s angina - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
23. Rheumatic fever - Answer (click here)
24. Mitral regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
25. Mitral valve prolase - valve disease - Answer (click here)
26. Mitral stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
27. Aortic regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
28. Aortic stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
29. Pulmonary stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
30. Tricuspid regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
31. Cardiac arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
32. Sinus bradycardia - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
33. Sinus tachycardia - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
34. Sinus node disease - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
35. Atrial ectopic beats - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
36. Atrial flutter - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
37. Atrial fibrillation - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
38. Junctional tachycardia - Junctional arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
39. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Junctional arrhythmias - Answer (click
here)
40. Ventricular ectopic beats - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
41. Ventricular tachycardia - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
42. Torsades de pointes - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
43. Ventricular fibrillation - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
44. Atrioventricular block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
45. First degree atrioventricular block - Conduction disturbances - Answer
(click here)
46. Second degree atrioventricular block - Mobitz type I (Wenckebach
phenomenon) - Answer (click here)
47. Second degree atrioventricular block - Mobitz type II - Answer (click here)
48. Third degree atrioventricular block (complete heart block) - Answer (click
here)
49. Left bundle branch block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
50. Right bundle branch block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
51. Heart failure - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
52. Acute pulmonary oedema - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
53. Cardiogenic shock - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
54. Chronic cor pulmonale - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
55. Acute pericarditis - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
56. Constrictive pericarditis - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
57. Pericardial effusion - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
58. Cardiac tamponade - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
59. Myocarditis - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click here)
60. Cardiomyopathies - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click here)
61. Dilated cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click
here)
62. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer
(click here)
63. Restrictive cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click
here)
64. Infective endocarditis - Disorders of the endocardium - Answer (click here)
65. Systemic hypertension - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
66. Peripheral arterial disease - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
67. Aneurysms - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
68. Abdominal aortic aneurysm - Hypertension and vascular diseases -
Answer (click here)
69. Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection - Hypertension and
vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
70. Acute peripheral arterial occlusion - Hypertension and vascular diseases
- Answer (click here)
71. Deep vein thrombosis - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click
here)
72. Varicose veins - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
73. Superficial thrombophlebitis - Hypertension and vascular diseases -
Answer (click here)
74. Chronic venous ulceration - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
75. Introduction to congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
76. Ventricular septal defects - congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
77. Atrial septal defects - congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
78. Coarctation of the aorta - Congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
79. Fallot’s tetralogy - Congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
80. Atrial myxoma - Cardiovascular oncology - Answer (click here)
81. Carotid body tumours - Cardiovascular oncology - Answer (click here)
Respiratory system
1. Cough and sputum - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Dyspnoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Wheeze and stridor - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Respiratory chest pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Clubbing - Signs - Answer (click here)
6. Breath sounds - Signs - Answer (click here)
7. Lung function testing - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
8. Bronchoscopy - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
9. Thoracic surgery - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
10. Acute bronchitis - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
11. Pneumonia - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
12. Tuberculosis - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
13. Influenza - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
14. Lung abscess - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
15. Aspergillus fumigatus - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
16. Asthma - Obstructive lung disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema - Respiratory infections - Answer
(click here)
18. Sleep apnoea/Pickwickian syndrome - Respiratory infections - Answer
(click here)
19. Pulmonary fibrosis and honeycomb lung - Restrictive lung disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - usual interstitial pneumonia - Restrictive
lung disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Restrictive lung disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - Answer (click here)
23. Cystic fibrosis - Suppurative lung disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Bronchiectasis - Suppurative lung disorders - Answer (click here)
25. Sarcoidosis - Granulomatous/vasculitic lung disorders - Answer (click here)
26. Wegener’s granulomatosis - Granulomatous/vasculitic lung disorders -
Answer (click here)
27. Pleural effusion - Answer (click here)
28. Empyema - Answer (click here)
29. Pneumothorax - Answer (click here)
30. Pleurisy - Answer (click here)
31. Respiratory failure - Answer (click here)
32. Pulmonary embolism - Answer (click here)
33. Pulmonary hypertension - Answer (click here)
34. Occupational lung disease - Answer (click here)
35. Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis - Occupational lung disease - Answer (click
here)
36. Silicosis - Occupational lung disease - Answer (click here)
37. Bronchial carcinoma - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
38. Bronchial carcinoid tumours - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
39. Secondary lung tumours - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
Gastrointestinal system
1. Abdominal pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Nausea and vomiting - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Dysphagia - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Diarrhoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Rectal bleeding - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
6. Constipation - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
7. Weight loss - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
8. The acute abdomen introduction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
9. Dyspepsia - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
10. Peritonitis - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
