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Medical Course - All Subjects

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Importants questions answers

Pathology - (Click Here)


Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology - (Click Here)
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology - (Click Here)
Medical Physiology - (Click Here)
Medical Microbiology - (Click Here)
Basic Biochemistry - (Click Here)
Biochemistry - (Click Here)
Microbiology - (Click Here)
Microbiology and Immunology - (Click Here)
Essential Microbiology - (Click Here)
Forensic Medicine - (Click Here)
Modern Medical Toxicology - (Click Here)
Pharmacology - (Click Here)
Pharmacology - (Click Here)
Anesthesiology - (Click Here)
Medicine Study Notes - (Click Here)
Radiology - (Click Here)
Paediatrics - (Click Here)
Psychology - (Click Here)
Clinical Dermatology - (Click Here)
Orthopaedics - (Click Here)
Ophthalmology - (Click Here)
Obstetrics and Gynecology - (Click Here)
Psychiatry - (Click Here)
Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing - (Click Here)
Surgical Pathology Dissection - (Click Here)
Case Study in Obstetrics and Gynaecology - (Click Here)
Essential Anesthesia From Science to Practice - (Click Here)
Clinical Cases in Anesthesia - (Click Here)
Medical Surgical Nursing - (Click Here)
The Massage Connection ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - (Click Here)
Biotechnology - (Click Here)
Organic Chemistry - (Click Here)
Genetics and Molecular Biology - (Click Here)
Maternal and Child Health Nursing - (Click Here)
Biochemical Pharmacology - (Click Here)
Sociology of Health - (Click Here)
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing - (Click Here)
Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications - (Click Here)
Modern Analytical Chemistry - (Click Here)
Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis - (Click Here)
Nutrition and Diet Therapy - (Click Here)
Human Nervous System and Sensory Organs - (Click Here)
Basic Concept of Biotechnology - (Click Here)
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications - (Click Here)
Biotechnology Applying the Genetic Revolution - (Click Here)
Genetics and Molecular Biology - (Click Here)
Environmental Biotechnology - (Click Here)
Essential Clinical Immunology - (Click Here)
Medical Immunology - (Click Here)
Human Neuroanatomy(Fundamental and Clinical) - (Click Here)
Introduction to Human Nutrition - (Click Here)
Medicine and surgery: Principles and practice of medicine and surgery - (Click Here)
Biology of Disease - (Click Here)
Diseases of The Brain and Nervous System(A Health Education Guide) - (Click Here)
Biology - (Click Here)
zoology - (Click Here)
Biology laboratory Practicals - (Click Here)

Subject : Pathology
Fundamentals of Pathology
1. Overview of Pathology - Answer (click here)

Cellular Injury and Adaptation


1. Causes of Cellular Injury - Answer (click here)
2. Cellular Changes During Injury - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Death - Answer (click here)
4. Cellular Adaptive Responses to Injury - Answer (click here)
5. Other Cellular Alterations During Injury - Answer (click here)

Inflammation
1. Acute Inflammation - Answer (click here)
2. Chronic Inflammation - Answer (click here)
3. Tissue Responses to Infectious Agents - Answer (click here)

Tissue Repair
1. Regeneration and Healing - Answer (click here)
2. Aberrations in Wound Healing - Answer (click here)

Circulatory Pathology
1. EDEMA - Answer (click here)
2. Hemostasis and Bleeding Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Thrombosis - Answer (click here)
4. Embolism - Answer (click here)
5. Infarction - Answer (click here)
6. Shock - Answer (click here)

Genetic Disorders
1. Disorders Involving an Extra Autosome - Answer (click here)
2. Disorders Involving Chromosomal Deletions - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD) - Answer (click here)
5. Mendelian Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Autosomal Recessive Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Autosomal Dominant Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. X-Linked Recessive Conditions - Answer (click here)
9. X-Linked Dominant Conditions - Answer (click here)
10. Triplet Repeat Mutations - Answer (click here)
11. Genomic Imprinting - Answer (click here)
12. Mitochondrial DNA Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Multifactorial Inheritance - Answer (click here)

Immunopathology
1. Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)
2. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Immune Deficiency Syndromes - Answer (click here)
4. Secondary Immune Deficiency Syndromes - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - Answer (click here)
6. Immunology of Transplant Rejection - Answer (click here)

Amyloidosis
1. Composition of Amyloid - Answer (click here)
2. Systemic Types of Amyloid - Answer (click here)
3. Localized Types of Amyloid - Answer (click here)
4. Amyloidosis: Clinical Features - Answer (click here)

Principles of Neoplasia
1. Principles of Neoplasia: Definition, Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
2. Carcinogenic Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Carcinogenesis - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis of Cancer - Answer (click here)

Skin Pathology
1. Disorders of Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
2. Melanocytic Tumors - Answer (click here)
3. Epidermal and Dermal Lesions - Answer (click here)
4. Malignant Tumors - Answer (click here)

Red Blood Cell Pathology Anemias


1. Red Blood Cell Morphology - Answer (click here)
2. Anemias - Answer (click here)
3. Microcytic Anemias - Answer (click here)
4. Normocytic Anemias - Answer (click here)
5. Macrocytic Anemias - Answer (click here)
6. Polycythemia Vera - Answer (click here)

Vascular Pathology
1. The Vasculitides - Answer (click here)
2. Raynaud Disease Versus Phenomenon - Answer (click here)
3. Arteriosclerosis - Answer (click here)
4. Hypertension (HTN) - Answer (click here)
5. Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Fistulas - Answer (click here)
6. Venous Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Vascular Neoplasms - Answer (click here)

Cardiac Pathology
1. Ischemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Congestive Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
3. Valvular Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Myocarditis - Answer (click here)
5. Congenital Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Primary Cardiomyopathies (Diagnosis of Exclusion) - Answer (click here)
7. Carcinoid Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Cardiac Tumors - Answer (click here)
9. Pericardial Disease - Answer (click here)

Respiratory Pathology
1. Congenital Cystic Lung Lesions - Answer (click here)
2. Atelectasis - Answer (click here)
3. Pulmonary Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Sarcoidosis - Answer (click here)
5. Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Infiltrative Restrictive Lung Diseases(Diffuse Interstitial Diseases) -
Answer (click here)
7. Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Pulmonary Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
9. Laryngeal Cancer - Answer (click here)
10. Diseases of the Pleural Cavity - Answer (click here)

Renal Pathology
1. Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
2. Cystic Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Glomerular Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Primary Glomerulopathies (Nephritic Syndrome) - Answer (click here)
5. Primary Glomerulopathies (Nephrotic) - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
7. Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
8. Tubulointerstitial Nephritis - Answer (click here)
9. Acute Tubular Injury - Answer (click here)
10. Urolithiasis - Answer (click here)
11. Chronic Renal Failure - Answer (click here)
12. Vascular Disorders of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
13. Tumors of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
14. Obstructive Disorders of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
15. Ureteral Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Urinary Bladder Pathology - Answer (click here)

Gastrointestinal Tract Pathology


1. Esophagus - Answer (click here)
2. Pathology: Stomach - Answer (click here)
3. Small and Large Intestines - Answer (click here)

Pancreatic Pathology
1. Congenital Anomalies of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
2. Inflammation of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
3. Pancreatic Tumors - Answer (click here)

Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Pathology


1. Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) - Answer (click here)
2. Gallbladder: Inflammatory Conditions - Answer (click here)
3. Gallbladder: Miscellaneous Conditions - Answer (click here)
4. Biliary Tract Cancer - Answer (click here)

Liver Pathology
1. Liver Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
2. Jaundice - Answer (click here)
3. Cirrhosis - Answer (click here)
4. Viral Hepatitis - Answer (click here)
5. Amebic Liver Abscess - Answer (click here)
6. Alcoholic Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolic Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Hemodynamic Liver Diseases - Answer (click here)
9. Liver Tumors - Answer (click here)

Central Nervous System Pathology


1. Infections - Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Cerebrovascular Disease - Answer (click here)
3. CNS Trauma And Herniations - Answer (click here)
4. Developmental Abnormalities and Perinatal Brain Injury - Answer (click
here)
5. Demyelinating Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Degenerative and Dementing Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. CNS Tumors - Answer (click here)

Hematopoetic Pathology White Blood Cell Disorders and


Lymphoid and Myeloid Neoplasms
1. Reactive Changes in White Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
2. Lymphoid Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
3. Mature B-Cell Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
4. Peripheral T-Cell and Natural Killer Cell Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
5. Hodgkin Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
6. Acute Leukemias - Answer (click here)
7. B and T Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia - Answer (click here)
8. Myeloid Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
9. Diseases of Histiocytes and Dendritic Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Mast Cell Diseases - Answer (click here)
11. Diseases of the Spleen and Thymus - Answer (click here)

Female Genital Pathology


1. Vulva - Pathology - Answer (click here)
2. Vagina - Pathology - Answer (click here)
3. Cervix - Pathology - Answer (click here)
4. Uterus - Pathology - Answer (click here)
5. Ovary - Pathology - Answer (click here)
6. Placenta - Pathology - Answer (click here)

Breast Pathology
1. Mastitis - Answer (click here)
2. Fibrocystic Changes - Answer (click here)
3. Benign Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
4. Malignant Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
5. Gynecomastia - Pathology - Answer (click here)

Male Pathology
1. Penis - Pathology - Answer (click here)
2. Testes - Pathology - Answer (click here)
3. Testicular Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Prostate - Answer (click here)

Endocrine Pathology
1. Thyroid Gland - Pathology - Answer (click here)
2. Parathyroid Glands - Pathology - Answer (click here)
3. Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, and Pineal Gland - Pathology - Answer
(click here)
4. Adrenal Gland - Pathology - Answer (click here)
5. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes - Answer (click here)
6. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)

Bone Pathology
1. Normal Bone - Pathology - Answer (click here)
2. Hereditary Bone Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Paget Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Osteoporosis - Answer (click here)
5. Osteomalacia and Rickets - Answer (click here)
6. Osteomyelitis - Answer (click here)
7. Miscellaneous Bone Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Benign Tumors of Bone - Answer (click here)
9. Malignant Tumors of Bone - Answer (click here)

Joint Pathology
1. Osteoarthritis - Answer (click here)
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
3. Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies - Answer (click here)
4. Arthritis Related to Crystal Deposition - Answer (click here)
5. Infectious Arthritis - Answer (click here)
6. Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint) - Answer (click here)

Skeletal Muscle and Peripheral Nerve Pathology


1. Inflammatory Myopathies - Answer (click here)
2. Myasthenic Syndromes - Answer (click here)
3. Muscular Dystrophy - Answer (click here)
4. Inflammatory Neuropathy - Answer (click here)
5. Soft Tissue and Peripheral Nerve Tumors - Answer (click here)
Subject : Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
The Human Organism
1. Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body - Answer (click
here)
4. Characteristics of Life - Answer (click here)
5. Microbesin Your Body - Answer (click here)
6. Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
7. Terminology and the Body Plan - Answer (click here)

The chemical basis of life


1. Basic Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical reactions - Human Organism - Answer (click here)
3. Acids and Bases - Answer (click here)
4. Inorganic Molecules - Answer (click here)
5. Organic Molecules - Answer (click here)

Cell Structures and their Functions


1. Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Function of the cell - Answer (click here)
3. Structure of the Cell membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Movement through the cell membrane - Answer (click here)
5. Organelles - Cell Structures and their Functions - Answer (click here)
6. Whole cell activity - Answer (click here)
7. Cellular aspects of aging - Answer (click here)

Tissues
1. Tissues and Histology - Answer (click here)
2. Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of Epithelia - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Epithelia - Answer (click here)
5. Connective tissue - Answer (click here)
6. Functions of Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
7. Muscle tissue - Answer (click here)
8. Nervous tissue - Answer (click here)
9. Tissue membranes - Answer (click here)
10. Tissue damage and inflammation - Answer (click here)
11. Tissue repair - Answer (click here)
12. Effects of aging on tissues - Answer (click here)

Integumentary System
1. Functions of the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
2. Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Subcutaneous Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Accessory skin structures - Answer (click here)
5. Physiology of the integumentary system - Answer (click here)
6. Integumentary system as a diagnostic Aid - Answer (click here)
7. Burns: Classify burns on the basis of the amount of skin damage
produced - Answer (click here)
8. Skin Cancer - Answer (click here)
9. Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)

Skeletal System Bones and Joints


1. Functions of the Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
2. Extracellular Matrix - Answer (click here)
3. General Features of Bone - Answer (click here)
4. Bone and calcium homeostasis - Answer (click here)
5. General Considerations of Bone Anatomy - Answer (click here)
6. Axial Skeleton - Answer (click here)
7. Appendicular Skeleton - Answer (click here)
8. Joints - Answer (click here)
9. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints - Answer (click here)

Muscular System
1. Functions of the Muscular System - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
3. Skeletal Muscle Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Excitability of Muscle Fibers - Answer (click here)
5. Nerve Supply and Muscle fiber Stimulation - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
7. Energy Requirements for Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
8. Fatigue - Answer (click here)
9. Effect of Fiber Type on Activity Level - Answer (click here)
10. Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle - Answer (click here)
11. General Principles - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy - Answer (click here)
12. Nomenclature - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy - Answer (click here)
13. Muscles of the head and Neck - Answer (click here)
14. Trunk Muscles - Answer (click here)
15. Upper limb Muscles - Answer (click here)
16. Lower Limb Muscles - Answer (click here)
17. Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)

Nervous System
1. Functions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Divisions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
3. Cells of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
5. Resting Membrane Potential - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways -
Answer (click here)
6. Action Potentials - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click
here)
7. The Synapse - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
8. Reflexes - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
9. Neuronal Pathways - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer
(click here)
10. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems - Answer (click here)
11. Spinal Cord and Spinal Cord Reflexes - Answer (click here)
12. Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
13. Brain Anatomy - Answer (click here)
14. Sensory Functions - Answer (click here)
15. Motor Functions: Motor Areas Of The Cerebral Cortex, Descending
tracts, Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
16. Communication Between the right and Left hemispheres - Brain
Functions - Answer (click here)
17. Speech - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
18. Brain waves and Consciousness - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
19. Memory - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
20. Limbic system and emotions - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
21. Meninges - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
22. Ventricles - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
23. Cerebrospinal fluid - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
24. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
25. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
26. Enteric Nervous System - Answer (click here)
27. Effects of Aging on the Nervous System - Answer (click here)

Senses
1. Sensation - Answer (click here)
2. Sensory Receptors - Answer (click here)
3. General Senses - Answer (click here)
4. Special Senses - Answer (click here)
5. Olfaction - Answer (click here)
6. Taste - Answer (click here)
7. Vision - Answer (click here)
8. Accessory Structures of the Eye - Answer (click here)
9. Anatomy of the Eye - Answer (click here)
10. Functions of the Eye - Answer (click here)
11. Neuronal Pathways for Vision - Answer (click here)
12. Hearing and Balance - Answer (click here)
13. Anatomy and function of the Ear - Answer (click here)
14. Hearing - Ear - Answer (click here)
15. Neuronal Pathways for Hearing - Answer (click here)
16. Balance - Ear - Answer (click here)
17. Neuronal Pathways for Balance - Ear - Answer (click here)
18. Effects of Aging on the Senses - Answer (click here)

Endocrine System
1. Principles of Chemical Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
4. Chemical Nature of Hormones - Answer (click here)
5. Control of Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
6. Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
7. Pituitary and hypothalamus - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones -
Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer (click
here)
9. Parathyroid Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer
(click here)
10. Adrenal Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer (click
here)
11. Pancreas, Insulin, and Diabetes - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
- Answer (click here)
12. Testes and Ovaries - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer
(click here)
13. Thymus and Pineal Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones -
Answer (click here)
14. Other Hormones - Answer (click here)
15. Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)

Blood
1. Functions of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Composition of Blood - Answer (click here)
3. Plasma - Answer (click here)
4. Formed Elements - Blood - Answer (click here)
5. Preventing Blood Loss - Answer (click here)
6. Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)
7. ABO Blood Group - Answer (click here)
8. Rh Blood Group - Answer (click here)
9. Diagnostic Blood Tests - Answer (click here)

Heart
1. Functions of the Heart - Answer (click here)
2. Size, Form, and Location of the Heart - Answer (click here)
3. Anatomy of the Heart - Answer (click here)
4. Heart valves - Answer (click here)
5. Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart - Answer (click here)
6. Blood Supply to the Heart - Answer (click here)
7. Histology of the Heart - Answer (click here)
8. Electrical Activity of the Heart - Answer (click here)
9. Cardiac Cycle - Answer (click here)
10. Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
11. Regulation of Heart Function - Answer (click here)
12. Effects of Aging on the Heart - Answer (click here)

Blood Vessels and Circulation


1. Functions of the Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
2. General Features of Blood Vessel Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Arteries - Answer (click here)
5. Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Veins - Answer (click here)
6. Physiology of Circulation - Answer (click here)
7. Control of Blood Flow in Tissues - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Arterial Pressure - Answer (click here)
9. Effects of Aging on the Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)

Lymphatic System and Immunity


1. Functions of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
3. Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Origin and Development of Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
7. Activation and Multiplication of Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
8. Antibody-mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
10. Acquired Immunity - Answer (click here)
11. Overview of Immune Interactions - Answer (click here)
12. Immunotherapy - Answer (click here)
13. Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity - Answer (click
here)

Respiratory System
1. Functions of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
3. Nose - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
4. Pharynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. Larynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
6. Trachea - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
7. Bronchi - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
8. Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
9. Pleural Cavities - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
10. Lymphatic Supply - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click
here)
11. Ventilation and Respiratory Volumes - Answer (click here)
12. Changing thoracic Volume - Answer (click here)
13. Lung Recoil - Answer (click here)
14. Changing Alveolar Volume - Answer (click here)
15. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities - Answer (click here)
16. Gas Exchange - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
17. Gas Transport in the Blood - Answer (click here)
18. Rhythmic Breathing - Answer (click here)
19. Generation of Rhythmic Breathing - Answer (click here)
20. Nervous and Chemical Control of Breathing - Answer (click here)
21. Effect of Exercise on Breathing - Answer (click here)
22. Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise - Answer (click here)
23. Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)

Digestive System
1. Functions of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
3. Anatomy of Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus - Answer (click here)
4. Anatomy of the oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
5. Saliva - Answer (click here)
6. Swallowing - Digestive System - Answer (click here)
7. Stomach - Answer (click here)
8. Anatomy of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
9. Secretions of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
10. Regulation of Stomach Secretions - Answer (click here)
11. Movement in the Stomach - Answer (click here)
12. Anatomy of the Small intestine - Answer (click here)
13. Secretions of the Small intestine - Answer (click here)
14. Movement and Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
15. Anatomy of the liver - Answer (click here)
16. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
17. Anatomy and Functions of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
18. Anatomy of the large intestine - Answer (click here)
19. Functions of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)
20. Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
21. Effects of Aging on the Digestive System - Answer (click here)

Nutrition Metabolism and body Temperature Regulation


1. Nutrition and Nutrients - Answer (click here)
2. Kilocalories - Answer (click here)
3. Carbohydrates - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Proteins - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamins - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
7. Minerals - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Daily Values - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
9. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
10. Regulation of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
11. Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
12. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
14. Metabolic States - Answer (click here)
15. Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
16. Body Temperature Regulation - Answer (click here)

Urinary System and Fluid Balance


1. Functions of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
3. Urine Production - Answer (click here)
4. Filtration - Urine Production - Answer (click here)
5. Regulation of Filtration - Urine Production - Answer (click here)
6. Tubular Reabsorption - Urine Production - Answer (click here)
7. Tubular Secretion - Urine Production - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume - Answer (click here)
9. Urine Movement - Answer (click here)
10. Body Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
11. Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition - Answer (click here)
12. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in Human Body - Answer (click here)