11. Intestinal obstruction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
12. Paralytic ileus - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
13. Pseudo obstruction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
14. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleed - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
15. Pruritus ani - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
16. Barium (contrast) studies - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
17. Endoscopy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
18. Gastric surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
19. Small bowel surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
20. Large bowel surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
21. Food poisoning - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
22. Bacilliary dysentery - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
23. Enteric Escherichia Coli infections - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer
(click here)
24. Pseudomembranous colitis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click
here)
25. Giardiasis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
26. Amoebiasis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
27. Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) - Gastrointestinal infections -
Answer (click here)
28. Botulism - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
29. Cholera - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
30. Tuberculosis and the GI tract - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click
here)
31. Abdominal hernias - Disorders of the abdominal wall - Answer (click here)
32. Gastrooesophageal reflux disease - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer
(click here)
33. Hiatus hernia - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
34. Pharyngeal pouch - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
35. Plummer Vinson syndrome - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
36. Achalasia - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
37. Diffuse oesophageal spasm - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
38. Mallory Weiss tear - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
39. Oesophageal perforation - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
40. Gastritis - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
41. Acute erosive gastritis - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
42. Peptic ulcer disease - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
43. Helicobacter pylori - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
44. Zollinger Ellinson syndrome - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click
here)
45. Acute appendicitis - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
46. Meckel’s diverticulum - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix -
Answer (click here)
47. Malabsorption syndromes - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix -
Answer (click here)
48. Coeliac disease - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
49. Whipple’s disease - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
50. Tropical sprue - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer (click
here)
51. Diverticular disease - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory
bowel disease - Answer (click here)
52. Irritable bowel syndrome - Disorders of the large bowel and
inflammatory bowel disease - Answer (click here)
53. Ulcerative colitis - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory bowel
disease - Answer (click here)
54. Crohn’s disease - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory bowel
disease - Answer (click here)
55. Haemorrhoids (piles) - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click
here)
56. Rectal prolapse - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
57. Fissure-in-ano - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
58. Fistula-in-ano - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
59. Pilonidal sinus - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
60. Anorectal abscess - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
61. Intestinal ischaemia - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
62. Focal ischaemia of the bowel - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer
(click here)
63. Ischaemic colitis - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
64. Chronic intestinal ischaemia - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer
(click here)
65. Acute intestinal failure - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
66. Oesophageal carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
67. Benign gastric tumours - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
68. Gastric adenocarcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
69. Gastric lymphoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
70. Small intestine lymphoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
71. Carcinoid tumours of the intestine - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer
(click here)
72. Large bowel neoplastic polyps - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click
here)
73. Large bowel carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
74. Anal squamous cell carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click
here)
75. Familial adenomatous polyposis - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer
(click here)
76. Peutz-Jegher syndrome - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
Genitourinary system
1. Loin pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Dysuria - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Change in urinary frequency, flow and volume - Clinical Symptoms -
Answer (click here)
4. Haematuria and discoloured urine - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click
here)
5. Urine tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Proteinuria - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Imaging of the urinary tract - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
8. Cystoscopy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
9. Measuring renal function - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
10. Anion gap - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
11. Renal biopsy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
12. Dialysis - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
14. Acute renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
15. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click
here)
16. Chronic renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
17. Renal osteodystrophy - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
18. Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
19. Nephrotic syndrome - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
20. Nephritic syndrome - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
21. Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease -
Answer (click here)
22. Focal segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease -
Answer (click here)
23. IgA nephropathy - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
24. Goodpasture’s disease (anti-GBM disease) - Glomerular disease - Answer
(click here)
25. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative GN) -
Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
26. Minimal change disease - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
27. Membranous glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
28. Focal (segmental) glomerulosclerosis - Glomerular disease - Answer (click
here)
29. Tubulointerstitial disease - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
30. Renal tubular syndromes - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
31. Renal tubular acidosis - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
32. Hyperuricaemic (gouty) nephropathy - Tubular and interstitial diseases -
Answer (click here)
33. Adult polycystic kidney disease - Renal cystic disease - Answer (click here)
34. Simple renal cysts - Renal cystic disease - Answer (click here)
35. Urinary tract obstruction - Renal tract obstruction - Answer (click here)
36. Pelviureteric junction obstruction (idiopathic hydronephrosis) - Renal
tract obstruction - Answer (click here)
37. The kidney in sytemic disease - Answer (click here)
38. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - haemolytic uraemic syndrome -
Answer (click here)
39. Congenital malformations of the kidney - Congenital disorders of the
kidney - Answer (click here)
40. Congenital malformations of the ureter - Congenital disorders of the
kidney - Answer (click here)
41. Bladder outflow obstruction - Disorders of the bladder and prostate -
Answer (click here)
42. Benign prostatic hyperplasia - Disorders of the bladder and prostate -
Answer (click here)
43. Urinary incontinence - Disorders of the bladder and prostate - Answer
(click here)
44. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click
here)
45. Acute pyelonephritis - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
46. Renal or perinephric abscess - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
47. Chronic pyelonephritis (reflux nephropathy) - Urinary tract infections -
Answer (click here)
48. Urinary schistosomiasis (bilharzia) - Urinary tract infections - Answer
(click here)
49. Acute epididymo orchitis - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
50. Urinary stones - Answer (click here)
51. Stag horn calculus - Urinary stones - Answer (click here)
52. Torsion of the testis - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click
here)
53. Hydrocele - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
54. Varicocele - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
55. Phimosis - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
56. Epididymal cysts - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click
here)
57. Impotence - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
58. Kidney tumours - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
59. Renal cell carcinoma - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
60. Bladder cancer - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
61. Prostate cancer - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
62. Introduction to testicular tumours - Genitourinary oncology - Answer
(click here)
63. Seminoma - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
64. Teratoma (non-seminomatous germ cell tumours) - Genitourinary
oncology - Answer (click here)
65. Leydig cell tumour - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
66. Sertoli cell tumour - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
Nervous system
1. Headache - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Fits and faints - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Dizziness and vertigo - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Altered sensation or weakness in the limbs - Clinical Symptoms - Answer
(click here)
5. Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Upper motor neurone signs - Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer
(click here)
7. Lower motor neurone signs - Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer
(click here)
8. Cerebellar signs - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer (click here)
9. Extrapyramidal signs (Parkinsonism) - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer
(click here)
10. Gait - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer (click here)
11. Electroencephalography - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
12. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) -
Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Lumbar puncture - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
14. CT head - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
15. MRI brain and spinal cord - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
16. Stroke - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
17. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
18. Hypoxic ischaemic brain injury - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
19. Intracerebral haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
20. Sub/extradural haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
21. Subarachnoid haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
22. Intracranial venous thrombosis - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
23. Bacterial meningitis - Infections of the nervous system: Meningitis and
encephalitis - Answer (click here)
24. Viral meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
25. Tuberculous meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click
here)
26. Other causes of meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer
(click here)
27. Acute viral encephalitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click
here)
28. Tetanus - Miscellaneous infective or post infective CNS disorders -
Answer (click here)
29. Poliomyelitis - Miscellaneous infective or post infective CNS disorders -
Answer (click here)
30. Cerebritis and cerebral abscess - Abscesses of the nervous system -
Answer (click here)
31. Tuberculoma - Abscesses of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
32. Epilepsy - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
33. Acute confusional state (delirium) - Disorders of consciousness and
memory - Answer (click here)
34. Coma - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
35. Head Injury - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
36. Dementia - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
37. Alzheimer’s disease - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer
(click here)
38. Creutzfeld Jakob disease - Disorders of consciousness and memory -
Answer (click here)
39. Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome - Disorders of consciousness and
memory - Answer (click here)
40. Brain death - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
41. Parkinson’s disease - Answer (click here)
42. Other causes of Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
43. Benign essential tremor - Answer (click here)
44. Huntington’s disease - Answer (click here)
45. Multiple sclerosis - Answer (click here)
46. Hydrocephalus - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
47. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - CNS causes of headache - Answer
(click here)
48. Migraine - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
49. Tension headache - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
50. Trigeminal neuralgia - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
51. Motor neurone disease - Answer (click here)
52. Spinal cord lesions - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
53. Spinal cord compression - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
54. Syringomyelia and syringobulbia - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer
(click here)
55. Transverse myelitis - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
56. Myotonic dystrophy - Muscular dystrophies - Answer (click here)
57. Myasthenia gravis - Neuromuscular junction disorders - Answer (click here)
58. Eaton-Lambert syndrome - Neuromuscular junction disorders - Answer
(click here)
59. Olfactory nerve (I) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
60. The optic nerve - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
61. Abnormalities of the optic disc - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer
(click here)
62. Horner’s syndrome - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
63. Oculomotor nerve (III) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
64. Trochlear nerve (IV) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
65. Abducent nerve (VI) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
66. Trigeminal nerve (V) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
67. Facial nerve (VII) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
68. Bell’s palsy - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
69. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves -
Answer (click here)
70. Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) lesions - Disorders of cranial