Reproductive System
1. Functions of the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of Gametes - Answer (click here)
3. Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
4. Physiology of Male Reproduction - Answer (click here)
5. Regulation of Reproductive Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
6. Puberty In Males - Answer (click here)
7. Effects of Testosterone - Answer (click here)
8. Male Sexual Behavior and The Male Sex Act - Answer (click here)
9. Infertility in Males - Answer (click here)
10. Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
11. Ovaries - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
12. Oogenesis and Fertilization - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click
here)
13. Uterine tubes - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
14. Uterus - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
15. Vagina - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
16. Mammary Glands and Anatomy of the Breast - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
17. Physiology of Female Reproduction - Answer (click here)
18. Puberty in Females - Answer (click here)
19. Menstrual Cycle - Answer (click here)
20. Female sexual Behavior and the Female sex act - Answer (click here)
21. Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)

Development Heredity and aging


1. Prenatal Development - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of the Germ - Prenatal Development - Answer (click here)
3. Neural tube and neural Crest Formation - Prenatal Development - Answer
(click here)
4. Formation of the General Body structure - Prenatal Development -
Answer (click here)
5. Development of the Organ Systems - Prenatal Development - Answer
(click here)
6. Growth of the Fetus - Prenatal Development - Answer (click here)
7. Parturition - Answer (click here)
8. The Newborn - Answer (click here)
9. Lactation - Answer (click here)
10. First Year Following Birth - Answer (click here)
11. Life Stages - Answer (click here)
12. Genetics - Answer (click here)
13. Genes - Answer (click here)
14. Genetic Disorders and Counseling - Answer (click here)

Subject : Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology


Organization and General Plan of the Body
1. Organization and General Plan of the Body - Answer (click here)
2. Levels of Organization - Answer (click here)
3. Metabolism and Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
4. Terminology and General Plan of the Body - Answer (click here)

Some Basic Chemistry


1. Elements - Answer (click here)
2. Atoms - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Bonds - Answer (click here)
4. Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
5. Inorganic Compounds of Importance - Answer (click here)
6. Organic Compounds of Importance - Answer (click here)
7. Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
8. Lipids - Answer (click here)
9. Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
11. Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)

Cells
1. Cells - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleus - Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Cytoplasm and Cell Organelles - Answer (click here)
6. Cellular Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
7. The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
8. Cell Division - Answer (click here)
9. Aging and Cells - Answer (click here)

Tissues and Membranes


1. Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
2. Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
3. Muscle Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Nerve Tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Membranes: Epithelial and Connective, serous and mucous Membranes -
Answer (click here)
6. Aging and Tissues - Answer (click here)

The Integumentary System


1. Skin - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Outer epidermis - Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Inner dermis - Skin - Answer (click here)
4. Subcutaneous Tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Aging and the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)

The Skeletal System


1. Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of the Skeleton - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Bone Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Bones - Answer (click here)
5. Embryonic Growth of Bone - Answer (click here)
6. Factors That Affect Bone Growth and Maintenance - Answer (click here)
7. The Skeleton - Answer (click here)
8. Skull - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
9. Vertebral Column - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
10. Rib Cage - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
11. Shoulder And Arm - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
12. Hip and Leg - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
13. Joints-Articulations - Answer (click here)
14. Aging and the Skeletal System - Answer (click here)

The Muscular System


1. The Muscular System - Answer (click here)
2. Muscle Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Muscle Tone - Answer (click here)
4. Muscle Sense - Answer (click here)
5. Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Fiber- Microscopic Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Contraction-The Sliding Filament Mechanism - Answer (click here)
8. Responses to Exercise-Maintaining Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
9. Aging and the Muscular System - Answer (click here)
10. Major Muscles of the Body - Answer (click here)

The Nervous System


1. The Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Nervous System Divisions - Answer (click here)
3. Nerve Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Nerves and Nerve Tracts - Answer (click here)
6. The Nerve Impulse - Answer (click here)
7. Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
8. Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
9. Spinal Cord Reflexes - Answer (click here)
10. The Brain - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
11. Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid - Answer (click here)
12. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
13. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
14. Aging and the Nervous System - Answer (click here)

The Senses
1. Sensory Pathway - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics of Sensations - Answer (click here)
3. Cutaneous Senses - Answer (click here)
4. Muscle Sense - Answer (click here)
5. Sense of Taste - Answer (click here)
6. Sense of Smell - Answer (click here)
7. Hunger and Thirst - Answer (click here)
8. The Eye - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
9. Eyeball: Layers and Cavities of the Eyeball - Answer (click here)
10. Physiology of Vision - Eye - Answer (click here)
11. The Ear: Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
12. Arterial Receptors - Answer (click here)
13. Aging and the Senses - Answer (click here)

The Endocrine System


1. The Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
2. Chemistry of Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Regulation of Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
4. The Pituitary Gland - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
5. Posterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
6. Anterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
7. Thyroid Gland - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
8. Parathyroid Glands and Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - Answer (click here)
9. Pancreas - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenal Glands - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
11. Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - Answer (click here)
12. Adrenal Cortex: Aldosterone, Cortisol - Answer (click here)
13. Ovaries - Answer (click here)
14. Testes - Answer (click here)
15. Melatonin - Answer (click here)
16. Prostaglandins (PGs) - Answer (click here)
17. Mechanisms of Hormone Action - Answer (click here)
18. Aging and the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
Blood
1. Characteristics of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Plasma - Answer (click here)
3. Red Blood Cells: Function, Production and Maturation, Life Span, Blood
Types - Answer (click here)
4. White Blood Cells: Classification and Function - Answer (click here)
5. Platelets: Function - Answer (click here)
6. Prevention of Abnormal Clotting - Answer (click here)

The Heart
1. Location and Pericardial Membranes - Answer (click here)
2. Heart Chambers-Vessels and Valves - Answer (click here)
3. Coronary Vessels - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
5. Cardiac Conduction Pathway - Answer (click here)
6. Heart Rate - Answer (click here)
7. Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Heart Rate - Answer (click here)
9. Aging and the Heart - Answer (click here)

The Vascular System


1. Arteries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Veins - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Capillaries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
4. Pathways of Circulation - Answer (click here)
5. Velocity of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
6. Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
7. Maintenance of Systemic Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
8. Distribution of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
9. Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
10. Aging and the Vascular System - Answer (click here)

The Lymphatic System and Immunity


1. Lymph - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Lymph Vessels - Answer (click here)
3. Lymphatic Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Lymph Nodes and Nodules - Answer (click here)
5. Spleen - Answer (click here)
6. Thymus - Answer (click here)
7. Immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
10. Types of Immunity - Answer (click here)
11. Aging and the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)

The Respiratory System


1. Divisions of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanism of Breathing - Answer (click here)
3. Pulmonary Volumes - Answer (click here)
4. Exchange of Gases - The Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. Transport of Gases in the Blood - Answer (click here)
6. Regulation of Respiration: Nervous and Chemical Regulation - Answer
(click here)
7. Respiration and Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
8. Aging and the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)

The Digestive System


1. Divisions of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Digestion - Answer (click here)
3. Oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
4. Pharynx - Answer (click here)
5. Esophagus - Answer (click here)
6. Structural Layers of the Alimentary Tube - Answer (click here)
7. Stomach - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
8. Small Intestine - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
9. Liver - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Gallbladder - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
11. Pancreas - Answer (click here)
12. Completion of Digestion and Absorption - Answer (click here)
13. Large Intestine - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
14. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
15. Aging and the Digestive System - Answer (click here)

Body Temperature and Metabolism


1. Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
2. Heat Production - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
3. Heat Loss - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
4. Regulation of Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
5. Fever - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
7. Cell Respiration - Answer (click here)
8. Synthesis Uses Of Foods - Metabolism - Answer (click here)
9. Metabolism: Vitamins and Minerals - Answer (click here)
10. Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
11. Aging and Metabolism - Answer (click here)

The Urinary System


1. The Urinary System - Answer (click here)
2. Kidneys - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Internal Structure of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
4. Nephron - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
5. Blood Vessels of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
6. Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
7. Glomerular Filtration - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
8. Tubular Reabsorption - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
9. Tubular Secretion - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
10. Hormones that Influence Reabsorption of Water - Formation of Urine -
Answer (click here)
11. Kidneys and Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
12. Functions of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
13. Elimination of Urine - Answer (click here)
14. Characteristics of Urine - Answer (click here)
15. Aging and the Urinary System - Answer (click here)

Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance


1. Water Compartments in Human body - Answer (click here)
2. Water Intake and Output in Human body - Answer (click here)
3. Electrolytes in Human body - Answer (click here)
4. Acid-Base Balance in Human body - Answer (click here)
5. Aging and Fluid and pH Regulation - Answer (click here)

The Reproductive Systems


1. Meiosis - Human Reproductive Systems - Answer (click here)
2. Male Reproductive System in Human - Answer (click here)
3. Female Reproductive System in Human - Answer (click here)
4. Menstrual Cycle in Human - Answer (click here)
5. Aging and the Reproductive Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Testes - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
7. Urethra-Penis - Answer (click here)
8. Semen - Answer (click here)
9. Ovaries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Fallopian Tubes - Answer (click here)
11. Uterus - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
12. Vagina - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
13. External Genitals - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
14. Mammary Glands - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)

Human Development and Genetics


1. Human Development - Answer (click here)
2. Embryo And Embryonic Membranes - Answer (click here)
3. Placenta and Umbilical Cord - Answer (click here)
4. Parturition and Labor - Answer (click here)
5. Infant at Birth - Answer (click here)
6. Genetics - Answer (click here)

An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease


1. Classification of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
3. Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
5. Methods of Control of Microbes - Answer (click here)
6. The Pathogens and its List - Answer (click here)

Subject : Medical Physiology


Introduction to Physiology Functional Organization of the Human
Body and Control of the Internal Environment
1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal
Environment” - Answer (click here)
2. Cells as the Living Units of the Body - Answer (click here)
3. Extracellular Fluid-The “Internal Environment” - Answer (click here)
4. “Homeostatic” Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems - Answer
(click here)
5. Control Systems of the Body - Answer (click here)
6. Examples of Control Mechanisms of the Body - Answer (click here)
7. Characteristics of Control Systems of the Body - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Physiology The Cell and Its Functions


1. Organization of the Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Physical Structure of the Cell - Answer (click here)
3. Membranous Structures of the Cell - Answer (click here)
4. Cytoplasm and Its Organelles - Physical Structure of the Cell - Answer
(click here)
5. Nucleus and Nuclear Membrane - Physical Structure of the Cell - Answer
(click here)
6. Nucleoli and Formation of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
7. Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life - Answer
(click here)
8. Functional Systems of the Cell - Answer (click here)
9. Ingestion by the Cell - Endocytosis - Functional Systems of the Cell -
Answer (click here)
10. Digestion of Pinocytotic and Phagocytic Foreign Substances Inside the
Cell - Function of the Lysosomes - Answer (click here)
11. Synthesis and Formation of Cellular Structures by Endoplasmic
Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus - Answer (click here)
12. Extraction of Energy from Nutrients - Function of the Mitochondria -
Answer (click here)
13. Locomotion of Cells - Answer (click here)
14. Ameboid Movement - Answer (click here)
15. Cilia and Ciliary Movements - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Physiology Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis


Cell Function and Cell Reproduction
1. Genes in the Cell Nucleus - Answer (click here)
2. DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus Is Transferred to an RNA Code in the
Cell Cytoplasm - The Process of Transcription - Answer (click here)
3. Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell - Answer (click here)
4. Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells - Answer
(click here)
5. The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction - Answer
(click here)
6. Cell Differentiation - Answer (click here)
7. Apoptosis-Programmed Cell Death - Answer (click here)
8. Cancer - Answer (click here)
Membrane Physiology Nerve and Muscle Transport of Substances
Through the Cell Membrane
1. The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane, and Cell Membrane Transport
Proteins - Answer (click here)
2. Diffusion - Answer (click here)
3. Diffusion Through the Cell Membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Diffusion Through Protein Channels, and “Gating” of These Channels -
Answer (click here)
5. Facilitated Diffusion - Answer (click here)
6. Factors That Affect Net Rate of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
7. Osmosis Across Selectively Permeable Membranes - “Net Diffusion” of
Water - Answer (click here)
8. “Active Transport” of Substances Through Membranes - Answer (click
here)
9. Primary Active Transport - Answer (click here)
10. Secondary Active Transport - Co-Transport and Counter-Transport -
Answer (click here)
11. Active Transport Through Cellular Sheets - Answer (click here)

Membrane Physiology Nerve and Muscle Membrane Potentials


and Action Potentials
1. Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials - Answer (click here)
2. Measuring the Membrane Potential - Answer (click here)
3. Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves - Answer (click here)
4. Nerve Action Potential - Answer (click here)
5. Roles of Other Ions During the Action Potential - Answer (click here)
6. Propagation of the Action Potential - Answer (click here)
7. Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action
Potentials Are Completed - Answer (click here)
8. Plateau in Some Action Potentials - Answer (click here)
9. Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues-Repetitive Discharge - Answer
(click here)
10. Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks - Answer
(click here)
11. Excitation-The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential - Answer (click
here)
12. Recording Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials - Answer (click here)

Membrane Physiology Nerve and Muscle Contraction of Skeletal


Muscle
1. Physiologic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
2. General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
3. Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
4. Molecular Characteristics of the Contractile Filaments - Answer (click here)
5. Effect of Amount of Actin and Myosin Filament Overlap on Tension
Developed by the Contracting Muscle - Answer (click here)
6. Relation of Velocity of Contraction to Load - Answer (click here)
7. Energetics of Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
8. Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
9. Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
10. Remodeling of Muscle to Match Function - Answer (click here)
11. Rigor Mortis - Answer (click here)

Excitation of Skeletal Muscle Neuromuscular Transmission and


Excitation Contraction Coupling
1. Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle
Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction - Answer (click here)
2. Secretion of Acetylcholine by the Nerve Terminals - Answer (click here)
3. Molecular Biology of Acetylcholine Formation and Release - Answer
(click here)
4. Drugs That Enhance or Block Transmission at the Neuromuscular
Junction - Answer (click here)
5. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Action Potential - Answer (click here)
7. Excitation-Contraction Coupling - Answer (click here)

Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle


1. Contraction of Smooth Muscle - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Smooth Muscle - Answer (click here)
3. Contractile Mechanism in Smooth Muscle - Answer (click here)
4. Regulation of Contraction of Smooth Muscle by Calcium Ions - Answer
(click here)
5. Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction - Answer
(click here)
6. Neuromuscular Junctions of Smooth Muscle - Answer (click here)
7. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials in Smooth Muscle - Answer
(click here)
8. Effect of Local Tissue Factors and Hormones to Cause Smooth Muscle
Contraction Without Action Potentials - Answer (click here)
9. Source of Calcium Ions That Cause Contraction (1) Through the Cell
Membrane and (2) from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - Answer (click here)

Heart Muscle The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart


Valves
1. Physiology of Cardiac Muscle - Answer (click here)
2. Physiologic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle - Answer (click here)
3. Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle - Answer (click here)
4. The Cardiac Cycle - Answer (click here)
5. Diastole and Systole - Answer (click here)
6. Relationship of the Electrocardiogram to the Cardiac Cycle - Answer (click
here)
7. Function of the Atria as Primer Pumps - Answer (click here)
8. Function of the Ventricles as Pumps - Answer (click here)
9. Function of the Valves - Answer (click here)
10. Aortic Pressure Curve - Answer (click here)
11. Relationship of the Heart Sounds to Heart Pumping - Answer (click here)
12. Work Output of the Heart: Graphical Analysis of Ventricular Pumping -
Answer (click here)
13. Chemical Energy Required for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization
by the Heart - Answer (click here)
14. Regulation of Heart Pumping - Answer (click here)

Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart


1. Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart - Answer (click
here)
2. Sinus (Sinoatrial) Node - Answer (click here)
3. Internodal Pathways and Transmission of the Cardiac Impulse Through
the Atria - Answer (click here)
4. Atrioventricular Node, and Delay of Impulse Conduction from the Atria
to the Ventricles - Answer (click here)
5. Rapid Transmission in the Ventricular Purkinje System - Answer (click
here)
6. Transmission of the Cardiac Impulse in the Ventricular Muscle - Answer
(click here)
7. Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart - Answer (click here)
8. The Sinus Node as the Pacemaker of the Heart - Answer (click here)
9. Role of the Purkinje System in Causing Synchronous Contraction of the
Ventricular Muscle - Answer (click here)
10. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves - Answer (click here)
The Normal Electrocardiogram
1. Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
2. Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms - Answer (click here)
3. Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle - Answer
(click here)
4. Electrocardiographic Leads: Three Bipolar Limb Leads, Chest Leads
(Precordial Leads), Augmented Unipolar Limb Leads - Answer (click here)

Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and


Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities Vectorial Analysis
1. Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms - Answer (click here)
2. Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
3. Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS - And Its Significance -
Answer (click here)
4. Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex -
Answer (click here)
5. Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex -
Electrocardiographic - Answer (click here)
6. Current of Injury - Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac -
Answer (click here)
7. Abnormalities in the T Wave - Electrocardiographic Interpretation of
Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities - Answer (click
here)

Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic


Interpretation
1. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation -
Answer (click here)
2. Abnormal Sinus Rhythms - Answer (click here)
3. Tachycardia - Abnormal Sinus Rhythms - Answer (click here)
4. Bradycardia - Abnormal Sinus Rhythms - Answer (click here)
5. Sinus Arrhythmia - Abnormal Sinus Rhythms - Answer (click here)
6. Abnormal Rhythms That Result from Block of Heart Signals Within the
Intracardiac Conduction Pathways - Answer (click here)
7. Premature Contractions - Answer (click here)
8. Paroxysmal Tachycardia - Answer (click here)
9. Atrial Paroxysmal Tachycardia - Answer (click here)
10. Ventricular Paroxysmal Tachycardia - Answer (click here)
11. Ventricular Fibrillation - Answer (click here)
12. Atrial Fibrillation - Answer (click here)
13. Atrial Flutter - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Arrest - Answer (click here)

Overview of the Circulation Medical Physics of Pressure Flow and


Resistance
1. Physical Characteristics of the Circulation - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Theory of Circulatory Function - Answer (click here)
3. Interrelationships Among Pressure, Flow, and Resistance - Answer (click
here)
4. Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
5. Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
6. Resistance to Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
7. Effects of Pressure on Vascular Resistance and Tissue Blood Flow -
Answer (click here)

Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous


Systems
1. Vascular Distensibility - Answer (click here)
2. Arterial Pressure Pulsations - Answer (click here)
3. Veins and Their Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Venous Pressures-Right Atrial Pressure (Central Venous Pressure) and
Peripheral Venous Pressures - Answer (click here)
5. Blood Reservoir Function of the Veins - Answer (click here)

The Microcirculation and the Lymphatic System Capillary Fluid


Exchange Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Flow
1. Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System - Answer (click
here)
2. Flow of Blood in the Capillaries-Vasomotion - Answer (click here)
3. Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood
and Interstitial Fluid - Answer (click here)
4. The Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid - Answer (click here)
5. Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Is Determined by Hydrostatic and
Colloid Osmotic Pressures, and Capillary Filtration Coefficient - Answer
(click here)
6. Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - Answer (click here)
7. Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure - Answer (click here)
8. Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure - Answer (click here)
9. Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure - Answer (click here)
10. Exchange of Fluid Volume Through the Capillary Membrane - Answer
(click here)
11. Starling Equilibrium for Capillary Exchange - Answer (click here)
12. Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
13. Lymph Channels of the Body - Answer (click here)
14. Formation of Lymph - Answer (click here)
15. Rate of Lymph Flow - Answer (click here)