nerves - Answer (click here)
71. Accessory nerve (XI) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
72. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer
(click here)
73. Lesions of peripheral nerves - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer
(click here)
74. Guillain Barre syndrome - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
75. Brachial plexus injuries - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
76. Median nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
77. Carpal tunnel syndrome - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
78. Ulnar nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
79. Radial nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
80. Sciatic nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
81. Femoral nerve injuries - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
82. Peroneal nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
83. Cerebral palsy - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click here)
84. Neurofibromatosis type 1 - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer
(click here)
85. Neurofibromatosis type 2 - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer
(click here)
86. Tuberose sclerosis - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click
here)
87. Friedreich’s ataxia - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click
here)
88. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth
disease) - Answer (click here)
89. Primary intracranial tumours - Tumours of the nervous system - Answer
(click here)
90. Meningioma - Tumours of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
91. Gliomas (astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas) - Tumours of the
nervous system - Answer (click here)
Musculoskeletal system
1. Joint pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Joint swelling - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Joint stiffness - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Laboratory investigations - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
5. Joint aspiration - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnostic imaging - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Acute osteomyelitis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
8. Chronic osteomyelitis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
9. Tuberculous bone infection - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
10. Septic arthritis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
11. Osteoarthritis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
12. Rheumatoid arthritis - Seropositive arthritis - Answer (click here)
13. Ankylosing spondylitis - Seronegative arthritides
(spondyloarthropathies) - Answer (click here)
14. Psoriatic arthritis - Seronegative arthritides (spondyloarthropathies) -
Answer (click here)
15. Reactive arthritis - Seronegative arthritides (spondyloarthropathies) -
Answer (click here)
16. Inflammatory bowel disease related arthritis - Seronegative arthritides
(spondyloarthropathies) - Answer (click here)
17. Systemic lupus erythematosus - Connective tissue disorders - Answer
(click here)
18. Antiphospholipid syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click
here)
19. Systemic sclerosis and scleroderma - Connective tissue disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. Sjogren’s syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis - Connective tissue disorders - Answer
(click here)
22. Marfan’s syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
25. Gout - Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
26. Pseudogout - Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
27. Osteoporosis - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
28. Osteomalacia - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
29. Paget’s disease - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
30. Achondroplasia - Genetic musculoskeletal disorders - Answer (click here)
31. Osteogenesis imperfecta - Genetic musculoskeletal disorders - Answer
(click here)
32. Metastatic bone tumours - Bone tumours - Answer (click here)
33. Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
34. Polymyalgia rheumatica - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
35. Temporal (giant cell) arteritis - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
36. Takayasu’s syndrome - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
37. Polyarteritis nodosa - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
38. Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis) - Answer (click here)
39. Buerger’s disease - Answer (click here)
40. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura - Answer (click here)
41. Raynaud’s disease and phenomenon - Answer (click here)
42. Behc¸et’s syndrome - Answer (click here)
Breast disorders
1. Breast lumps - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Breast pain (mastalgia) - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Nipple discharge - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Imaging in breast disease - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
5. Breast tissue sampling - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Breast reconstruction - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Benign breast disease - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
8. Fibroadenoma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
9. Breast cysts - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
10. Duct ectasia - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
11. Duct papilloma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
12. Fat necrosis - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
13. Acute mastitis - Infections of the breast - Answer (click here)
14. Breast cancer - Answer (click here)
15. UK programme - Breast cancer screening - Answer (click here)
Endocrine system
1. Principles of endocrine testing - Answer (click here)
2. Introduction to the hypothalamus and pituitary - Answer (click here)
3. Pituitary adenomas - Answer (click here)
4. Hypopituitarism - Answer (click here)
5. Dopamine and prolactin axis - Answer (click here)
6. Hyperprolactinaemia - Dopamine and prolactin axis - Answer (click here)
7. Growth axis - Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
9. Multinodular goitre - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
10. Solitary thyroid nodule - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
11. Graves’ disease (primary thyrotoxicosis) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click
here)
12. Thyrotoxic crisis (storm) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
13. Hypothyroidism (myxoedema) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
14. Hashimoto’s disease (autoimmune thyroiditis) - Thyroid axis - Answer
(click here)
15. Myxoedema coma - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
16. Papillary adenocarcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer
(click here)
17. Follicular adenocarcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer
(click here)
18. Medullary carcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click
here)
19. Anaplastic carcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click
here)
20. Thyroidectomy - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click here)
21. Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
22. Cushing’s syndrome - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
23. Cushing’s disease - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
24. Addison’s disease - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
25. Addisonian crisis - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
26. Conn’s syndrome - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
27. Phaeochromocytoma - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
28. Adrenalectomy - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
29. Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) -
Thirst axis - Answer (click here)
30. Diabetes insipidus - Thirst axis - Answer (click here)
31. Hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click here)
32. Primary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
33. Secondary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
34. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
35. Hypoparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click here)
36. Pseudohypoparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click
here)
37. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) - Multiple endocrine neoplasia
syndrome - Answer (click here)
38. Diabetes mellitus type 1 - Answer (click here)
39. Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Answer (click here)
40. Secondary diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
41. Insulin therapy - Diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
42. Diabetic microvascular disease - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
43. Diabetic microvascular disease - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
44. Diabetic nephropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
45. Diabetic neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
46. Symmetrical peripheral neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer
(click here)
47. Focal and multifocal neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer
(click here)
48. Autonomic neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
49. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
50. Hyperosmolar, non-ketotic coma (HONK) - Complications of diabetes -
Answer (click here)
51. Hypoglycaemia - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
Genetic syndromes
1. Patterns of inheritance - Genetic syndromes - Answer (click here)
2. Down syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance - Answer
(click here)
3. Klinefelter syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance -
Answer (click here)
4. Turner syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance - Answer
(click here)
Toxicology
1. Toxicology - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Action, Metabolism, Distribution and Excretion - Answer (click here)
3. Physiological Detoxification Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
4. Symptomatic Poisoning - Answer (click here)
5. Paracetamol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Aspirin - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Ethanol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Methanol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. Ethylene Glycol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
10. Barbiturates - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
11. Carbon Monoxide - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
12. Paraquat - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
13. Metals - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
Genetic Diseases
1. Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Genetics and DNA - Answer (click here)
3. DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Genotype and Phenotype - Answer (click here)
5. Inheritance and Mutations - Answer (click here)
6. Sex linked Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
7. Inherited Gene Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Consequences of an Enzyme Deficiency - Answer (click here)
9. National Screening Programs for Inherited Diseases - Answer (click here)
10. Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype - Answer (click here)
11. Fragile Sites - Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype - Answer (click
here)
12. Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations - Answer (click here)
13. Aneuploidy - Variations in Chromosome Numbers - Answer (click here)
14. Euploidy - Variations in Chromosome Numbers - Answer (click here)
15. Detecting, Diagnosing and Screening Human Genetics Diseases - Answer
(click here)
Epilepsy
1. Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
2. Main causes of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
3. Three types of epilepsy - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
5. Refractory Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
Paralysis Stroke
1. Paralysis - Stroke - Answer (click here)
2. Risk factors responsible for occurrence of a stroke - Answer (click here)
3. The warning signals of an impending stroke (T.I.A.) - Answer (click here)
4. Prevention of a stroke - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnosis of a Paralysis or stroke - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment of Paralysis(stroke) : Six Major Aspects - Answer (click here)
Brain Hemorrhage
1. Brain Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
2. Intra Cerebral Hemorrhage: Symptoms, Diagnosis and emergency
treatment - Answer (click here)
3. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Symptoms, Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Investigation of Blood Vessels of the Brain - Brain Hemorrhage - Answer
(click here)
5. Complications - Brain Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
Parkinsonism
1. Parkinsonism: Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery - Answer (click here)
Brain Tumours
1. Brain Tumours: Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment - Answer (click
here)
2. Symptoms of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
3. Diagnosis of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Brain tumors - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
Cerebral Palsy
1. Cerebral Palsy: Causes, Types, Treatment, Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of Cerebral Palsy - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Cerebral Palsy - Answer (click here)
Multiple Sclerosis
1. Multiple Sclerosis: disease General Information, Symptoms, Diagnosis,
Treatment - Answer (click here)
2. ADEM (Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis) and its Symptoms -
Answer (click here)
Neuropathy ALDP
1. Neuropathy - A.LD.P.: types, Diagnosis and Treatment of the disease -
Answer (click here)
2. C.I.D.P.: Treatment and Symptoms - Answer (click here)
Myasthenia Gravis
1. Myasthenia Gravis: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment - Answer (click
here)
Neurosurgery
1. Neurosurgery - Answer (click here)
Subject : Biology
Introduction to Biology
1. Introduction to Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Principal Branches of Biology - Answer (click here)
3. Great scientists in Biology - Answer (click here)
4. Characteristics of Plants and Animals - Answer (click here)
5. Role of Biology in Social, Economic and Environmental Development -
Answer (click here)
6. Nature and Origin of Life - Answer (click here)
Cell Division
1. Types of cell division - Answer (click here)
2. Stages of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
3. Significance of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
4. Abnormal cell division - Answer (click here)
5. Male-Female determining chromosome - Answer (click here)
Classification of Plants
1. Classification of Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Unit of Plants classification and Taxa - Answer (click here)
3. Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Algae - Answer (click here)
6. Fungi: Structure and Reproduction - Answer (click here)
7. Bryophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
8. Pteridophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
9. Gymnosperm: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
10. Monocotyledonous or Monocot plants:: Characteristics and Importance -
Answer (click here)
11. Dicotyledonous or Dicot Plants: Characteristics and Importance - Answer
(click here)
Flower
1. Different Parts of a Flower(Datura Flower) - Answer (click here)
2. Different kinds of Flower - Answer (click here)
Reproduction of Plants
1. Reproduction of Plants and itsTypes - Answer (click here)
Economic Biology
1. Prawn Culture: Economic importance and Kinds of prawn - Answer (click
here)
2. Method of culture of fresh water prawn or Galda prawn - Answer (click
here)
3. Method of culture of saline water prawn or Bagda prawn - Answer (click
here)
4. Introduction of fishes - Answer (click here)