Local and Humoral Control of Blood Flow by the Tissues


1. Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs - Answer (click
here)
2. Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control - Answer (click here)
3. Acute Control of Local Blood Flow - Mechanisms of Blood Flow
Control - Answer (click here)
4. Long-Term Blood Flow Regulation - Mechanisms of Blood Flow
Control - Answer (click here)
5. Development of Collateral Circulation-A Phenomenon of Long- Term
Local Blood Flow Regulation - Answer (click here)
6. Humoral Control of the Circulation - Answer (click here)
7. Vascular Control by Ions and Other Chemical Factors - Answer (click here)

Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of


Arterial Pressure
1. Nervous Regulation of the Circulation - Answer (click here)
2. Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure -
Answer (click here)
3. Increase in Arterial Pressure During Muscle Exercise and Other Types
of Stress - Answer (click here)
4. Reflex Mechanisms for Maintaining Normal Arterial Pressure - Answer
(click here)
5. Central Nervous System Ischemic Response - Answer (click here)
6. Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure - Answer (click
here)

Dominant Role of the Kidney in Long Term Regulation of Arterial


Pressure and in Hypertension The Integrated System for Pressure
Control
1. Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control - Answer (click
here)
2. Quantitation of Pressure Diuresis as a Basis for Arterial Pressure Control
- Answer (click here)
3. Chronic Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Is Caused by Impaired
Renal Fluid Excretion - Answer (click here)
4. The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Pressure Control and in
Hypertension - Answer (click here)
5. Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Hypertension in Which Angiotensin Is Involved - Answer (click
here)
7. Other Types of Hypertension Caused by Combinations of Volume
Loading and Vasoconstriction - Answer (click here)
8. “Primary (Essential) Hypertension” - Answer (click here)
9. Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure
Regulation - Answer (click here)

Cardiac Output Venous Return and Their Regulation


1. Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity - Answer
(click here)
2. Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return-Role of the Frank-Starling
Mechanism of the Heart - Answer (click here)
3. The Heart Has Limits for the Cardiac Output That It Can Achieve -
Answer (click here)
4. What Is the Role of the Nervous System in Controlling Cardiac Output?
- Answer (click here)
5. Pathologically High and Pathologically Low Cardiac Outputs - Answer
(click here)
6. High Cardiac Output Caused by Reduced Total Peripheral Resistance -
Answer (click here)
7. Low Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
8. A More Quantitative Analysis of Cardiac Output Regulation - Answer
(click here)
9. Cardiac Output Curves Used in the Quantitative Analysis - Answer (click
here)
10. Venous Return Curves - Answer (click here)
11. Analysis of Cardiac Output and Right Atrial Pressure, Using
Simultaneous Cardiac Output and Venous Return Curves - Answer (click
here)
12. Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)

Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise the


Coronary Circulation and schemic Heart Disease
1. Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle and Blood Flow Regulation During
Exercise - Answer (click here)
2. Rate of Blood Flow Through the Muscles - Answer (click here)
3. Control of Blood Flow Through the Skeletal Muscles - Answer (click here)
4. Total Body Circulatory Readjustments During Exercise - Answer (click
here)
5. Coronary Circulation - Answer (click here)
6. Physiologic Anatomy of the Coronary Blood Supply - Answer (click here)
7. Normal Coronary Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
8. Control of Coronary Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
9. Special Features of Cardiac Muscle Metabolism - Answer (click here)
10. Ischemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Causes of Death After Acute Coronary Occlusion - Answer (click here)
12. Stages of Recovery from Acute Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click here)
13. Function of the Heart After Recovery from Myocardial Infarction -
Answer (click here)
14. Pain in Coronary Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
15. Surgical Treatment of Coronary Disease - Answer (click here)

Cardiac Failure
1. Acute Effects of Moderate Cardiac Failure - Answer (click here)
2. Chronic Stage of Failure-Fluid Retention Helps to Compensate Cardiac
Output - Answer (click here)
3. Summary of the Changes That Occur After Acute Cardiac Failure-
“Compensated Heart Failure” - Answer (click here)
4. Dynamics of Severe Cardiac Failure- Decompensated Heart Failure -
Answer (click here)
5. Unilateral Left Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
6. Low-Output Cardiac Failure- Cardiogenic Shock - Answer (click here)
7. Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure - Answer (click here)
8. Cardiac Reserve - Answer (click here)
9. Quantitative Graphical Method for Analysis of Cardiac Failure - Answer
(click here)

Heart Valves and Heart Sounds Dynamics of Valvular and


Congenital Heart Defects
1. Normal Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
2. Valvular Lesions - Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
3. Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease - Answer (click
here)
4. Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects - Answer
(click here)
5. Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery - Answer (click
here)
6. Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease -
Answer (click here)

Circulatory Shock and Physiology of Its Treatment


1. Physiologic Causes of Shock - Answer (click here)
2. Shock Caused by Hypovolemia-Hemorrhagic Shock - Answer (click here)
3. Relationship of Bleeding Volume to Cardiac Output and Arterial
Pressure - Answer (click here)
4. Progressive and Nonprogressive Hemorrhagic Shock - Answer (click here)
5. Irreversible Shock - Answer (click here)
6. Hypovolemic Shock Caused by Plasma Loss - Answer (click here)
7. Hypovolemic Shock Caused by Trauma - Answer (click here)
8. Neurogenic Shock-Increased Vascular Capacity - Answer (click here)
9. Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock - Answer (click here)
10. Septic Shock - Answer (click here)
11. Physiology of Treatment in Shock - Answer (click here)
12. Circulatory Arrest - Answer (click here)
13. Effect of Circulatory Arrest on the Brain - Answer (click here)

The Body Fluid Compartments Extracellular and Intracellular


Fluids Interstitial Fluid and Edema
1. Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions -
Answer (click here)
2. Daily Intake of Water - Answer (click here)
3. Daily Loss of Body Water - Answer (click here)
4. Body Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
5. Blood Volume - Answer (click here)
6. Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids - Answer (click here)
7. Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid
Compartments-The Indicator-Dilution Principle - Answer (click here)
8. Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments -
Answer (click here)
9. Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid - Answer (click here)
10. Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure - Answer (click here)
11. Osmotic Equilibrium Is Maintained Between Intracellular and
Extracellular Fluids - Answer (click here)
12. Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in
Abnormal States - Answer (click here)
13. Effect of Adding Saline Solution to the Extracellular Fluid - Answer (click
here)
14. Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes -
Answer (click here)
15. Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and
Hypernatremia - Answer (click here)
16. Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues - Answer (click here)
17. Intracellular Edema - Answer (click here)
18. Extracellular Edema - Answer (click here)
19. Summary of Causes of Extracellular Edema - Answer (click here)
20. Safety Factors That Normally Prevent Edema - Answer (click here)
21. Fluids in the “Potential Spaces” of the Body - Answer (click here)

Urine Formation by the Kidneys I Glomerular Filtration Renal


Blood Flow and Their Control
1. Multiple Functions of the Kidneys in Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
2. Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
3. General Organization of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract - Answer (click
here)
4. Renal Blood Supply - Answer (click here)
5. The Nephron Is the Functional Unit of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
6. Micturition - Answer (click here)
7. Physiologic Anatomy and Nervous Connections of the Bladder - Answer
(click here)
8. Transport of Urine from the Kidney Through the Ureters and into the
Bladder - Answer (click here)
9. Filling of the Bladder and Bladder Wall Tone; the Cystometrogram -
Answer (click here)
10. Micturition Reflex - Answer (click here)
11. Abnormalities of Micturition - Answer (click here)
12. Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular
Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion - Answer (click here)
13. Glomerular Filtration-The First Step in Urine Formation - Answer (click
here)
14. Determinants of the GFR - Answer (click here)
15. Renal Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
16. Physiologic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow -
Answer (click here)
17. Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow - Answer (click here)

Urine Formation by the Kidneys II Tubular Processing of the


Glomerular Filtrate
1. Reabsorption and Secretion by the Renal Tubules - Answer (click here)
2. Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms - Answer
(click here)
3. Active Transport - Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active
Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
4. Passive Water Reabsorption by Osmosis Is Coupled Mainly to Sodium
Reabsorption - Answer (click here)
5. Reabsorption of Chloride, Urea, and Other Solutes by Passive Diffusion
- Answer (click here)
6. Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron -
Answer (click here)
7. Proximal Tubular Reabsorption - Answer (click here)
8. Solute and Water Transport in the Loop of Henle - Answer (click here)
9. Distal Tubule - Answer (click here)
10. Late Distal Tubule and Cortical Collecting Tubule - Answer (click here)
11. Medullary Collecting Duct - Answer (click here)
12. Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption - Answer (click here)
13. Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function - Answer (click
here)

Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium


Concentration
1. Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming a Dilute Urine - Answer (click
here)
2. Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting a Concentrated Urine - Answer
(click here)
3. Obligatory Urine Volume - Answer (click here)
4. Requirements for Excreting a Concentrated Urine-High ADH Levels and
Hyperosmotic Renal Medulla - Answer (click here)
5. Countercurrent Mechanism Produces a Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary
Interstitium - Answer (click here)
6. Role of Distal Tubule and Collecting Ducts in Excreting a Concentrated
Urine - Answer (click here)
7. Urea Contributes to Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium and to a
Concentrated Urine - Answer (click here)
8. Countercurrent Exchange in the Vasa Recta Preserves Hyperosmolarity
of the Renal Medulla - Answer (click here)
9. Quantifying Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution: “Free Water” and
Osmolar Clearances - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of Urinary Concentrating Ability - Answer (click here)
11. Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration -
Answer (click here)
12. Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System - Answer (click here)
13. Role of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium
Concentration - Answer (click here)
14. Salt-Appetite Mechanism for Controlling Extracellular Fluid Sodium
Concentration and Volume - Answer (click here)

Renal Regulation of Potassium Calcium Phosphate and


Magnesium Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood
Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
1. Regulation of Potassium Excretion and Potassium Concentration in
Extracellular Fluid - Answer (click here)
2. Regulation of Internal Potassium Distribution - Answer (click here)
3. Overview of Renal Potassium Excretion - Answer (click here)
4. Potassium Secretion by Principal Cells of Late Distal and Cortical
Collecting Tubules - Answer (click here)
5. Summary of Factors That Regulate Potassium Secretion - Answer (click
here)
6. Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion
Concentration - Answer (click here)
7. Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium
Ion Concentration - Answer (click here)
8. Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid -
Answer (click here)
9. Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining
Body Sodium and Fluid Balance - Answer (click here)
10. Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and
Vascular System - Answer (click here)
11. Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-
Body Fluid Feedback Control - Answer (click here)
12. Role of Angiotensin II In Controlling Renal Excretion - Answer (click here)
13. Role of Aldosterone in Controlling Renal Excretion - Answer (click here)
14. Role of ADH in Controlling Renal Water Excretion - Answer (click here)
15. Role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Controlling Renal Excretion -
Answer (click here)
16. Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake - Answer (click here)
17. Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and
Extracellular Fluid Volume - Answer (click here)
18. Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume
but with Normal Blood Volume - Answer (click here)

Regulation of Acid Base Balance


1. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
2. Hydrogen Ion Concentration Is Precisely Regulated - Answer (click here)
3. Acids and Bases-Their Definitions and Meanings - Answer (click here)
4. Defenses Against Changes in Hydrogen Ion Concentration: Buffers,
Lungs, and Kidneys - Answer (click here)
5. Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
6. Bicarbonate Buffer System - Answer (click here)
7. Quantitative Dynamics of the Bicarbonate Buffer System - Answer (click
here)
8. Phosphate Buffer System - Answer (click here)
9. Proteins: Important Intracellular Buffers - Answer (click here)
10. Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
11. Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
12. Secretion of Hydrogen Ions and Reabsorption of Bicarbonate Ions by the
Renal Tubules - Answer (click here)
13. Combination of Excess Hydrogen Ions with Phosphate and Ammonia
Buffers in the Tubule-A Mechanism for Generating “New” Bicarbonate
Ions - Answer (click here)
14. Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion - Answer (click here)
15. Regulation of Renal Tubular Hydrogen Ion Secretion - Answer (click here)
16. Acidosis Decreases the Ratio of HCO3-/H+ in Renal Tubular Fluid -
Answer (click here)
17. Alkalosis Increases the Ratio of HCO3-/H+ in Renal Tubular Fluid -
Answer (click here)
18. Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Treatment of Acidosis or Alkalosis - Answer (click here)
20. Clinical Measurements and Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders - Answer
(click here)
21. Complex Acid-Base Disorders and Use of the Acid-Base Nomogram for
Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
22. Use of Anion Gap to Diagnose Acid-Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
Kidney Diseases and Diuretics
1. Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
2. Kidney Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Acute Renal Failure - Answer (click here)
4. Prerenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Decreased Blood Flow to the
Kidney - Answer (click here)
5. Intrarenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Abnormalities Within the
Kidney - Answer (click here)
6. Postrenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Abnormalities of the Lower
Urinary Tract - Answer (click here)
7. Physiologic Effects of Acute Renal Failure - Answer (click here)
8. Chronic Renal Failure: An Irreversible Decrease in the Number of
Functional Nephrons - Answer (click here)
9. Vicious Circle of Chronic Renal Failure Leading to End-Stage Renal
Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Injury to the Renal Vasculature as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure -
Answer (click here)
11. Injury to the Glomeruli as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure-
lomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
12. Injury to the Renal Interstitium as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure-
Pyelonephritis - Answer (click here)
13. Nephrotic Syndrome-Excretion of Protein in the Urine Because of
Increased Glomerular Permeability - Answer (click here)
14. Nephron Function in Chronic Renal Failure - Answer (click here)
15. Effects of Renal Failure on the Body Fluids-Uremia - Answer (click here)
16. Hypertension and Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Specific Tubular Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Treatment of Renal Failure by Dialysis with an Artificial Kidney -
Answer (click here)

Red Blood Cells Anemia and Polycythemia


1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of Hemoglobin - Answer (click here)
3. Iron Metabolism - Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) - Answer (click here)
4. Life Span and Destruction of Red Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Anemias - Answer (click here)
6. Effects of Anemia on Function of the Circulatory System - Answer (click
here)
7. Polycythemia - Answer (click here)
8. Effect of Polycythemia on Function of the Circulatory System - Answer
(click here)

Resistance of the Body to Infection I Leukocytes Granulocytes the


Monocyte Macrophage System and Inflammation
1. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) - Answer (click here)
2. General Characteristics of Leukocytes - Answer (click here)
3. Genesis of the White Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
4. Life Span of the White Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections - Answer (click
here)
6. Phagocytosis - Answer (click here)
7. Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) -
Answer (click here)
8. Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages - Answer (click here)
9. Eosinophils - Answer (click here)
10. Basophils - Answer (click here)
11. Leukopenia - Answer (click here)
12. Leukemias and Effects of Leukemia on the Body - Answer (click here)

Resistance of the Body to Infection II Immunity and Allergy


1. Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)
2. Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity - Answer (click here)
3. Lymphocytes Are Responsible for Acquired Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Preprocessing of the T and B Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
5. T Lymphocytes and B-Lymphocyte Antibodies React Highly
Specifically Against Specific Antigens - Answer (click here)
6. Origin of the Many Clones of Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
7. Specific Attributes of the B-Lymphocyte System - Humoral Immunity
and the Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Special Attributes of the T-Lymphocyte System - Activated T Cells and
Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Several Types of T Cells and Their Different Functions - Answer (click
here)
10. Tolerance of the Acquired Immunity System to One’s Own Tissues -
Role of Preprocessing in the Thymus and Bone Marrow - Answer (click
here)
11. Immunization by Injection of Antigens - Answer (click here)
12. Passive Immunity - Answer (click here)
13. Allergy and Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
14. Allergies in the “Allergic” Person, Who Has Excess IgE Antibodies -
Answer (click here)

Blood Types Transfusion Tissue and Organ Transplantation


1. Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. O-A-B Blood Types - Answer (click here)
3. Rh Blood Types - Answer (click here)
4. Rh Immune Response - Answer (click here)
5. Transfusion Reactions Resulting from Mismatched Blood Types - Answer
(click here)
6. Transplantation of Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)

Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation


1. Events in Hemostasis - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanism of Blood Coagulation - Answer (click here)
3. Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin - Answer (click here)
4. Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin- Formation of the Clot - Answer (click
here)
5. Vicious Circle of Clot Formation - Mechanism of Blood Coagulation -
Answer (click here)
6. Initiation of Coagulation: Formation of Prothrombin Activator - Answer
(click here)
7. Prevention of Blood Clotting in the Normal Vascular System-
Intravascular Anticoagulants - Answer (click here)
8. Lysis of Blood Clots- Plasmin - Answer (click here)
9. Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Human Beings - Answer
(click here)
10. Thromboembolic Conditions in the Human Being - Answer (click here)
11. Anticoagulants for Clinical Use - Answer (click here)
12. Blood Coagulation Tests - Answer (click here)

Pulmonary Ventilation
1. Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation - Answer (click here)
2. Muscles That Cause Lung Expansion and Contraction - Answer (click here)
3. Movement of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause
the Movement - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of the Thoracic Cage on Lung Expansibility - Answer (click here)
5. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities - Answer (click here)
6. Minute Respiratory Volume Equals Respiratory Rate Times Tidal
Volume - Answer (click here)
7. Alveolar Ventilation - Answer (click here)
8. Functions of the Respiratory Passageways - Answer (click here)
9. Normal Respiratory Functions of the Nose - Answer (click here)
10. Vocalization - Functions of the Respiratory Passageways - Answer (click
here)

Pulmonary Circulation Pulmonary Edema Pleural Fluid


1. Physiologic Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System - Answer
(click here)
2. Pressures in the Pulmonary System - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional
Pulmonary Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
5. Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics - Answer (click here)
6. Capillary Exchange of Fluid in the Lungs, and Pulmonary Interstitial
Fluid Dynamics - Answer (click here)
7. Pulmonary Edema - Answer (click here)
8. Fluid in the Pleural Cavity - Answer (click here)

Physical Principles of Gas Exchange Diffusion of Oxygen and


Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane
1. Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
2. Composition of Alveolar Air - Its Relation to Atmospheric Air - Answer
(click here)
3. Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane - Answer (click
here)
4. Factors That Affect the Rate of Gas Diffusion Through the Respiratory
Membrane - Answer (click here)
5. Diffusing Capacity of the Respiratory Membrane - Answer (click here)
6. Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration
- Answer (click here)

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue


Fluids
1. Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues - Answer (click
here)
2. Diffusion of Oxygen from the Alveoli to the Pulmonary Capillary Blood
- Answer (click here)
3. Transport of Oxygen in the Arterial Blood - Answer (click here)
4. Diffusion of Oxygen from the Peripheral Capillaries into the Tissue
Fluid - Answer (click here)
5. Diffusion of Oxygen from the Peripheral Capillaries to the Tissue Cells -
Answer (click here)
6. Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide from the Peripheral Tissue Cells into the
Capillaries and from the Pulmonary Capillaries into the Alveoli - Answer
(click here)
7. Role of Hemoglobin in Oxygen Transport - Answer (click here)
8. Reversible Combination of Oxygen with Hemoglobin - Answer (click here)
9. Effect of Hemoglobin to “Buffer” the Tissue PO2 - Answer (click here)
10. Factors That Shift the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve - Their
Importance for Oxygen Transport - Answer (click here)
11. Metabolic Use of Oxygen by the Cells - Answer (click here)
12. Transport of Oxygen in the Dissolved State - Answer (click here)
13. Combination of Hemoglobin with Carbon Monoxide -Displacement of
Oxygen - Answer (click here)
14. Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood - Answer (click here)
15. Respiratory Exchange Ratio - Answer (click here)

Regulation of Respiration
1. Respiratory Center - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical Control of Respiration - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity -
Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control - Answer (click here)
4. Regulation of Respiration During Exercise - Answer (click here)
5. Other Factors That Affect Respiration - Answer (click here)
6. Sleep Apnea - Answer (click here)