5. Importance of fish cultivation - Answer (click here)
6. Method of fish culture - Answer (click here)
7. Culture of silk worms or sericulture - Answer (click here)
8. Characteristics of silk fibers and economic importance of silk worms -
Answer (click here)
9. Life cycle and silk cultivation - Answer (click here)
10. Bee keeping: Castes, life cycle, economic importance, artificial bee
culture - Answer (click here)
11. Castes(various types) of bees - Answer (click here)
12. Life cycle of bees - Answer (click here)
13. Some harmful insects or pests of paddy and jute - Answer (click here)
Practical Botany
1. Microscope: Structure, Uses, Functioning Processes of Simple ,
Compound Microscope - Answer (click here)
2. Study of the Structure of a Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
3. Study of the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells - Answer (click here)
4. Study of the Stages of Mitosis from Permanent Slides - Answer (click here)
5. Study of Distribution of Tissue System in Dicot Stem - Answer (click here)
6. Study of the Structural Features of Different Plant Groups - Answer (click
here)
7. Experiment to Demonstrate the Process of Osmosis with the help of
Raisin - Answer (click here)
8. Demonstration of cell-to-cell osmosis by Potato Osmoscope - Answer
(click here)
9. Demonstration of Ascent of sap from root to stem and leaves with the
help of Peperomia plant - Answer (click here)
10. Experiment to show that Light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer
(click here)
11. Experiment to prove that Heat is evolved during Respiration - Answer
(click here)
12. Experiment to show the germination of pollen grains to form pollen tube
- Answer (click here)
13. Experiment to show that CO2 is evolved during respiration - Answer (click
here)
Practical Zoology
1. Earthworm: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method
of Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Prawn: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of
Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Grasshopper: Classification, External Features, Digestive System,
Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Toad: External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection,
Skeleton - Answer (click here)
5. Digestive system of Toad - Answer (click here)
6. Skeleton of toad - Answer (click here)
7. Channa punctatus (Lata/Taki Fish): External Features, Digestive System,
Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
8. Examples of Animals taken from each of the major Phyla, their
identifying Characters, Observations and Figures - Answer (click here)
Subject : zoology
BIODIVERSITY
1. Biodiversity Explanation and Biodiversity in India - Answer (click here)
2. Taxonomic systems - Answer (click here)
3. Introduction to taxa and species - Answer (click here)
4. Phenetic method or Numerical taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy and
Chemotaxonomy and Palaeotaxonomy Explaination - Answer (click here)
5. Nomenclature methods and Basic principles of nomenclature and
Identification keys - Answer (click here)
6. Methods of grouping animals - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum : Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata or Cnidaria - Answer (click
here)
8. Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
9. Phylum : Nematoda and Annelida - Answer (click here)
10. Phylum : Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
11. Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
12. Phylum Chordata and Diversity and General Characters of Chordates -
Answer (click here)
13. Classification of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here)
14. Sub phylum : Vertebrata (Craniata) and Classification of Vertebrata -
Class : Pisces and Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
15. Class : Amphibia - sub phylum Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
16. Class : Amniota - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
17. Class : Aves - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
18. Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
19. Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia -Classification of Class :
Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
20. Scientific Names of Animals - Answer (click here)
21. Plasmodium - Answer (click here)
22. Life cycle in the mosquito - sporogony - Answer (click here)
23. Control of Malaria - Answer (click here)
24. Types of Malaria - Answer (click here)
25. Earthworm : External features , External apertures - Answer (click here)
26. Earthworm - Body wall ,Body Cavity,Locomotion - Answer (click here)
27. Earthworm - Digestive System, Feeding - Answer (click here)
28. Earthworm - Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
29. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
30. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
31. Earthworm : Nervous System - Answer (click here)
32. Earthworm : Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
33. Pigeon : External features - Answer (click here)
34. Pigeon : The wings - Answer (click here)
35. Pigeon : Exoskeleton , Quill feather - Answer (click here)
36. Pigeon : Endoskeleton : Flight muscles, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis
minor or subclavius, Coracobrachialis - Answer (click here)
37. Pigeon - Digestive system - Answer (click here)
38. Pigeon - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
39. Pigeon - Circulatory system and Venous system - Answer (click here)
40. Nervous system and Sense organ of Pigeon - Answer (click here)
41. Pigeon - Urinogenital system and Male, Female reproductive organs -
Answer (click here)
CELL BIOLOGY
1. Cell Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Microscopy and Anton van Leeuwenhoek simple microscope - Answer
(click here)
3. Compound light, Dark field, Phase contrast, Oil - immersion and
Electron microscope - Answer (click here)
4. Cytological Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Plasma Membrane - Answer (click here)
6. Mitochondria - Answer (click here)
7. Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
8. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum -
Answer (click here)
9. Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here)
10. Lysosomes - Answer (click here)
11. Centrioles - Answer (click here)
12. Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
13. Chromosomes of Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
14. Cancer biology - Answer (click here)
15. Molecular biology of cancer - Answer (click here)
16. Types of cancer and factor causes cancer - Answer (click here)
17. Cancer and death - Answer (click here)
18. Management of cancer : Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy - Answer (click
here)
HUMAN ANATOMY
1. History of Human anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. The Integumentary System - Skin and hypodermis - Answer (click here)
3. The Integumentary System - hypodermis, Epidermis, Callus, Skin color,
Hair, glands, Nails - Answer (click here)
4. Human Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of a typical long bone - Answer (click here)
6. Skull - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
7. Vertebrae - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
8. Rib cage - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
9. Appendicular skeleton - Pectoral girdle, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle or
pelvis, Wrist, Hand, Leg, Ankle, Foot, Kinds of joints, Fibrous joints,
Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints - Answer (click here)
10. Human Muscular System and Types of Muscular System - Answer (click
here)
11. Skeletal muscles - Human Muscular System - Answer (click here)
12. Shapes of muscles and Naming of muscles - Human Muscular System -
Answer (click here)
13. Distribution of human muscles - Muscles of the human head, Muscles of
the Neck region, Muscles of the Trunk region, Muscles of the upper
limb, Muscles of the lower limb - Answer (click here)
14. Human Entire Digestive system process with diagram - Mouth or Buccal
cavity, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Stomach, Small
intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas,
Caecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal - Answer (click here)
15. Human Respiratory system with diagram - Nasal cavity, Pharynx,
Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Thoracic wall and muscles of respirations -
Answer (click here)
16. The Human Circulatory System - Systemic and Pulmonary circulations -
Pulmonary circulation, Systemic circulation, Portal circulation - Answer
(click here)
17. Components of Human Circulatory system : Blood vessels, Types of
blood vessels, The Heart - Answer (click here)
18. The Human Heart structure with diagram - Answer (click here)
19. Human Lymphatic system - Lymphoid cells and tissues, Thymus,
Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, The lymphatic circulation - Answer (click
here)
20. The structure of a peripheral nerve : Central nervous system (C N S)
Peripheral nervous system Autonomous nervous system , brain - Answer
(click here)
21. Human Brain : Prosencephalon (Fore brain), Mesencephalon (mid
brain), Rhombencephalon (hind brain), Brain stem, Pachymenix,
Leptomeninges - Answer (click here)
22. The Eye - Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
23. Ears (The organs of hearing) - The Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
24. Endocrine system and glands : Pituitary gland (or) Hypophysis, thyroid,
parathy roids, pancreas, adrenals, testes and ovaries - Answer (click here)
25. Urinary system : kidneys (renes), ureters, the uri-nary bladder (vesica
urinaria) and the urethra - Answer (click here)
26. Male reproductive organs - Answer (click here)
27. Female reproductive organs - Answer (click here)
GENETICS
1. GENETICS - Answer (click here)
2. Quantitive inheritance - GENETICS - Answer (click here)
3. Genetics : Sex determination in Human beings - Answer (click here)
4. Male haploidy or Haplo-diploidy mechanism - Answer (click here)
5. Genetics : Sex - linked Inheritance - Answer (click here)
6. Genetics : Pleiotropy - Answer (click here)
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1. Developmental Biology - Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis,
Fertilization - Answer (click here)
2. Types of eggs - Answer (click here)
3. Cleavage and types - Frog's egg - Answer (click here)
4. Gastrulation in frog embryo - Answer (click here)
5. Organogenesis of Frog - Answer (click here)
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
1. Corals - reef builders - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click here)
2. Earthworm - Vermiculture - Answer (click here)
3. Uses and types of Beneficial Insects : Productive Insects - Honey bee,
Silk worms, Lac insects. Helpful Insects : Insect - Predators - Answer
(click here)
4. Prawns, Lobsters and Crabs - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click
here)
5. Pearl Oyster - Answer (click here)
6. Fishes - Nutritive value - Answer (click here)
7. Guano (Bird excreta) - Answer (click here)
8. Aquarium - Setting up an aquarium tank - Answer (click here)
9. Vivarium ( Zoo ) and List of important Zoos - Answer (click here)
10. Disease causing organisms - Vectors : Housefly - Musca domestica,
Sand flies - Phlebotomus papatasi, Rat fleas - Xenopsylla cheopis, The
human louse - Pediculus humanus, Mosquitoes : Anopheles, Culex,
Aedes sp - Answer (click here)
11. Poisonous Organisms : Physalia, Scorpion, Centipede, Honey bees and
Wasps, Poisonous fishes, Poisonous snakes - Answer (click here)
12. Poisonous snakes : Cobra, Krait, Vipers, Sea Snakes and Poison
Apparatus of a Snake - Answer (click here)
13. Fouling Organisms - Answer (click here)
14. Pests - Pests of Crops : Cotton, Paddy, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Coconut
palm, Stored grains, household goods - Answer (click here)
ORIGIN OF LIFE
1. ORIGIN OF LIFE - Theories - Answer (click here)
2. Geological time scale : Palaeozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era -
Answer (click here)
3. Fossils : Fossilization, Evolutionary significance of fossils, List of
Important fossils - Answer (click here)
4. Extinct animals-mass extinction : Causes and Pattern of extiniction -
Answer (click here)
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Nutrition : Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.),
Proteins(Polypeptides), Lipids, Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.) - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins(Polypeptides) - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamins : functions of vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency Ailments -
Answer (click here)
6. Minerals, Water, Balanced diet, Calorie values, Obesity - Answer (click
here)
7. The digestive system and The process of digestion - Answer (click here)
8. Dental Caries (Tooth decay) : Symptoms, Root Canal Treatment - Answer
(click here)
9. Peptic ulcer and Hernia : Causes of Peptic ulcer and Types of Hernia -
Answer (click here)
10. Appendicitis, Gall Stones, Hepatitis, Hernia, Peptic ulcer - Answer (click
here)
11. Types of fractures, Mechanism of fracture, Healing of Bones in fracture,
Dislocation of joints, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation, Arthiritis ,
Orthopedics, Rickets and steomalacia - Answer (click here)
12. Structure of a skeletal muscle, sarcomere - Answer (click here)
13. Mechanism and Types of muscle contraction - Answer (click here)
14. Benefits of aerobic exercise - Answer (click here)
15. Myasthenia Gravis Muscle Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Process of pulmonary respiration - Answer (click here)
17. Mechanism of Human Breathing : Expiration , Inspiration - Answer (click
here)
18. Gaseous exchange in the alveoli - Answer (click here)
19. Herring - Breuer reflex - Answer (click here)
20. Lungs Disease : Tuberculosis (TB), Herring - Breuer reflex, Acute and
Chronic Bronchitis - Answer (click here)
21. Human Circulatory System : Functioning of Human heart - Answer (click
here)
22. Myocardial infarction : Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors - Answer (click
here)
23. Angina pectoris - Answer (click here)
24. Angiogram : Coronary Angiography and Coronary Angioplasty - Answer
(click here)
25. Atherosclerosis, Heart block, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) - Answer
(click here)
26. ICCU - (Intensive Coronary Care Unit) - Answer (click here)
27. Blood Pressure : Intensive of hypertension - Answer (click here)
28. Composition of plasma : Components with Functions - Answer (click here)
29. Types of blood cells or corpuscles - Answer (click here)
30. Human Nervous system - Answer (click here)
31. Human brain - Answer (click here)
32. Types of memory - Answer (click here)
33. Types of sleep - Answer (click here)
34. Human Brain Stroke and Brain haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
35. Alzheimer's Disease, Meningitis (Brain fever), Conditioned reflex -
Answer (click here)
36. Right and Left Human brain concept - Answer (click here)
37. Spinal cord functioning - Answer (click here)
38. Functions of Endocrine glands - Answer (click here)
39. Pituitary gland and The hormones of anterior pituitary - Answer (click here)
40. Thyroid gland and thyroxine - Answer (click here)
41. Human Insulin - Answer (click here)
42. Human Glucagon - Answer (click here)
43. Gonads : Testis and Overies - Answer (click here)
44. Focusing Mechanism in the Human Eye - Answer (click here)
45. Human eye : Errors of refraction - Answer (click here)
46. Retinopathy - Human Eye Disease - Answer (click here)
47. Human Eye : Cataract, Lens Replacement - Answer (click here)
48. Human Eye : Glaucoma, Nyctalopia Disorder, Infections, Symptoms,
Treatment - Answer (click here)
49. EAR - Some Information - Answer (click here)
50. Mechanism of hearing - Human Ear - Answer (click here)
51. Defects of the Human ear - Answer (click here)
52. Human Hearing Aid - Answer (click here)
53. Noise pollution - Answer (click here)
54. Human Skin and Functions of skin - Answer (click here)
55. Functions of Human Skin Melanin - Answer (click here)
56. Human Skin grafting and Dermatitis - Answer (click here)