Respiratory Insufficiency Pathophysiology Diagnosis Oxygen


Therapy
1. Respiratory Insufficiency-Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy
- Answer (click here)
2. Study of Blood Gases and Blood pH - Answer (click here)
3. Measurement of Maximum Expiratory Flow - Answer (click here)
4. Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity and Forced Expiratory Volume -
Answer (click here)
5. Physiologic Peculiarities of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities - Answer
(click here)
6. Chronic Pulmonary Emphysema - Answer (click here)
7. Pneumonia - Answer (click here)
8. Atelectasis - Answer (click here)
9. Asthma - Answer (click here)
10. Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
11. Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Hypercapnia - Answer (click here)
13. Artificial Respiration - Answer (click here)

Aviation High Altitude and Space Physiology


1. Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body - Answer (click here)
2. Alveolar PO2 at Different Elevations - Answer (click here)
3. Effect of Breathing Pure Oxygen on Alveolar PO2 at Different Altitudes
- Answer (click here)
4. Acute Effects of Hypoxia - Answer (click here)
5. Acclimatization to Low PO2 - Answer (click here)
6. Natural Acclimatization of Native Human Beings Living at High
Altitudes - Answer (click here)
7. Reduced Work Capacity at High Altitudes and Positive Effect of
Acclimatization - Answer (click here)
8. Acute Mountain Sickness and High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema - Answer
(click here)
9. Chronic Mountain Sickness - Answer (click here)
10. Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space
Physiology - Answer (click here)
11. “Artificial Climate” in the Sealed Spacecraft - Answer (click here)
12. Weightlessness in Space - Answer (click here)

Physiology of Deep Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions


1. Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions -
Answer (click here)
2. Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body -
Answer (click here)
3. Nitrogen Narcosis at High Nitrogen Pressures - Answer (click here)
4. Oxygen Toxicity at High Pressures - Answer (click here)
5. Carbon Dioxide Toxicity at Great Depths in the Sea - Answer (click here)
6. Decompression of the Diver After Excess Exposure to High Pressure -
Answer (click here)
7. Scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Diving -
Answer (click here)
8. Special Physiologic Problems in Submarines - Answer (click here)
9. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy - Answer (click here)

Organization of the Nervous System Basic Functions of Synapses


Transmitter Substances
1. General Design of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function - Answer (click here)
3. Comparison of the Nervous System with a Computer - Answer (click here)
4. Central Nervous System Synapses - Answer (click here)
5. Types of Synapses-Chemical and Electrical - Central Nervous System
Synapses - Answer (click here)
6. Physiologic Anatomy of the Synapse - Central Nervous System
Synapses - Answer (click here)
7. Chemical Substances That Function as Synaptic Transmitters - Central
Nervous System Synapses - Answer (click here)
8. Electrical Events During Neuronal Excitation - Central Nervous System
Synapses - Answer (click here)
9. Electrical Events During Neuronal Inhibition - Central Nervous System
Synapses - Answer (click here)
10. Special Functions of Dendrites for Exciting Neurons - Central Nervous
System Synapses - Answer (click here)
11. Relation of State of Excitation of the Neuron to Rate of Firing - Central
Nervous System Synapses - Answer (click here)
12. Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission - Answer (click
here)

Sensory Receptors Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information


1. Types of Sensory Receptors and the Sensory Stimuli They Detect -
Answer (click here)
2. Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses - Answer (click here)
3. Nerve Fibers That Transmit Different Types of Signals, and Their
Physiologic Classification - Answer (click here)
4. Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts-Spatial
and Temporal Summation - Answer (click here)
5. Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools - Answer (click
here)
6. Relaying of Signals Through Neuronal Pools - Answer (click here)
7. Prolongation of a Signal by a Neuronal Pool-“Afterdischarge” - Answer
(click here)
8. Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits - Answer (click here)
Somatic Sensations I General Organization the Tactile and
Position Senses
1. Classification of Somatic Senses - Answer (click here)
2. Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations - Answer (click here)
3. Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals into the Central
Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Anatomy of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System - Answer (click
here)
5. Somatosensory Cortex - Answer (click here)
6. Somatosensory Association Areas - Answer (click here)
7. Overall Characteristics of Signal Transmission and Analysis in the
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System - Answer (click here)
8. Interpretation of Sensory Stimulus Intensity - Answer (click here)
9. Judgment of Stimulus Intensity - Answer (click here)
10. Position Senses(proprioceptive senses) - Answer (click here)
11. Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral
Pathway - Answer (click here)
12. Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function - Answer (click here)

Somatic Sensations II Pain Headache and Thermal Sensations


1. Types of Pain and Their Qualities-Fast Pain and Slow Pain - Answer (click
here)
2. Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation - Answer (click here)
3. Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central
Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Pain Suppression (“Analgesia”) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord -
Answer (click here)
5. Referred Pain - Answer (click here)
6. Visceral Pain - Answer (click here)
7. Causes of True Visceral Pain - Answer (click here)
8. Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations -
Answer (click here)
9. Headache - Answer (click here)
10. Headache of Intracranial Origin - Answer (click here)
11. Types of Intracranial Headache - Answer (click here)
12. Extracranial Types of Headache - Answer (click here)
13. Thermal Receptors and Their Excitation - Answer (click here)
14. Transmission of Thermal Signals in the Nervous System - Answer (click
here)
The Eye I Optics of Vision
1. Physical Principles of Optics - Eye - Answer (click here)
2. The Eye as a Camera - Optics of the Eye - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanism of “Accommodation” - Optics of the Eye - Answer (click here)
4. Pupillary Diameter - Optics of the Eye - Answer (click here)
5. Errors of Refraction - Optics of the Eye - Answer (click here)
6. Visual Acuity - Optics of the Eye - Answer (click here)
7. Determination of Distance of an Object from the Eye- “Depth
Perception” - Answer (click here)
8. Ophthalmoscope - Answer (click here)
9. Fluid System of the Eye- Intraocular Fluid - Answer (click here)

The Eye II Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina


1. Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina - Answer
(click here)

The Eye I Optics of Vision


1. Photochemistry of Eye Vision - Answer (click here)

The Eye II Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina


1. Rhodopsin Retinal Visual Cycle, and Excitation of the Rods -
Photochemistry of Eye Vision - Answer (click here)
2. Automatic Regulation of Retinal Sensitivity-Light and Dark Adaptation
- Photochemistry of Eye Vision - Answer (click here)
3. Color Vision: Tricolor Mechanism of Color Detection, Color Blindness -
Answer (click here)
4. Neural Circuitry of the Retina - Neural Function of the Retina - Answer
(click here)
5. Ganglion Cells and Optic Nerve Fibers - Neural Function of the Retina -
Answer (click here)
6. Excitation of the Ganglion Cells - Neural Function of the Retina - Answer
(click here)

The Eye III Central Neurophysiology of Vision


1. Visual Pathways - Answer (click here)
2. Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex - Answer (click here)
3. Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of the Visual Image -
Answer (click here)
4. Fields of Vision; Perimetry - Answer (click here)
5. Eye Movements and Their Control - Answer (click here)
6. Fixation Movements of the Eyes - Answer (click here)
7. “Fusion” of the Visual Images from the Two Eyes - Answer (click here)
8. Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture - Answer
(click here)
9. Control of Accommodation (Focusing the Eyes) - Answer (click here)
10. Control of Pupillary Diameter - Answer (click here)

The Sense of Hearing


1. Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System - Answer (click here)
2. Functional Anatomy of the Cochlea - Answer (click here)
3. Transmission of Sound Waves in the Cochlea-“Traveling Wave” -
Answer (click here)
4. Function of the Organ of Corti - Answer (click here)
5. Determination of Sound Frequency- The “Place” Principle - Cochlea -
Answer (click here)
6. Determination of Loudness - Answer (click here)
7. Auditory Nervous Pathways - Answer (click here)
8. Function of the Cerebral Cortex in Hearing - Answer (click here)
9. Determination of the Direction from Which Sound Comes - Answer (click
here)
10. Centrifugal Signals from the Central Nervous System to Lower Auditory
Centers - Answer (click here)
11. Hearing Abnormalities: Types of Deafness - Answer (click here)

The Chemical Senses Taste and Smell


1. Sense of Taste - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Sensations of Taste - Answer (click here)
3. Taste Bud and Its Function - Answer (click here)
4. Transmission of Taste Signals into the Central Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
5. Taste Preference and Control of the Diet - Answer (click here)
6. Sense of Smell - Answer (click here)
7. Olfactory Membrane - Sense of Smell - Answer (click here)
8. Stimulation of the Olfactory Cells - Sense of Smell - Answer (click here)
9. Transmission of Smell Signals into the Central Nervous System - Answer
(click here)

Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord the Cord Reflexes


1. Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions - Answer (click here)
2. Muscle Sensory Receptors- Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs-
And Their Roles in Muscle Control - Answer (click here)
3. Receptor Function of the Muscle Spindle - Answer (click here)
4. Muscle Stretch Reflex - Answer (click here)
5. Role of the Muscle Spindle in Voluntary Motor Activity - Answer (click
here)
6. Clinical Applications of the Stretch Reflex - Answer (click here)
7. Golgi Tendon Reflex - Answer (click here)
8. Function of the Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organ - Answer (click
here)
9. Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes - Answer (click here)
10. Crossed Extensor Reflex - Answer (click here)
11. Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation - Answer (click here)
12. Postural and Locomotive Reflexes of the Cord - Answer (click here)
13. Scratch Reflex - Answer (click here)
14. Spinal Cord Reflexes That Cause Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)
15. Autonomic Reflexes in the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
16. Spinal Cord Transection and Spinal Shock - Answer (click here)

Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function


1. Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract - Answer (click here)
2. Some Specialized Areas of Motor Control Found in the Human Motor
Cortex - Answer (click here)
3. Transmission of Signals from the Motor Cortex to the Muscles - Answer
(click here)
4. Incoming Fiber Pathways to the Motor Cortex - Answer (click here)
5. Red Nucleus Serves as an Alternative Pathway for Transmitting Cortical
Signals to the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
6. “Extrapyramidal” System - Answer (click here)
7. Excitation of the Spinal Cord Motor Control Areas by the Primary Motor
Cortex and Red Nucleus - Answer (click here)
8. Role of the Brain Stem in Controlling Motor Function - Answer (click here)
9. Support of the Body Against Gravity- Roles of the Reticular and
Vestibular Nuclei - Answer (click here)
10. Vestibular Apparatus - Answer (click here)
11. Function of the Utricle and Saccule in the Maintenance of Static
Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
12. Detection of Head Rotation by the Semicircular Ducts - Answer (click here)
13. Vestibular Mechanisms for Stabilizing the Eyes - Answer (click here)
14. Other Factors Concerned with Equilibrium - Vestibular Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
15. Functions of Brain Stem Nuclei in Controlling Subconscious,
Stereotyped Movements - Answer (click here)

Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall


Motor Control
1. Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomical Functional Areas of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
3. Neuronal Circuit of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
4. Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Abnormalities of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
6. Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Syndromes Resulting from Damage to the Basal Ganglia -
Answer (click here)
8. Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System - Answer
(click here)

Cerebral Cortex Intellectual Functions of the Brain Learning and


Memory
1. Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of Specific Cortical Areas - Answer (click here)
3. Association Areas - Functions of Specific Cortical Areas - Answer (click
here)
4. Comprehensive Interpretative Function of the Posterior Superior
Temporal Lobe-“Wernicke’s Area” (a General Interpretative Area) -
Answer (click here)
5. Functions of the Parieto-occipitotemporal Cortex in the Nondominant
Hemisphere - Answer (click here)
6. Higher Intellectual Functions of the Prefrontal Association Areas -
Answer (click here)
7. Function of the Brain in Communication-Language Input and Language
Output - Answer (click here)
8. Function of the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure - Answer
(click here)
9. Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory - Answer (click here)
10. Memory-Roles of Synaptic Facilitation and Synaptic Inhibition - Answer
(click here)
11. Short-Term Memory - Answer (click here)
12. Intermediate Long-Term Memory - Answer (click here)
13. Long-Term Memory - Answer (click here)
14. Consolidation of Memory - Answer (click here)

Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain The Limbic


System and the Hypothalamus
1. Activating-Driving Systems of the Brain - Answer (click here)
2. Control of Cerebral Activity by Continuous Excitatory Signals from the
Brain Stem - Answer (click here)
3. Neurohormonal Control of Brain Activity - Answer (click here)
4. Limbic System - Answer (click here)
5. Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System; Key Position of the
Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
6. Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System -
Answer (click here)
7. Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions of the Hypothalamus -
Answer (click here)
8. Behavioral Functions of the Hypothalamus and Associated Limbic
Structures - Answer (click here)
9. “Reward” and “Punishment” Function of the Limbic System - Answer
(click here)
10. Importance of Reward or Punishment in Behavior - Answer (click here)
11. Functions of the Hippocampus - Answer (click here)
12. Functions of the Amygdala - Answer (click here)
13. Function of the Limbic Cortex - Answer (click here)

States of Brain Activity Sleep Brain Waves Epilepsy Psychoses


1. Sleep and Two Types of Sleep - Answer (click here)
2. Slow-Wave Sleep - Answer (click here)
3. REM Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep, Desynchronized Sleep) - Answer (click
here)
4. Basic Theories of Sleep - Answer (click here)
5. Physiologic Effects of Sleep - Answer (click here)
6. Brain Waves - Answer (click here)
7. Origin of Brain Waves - Answer (click here)
8. Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
9. Psychotic Behavior and Dementia-Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter
Systems - Answer (click here)

The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla


1. General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click
here)
2. Cholinergic and Adrenergic Fibers- Secretion of Acetylcholine or
Norepinephrine - Answer (click here)
3. Receptors on the Effector Organs - Answer (click here)
4. Excitatory and Inhibitory Actions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Stimulation - Answer (click here)
5. Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation on Specific
Organs - Answer (click here)
6. Function of the Adrenal Medullae - Answer (click here)
7. Relation of Stimulus Rate to Degree of Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Effect - Answer (click here)
8. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic “Tone” - Answer (click here)
9. Denervation Supersensitivity of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Organs After Denervation - Answer (click here)
10. Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation
- Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)

Cerebral Blood Flow Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain Metabolism


1. Normal Rate of Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
2. Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
3. Cerebral Microcirculation - Answer (click here)
4. Cerebral “Stroke” Occurs When Cerebral Blood Vessels Are Blocked -
Answer (click here)
5. Cerebrospinal Fluid System - Answer (click here)
6. Cushioning Function of the Cerebrospinal Fluid - Answer (click here)
7. Formation, Flow, and Absorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid - Answer (click
here)
8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure - Answer (click here)
9. Obstruction to Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid Can Cause Hydrocephalus -
Answer (click here)
10. Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood-Brain Barriers - Answer (click here)
11. Brain Edema - Answer (click here)
12. Brain Metabolism - Answer (click here)

General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function Motility Nervous


Control and Blood Circulation
1. General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility - Answer (click here)
2. Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function- Enteric Nervous System -
Answer (click here)
3. Differences Between the Myenteric and Submucosal Plexuses - Answer
(click here)
4. Types of Neurotransmitters Secreted by Enteric Neurons - Answer (click
here)
5. Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility - Answer (click here)
6. Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer
(click here)
7. Gastrointestinal Blood Flow- “Splanchnic Circulation” - Answer (click here)
8. Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Blood Supply - Answer (click here)
9. Effect of Gut Activity and Metabolic Factors on Gastrointestinal Blood
Flow - Answer (click here)
10. Nervous Control of Gastrointestinal Blood Flow - Answer (click here)

Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract


1. Ingestion of Food - Answer (click here)
2. Motor Functions of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
3. Stomach Emptying and Regulation of Stomach Emptying - Answer (click
here)
4. Movements of the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
5. Mixing Contractions (Segmentation Contractions) - Movements of the
Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
6. Propulsive Movements of the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
7. Function of the Ileocecal Valve - Answer (click here)
8. Movements of the Colon - Answer (click here)
9. Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity - Answer (click
here)

Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract


1. General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomical Types of Glands - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Mechanisms of Stimulation of the Alimentary Tract Glands -
Answer (click here)
4. Basic Mechanism of Secretion by Glandular Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Lubricating and Protective Properties of Mucus, and Importance of
Mucus in the Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
6. Secretion of Saliva - Answer (click here)
7. Nervous Regulation of Salivary Secretion - Answer (click here)
8. Esophageal Secretion - Answer (click here)
9. Characteristics of the Gastric Secretions - Answer (click here)
10. Pyloric Glands-Secretion of Mucus and Gastrin - Answer (click here)
11. Surface Mucous Cells - Answer (click here)
12. Stimulation of Gastric Acid Secretion - Answer (click here)
13. Regulation of Pepsinogen Secretion and Phases of Gastric Secretion -
Answer (click here)
14. Inhibition of Gastric Secretion by Other Post-Stomach Intestinal Factors
- Answer (click here)
15. Chemical Composition of Gastrin and Other Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Answer (click here)
16. Pancreatic Secretion - Answer (click here)
17. Pancreatic Digestive Enzymes - Answer (click here)
18. Secretion of Bicarbonate Ions - Answer (click here)
19. Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion - Answer (click here)
20. Secretion of Bile by the Liver; Functions of the Biliary Tree - Answer
(click here)
21. Physiologic Anatomy of Biliary Secretion - Answer (click here)
22. Function of Bile Salts in Fat Digestion and Absorption - Answer (click here)
23. Liver Secretion of Cholesterol and Gallstone Formation - Answer (click
here)
24. Secretions of the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
25. Secretions of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)

Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract


1. Digestion of the Various Foods by Hydrolysis - Answer (click here)
2. Digestion of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Digestion of Fats - Answer (click here)
5. Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption - Answer (click here)
6. Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
7. Absorption of Water in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
8. Absorption of Ions in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
9. Absorption of Nutrients in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
10. Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces - Answer (click here)

Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders


1. Disorders of Swallowing and of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
2. Disorders of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
3. Peptic Ulcer - Disorders of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
4. Specific Causes of Peptic Ulcer in the Human Being - Answer (click here)
5. Disorders of the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
6. Abnormal Digestion of Food in the Small Intestine-Pancreatic Failure -
Answer (click here)
7. Malabsorption by the Small Intestinal Mucosa-Sprue - Answer (click here)
8. Disorders of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)
9. General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)

Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine


Triphosphate
1. Release of Energy from Foods, and the Concept of “Free Energy” -
Answer (click here)
2. Role of Adenosine Triphosphate in Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Central Role of Glucose in Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
4. Transport of Glucose Through the Cell Membrane - Answer (click here)
5. Glycogen Is Stored in Liver and Muscle - Answer (click here)
6. Release of Energy from the Glucose Molecule by the Glycolytic
Pathway - Answer (click here)
7. Summary of ATP Formation During the Breakdown of Glucose - Answer
(click here)
8. Effect of ATP and ADP Cell Concentrations in Controlling the Rate of
Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
9. Anaerobic Release of Energy- “Anaerobic Glycolysis” - Answer (click here)
10. Release of Energy from Glucose by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway -
Answer (click here)
11. Formation of Carbohydrates from Proteins and Fats- “Gluconeogenesis”
- Answer (click here)
12. Blood Glucose - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism
1. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
3. Fat Deposits: Adipose Tissue, Liver Lipids - Answer (click here)
4. Use of Triglycerides for Energy: Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate -
Answer (click here)
5. Formation of Acetoacetic Acid in the Liver and Its Transport in the
Blood - Answer (click here)
6. Synthesis of Triglycerides from Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
7. Synthesis of Triglycerides from Proteins - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Energy Release from Triglycerides - Answer (click here)
9. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Cholesterol - Answer (click here)
11. Cellular Structural Functions of Phospholipids and Cholesterol-
Especially for Membranes - Answer (click here)
12. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
13. Basic Causes of Atherosclerosis - The Roles of Cholesterol and
Lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
14. Few Major Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
15. Prevention of Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Protein Metabolism
1. Basic Properties of Protein Metabolism: Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
2. Transport and Storage of Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
3. Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
5. Use of Proteins for Energy - Answer (click here)
6. Obligatory Degradation of Proteins - Answer (click here)
7. Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)