57. Human Tongue and Mechanism of Stimulation - Answer (click here)
58. Human Excretion - Answer (click here)
59. Mechanism of urine formation - Answer (click here)
60. Renal Failure, Dialysis and Kidney Machines - Answer (click here)
61. Human Kidney stone (Calculus) And Kidney transplantation - Answer
(click here)
62. Diabetes mellitus : Symptoms, Causes, prevention - Answer (click here)
63. Functioning of male reproductive system - Answer (click here)
64. Functioning of female reproductive system - Answer (click here)
65. Female Menstrual cycle - 28 days - Answer (click here)
66. In vitro fertilization (Test tube babies) and Birth control - Answer (click
here)
67. Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
MICROBIOLOGY
1. History of Medical microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Viruses And Viral genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Cultivation (culture) of Animal viruses - Answer (click here)
5. Bacterial structure And Culture - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
7. Bacterial Diseases - Answer (click here)
8. Protozoan microbiology - Answer (click here)
9. Larval microbiology - Answer (click here)
10. AIDS (HIV) Structure, its control, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnosis,
Control and Management - Answer (click here)
IMMUNOLOGY
1. IMMUNOLOGY : Innate Immunity (Non-specific) And Acquired
Immunity (Specific immunity) - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Lymphoid Organ Thymus - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral Lymphoid Organs : Lymph nodes, Spleen - Answer (click here)
4. Secondary Lymphoid Organs : Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
(MALT) - Answer (click here)
5. Antibodies - Immunoglobulins, Region of polypeptide chains,
Transplantation immunology - Answer (click here)
6. Classification of grafts - Answer (click here)
7. Immune system disorders - Answer (click here)
MODERN GENETICS
1. Human Genetics - Karyotyping - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Human Genome Project (HGP) - Answer (click here)
5. Cloning : Differentiation, Cloning of Sheep (Mechanism), Ethical
Issues, Merits and Demerits of cloning - Answer (click here)
6. Transgenic organisms : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -
Answer (click here)
7. Gene therapy - Answer (click here)
8. Bioinformatics : Definition, History, Applications - Answer (click here)
9. Scope of Genetic Engineering And Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
10. Nucleic acid, Protein sequence databases And Genome sequencing,
DNA library - Answer (click here)
11. Protein Structure, Protein Model And Uses - Answer (click here)
12. Human population and explosion - Issues - Answer (click here)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1. Reasons for the Explosion. Impacts Of Growing Population and
Environmental - Answer (click here)
2. Global warming : Green house effect - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Greenhouse Gases - Answer (click here)
4. Effects of Global warming - Answer (click here)
5. Ozone layer depletion : Ozone hole, Preventing And Effect of Ozone
depletions - Answer (click here)
6. Waste management - Answer (click here)
7. Waste management : Classification of wastes - Answer (click here)
8. Management of hazardous wastes - Answer (click here)
9. Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management -
Answer (click here)
10. Biodiversity conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and non
Governmental organizations - Answer (click here)
11. Energy crisis and its environmental impact - Answer (click here)
12. Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis - Answer (click here)
13. Environmental impacts : Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power, Solar energy,
Fossil fuels - Answer (click here)
14. Poverty and Environmental : issues, alleviation - Answer (click here)
15. Fresh water crisis and management - Answer (click here)
16. Freshwater resources - Answer (click here)
17. Freshwater shortages - Answer (click here)
18. Freshwater Management - Answer (click here)
APPLIED BIOLOGY
1. Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds,
Draught breeds - Answer (click here)
3. Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red
Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Answer (click here)
4. Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Answer (click here)
5. Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Answer (click here)
6. Common diseases and control for Cattle - Answer (click here)
7. Poultry Breeds - Answer (click here)
8. Poultry Farming methods - Answer (click here)
9. Factors involved in brooding - Answer (click here)
10. Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Answer (click here)
11. Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and Feeding -
Answer (click here)
12. Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Answer (click here)
13. Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Answer (click here)
14. Sphygmomanometer - Answer (click here)
15. Haemocytometer - Answer (click here)
16. Urine - Sugar analysis - Answer (click here)
17. ECG-Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
18. Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial tomography
(CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Answer (click here)
19. Types of Endoscopy - Answer (click here)
20. Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Answer (click here)
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
1. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism - Answer (click here)
2. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism - Answer (click here)
3. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism - Answer (click here)
4. Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory of
Evolution - Answer (click here)
Biology Activities
1. Introduction to Biology: Measuring and Recording Mass, Temperature,
Pulse Rate, and Volume - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Structure and Organization: Examining Animal and Plant Cells -
Answer (click here)
3. Nutrition - Biology Activities - Answer (click here)
4. Food Test for Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Food Test for Proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Food Test for Starch - Answer (click here)
7. Food Test for Reducing Sugars - Answer (click here)
8. Food Test for Non-Reducing Sugars - Answer (click here)
9. Investigating the Structures of a Leaf - Answer (click here)
10. Test for Starch in Leaves - Answer (click here)
11. The Importance of Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
12. The Importance of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
13. The Importance of Light in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Oxygen as a By-product of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Essential Minerals in Plants - Answer (click here)
16. Investigation of Abiotic and Biotic Components in the Environment -
Answer (click here)
17. Construction of Food Webs and Food Chains - Answer (click here)
18. Demonstration of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
19. Osmosis - Demonstration - Answer (click here)
20. Demonstration of Capillarity - Answer (click here)
21. Demonstration of Mass Flow - Answer (click here)
22. Demonstration of Transpiration Pull - Answer (click here)
23. Examination of the Vascular System in Plants - Answer (click here)
24. Examination of Root Hair in Germinated Seeds - Answer (click here)
25. Determination of Pulse Rate - Answer (click here)
26. Identification of Carbon Dioxide in Exhaled Air - Answer (click here)
27. Identify the products of anaerobic respiration - Answer (click here)
28. Investigate the Effects of Phototropism - Answer (click here)
29. Investigation of the Effects of Hydrotropism - Answer (click here)
30. Investigation of Effects of Geotropism - Answer (click here)
31. Using Sense Organs to Make Observations - Answer (click here)
32. Investigating Conditions Necessary for Seed Germination - Answer (click
here)
33. Demonstration of Epigeal and Hypogeal Germination - Answer (click here)