The Liver as an Organ


1. Physiologic Anatomy of the Liver - Answer (click here)
2. Hepatic Vascular and Lymph Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Metabolic Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
4. Measurement of Bilirubin in the Bile as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool -
Answer (click here)
5. Jaundice-Excess Bilirubin in the Extracellular Fluid - Answer (click here)

Dietary Balances Regulation of Feeding Obesity and Starvation


Vitamins and Minerals
1. Energy Intake and Output Are Balanced Under Steady- State Conditions
- Answer (click here)
2. Dietary Balances: Energy Available in Foods - Answer (click here)
3. Methods for Determining Metabolic Utilization of Proteins,
Carbohydrates, and Fats - Answer (click here)
4. Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage - Answer (click here)
5. Neural Centers Regulate Food Intake - Answer (click here)
6. Factors That Regulate Quantity of Food Intake - Answer (click here)
7. Obesity - Answer (click here)
8. Decreased Physical Activity and Abnormal Feeding Regulation as
Causes of Obesity - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of Obesity - Answer (click here)
10. Inanition, Anorexia, and Cachexia - Answer (click here)
11. Starvation - Answer (click here)
12. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin A - Answer (click here)
14. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
15. Niacin - Answer (click here)
16. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) - Answer (click here)
17. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
18. Folic Acid (Pteroylglutamic Acid) - Answer (click here)
19. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) - Answer (click here)
20. Pantothenic Acid - Answer (click here)
21. Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) - Answer (click here)
22. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
23. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
24. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
25. Mineral Metabolism - Answer (click here)

Energetics and Metabolic Rate


1. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Functions as an “Energy Currency” in
Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Phosphocreatine Functions as an Accessory Storage Depot for Energy
and as an “ATP Buffer” - Answer (click here)
3. Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Energy - Answer (click here)
4. Summary of Energy Utilization by the Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Control of Energy Release in the Cell - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
7. Measurement of the Whole-Body Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
8. Energy Metabolism-Factors That Influence Energy Output - Answer (click
here)
9. Overall Energy Requirements for Daily Activities - Answer (click here)
10. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)- The Minimum Energy Expenditure for the
Body to Exist - Answer (click here)
11. Energy Used for Physical Activities - Answer (click here)

Body Temperature Temperature Regulation and Fever


1. Normal Body Temperatures - Answer (click here)
2. Body Temperature Is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production Against
Heat Loss - Answer (click here)
3. Regulation of Body Temperature-Role of the Hypothalamus - Answer
(click here)
4. Neuronal Effector Mechanisms That Decrease or Increase Body
Temperature - Answer (click here)
5. Concept of a “Set-Point” for Temperature Control - Answer (click here)
6. Behavioral Control of Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
7. Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation - Answer (click here)
8. Exposure of the Body to Extreme Cold - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Endocrinology
1. Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers - Answer (click
here)
2. Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance from the Blood - Answer
(click here)
4. Hormone Receptors and Their Activation - Answer (click here)
5. Intracellular Signaling After Hormone Receptor Activation - Answer (click
here)
6. Second Messenger Mechanisms for Mediating Intracellular Hormonal
Functions - Answer (click here)
7. Hormones That Act Mainly on the Genetic Machinery of the Cell -
Answer (click here)
8. Measurement of Hormone Concentrations in the Blood - Answer (click
here)

Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus


1. Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
2. Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion - Answer (click here)
3. Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone - Answer (click here)
4. Growth Hormone Promotes Growth of Many Body Tissues - Answer (click
here)
5. Growth Hormone Has Several Metabolic Effects - Answer (click here)
6. Growth Hormone Stimulates Cartilage and Bone Growth - Answer (click
here)
7. Growth Hormone Exerts Much of Its Effect Through Intermediate
Substances Called “Somatomedins” - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
9. Abnormalities of Growth Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
10. Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus - Answer
(click here)
11. Physiological Functions of ADH - Answer (click here)
12. Oxytocic Hormone - Answer (click here)
Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
1. Thyroid Metabolic Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones - Answer
(click here)
3. Physiologic Functions of the Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
4. Thyroid Hormones Increase the Transcription of Large Numbers of
Genes - Answer (click here)
5. Thyroid Hormones Increase Cellular Metabolic Activity - Answer (click
here)
6. Effect of Thyroid Hormone on Growth - Answer (click here)
7. Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Specific Bodily Mechanisms - Answer
(click here)
8. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
9. Diseases of the Thyroid - Answer (click here)
10. Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)
11. Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)
12. Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
13. Cretinism - Answer (click here)

Adrenocortical Hormones
1. Adrenocortical Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of the Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone - Answer (click here)
4. Renal and Circulatory Effects of Aldosterone - Answer (click here)
5. Aldosterone Stimulates Sodium and Potassium Transport - Answer (click
here)
6. Cellular Mechanism of Aldosterone Action - Answer (click here)
7. Possible Nongenomic Actions of Aldosterone and Other Steroid
Hormones - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion - Answer (click here)
9. Functions of the Glucocorticoids - Answer (click here)
10. Effects of Cortisol on Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
11. Effects of Cortisol on Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
12. Effects of Cortisol on Fat Metabolism - Answer (click here)
13. Cortisol is Important in Resisting Stress and Inflammation - Answer (click
here)
14. Other Effects of Cortisol - Answer (click here)
15. Cellular Mechanism of Cortisol Action - Answer (click here)
16. Regulation of Cortisol Secretion by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone from
the Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
17. Adrenal Androgens - Answer (click here)
18. Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion - Answer (click here)
19. Hypoadrenalism-Addison’s Disease - Answer (click here)
20. Hyperadrenalism-Cushing’s Syndrome - Answer (click here)
21. Primary Aldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome) - Answer (click here)
22. Adrenogenital Syndrome - Answer (click here)

Insulin Glucagon and Diabetes Mellitus


1. Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects - Answer (click here)
2. Effect of Insulin on Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Effect of Insulin on Fat Metabolism - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of Insulin on Protein Metabolism and on Growth - Answer (click
here)
5. Mechanisms of Insulin Secretion - Answer (click here)
6. Control of Insulin Secretion - Answer (click here)
7. Other Factors That Stimulate Insulin Secretion - Answer (click here)
8. Role of Insulin (and Other Hormones) in “Switching” Between
Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
9. Glucagon and Its Functions - Answer (click here)
10. Somatostatin Inhibits Glucagon and Insulin Secretion - Answer (click here)
11. Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation - Answer (click here)
12. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
13. Type I Diabetes-Lack of Insulin Production by Beta Cells of the
Pancreas - Answer (click here)
14. Type II Diabetes-Resistance to the Metabolic Effects of Insulin - Answer
(click here)
15. Physiology of Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
16. Treatment of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
17. Insulinoma-Hyperinsulinism - Answer (click here)

Parathyroid Hormone Calcitonin Calcium and Phosphate


Metabolism Vitamin D Bone and Teeth
1. Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in the Extracellular
Fluid and Plasma - Answer (click here)
2. Bone and Its Relation to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate - Answer
(click here)
3. Precipitation and Absorption of Calcium and Phosphate in Bone-
Equilibrium with the Extracellular Fluids - Answer (click here)
4. Calcium Exchange Between Bone and Extracellular Fluid - Answer (click
here)
5. Deposition and Absorption of Bone-Remodeling of Bone - Answer (click
here)
6. Vitamin D and Actions of Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
7. Parathyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
8. Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Calcium and Phosphate
Concentrations in the Extracellular Fluid - Answer (click here)
9. Control of Parathyroid Secretion by Calcium Ion Concentration - Answer
(click here)
10. Calcitonin - Answer (click here)
11. Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration - Answer (click here)
12. Hypoparathyroidism - Answer (click here)
13. Primary Hyperparathyroidism - Answer (click here)
14. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism - Answer (click here)
15. Rickets-Vitamin D Deficiency - Answer (click here)
16. Osteoporosis-Decreased Bone Matrix - Answer (click here)
17. Physiology of the Teeth - Answer (click here)
18. Function of the Different Parts of the Teeth - Answer (click here)
19. Dentition - Answer (click here)
20. Mineral Exchange in Teeth - Answer (click here)
21. Dental Abnormalities - Answer (click here)

Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male and Function


of the Pineal Gland
1. Physiologic Anatomy of the Male Sexual Organs - Answer (click here)
2. Spermatogenesis - Answer (click here)
3. Steps of Spermatogenesis - Answer (click here)
4. Function of the Seminal Vesicles - Answer (click here)
5. Function of the Prostate Gland - Answer (click here)
6. Semen - Answer (click here)
7. Abnormal Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility - Answer (click here)
8. Neuronal Stimulus for Performance of the Male Sexual Act - Answer (click
here)
9. Stages of the Male Sexual Act - Answer (click here)
10. Secretion, Metabolism, and Chemistry of the Male Sex Hormone -
Answer (click here)
11. Functions of Testosterone - Answer (click here)
12. Basic Intracellular Mechanism of Action of Testosterone - Answer (click
here)
13. Control of Male Sexual Functions by Hormones from the Hypothalamus
and Anterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
14. Abnormalities of Male Sexual Function - Answer (click here)
15. Prostate Gland and Its Abnormalities - Answer (click here)
16. Hypogonadism in the Male - Answer (click here)
17. Testicular Tumors and Hypergonadism in the Male - Answer (click here)
18. Pineal Gland-Its Function in Controlling Seasonal Fertility in Some
Animals - Answer (click here)

Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones


1. Physiologic Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs - Answer (click here)
2. Female Hormonal System - Answer (click here)
3. Monthly Ovarian Cycle; Function of the Gonadotropic Hormones -
Answer (click here)
4. Gonadotropic Hormones and Their Effects on the Ovaries - Answer (click
here)
5. Ovarian Follicle Growth- “Follicular” Phase of the Ovarian Cycle -
Answer (click here)
6. Corpus Luteum-“Luteal” Phase of the Ovarian Cycle - Answer (click here)
7. Functions of the Ovarian Hormones-Estradiol and Progesterone - Answer
(click here)
8. Chemistry of the Sex Hormones - Answer (click here)
9. Functions of the Estrogens- Their Effects on the Primary and Secondary
Female Sex Characteristics - Answer (click here)
10. Functions of Progesterone - Answer (click here)
11. Monthly Endometrial Cycle and Menstruation - Answer (click here)
12. Regulation of the Female Monthly Rhythm-Interplay Between the
Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones - Answer (click here)
13. Feedback Oscillation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian System -
Answer (click here)
14. Puberty and Menarche - Answer (click here)
15. Menopause - Answer (click here)
16. Abnormalities of Secretion by the Ovaries - Answer (click here)
17. Female Sexual Act - Answer (click here)
18. Female Fertility - Answer (click here)

Pregnancy and Lactation


1. Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum - Answer (click here)
2. Early Nutrition of the Embryo - Answer (click here)
3. Function of the Placenta: Developmental and Physiologic Anatomy of
the Placenta - Answer (click here)
4. Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Response of the Mother’s Body to Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Changes in the Maternal Circulatory System During Pregnancy - Answer
(click here)
7. Increased Uterine Excitability Near Term - Parturition - Answer (click here)
8. Onset of Labor-A Positive Feedback Mechanism for Its Initiation -
Parturition - Answer (click here)
9. Abdominal Muscle Contractions During Labor - Answer (click here)
10. Mechanics of Parturition - Answer (click here)
11. Separation and Delivery of the Placenta - Answer (click here)
12. Labor Pains - Answer (click here)
13. Involution of the Uterus After Parturition - Answer (click here)
14. Parturition - Answer (click here)
15. Lactation - Answer (click here)
16. Development of the Breasts - Lactation - Answer (click here)
17. Initiation of Lactation-Function of Prolactin - Answer (click here)
18. Ejection (or “Let-Down”) Process in Milk Secretion-Function of
Oxytocin - Answer (click here)
19. Milk Composition and the Metabolic Drain on the Mother Caused by
Lactation - Answer (click here)

Fetal and Neonatal Physiology


1. Growth and Functional Development of the Fetus - Answer (click here)
2. Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life - Answer (click here)
3. Onset of Breathing - Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life -
Answer (click here)
4. Circulatory Readjustments at Birth - Adjustments of the Infant to
Extrauterine Life - Answer (click here)
5. Nutrition of the Neonate - Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life
- Answer (click here)
6. Special Functional Problems in the Neonate - Answer (click here)
7. Special Problemsof Prematurity - Answer (click here)
8. Growth and Development of the Child - Answer (click here)

Sports Physiology
1. Sports Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Muscles in Exercise: Strength, Power, and Endurance of Muscles -
Answer (click here)
3. Muscle Metabolic Systems in Exercise - Answer (click here)
4. Phosphocreatine-Creatine System - Muscles in Exercise - Answer (click
here)
5. Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity - Muscles in Exercise - Answer
(click here)
6. Effect of Athletic Training on Muscles and Muscle Performance - Answer
(click here)
7. Respiration in Exercise - Answer (click here)
8. Cardiovascular System in Exercise - Answer (click here)
9. Body Heat in Exercise - Answer (click here)
10. Body Fluids and Salt in Exercise - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs and Athletes - Answer (click here)
12. Body Fitness Prolongs Life - Answer (click here)

Subject : Medical Microbiology


Diseases Overview
1. The Infectious Agents : The Microbial World - Answer (click here)
2. Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Aspects of Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)

Diseases Bacterial Structures


1. General Morphology, Body Plan, and Composition - Bacterial Structures
- Answer (click here)
2. Envelope and Appendages - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
3. Capsule - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
5. Gram Positive Cell Wall - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
6. Gram Negative Cell Wall - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
7. Cell Membrane - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
8. Flagella - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
9. Pili - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
10. Core - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
11. Cytosol - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
12. Nucleoid - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
13. Plasmids - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
14. Spores - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)

Diseases Bacterial Processes


1. Bacterial Metabolism - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
2. Fueling Reactions - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
3. Biosynthesis - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
4. Polymerization Reactions - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
5. Assembly Reactions and Protein Translocation - Cell Growth of
Bacterial - Answer (click here)
6. Cell Division - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
7. Growth of Bacterial Cultures - Answer (click here)
8. Biofilms - Bacterial Processes - Answer (click here)
9. Regulation and Adaptation - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
10. Cell Survival - Bacterial Processes - Answer (click here)
11. Bacterial Virulence - Answer (click here)

Diseases Bacterial Genetics


1. Bacterial Variation and Inheritance - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click
here)
2. Mutation and Repair - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Transformation - Genetic Exchange in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Transduction - Genetic Exchange in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Conjugation - Genetic Exchange in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
7. Genetic Recombination - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
8. Transposable Elements - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
9. More about Bacterial Plasmids - Answer (click here)
10. General Properties and Varieties of Plasmids - Bacterial Genetics -
Answer (click here)
11. R Plasmids - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
12. Detection of Plasmids - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
13. Bacterial Classification - Answer (click here)
14. Population Genetics of Pathogens - Answer (click here)

Diseases Viral Structure


1. Viral Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Virion Size and Design - Viral Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Genome Structure - Viral Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Capsid Structure - Viral Structure - Answer (click here)

Diseases Viral Multiplication


1. Growth and Assay of Viruses - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
2. One-Step Growth Experiment - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
3. Adsorption - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
4. Entry and Uncoating - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
5. Problems of Producing mRNA - Answer (click here)
6. Genome Replication: DNA, RNA Viruses - Answer (click here)
7. Assembly of Naked Capsid Viruses and Nucleocapsids - Answer (click
here)
8. Release - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
9. Quantitation of Viruses - Answer (click here)
10. Interferons - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)

Diseases Viral Genetics


1. Mechanisms of Viral Genetic Change - Answer (click here)
2. Latent State - Viral Genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Lysogeny - Viral Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Malignant Transformation - Viral Genetics - Answer (click here)
5. Transformation by DNA Animal Viruses - Answer (click here)
6. Transformation by Retroviruses - Answer (click here)

Diseases Immune Response to Infection


1. Immune Response to Infection - Answer (click here)
2. Immuno Responsive Cells - Answer (click here)
3. Antigens and Epitopes - Answer (click here)
4. Basis of Immunologic Specificity - Answer (click here)
5. The T-Cell Response - Answer (click here)
6. Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
7. B Cells and Antibody Responses - Answer (click here)
8. Antibodies - B Cells and Antibody Responses - Answer (click here)
9. Functional Properties of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
10. Antibody Production - Answer (click here)
11. Antibody-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
12. Complement System - Immune Response to Infection - Answer (click here)
13. Adverse Effects of Immunologic Reactions and Hypersensitivity - Answer
(click here)
14. Tolerance - Immune Response to Infection - Answer (click here)
15. Functional Integration of the Immune System in Response to Infectious
Organisms - Answer (click here)

Diseases Normal Microbial Flora


1. Origin of the Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
2. Factors Determining the Nature of the Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
3. Normal Flora at Different Sites - Answer (click here)
4. Role of the Normal Flora in Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Beneficial Effects of the Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
6. Manipulation of the Normal Flora - Answer (click here)

Diseases Host Parasite Relationships


1. Emergence of Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Outcome of Infection - Answer (click here)
3. What is a Pathogen? - Answer (click here)
4. Changes in Microbial Pathogenicity - Answer (click here)
5. Toward a Genetic and Molecular Definition of Pathogenicity - Answer
(click here)
6. Attributes of Microbial Pathogenicity - Answer (click here)
7. Adherence: The Search for a Unique Niche - Attributes of Microbial
Pathogenicity - Answer (click here)
8. Strategy for Survival: Avoid, Circumvent, Subvert, or Manipulate
Normal Host Cell Defenses - Answer (click here)
9. Establishment: Overcoming the Host’s Immune System - Answer (click
here)
10. Exotoxins - Virulence Factors: Toxins - Answer (click here)
11. Endotoxin - Virulence Factors: Toxins - Answer (click here)
12. Avoiding the Host Immune System - Answer (click here)
13. Inadvertent Tissue Damage From Immune Reactions Directed Against
Invading Bacteria - Answer (click here)
14. Disease and Transmissibility - Answer (click here)
15. Corollaries of Microbial Pathogenicity - Answer (click here)

Sterilization and Disinfection


1. Sterilization and Disinfection: Definitions - Answer (click here)
2. Microbial Killing - Answer (click here)
3. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
4. Disinfection: Physical Methods and Chemical Methods - Answer (click
here)

Diseases Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases


1. Sources and Communicability - Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases -
Answer (click here)
2. Infection and Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Incubation Period and Communicability - Answer (click here)
4. Routes of Transmission - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemics - Answer (click here)
6. Control of Epidemics - Answer (click here)
7. General Principles of Immunization - Answer (click here)

Diseases Antibacterial and Antiviral Agents


1. Antibacterial Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Selected Antibacterial Antimicrobics - Answer (click here)
3. β-Lactam Antimicrobics - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
4. Glycopeptide Antimicrobics - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Aminoglycosides - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
6. Tetracyclines - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
7. Chloramphenicol - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
8. Macrolides - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
9. Clindamycin, Oxazolidinones, Streptogramins - Antimicrobics That Act
on Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Quinolones - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
11. Folate Inhibitors - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
12. Metronidazole, Rifampin - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
13. Antimicrobics Acting on the Outer and Cytoplasmic Membranes -
Answer (click here)
14. Antiviral Therapy - Answer (click here)
15. Inhibitors of Attachment - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Inhibitors of Cell Penetration and Uncoating - Antiviral Agents - Answer
(click here)
17. Neuraminidase Inhibitors - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click
here)
19. Inhibitor of Viral RNA Synthesis: Ribavirin - Antiviral Agents - Answer
(click here)
20. Inhibitors of HIV - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
21. Nucleotide Analogs: Cidofovir - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
22. Foscarnet, Interferons, Fomivirsen - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
23. Antiviral Resistance - Answer (click here)

Diseases Antimicrobial Resistance


1. Susceptibility and Antimicrobial Resistance - Answer (click here)
2. Laboratory Control of Antimicrobial Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Resistance - Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics -
Answer (click here)
4. Genetics of Resistance - Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics - Answer
(click here)
5. Epidemiology of Resistance - Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics -
Answer (click here)
6. Control of Resistance - Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics - Answer
(click here)
7. Selection and Administration of Antibacterial Antimicrobics - Answer
(click here)

Diseases Principles of Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases


1. Specimen - Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click
here)
2. Direct Examination - Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases -
Answer (click here)
3. Isolation and Identification of Bacteria - Laboratory Diagnosis of
Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Isolation and Identification of Viruses - Laboratory Diagnosis of
Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Methods for Detecting an Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click here)
6. Serologic Classification - Immunologic Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Antibody Detection (Serology) - Answer (click here)
8. Antigen Detection - Immunologic Systems - Answer (click here)
9. Nucleic Acid Analysis - Answer (click here)
10. Methods of Nucleic Acid Analysis - Answer (click here)
11. Application of Nucleic Acid Methods to Infectious Diseases - Answer
(click here)

Diseases Staphylococci
1. Staphyloccoci: Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Morphology and Structure - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics for Identification and Subtyping - Staphylococcus aureus
- Answer (click here)
4. Toxins and Biologically active Extracellular Enzymes - Staphylococcus
aureus - Answer (click here)
5. Staphylococcal Disease - Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity -
Answer (click here)
6. Staphylococcal Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - Answer (click here)

Diseases Streptococci and Enterococci


1. Streptococci - Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Group A Streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) - Bacteriology - Answer
(click here)
3. Group A Strepto Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Group A Strepto Coccal Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Group B Streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) - Answer (click here)
6. Group B Strepto Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Group B Strepto Cocci : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Streptococcus pneumonia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
9. Pneumococcal Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Pneumococcal Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Viridans and Nonhemolytic Streptococci - Answer (click here)
12. Enterococci - Answer (click here)
13. Entero Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Entero Coccal Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases CorynebacteriumListeriaand Bacillus


1. Corynebacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Corynebacterium diphtheria - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Corynebacterium diphtheria : Clinical aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Listeria Monocytogenes - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Listeria Monocytogenes : Clinical aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
7. Anthrax - Answer (click here)
8. Anthrax : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Other Bacillus Species - Answer (click here)

Diseases Clostridium Peptostreptococcus Bacteroides and Other


Anaerobes
1. Bacteriology : Anaerobic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Anaerobic Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Anaerobic Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Clostridium Perfringens - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Clostridium Perfringens Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Clostridium Perfringens : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Clostridium Tetani - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
8. Tetanus : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Clostridium Botulinum - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
10. Botulism - Answer (click here)
11. Botulism : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Clostridium Difficile - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
13. Clostridium Difficile Diarrhea - Answer (click here)
14. Clostridium Difficile : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Bacteroides Fragilis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
16. Bacteroides Fragilis Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Bacteroides Fragilis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Neisseria
1. Neisseria: General Features - Answer (click here)
2. Neisseria Meningitidis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Meningo Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Meningo Coccal Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
6. Gonorrhea - Answer (click here)
7. Gonorrhea : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Enterobacteriaceae
1. Enterobacteriaceae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Diseases Caused By Entero Bacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
3. Entero Bacteriaceae : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Escherichia Coli - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Escherichia Coli Opportunistic Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Escherichia Coli Intestinal Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC) - Answer (click here)
8. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) - Answer (click here)
9. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) - Answer (click here)
10. Escherichia Coli Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Shigella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
12. Shigellosis - Answer (click here)
13. Shigellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Salmonella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
15. Salmonella Gastroenteritis ( S. enterica) - Answer (click here)
16. Enteric ( Typhoid ) Fever ( Salmonella sero type Typhi ) - Answer (click
here)
17. Salmonellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
18. Yersinia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
19. Yersinia Diseases(Y. pseudotuberculosisand Y. enterocolitica) - Answer
(click here)
20. Yersinia Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
21. Klebsiella - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
22. Enterobacter - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
23. Serratia - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
24. Citrobacter - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
25. Proteus, Providencia, And Morganella - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click
here)

Diseases Vibrio Campylobacter and Helicobacter


1. Vibrio - Answer (click here)
2. Vibrio cholerae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Cholera - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
4. Cholera : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Campylobacter - Answer (click here)
6. Bacteriology : Campylobacter jejuni - Answer (click here)
7. Campylo Bacter Enteritis - Answer (click here)
8. Campylobacterosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Helicobacter - Answer (click here)
10. Bacteriology : Helicobacter pylori - Answer (click here)
11. Helicobacter Gastritis - Answer (click here)
12. Helicobacter Disease: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Pseudomonas and Other Opportunistic Gram negative


Bacilli
1. Pseudomonas - Answer (click here)
2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Disease: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Burkholderia - Answer (click here)
6. Acinetobacter - Answer (click here)
7. Moraxella - Answer (click here)
8. Aeromonas And Plesiomonas - Answer (click here)
9. Other Gram-Negative Rods - Answer (click here)

Diseases Haemophilus and Bordetella


1. Haemophilus - Answer (click here)
2. Haemophilus influenza - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Haemophilus influenza Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Haemophilus influenza Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Haemophilus ducreyi - Answer (click here)
6. Bordetella - Answer (click here)
7. Bordetella Pertussis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
8. Pertussis (Whooping Cough) - Answer (click here)
9. Pertussis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma


1. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma - Microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia - Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - Answer (click here)
3. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Mycoplasma Hominis - Answer (click here)
5. Ureaplasma Urealyticum - Answer (click here)

Diseases Legionella
1. Legionella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Legionellosis - Answer (click here)
3. Legionellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Spirochetes
1. Spirochetes - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Spirochetal Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Treponema Pallidum - Answer (click here)
4. Syphilis - Answer (click here)
5. Syphilis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Leptospira Interrogans - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
7. Leptospirosis - Answer (click here)
8. Leptospirosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Borrelia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
10. Relapsing Fever - Answer (click here)
11. Relapsing Fever : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Borrelia Burgdorferi - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
13. Lyme Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Lyme Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Mycobacteria
1. Mycobacterium - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Mycobacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
4. Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
5. Tuberculosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Tuberculosis : Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
7. Tuberculosis : Pathogenesis - Answer (click here)
8. Tuberculosis : Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Tuberculosis : Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
10. Tuberculosis: Treatment - Answer (click here)
11. Tuberculosis: Prevention - Answer (click here)
12. Mycobacterium Leprae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
13. Leprosy - Answer (click here)
14. Leprosy : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Mycobacteria Causing Tuberculosis-Like Diseases - Answer (click here)
16. Mycobacterial Soft Tissue Infections - Answer (click here)

Diseases Actinomyces and Nocardia


1. Actinomyces - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Actinomycosis - Answer (click here)
3. Actinomycosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Nocardia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Nocardiosis - Answer (click here)
6. Nocardiosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Rhodococcus - Answer (click here)

Diseases Chlamydia
1. Chlamydia Trachomatis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Chlamydia trachomatis Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Chlamydiatrachomatis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Chlamydia Psittaci - Answer (click here)
5. Chlamydia Pneumoniae - Answer (click here)

Diseases Rickettsia Coxiella Ehrlichia and Bartonella


1. Rickettsia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Rickettsial Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Rickettsial Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Coxiella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Coxiella Infection : Q Fever - Answer (click here)
6. Q Fever : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Ehrlichia - Answer (click here)
8. Bartonella - Answer (click here)

Diseases Plague and Other Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases


1. Brucella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Brucellosis - Answer (click here)
3. Brucellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Yersinia Pestis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Plague - Answer (click here)
6. Plague : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Francisella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
8. Tularemia - Answer (click here)
9. Tularemia : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
10. Pasteurella Multocida - Answer (click here)

Diseases Influenza Respiratory Syncytial Virus Adenovirus and


Other Respiratory Viruses
1. Influenza Virus Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Influenza A - Answer (click here)
3. Influenza - Answer (click here)
4. Influenza : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
6. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Parainfluenza Viruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
9. Parainfluenza Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Parainfluenza Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Adenoviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
12. Adenovirus Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Adenovirus Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Rhinoviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
15. Rhinovirus Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Rhinovirus Disease : Treatment And Prevention - Answer (click here)
17. Coronaviruses - Answer (click here)
18. Reoviruses - Answer (click here)

Diseases Mumps Virus Measles Rubella and Other Childhood


Exanthems
1. Mumps - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Mumps Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Mumps : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Measles - Virology - Answer (click here)
5. Measles Infection - Answer (click here)
6. Measles : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Rubella - Virology - Answer (click here)
8. Rubella Infection - Answer (click here)
9. Rubella : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
10. Parvovirus B19 Infections - Answer (click here)
11. Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum) - Answer (click here)

Diseases Poxviruses
1. Poxviruses: Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Variola (Smallpox) - Answer (click here)
3. Smallpox :Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Vaccinia virus - Answer (click here)
5. Molluscum Contagiosum virus - Answer (click here)
6. Orf - Answer (click here)
7. Milker’s Nodules and Cowpox - Answer (click here)

Diseases Enteroviruses
1. Enteroviruses: Group Characteristics - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Entero Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Entero Viruses: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Polio - Answer (click here)
5. Polio : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Coxsackieviruses and Echoviruses - Answer (click here)

Diseases Hepatitis Viruses


1. Hepatitis A - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Hepatitis A Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Hepatitis A Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Hepatitis B - Virology - Answer (click here)
5. Hepatitis B Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Hepatitis B Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Delta Hepatitis (Hepatitis D) - Virology - Answer (click here)
8. Delta Hepatitis Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Hepatitis C - Virology - Answer (click here)
10. Hepatitis C Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Hepatitis C Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Hepatitis E - Answer (click here)
13. Hepatitis G - Answer (click here)

Diseases Herpesviruses
1. Herpesviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Herpes Simplex Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
3. Herpes Simplex Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Herpes Simplex : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Varicella-Zoster Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
6. Varicella - Zoster Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Varicella - Zoster Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Cytomegalovirus - Virology - Answer (click here)
9. Cytomegalo Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Cytomegalo Virus : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Epstein-Barr Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
12. Epstein – Barr Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Epstein - Barr Virus : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Human Herpesvirus-6 - Answer (click here)
15. Human Herpesvirus-7 - Answer (click here)
16. Human Herpesvirus-8 - Answer (click here)

Diseases Viruses of Diarrhea


1. Viruses of Diarrhea: General Features - Answer (click here)
2. Rotaviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
3. Human Rota Viru Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Rota Virus Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Caliciviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
6. Calici Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Calici Virus Infections :Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Adenoviruses, Astroviruses, And “Candidate” Viruses - Answer (click here)
Diseases Arthropod Borne and Other Zoonotic Viruses
1. Arthropod-Borne and Other Zoonotic Viruses - Answer (click here)
2. Arbo Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Arbovirus Disease: Specific Arboviruses - Answer (click here)
4. Arbo Virus Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Arenaviruses - Answer (click here)
6. Filoviruses: Marburg and Ebola Viruses - Answer (click here)
7. Hantaviruses - Answer (click here)
8. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus - Answer (click here)

Diseases Rabies
1. Rabies - Answer (click here)
2. Rabies : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Retroviruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus and


Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
1. Retroviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Retroviral Genes - Answer (click here)
3. Transformation by Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
4. Roles of HIV-1 Regulatory and Accessory Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) -
Answer (click here)
7. Pathogenesis - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) -
Answer (click here)
8. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) :Clinical Aspects -
Answer (click here)
9. Manifestations - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) -
Answer (click here)
10. Diagnosis - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - Answer
(click here)
11. Treatment and Prevention - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) - Answer (click here)

Diseases Papovaviruses
1. Papillomaviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Papilloma Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Papilloma Virus :Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Polyomaviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
5. Polyoma Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Polyoma Viruses : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Persistent Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System


1. Diseases Associated With Conventional Agents - Answer (click here)

Diseases Papovaviruses
1. Human Diseases Caused By Unconventional Viral Agents: Subacute
Spongiform Encephalopathies - Answer (click here)

Diseases Characteristics of Fungi


1. General Nature of Fungi - Answer (click here)
2. Fungal Morphology and Growth - Answer (click here)

Diseases Pathogenesis Immunity and Chemotherapy of Fungal


Infections
1. General Aspects of Fungal Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Antifungal Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
3. Antifungal Antimicrobics that Affect Membrane Sterols - Answer (click
here)
4. Antifungals that Affect Nucleic Acid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Antifungals that Affect Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Resistance to Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)

Diseases Dermatophytes Sporothrix and Other Superficial and


Subcutaneous Fungi
1. Dermatophytes - Mycology - Answer (click here)
2. Dermatophyte Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Dermatophytoses : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Other Superficial Mycoses - Answer (click here)
5. Subcutaneous Fungi - Answer (click here)
6. Sporothrix schenckii - Answer (click here)
7. Sporotrichosis - Answer (click here)
8. Sporotrichosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Chromoblastomycosis - Answer (click here)
10. Mycetoma - Answer (click here)
Diseases Candida Aspergillus and Other Opportunistic Fungi
1. Candida: General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Candida albicans - Mycology - Answer (click here)
3. Candidiasis - Answer (click here)
4. Candidiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Aspergillus - Mycology - Answer (click here)
6. Aspergillosis - Answer (click here)
7. Aspergillosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Zygomycetes and Zygomycosis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Cryptococcus Histoplasma Coccidioides and Other


Systemic Fungal Pathogens
1. Cryptococcus neoformans - Answer (click here)
2. Cryptococcosis - Answer (click here)
3. Cryptococcosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Histoplasma capsulatum - Answer (click here)
5. Histoplasmosis - Answer (click here)
6. Histoplasmosis: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Blastomyces dermatitidis - Answer (click here)
8. Blastomycosis - Answer (click here)
9. Blastomycosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
10. Coccidioides immitis - Answer (click here)
11. Cocci Dioidomycosis - Answer (click here)
12. Cocci Dioido Mycosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
13. Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Pneumocystis carinii


1. Pneumocystis carinii - Answer (click here)
2. Pneumocystosis - Answer (click here)
3. Pneumocystosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Introduction to Pathogenic Parasites Pathogenesis and


Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases
1. Parasitic Diseases: Definition - Answer (click here)
2. Significance of Human Parasitic Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Biology, Morphology, and Classification - Answer (click here)
4. Parasites: Life Cycles, Transmission, and Distribution - Answer (click here)
5. Parasites: Immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Parasites: Pathogenesis - Answer (click here)
7. Parasites: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
8. Parasites: Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
9. Drugs - Parasites Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
10. Heavy Metals - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Antimalarial Quinolines - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click
here)
12. Quinones - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Folate Antagonists - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Qinghaosu (Artemisinin) - Answer (click here)
15. Nitroimidazoles - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
16. Benzimidazoles - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
17. Avermectins - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
18. Praziquantel - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
19. Eflornithine (Difluoromethylornithine) - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs
- Answer (click here)
20. Control of diseases spread - Parasites - Answer (click here)

Diseases Sporozoa
1. Plasmodia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
2. Malaria - Answer (click here)
3. Epidemiology - Malaria - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
5. Immunity - Malaria - Answer (click here)
6. Malaria : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Manifestations - Malaria - Answer (click here)
8. Diagnosis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment - Malaria - Answer (click here)
10. Prevention - Malaria - Answer (click here)
11. Toxoplasma Gondii - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
12. Toxoplasmosis - Answer (click here)
13. Toxoplasmosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Cryptosporidia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
15. Cryptosporidiosis - Answer (click here)
16. Cryptosporidiosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Rhizopods
1. Rhizopods or Amebas - Answer (click here)
2. Entamoeba Histolytica - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Amebiasis - Answer (click here)
4. Amebiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Amebic Meningoencephalitis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Flagellates
1. Noninvasive Luminal Flagellates - Answer (click here)
2. Trichomonas vaginalis - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Trichomoniasis - Answer (click here)
4. Trichomoniasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Giardia lamblia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
6. Giardiasis - Answer (click here)
7. Giardiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Blood and Tissue Flagellates - Answer (click here)
9. Leishmania - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
10. Localized Cutaneous Leish Maniasis - Answer (click here)
11. Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)
12. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)
13. Disseminated Visceral Leishmaniasis ( Kala Azar ) - Answer (click here)
14. African Trypanosoma - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
15. African Trypan Osomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness ) - Answer (click here)
16. African Trypanosomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness ) : Clinical Aspects -
Answer (click here)
17. American Trypanosoma - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
18. American Trypanosomiasis(Chagas’ Disease ) - Answer (click here)
19. American Trypanosomiasis ( Chagas’ Disease) :Clinical Aspects -
Answer (click here)

Diseases Intestinal Nematodes


1. Intestinal Nematodes - Answer (click here)
2. Life Cycles - Intestinal Nematodes - Answer (click here)
3. Enterobius vermicularis ( Pinworm ) : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
4. Enterobiasis - Answer (click here)
5. Enterobiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Trichuris trichiura ( Whipworm ) : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
7. Trichuriasis - Answer (click here)
8. Trichuriasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Ascaris lumbricoides : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
10. Ascariasis - Answer (click here)
11. Ascariasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Ancylostoma and Necator :Parasitology - Hookworms - Answer (click here)
13. HookWorm Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Hookworm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Strongyloides stercoralis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
16. Strongyloidiasis - Answer (click here)
17. Strongyloidiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Tissue Nematodes


1. Toxocara canis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
2. Toxocariasis - Answer (click here)
3. Toxocariasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Trichinella spiralis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
5. Trichinosis - Answer (click here)
6. Trichinosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Cutaneous Larva Migrans - Answer (click here)
8. Lymphatic Filaria - Answer (click here)
9. Wuchereria and Brugia : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
10. Lymphatic Filariasis - Answer (click here)
11. Lymphatic Filariasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Onchocerca volvulus : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
13. Onchocerciasis - Answer (click here)
14. Onchocerciasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Loa Loa - Answer (click here)

Diseases Cestodes
1. Cestodes - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
2. Cestodes Clinical Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Taenia saginata Beef Tapeworm : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
4. Beef Tapeworm Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Beef Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Taenia solium : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
7. Pork Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Fish Tapeworm: Diphyllobothrium latum : Parasitology - Answer (click
here)
9. Fish Tape Worm Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Fish Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Echinococcus granulosus - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
12. Echino Coccosis - Answer (click here)
13. Echino Coccosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Echinococcus multilocularis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Trematodes
1. Trematodes - Answer (click here)
2. Paragonimus Species : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Paragonimiasis ( Lung Fluke Infection ) : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click
here)
4. Clonorchis sinensis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
5. Clonorchiasis ( Liver Fluke Infection ) - Answer (click here)
6. Schistosoma Species : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
7. Schistosomiasis( Blood Fluke Infection ) - Answer (click here)
8. Schistosomiasis ( Blood Fluke Infection ) : Clinical Aspects - Answer
(click here)

Diseases Skin and Wound Infections


1. Skin Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Wound Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Etiologic Agents - Answer (click here)

Diseases Bone and Joint Infections


1. Osteomyelitis - Answer (click here)
2. Septic Arthritis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Eye Ear and Sinus Infections


1. Eye Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Ear Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Sinus Infections - Answer (click here)

Diseases Dental and Periodontal Infections


1. Dental and Periodontal Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Dental Plaque - Answer (click here)
3. Dental Caries - Answer (click here)
4. Chronic Periodontitis - Answer (click here)
5. Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases - Answer (click here)
6. Dental Plaque and Oral Flora in the Compromised Patient - Answer (click
here)
Diseases Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Stomatitis
1. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Stomatitis - Answer (click here)
2. Clinical Features - Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Stomatitis -
Answer (click here)
3. Common Etiologic Agents - Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and
Stomatitis - Answer (click here)
4. General Diagnostic Approaches - Answer (click here)
5. General Principles of Management - Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
and Stomatitis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Middle and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections


1. Middle Respiratory Tract Infection - Answer (click here)
2. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection - Answer (click here)

Diseases Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning


1. Clinical Features - Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning - Answer (click
here)
2. Common Etiologic Agents - Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning -
Answer (click here)
3. Epidemiologic Setting - Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
4. General Diagnostic Approaches - Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning
- Answer (click here)
5. General Principles of Management - Enteric Infections and Food
Poisoning - Answer (click here)

Diseases Urinary Tract Infections


1. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Etiologic Agents - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Manifestations - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment and Prevention - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)

Diseases Central Nervous System Infections


1. Central Nervous System Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Routes of Infection - Central Nervous System Infections - Answer (click
here)
3. Clinical Features - Central Nervous System Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Common Etiologic Agents - Central Nervous System Infections - Answer
(click here)
5. General Diagnostic Approaches - Central Nervous System Infections -
Answer (click here)
6. General Principles of Management - Central Nervous System Infections
- Answer (click here)

Diseases Intravascular Infections Bacteremia and Endotoxemia


1. Intravascular Infection - Answer (click here)
2. Bacteremia From Extravascular Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Sepsis and Septic Shock - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Culture - Answer (click here)

Diseases Infections of the Fetus and Newborn


1. Infections of the Fetus and Newborn - Answer (click here)
2. Common Etiologic Agents - Infections of the Fetus and Newborn -
Answer (click here)
3. Effect of Prenatal Infection on Pregnancy and Intrauterine Development
- Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Features, Diagnosis, And Management - Infections of the Fetus
and Newborn - Answer (click here)
5. Torch Complex - Infections of the Fetus and Newborn - Answer (click here)

Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases


1. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Genital Ulcers - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Genital Warts - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Urethritis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Epididymitis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
6. Cervicitis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
7. Vaginitis and Vaginal Discharge - Answer (click here)
8. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer
(click here)
9. Lymphadenitis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)

Diseases Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient


1. Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient - Answer (click here)
2. Immune Deficits Associated With Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Situations Associated With Infection - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis and Treatment - Infections in the Immunocompromised
Patient - Answer (click here)

Diseases Nosocomial Infections and Infection Control


1. History: Semmelweis and Childbed Fever - Answer (click here)
2. Nosocomial Infections and Their Sources - Answer (click here)
3. Nosocomial Infection Control and Prevention - Answer (click here)

Subject : Basic Biochemistry


Living Cell
1. Living Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Living cells - Answer (click here)
3. Sub cellular Organelles - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Membrane and its Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Wall and its Functions - Answer (click here)
6. Nucleus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
7. Mitochondria and its Functions - Answer (click here)
8. Endoplasmic reticulum and its Functions - Answer (click here)
9. Golgi apparatus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
10. Ribosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
11. Lysosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
12. Peroxisomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
13. Cytoplasm and its Functions - Answer (click here)
14. Chloroplasts and its Functions - Answer (click here)
15. Cell Vacuoles - Answer (click here)
16. Blood: Composition and Functions - Answer (click here)
17. Formation of blood - Answer (click here)
18. Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
19. Buffers - Answer (click here)
20. Uses of buffer - Answer (click here)
21. Buffers of blood - Answer (click here)
22. Acids and bases - Answer (click here)

Biomolecules
1. Biomolecule: Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)

Enzymes
1. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical nature of enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Naming of enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of enzymes - Answer (click here)
5. Factors influencing enzyme activity - Answer (click here)
6. Types of enzyme inhibition - Answer (click here)
7. Iso enzymes - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of enzymes - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates
1. Functions of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
4. Physical properties of monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical properties of glucose - Answer (click here)
6. Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose - Answer (click here)
7. Disaccharides - Answer (click here)
8. Poly saccharides - Answer (click here)

Proteins
1. Proteins and Sources of protein - Answer (click here)
2. Amino acids - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of amino acids - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Protein structure - Answer (click here)
7. Biologically important proteins - Answer (click here)

Lipids
1. Lipids - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
3. Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
6. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
7. Classification of Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids - Answer
(click here)
9. Importance of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Sterols - Answer (click here)
11. Cholesterol: Structure, Properties - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acids
1. Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases - Answer (click here)
2. Purine bases: Structure and Properties - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
6. Functions of DNA - Answer (click here)
7. Structure and types of RNA - Answer (click here)

Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Fat soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
3. Water soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin - A - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
8. Thiamine (B1) - Answer (click here)
9. Riboflavin (B2) - Answer (click here)
10. Niacin (B3) - Answer (click here)
11. Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer (click here)
12. Folic acid - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
14. Pantothenic acid (B5) - Answer (click here)
15. Biotin - Answer (click here)
16. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Answer (click here)

Minerals
1. Minerals Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium - Answer (click here)
3. Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
4. Sodium - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium - Answer (click here)
6. Chlorine - Answer (click here)
7. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
8. Sulphur - Answer (click here)
9. Iron - Answer (click here)
10. Copper - Answer (click here)
11. Iodine - Answer (click here)
12. Fluorine - Answer (click here)
13. Zinc - Answer (click here)
14. Cobalt - Answer (click here)
15. Manganese - Answer (click here)
16. Chromium - Answer (click here)
17. Molybdenum - Answer (click here)
18. Selenium - Answer (click here)

Biochemical Techniques
1. Chromatography - Answer (click here)
2. Types of chromatography - Answer (click here)
3. Column chromatography: Types, Principle - Answer (click here)
4. Thin Layer chromatography - Answer (click here)
5. Paper chromatography - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of chromatography - Answer (click here)
7. Electrophoresis: principle, Types - Answer (click here)
8. Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses - Answer (click here)
9. Differential centrifugation technique - Answer (click here)
10. Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
11. The photoelectric colorimeter - Answer (click here)
12. Applications of spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)

Cell Membrane
1. Cell Membrane: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition - Answer (click here)
3. Models proposed for the plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Membrane: Viscosity - Answer (click here)
6. Surface tension - Answer (click here)
7. Osmosis and Biological Significance - Answer (click here)
8. Buffers - Answer (click here)

Digestion
1. Biochemistry: Digestion - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates in Digestion - Answer (click here)
3. Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Digestion of Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion of Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrate as a source of energy - Answer (click here)
3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) - Answer (click here)
4. HMP shunt pathway - Answer (click here)
5. Glycogen - Answer (click here)
6. Glycogen biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) - Answer (click here)
8. Gluconeogenesis - Answer (click here)
9. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)

Protein Metabolism
1. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Protein biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. Protein Metabolism Translation - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Urea Cycle - Answer (click here)
6. Formation of Niacin - Answer (click here)
7. Formation of Melanin - Answer (click here)
8. Formation of thyroid hormone - Answer (click here)
9. Formation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism
1. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Biological functions of Lipids - Answer (click here)
3. Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
4. Biosynthesis of fatty acids - Answer (click here)
5. Oxidation of Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
6. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Biosynthesis of cholesterol - Answer (click here)
8. Important products derived from cholesterol - Answer (click here)
9. Biosynthesis of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Cephalin - Answer (click here)
11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid Metabolism


1. Nucleic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Replication and Models of Replication - Answer (click here)
4. Sequential Process of Replication Initiation of DNA replication - Answer
(click here)
5. Catabolism of DNA by Deoxyribonucleases - Answer (click here)
6. Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription) - Answer (click here)
7. Processing of mRNA molecules - Answer (click here)
8. mRNA Processing of tRNA Molecules - Answer (click here)
9. Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - Answer (click here)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism


1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Galactosemia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Von - Gierke’s Disease : Cause, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Hemophilia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Albinism - Answer (click here)
6. Alkaptonuria: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
7. Taysach’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
8. Neoplasm - Answer (click here)

Biological Oxidation
1. Biological Oxidation - Answer (click here)
2. Redox Couple - Answer (click here)
3. Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
5. High energy compounds - Answer (click here)

Enzyme Kinetics
1. Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Derivation of M - M Equation - Answer (click here)
3. Enzyme Action - Answer (click here)
4. Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts - Answer (click here)

Immunology
1. Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Natural Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Humoral immunity - Answer (click here)
7. Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Antigens - Answer (click here)
9. Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here)
10. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here)
11. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
12. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
13. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here)
14. Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here)
15. Blood groups - Answer (click here)

Practicals
1. Collection of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Preparation of Starch From Potatoes - Answer (click here)
3. Preparation of Casein From Milk - Answer (click here)
4. Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation - Answer
(click here)
5. Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method) - Answer (click here)
6. Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method) - Answer (click here)
7. Determination of Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biochemistry
Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells
1. How does biochemistry describe life processes? - Answer (click here)
2. How did living things originate? - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry - Answer (click here)
4. How and when did the Earth come to be? - Answer (click here)
5. How were biomolecules likely to have formed on the early Earth? -
Answer (click here)
6. Molecules to Cells: Which came first - the catalysts or the hereditary
molecules? - Answer (click here)
7. The Biggest Biological Distinction-Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - Answer
(click here)
8. How is prokaryotic DNA organized without a nucleus? - Answer (click
here)
9. Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Five Kingdoms, Three Domains - Answer (click here)
11. Extremophiles: The Toast of the Industry - Answer (click here)
12. Common Ground for All Cells - Answer (click here)
13. Did eukaryotes develop from prokaryotes? - Answer (click here)
14. Did symbiosis play a role in the development of eukaryotes? - Answer
(click here)
15. Biochemical Energetics - Answer (click here)
16. Energy and Change: What kinds of energy changes take place in living
cells? - Answer (click here)
17. Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
18. Life and Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
19. Predicting Reactions - Answer (click here)

Water The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions


1. Water and Polarity - Answer (click here)
2. What is polarity? - Answer (click here)
3. Solvent Properties of Water - Answer (click here)
4. Hydrogen Bonds - Answer (click here)
5. Acids, Bases, and pH - Answer (click here)
6. Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
7. Buffers - Answer (click here)
8. How do buffers work? - Answer (click here)
9. How do we choose a buffer? - Answer (click here)
10. How do we make buffers in the laboratory? - Answer (click here)
11. Are naturally occurring pH buffers present in living organisms? - Answer
(click here)

Amino Acids and Peptides


1. Amino Acids Exist in a Three-Dimensional World - Answer (click here)
2. Individual Amino Acids:Their Structures and Properties - Answer (click
here)
3. Uncommon Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
4. Amino Acids to Calm Down and Pep Up - Answer (click here)
5. Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases - Answer (click here)
6. The Peptide Bond - Answer (click here)
7. Small Peptides with Physiological Activity - Answer (click here)
8. Phenylketonuria-Little Molecules Have Big Effects - Answer (click here)
9. Peptide Hormones-More Small Molecules with Big Effects - Answer (click
here)
10. Amino Acids Go Many Different Places - Answer (click here)

The Three Dimensional Structure of Proteins


1. Protein Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Secondary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Complete Proteins and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Periodic Structures in Protein Backbones - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Structure of Proteins: Irregularities in Regular Structures -
Answer (click here)
7. Supersecondary Structures and Domains of Proteins - Answer (click here)
8. The Collagen Triple Helix - Answer (click here)
9. Two Types of Protein Conformations: Fibrous and Globular - Answer
(click here)
10. Tertiary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Forces Involved in Tertiary Structures - Answer (click here)
12. Myoglobin: An Example of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
13. Denaturation and Refolding - Answer (click here)
14. Quaternary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
15. Protein Folding Dynamics - Answer (click here)
16. Hydrophobic Interactions:A Case Study in Thermodynamics - Answer
(click here)
17. Protein Folding Dynamics: The Importance of Correct Folding - Answer
(click here)
18. Protein-Folding Chaperones - Answer (click here)
19. Prions and Disease - Answer (click here)

Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques


1. Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells - Answer (click here)
2. Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
3. What are the different types of chromatography? - Answer (click here)
4. Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
5. Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein - Answer (click here)
6. Cleavage of the Protein into Peptides - Answer (click here)
7. Sequencing of Peptides: The Edman Method - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Purification: Pulling It All Together - Answer (click here)

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes


1. Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts - Answer (click here)
2. Kinetics versus Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
3. Enzymes as Markers for Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Enzyme Kinetic Equations - Answer (click here)
5. Enzyme-Substrate Binding - Answer (click here)
6. Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions - Answer (click here)
7. The Michaelis–Menten Approachto Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
8. Enzyme Inhibition - Answer (click here)
9. Practical Information from Kinetic Data - Answer (click here)
10. Enzyme Inhibition in the Treatment of AIDS - Answer (click here)

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes Mechanisms and Control


1. The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes - Answer (click here)
2. The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes - Answer
(click here)
3. Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
4. Zymogens - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of the Active Site - Answer (click here)
6. Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
7. The Active Site and Transition States - Answer (click here)
8. Families of Enzymes: Proteases - Answer (click here)
9. Coenzymes - Answer (click here)
10. Catalytic Antibodies against Cocaine - Answer (click here)
11. Catalysts for Green Chemistry - Answer (click here)

Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes


1. The Definition of a Lipid - Answer (click here)
2. The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types - Answer (click here)
3. What are fatty acids? - Answer (click here)
4. What are triacylglycerols? - Answer (click here)
5. What are phosphoacylglycerols? - Answer (click here)
6. What are waxes and sphingolipids? - Answer (click here)
7. What are glycolipids? - Answer (click here)
8. What are steroids? - Answer (click here)
9. Biological Membranes - Answer (click here)
10. What is the structure of lipid bilayers? - Answer (click here)
11. How does the composition of the bilayer affect its properties? - Answer
(click here)
12. Butter versus Margarine-Which Is Healthier? - Answer (click here)
13. The Kinds of Membrane Proteins - Answer (click here)
14. The Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure - Answer (click here)
15. Membranes in Drug Delivery - Answer (click here)
16. The Functions of Biological Membranes - Answer (click here)
17. Lipid Droplets Are Not Just Great Balls of Fat - Answer (click here)
18. Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions - Answer (click here)
19. Vision Has Great Chemistry - Answer (click here)
20. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes - Answer (click here)
21. Why Should We Eat More Salmon? - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acids How Structure Conveys Information


1. Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
2. The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides - Answer (click here)
3. The DNA Family Tree - Answer (click here)
4. The Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
5. What is the nature of the DNA double helix? - Answer (click here)
6. Are there other possible conformations of the double helix? - Answer (click
here)
7. How does prokaryotic DNA supercoil into its tertiary structure? - Answer
(click here)
8. How does supercoiling take place in eukaryotic DNA? - Answer (click here)
9. What Makes a Triple Helix Useful in Drug Design? - Answer (click here)
10. Denaturation of DNA - Answer (click here)
11. The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures - Answer (click here)
12. What kinds of RNA play a role in life processes? - Answer (click here)
13. What is the role of transfer RNA in protein synthesis? - Answer (click here)
14. How does ribosomal RNA combine with proteins to form the site of
protein synthesis? - Answer (click here)
15. The Human Genome Project: Treasure or Pandora’s Box? - Answer (click
here)
16. Why Identical Twins Are Not Identical - Answer (click here)

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids Replication


1. The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. DNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)
4. Semidiscontinuous DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
5. DNA Polymerase from E. coli - Answer (click here)
6. Proteins Required for DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
7. Proofreading and Repair - Answer (click here)
8. Why Does DNA Contain Thymine and Not Uracil? - Answer (click here)
9. Eukaryotic DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
10. The SOS Response in E. coli - Answer (click here)
11. Telomerase and Cancer - Answer (click here)

Transcription of the Genetic Code The Biosynthesis of RNA


1. Transcription of the Genetic Code - Answer (click here)
2. Transcription in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
3. Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
4. Transcription in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
5. Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
6. Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
7. Post transcriptional RNA Modification - Answer (click here)
8. Lupus: An Autoimmune Disease Involving RNA Processing - Answer
(click here)
9. Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
10. What are the characteristics of a ribozyme? - Answer (click here)
11. Proofreading in Transcription? RNA Fills In Another Missing Piece -
Answer (click here)

Protein Synthesis Translation of the Genetic Message


1. Translating the Genetic Message - Answer (click here)
2. The Genetic Code - Answer (click here)
3. Codon–Anticodon Pairing and Wobble - Answer (click here)
4. Amino Acid Activation - Answer (click here)
5. Prokaryotic Translation - Answer (click here)
6. Eukaryotic Translation - Answer (click here)
7. Posttranslational Modification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Degradation - Answer (click here)
9. Chaperones: Preventing Unsuitable Associations - Answer (click here)
10. Silent Mutations Are Not Always Silent - Answer (click here)
11. How Do We Adapt to High Altitude? - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid Biotechnology


1. Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
2. Restriction Endonucleases - Answer (click here)
3. Cloning - Answer (click here)
4. What is cloning? - Answer (click here)
5. What are plasmids? - Answer (click here)
6. Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
7. Genetic Engineering in Agriculture - Answer (click here)
8. Human Proteins through Genetic Recombination Techniques - Answer
(click here)
9. Fusion Proteins and Fast Purifications - Answer (click here)
10. DNA Libraries - Answer (click here)
11. The Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
13. CSI: Biochemistry - Forensic Uses of DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
14. Sequencing DNA - Answer (click here)
15. RNA Interference - The Newest Way to Study Genes - Answer (click here)
16. Genomics and Proteomics - Answer (click here)

Viruses Cancer and Immunology


1. Viruses - Answer (click here)
2. What is the structure of a virus? - Answer (click here)
3. Families of Viruses - Answer (click here)
4. Virus Life Cycles - Answer (click here)
5. Why are viruses important? - Answer (click here)
6. Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
7. Why are retroviruses important? - Answer (click here)
8. Viruses are Used for Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
9. The Immune System - Answer (click here)
10. Innate Immunity-The Front Lines of Defense - Answer (click here)
11. Acquired Immunity: Cellular Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. T-Cell Functions - Answer (click here)
13. T-Cell Memory - Answer (click here)
14. The Immune System: Molecular Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. The Immune System: Distinguishing Self from Nonself - Answer (click
here)
16. Viral RNAs Outwit the Immune System - Answer (click here)
17. Cancer - Answer (click here)
18. Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
19. Tumor Suppressors - Answer (click here)
20. Viruses and Cancer - Answer (click here)
21. Viruses Helping Cure Cancer - Answer (click here)
22. Attacking the Symptoms instead of the Disease? - Answer (click here)

The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in


Metabolism
1. Standard States for Free-Energy Changes - Answer (click here)
2. A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications - Answer (click
here)
3. Living Things Need Energy-How Do They Use It? - Answer (click here)
4. The Nature of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
5. Living Things Are Unique Thermodynamic Systems - Answer (click here)
6. The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism - Answer (click here)
7. Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -
Answer (click here)
8. Coupling of Production and Use of Energy - Answer (click here)
9. Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates
1. Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry - Answer (click here)
2. What is unique about the structures of sugars? - Answer (click here)
3. What happens if a sugar forms a cyclic molecule? - Answer (click here)
4. Reactions of Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin C Is Related to Sugars - Answer (click here)
6. Some Important Oligosaccharides - Answer (click here)
7. Fruits, Flowers, Striking Colors, and Medicinal Uses Too - Answer (click
here)
8. Lactose Intolerance: Why Do So Many People Not Want to Drink Milk?
- Answer (click here)
9. Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides - Answer (click here)
10. Why Is Dietary Fiber So Good for You? - Answer (click here)
11. Glycoproteins - Answer (click here)
12. Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here)
13. Glycoproteins and Blood Transfusions - Answer (click here)

Glycolysis
1. The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
2. Biofuels from Fermentation - Answer (click here)
3. Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose toThree-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-
Phosphate - Answer (click here)
4. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
5. Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
6. What Is the Connection between Anaerobic Metabolism and Dental
Plaque? - Answer (click here)
7. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Answer (click here)
8. Energy Production in Glycolysis - Answer (click here)

Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism


1. How Glycogen Is Produced and Degraded - Answer (click here)
2. How does the breakdown of glycogen take place? - Answer (click here)
3. How is glycogen formed from glucose? - Answer (click here)
4. How is glycogen metabolism controlled? - Answer (click here)
5. Why Do Athletes Go In for Glycogen Loading? - Answer (click here)
6. Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
7. Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
8. Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted throughthe Pentose Phosphate Pathway -
Answer (click here)
9. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Hemolytic Anemia - Answer (click
here)

The Citric Acid Cycle


1. The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism - Answer (click
here)
2. The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA - Answer (click here)
4. The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
5. Plant Poisons and the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
6. Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
7. The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway - Answer (click here)
8. The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism - Answer (click here)
9. The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism - Answer (click here)
10. Why Can’t Animals Use All the Same Energy Sources as Plants and
Bacteria? - Answer (click here)
11. The Link to Oxygen - Answer (click here)
12. Why Is It So Hard to Lose Weight? - Answer (click here)

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation


1. The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain - Answer (click here)
3. Organization of Electron Transport Complexes - Answer (click here)
4. The Connection between Electron Transportand Phosphorylation -
Answer (click here)
5. The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answer (click
here)
6. Respiratory Inhibitors Can Be Usedto Study Electron Transport - Answer
(click here)
7. Shuttle Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
8. What Does Brown Adipose Tissue Have to Do with Obesity? - Answer
(click here)
9. The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose - Answer (click here)
10. Sports and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
11. The Darker Side of Sports - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism
1. Catabolism of Lipids - Answer (click here)
2. The Energy Yield from the Oxidationof Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
3. Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids -
Answer (click here)
4. Ketone Bodies - Answer (click here)
5. Fatty-Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Ketone Bodies and Effective Weight Loss - Answer (click here)
7. Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids - Answer (click here)
8. A Gene for Obesity - Answer (click here)
9. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-A New Target in the Fight against Obesity? -
Answer (click here)
10. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Photosynthesis
1. Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
2. The Relationship between Wavelength and Energy of Light - Answer
(click here)
3. Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis - Answer
(click here)
4. Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosystem I - Answer (click here)
5. Photosynthesis and ATP Production - Answer (click here)
6. Killing Weeds by Inhibiting Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen -
Answer (click here)
8. Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2 - Answer (click here)
9. Chloroplast Genes - Answer (click here)
10. CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants - Answer (click here)

The Metabolism of Nitrogen


1. Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview - Answer (click here)
2. Nitrogen Fixation - Answer (click here)
3. Why Is the Nitrogen Content of Fertilizers So Important? - Answer (click
here)
4. Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism - Answer (click here)
5. Amino Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Essential Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
7. Amino Acid Catabolism - Answer (click here)
8. Water and the Disposal of Nitrogen Wastes - Answer (click here)
9. Chemotherapy and Antibiotics - Taking Advantage of the Need for Folic
Acid - Answer (click here)
10. Purine Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Purine Catabolism - Answer (click here)
12. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome - Answer (click here)
13. Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism - Answer (click here)
14. Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides - Answer (click
here)
15. Conversion of dUTP to dTTP - Answer (click here)

Integration of Metabolism Cellular Signaling


1. Connections between Metabolic Pathways - Answer (click here)
2. Biochemistry and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. What are required nutrients? - Answer (click here)
4. Why do we need vitamins? - Answer (click here)
5. What are minerals? - Answer (click here)
6. The Food Pyramid - Answer (click here)
7. What is obesity? - Answer (click here)
8. Alcohol Consumption and Addiction - Answer (click here)
9. Iron: An Example of a Mineral Requirement - Answer (click here)
10. Hormones and Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
11. What are hormones? - Answer (click here)
12. How do second messengers work? Cyclic AMP and G Proteins - Answer
(click here)
13. Calcium Ion as a Second Messenger - Answer (click here)
14. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
15. Hormones and the Control of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
16. Insulin and Its Effects - Answer (click here)
17. Insulin and Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here)
18. A Workout a Day Keeps Diabetes Away? - Answer (click here)
19. The Search for Longevity - Answer (click here)

Living Cell
1. Living Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Living cells - Answer (click here)
3. Sub cellular Organelles - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Membrane and its Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Wall and its Functions - Answer (click here)
6. Nucleus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
7. Mitochondria and its Functions - Answer (click here)
8. Endoplasmic reticulum and its Functions - Answer (click here)
9. Golgi apparatus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
10. Ribosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
11. Lysosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
12. Peroxisomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
13. Cytoplasm and its Functions - Answer (click here)
14. Chloroplasts and its Functions - Answer (click here)
15. Cell Vacuoles - Answer (click here)
16. Blood: Composition and Functions - Answer (click here)
17. Formation of blood - Answer (click here)
18. Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
19. Buffers - Answer (click here)
20. Uses of buffer - Answer (click here)
21. Buffers of blood - Answer (click here)
22. Acids and bases - Answer (click here)

Biomolecules
1. Biomolecule: Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)

Enzymes
1. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical nature of enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Naming of enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of enzymes - Answer (click here)
5. Factors influencing enzyme activity - Answer (click here)
6. Types of enzyme inhibition - Answer (click here)
7. Iso enzymes - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of enzymes - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates
1. Functions of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
4. Physical properties of monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical properties of glucose - Answer (click here)
6. Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose - Answer (click here)
7. Disaccharides - Answer (click here)
8. Poly saccharides - Answer (click here)

Proteins
1. Proteins and Sources of protein - Answer (click here)
2. Amino acids - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of amino acids - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Protein structure - Answer (click here)
7. Biologically important proteins - Answer (click here)

Lipids
1. Lipids - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
3. Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
5. Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
6. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
7. Classification of Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids - Answer
(click here)
9. Importance of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Sterols - Answer (click here)
11. Cholesterol: Structure, Properties - Answer (click here)
Nucleic Acids
1. Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases - Answer (click here)
2. Purine bases: Structure and Properties - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
6. Functions of DNA - Answer (click here)
7. Structure and types of RNA - Answer (click here)

Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Fat soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
3. Water soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin - A - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
8. Thiamine (B1) - Answer (click here)
9. Riboflavin (B2) - Answer (click here)
10. Niacin (B3) - Answer (click here)
11. Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer (click here)
12. Folic acid - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
14. Pantothenic acid (B5) - Answer (click here)
15. Biotin - Answer (click here)
16. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Answer (click here)

Minerals
1. Minerals Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium - Answer (click here)
3. Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
4. Sodium - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium - Answer (click here)
6. Chlorine - Answer (click here)
7. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
8. Sulphur - Answer (click here)
9. Iron - Answer (click here)
10. Copper - Answer (click here)
11. Iodine - Answer (click here)
12. Fluorine - Answer (click here)
13. Zinc - Answer (click here)
14. Cobalt - Answer (click here)
15. Manganese - Answer (click here)
16. Chromium - Answer (click here)
17. Molybdenum - Answer (click here)
18. Selenium - Answer (click here)

Biochemical Techniques
1. Chromatography - Answer (click here)
2. Types of chromatography - Answer (click here)
3. Column chromatography: Types, Principle - Answer (click here)
4. Thin Layer chromatography - Answer (click here)
5. Paper chromatography - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of chromatography - Answer (click here)
7. Electrophoresis: principle, Types - Answer (click here)
8. Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses - Answer (click here)
9. Differential centrifugation technique - Answer (click here)
10. Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
11. The photoelectric colorimeter - Answer (click here)
12. Applications of spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)

Cell Membrane
1. Cell Membrane: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition - Answer (click here)
3. Models proposed for the plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
5. Cell Membrane: Viscosity - Answer (click here)
6. Surface tension - Answer (click here)
7. Osmosis and Biological Significance - Answer (click here)
8. Buffers - Answer (click here)

Digestion
1. Biochemistry: Digestion - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates in Digestion - Answer (click here)
3. Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Digestion of Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion of Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrate as a source of energy - Answer (click here)
3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) - Answer (click here)
4. HMP shunt pathway - Answer (click here)
5. Glycogen - Answer (click here)
6. Glycogen biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) - Answer (click here)
8. Gluconeogenesis - Answer (click here)
9. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)

Protein Metabolism
1. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Protein biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. Protein Metabolism Translation - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Urea Cycle - Answer (click here)
6. Formation of Niacin - Answer (click here)
7. Formation of Melanin - Answer (click here)
8. Formation of thyroid hormone - Answer (click here)
9. Formation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism
1. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Biological functions of Lipids - Answer (click here)
3. Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
4. Biosynthesis of fatty acids - Answer (click here)
5. Oxidation of Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
6. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Biosynthesis of cholesterol - Answer (click here)
8. Important products derived from cholesterol - Answer (click here)
9. Biosynthesis of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
10. Cephalin - Answer (click here)
11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid Metabolism


1. Nucleic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Replication and Models of Replication - Answer (click here)
4. Sequential Process of Replication Initiation of DNA replication - Answer
(click here)
5. Catabolism of DNA by Deoxyribonucleases - Answer (click here)
6. Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription) - Answer (click here)
7. Processing of mRNA molecules - Answer (click here)
8. mRNA Processing of tRNA Molecules - Answer (click here)
9. Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - Answer (click here)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism


1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Galactosemia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Von - Gierke’s Disease : Cause, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Hemophilia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Albinism - Answer (click here)
6. Alkaptonuria: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
7. Taysach’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
8. Neoplasm - Answer (click here)

Biological Oxidation
1. Biological Oxidation - Answer (click here)
2. Redox Couple - Answer (click here)
3. Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
5. High energy compounds - Answer (click here)

Enzyme Kinetics
1. Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Derivation of M - M Equation - Answer (click here)
3. Enzyme Action - Answer (click here)
4. Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts - Answer (click here)

Immunology
1. Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Natural Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Humoral immunity - Answer (click here)
7. Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Antigens - Answer (click here)
9. Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here)
10. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here)
11. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
12. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
13. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here)
14. Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here)
15. Blood groups - Answer (click here)

Practicals
1. Collection of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Preparation of Starch From Potatoes - Answer (click here)
3. Preparation of Casein From Milk - Answer (click here)
4. Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation - Answer
(click here)
5. Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method) - Answer (click here)
6. Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method) - Answer (click here)
7. Determination of Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)

Subject : Microbiology
Microbiology
1. History Of Microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. The compound light microscope - Answer (click here)
3. Stains and staining reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
5. Factors Influenzing Sterilization by Heat - Answer (click here)
6. Merits and Demerits of Heat Sterilization - Answer (click here)
7. Pure culture methods - Answer (click here)
8. Microbial nutrition and growth - Answer (click here)
9. Prokaryotic cell structure - Answer (click here)
10. Microbiology Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
11. Taxonomy of Fungi - Answer (click here)
12. Taxonomy of Algae - Answer (click here)
13. Microbiology of air - Answer (click here)
14. Microbiology of water - Answer (click here)
15. Sources of water pollution - Microbiology of water - Answer (click here)
16. Microbiology of food - Answer (click here)
17. Factors that influence the growth of the microorganisms - Answer (click
here)
18. Microbiology of milk - Answer (click here)
19. Sources of microorganisms in milk - Answer (click here)
20. Microbiology of soil - Answer (click here)
21. Distribution of different types of soil microorganisms - Answer (click here)
22. Factors that influencing microbial population - Answer (click here)
23. Harmful microbial interactions - Answer (click here)
24. Medical Microbiology - Answer (click here)
25. Routes of spread of infection - Answer (click here)
26. Virulence Factors - Answer (click here)
27. Respiratory tract infections - Answer (click here)
28. Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
29. Infections of the Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
30. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
31. Bacterial skin and wound infection - Answer (click here)
32. Factors Responsible For Wound Infections - Answer (click here)
33. Bacterial infections of thegastrointestinal tract - Answer (click here)
34. Superficial mycoses and dermatomycoses - Answer (click here)
35. Amoebiasis - Answer (click here)
36. Malaria - Answer (click here)
37. Filariasis - Answer (click here)
38. Poliomyelitis - Answer (click here)
39. Influenza - Answer (click here)
40. Zoonotic diseases - Answer (click here)
41. Rabies - Answer (click here)
42. Structure and Development of Immune System - Answer (click here)
43. Function of the thymus gland - Answer (click here)
44. Effects of thymectomy (removal of thymus) - Answer (click here)
45. Bursa of Fabricius and Functions of Bursa of Fabricius - Answer (click here)
46. Functions of lymph node - Answer (click here)
47. Functions of spleen - Answer (click here)
48. Functions of MALT(Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) and GALT -
Answer (click here)
49. Cells of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
50. Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
51. Anatomic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
52. Physiologic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
53. Phagocytic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
54. Inflammatory Barriers - Answer (click here)
55. Collaboration between Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
56. Adaptive Imuunity - Answer (click here)
57. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
58. Characterization of antibodies - Answer (click here)
59. Properties and functions of immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
60. Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
61. Stages Involved in Antigen-antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
62. General Features of Antigen-antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
63. Measurement of Antignen and Antibody - Answer (click here)
64. Types of Agglutination Reactions - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer
(click here)
65. Precipitation Reactions: Test, Application - Answer (click here)
66. Microbial genetics - Answer (click here)
67. DNA as the Genetic Material - Answer (click here)
68. Griffith Experiment - Answer (click here)
69. Avery, MacLeod and McCarthy experiment - Answer (click here)
70. Hershey and Chase Experiment - Answer (click here)
71. DNA Structure - Answer (click here)
72. Alternative form of DNA - Answer (click here)
73. DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
74. Enzymology of DNA Replication - Answer (click here)

Subject : Microbiology and Immunology


General Microbiology History of Microbiology
1. History of Microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. Historical Background of Microbiology - Answer (click here)
3. Microorganisms as a Cause of Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Study of Viruses - Answer (click here)
5. Phenomenon of Immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Specificity of the Antibody Molecule - Answer (click here)
7. Chemotherapeutic Agents - Answer (click here)

Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria


1. Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Size of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Microscopy and Types of Microscopy - Answer (click here)
4. Light microscopy - Answer (click here)
5. Fluorescence microscopy - Answer (click here)
6. Electron microscopy - Answer (click here)
7. Study of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
8. Staining Methods used in diagnostic microbiology - Answer (click here)
9. Shape of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
10. Cell Wall - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer
(click here)
11. Cell Membrane - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope -
Answer (click here)
12. Cytoplasm - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer
(click here)
13. Nucleus - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer
(click here)
14. Capsule and Slime Layer - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell
Envelope - Answer (click here)
15. Surface Appendages - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell
Envelope - Answer (click here)
16. Sporulation - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope -
Answer (click here)
17. Growth and Multiplication of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
18. Bacterial Count - Answer (click here)
19. Bacterial Growth Curve - Answer (click here)
20. Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
21. Bacterial Nutrition - Answer (click here)

Sterilizationand Disinfection
1. Definition of Frequently Used Terms in Sterilizationand Disinfection -
Answer (click here)
2. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
3. Physical Methods of Sterilization - Answer (click here)
4. Chemical Methods of Sterilization - Answer (click here)
5. Sterilization by moist heat - Answer (click here)
6. Sterilization by dry heat - Answer (click here)
7. Disinfection - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of Ideal Disinfectant - Answer (click here)
9. Action of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
10. Factors Influencing Activity of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
11. Types of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
12. Testing of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
Culture Media
1. Culture Media - Answer (click here)
2. Ingredients of Culture Media - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Culture Media - Answer (click here)

Culture Methods
1. Culture Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Methods of Culture - Answer (click here)
3. Anaerobic Culture: Specimen, Culture Media, Methods - Answer (click
here)

Laboratory Identification of Bacteria and Taxonomy


1. Identification of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Biochemical Reactions - Identification of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Typing of Bacterial Strains - Answer (click here)
4. Bacterial Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
5. Bacterial Classification - Answer (click here)
6. Nomenclature of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)

Bacterial Genetics
1. Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
2. Chromosomal Substances - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Mutations - Answer (click here)
4. Extrachromosomal DNA Substances - Answer (click here)
5. Transfer of DNA Within Bacterial Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Transfer of DNA Between Bacterial Cells - Answer (click here)

Genetic Engineering and Molecular Methods


1. DNA: An Amazing Molecule - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleic Acid Probes - Answer (click here)
4. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
5. Recombinant DNA Technology - Microbiology and Immunology -
Answer (click here)
6. Genetically Modified Organisms - Answer (click here)
7. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
Antimicrobial Agents Therapy and Resistance
1. Antimicrobial Agents Therapy and Resistance - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance - Resistance to Antimicrobial
Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Nongenetic and Genetic Basis of Resistance - Answer (click here)
5. Specific Mechanisms of Resistance - Answer (click here)
6. Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing - Answer (click here)
7. Antibacterial Assays in Body Fluids - Answer (click here)

Microbial Pathogenesis
1. Microbial Pathogenesis: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
3. Infection and Types of Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Transmission of Infection - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer
(click here)
6. Entry of Organisms and Evasion of Local Defenses - Stages of
Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Adherence to Cell Surfaces - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections -
Answer (click here)
8. Growth and Multiplication of Bacteria at the Site of Adherence - Stages
of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Manifestations and Termination of Disease - Stages of Pathogenesis of
Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Stages of an Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)

Immunity
1. Immunity - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Immunity - Answer (click here)
3. Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors influencing innate immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Mechanisms of innate immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Mediators of inflammatory reactions - Answer (click here)
7. Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity and its Types - Answer (click here)

Antigen
1. Antigen: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Determinants of Antigenicity - Answer (click here)
3. Antigenic Specificity: Epitopes - Answer (click here)
4. Species Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
5. Isospecificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
6. Autospecificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
7. Organ Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
8. Heterophile Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
9. Haptens - Answer (click here)
10. Superantigens - Answer (click here)

Antibodies
1. Antibodies: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Immunoglobulins with Proteolytic Enzymes - Answer (click
here)
4. Immunoglobulin Antigen Determinants - Answer (click here)
5. Biosynthesis of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
7. Immunoglobulin Classes - Answer (click here)
8. Abnormal Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)

Antigen Antibody Reactions


1. General Features of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
2. Stages of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Precipitation - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
5. Types of precipitation reactions - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer
(click here)
6. Agglutination - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
7. Types of agglutination reactions: Direct, Passive - Antigen Antibody
Reactions - Answer (click here)
8. Complement Dependent Serological Tests - Antigen Antibody Reactions
- Answer (click here)
9. Neutralization Tests - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
10. Opsonization - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
11. Immunofluorescence - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
12. Enzyme Immunoassays - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
13. Radioimmunoassay - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
14. Western Blotting - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
15. Chemiluminescence Assay - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click
here)
16. Immunoelectronmicroscopic Tests - Antigen Antibody Reactions -
Answer (click here)

Complement System
1. Complement System - Answer (click here)
2. Activation of Complement - Answer (click here)
3. Regulation of Complement System - Answer (click here)
4. Biological Effects of Complement - Answer (click here)
5. Deficiency of Complement - Answer (click here)
6. Biosynthesis of Complement - Answer (click here)
7. Quantitation of Complement - Answer (click here)

Structure and Function Imune System


1. Structure and Function Imune System: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Lymphoid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)
3. Lymphatic Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
4. Cells of the Lymphoreticular System - Answer (click here)
5. Thymus-derived cells - Answer (click here)
6. Bone marrow-derived cells - Answer (click here)
7. Antigen-presenting cells - Answer (click here)
8. Effector cells that function to eliminate antigens - Answer (click here)
9. Major Histocompatibility Complex - Answer (click here)

Immune Response
1. Humoral Immunity - Answer (click here)
2. Production of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
3. Theories of antibody formation - Answer (click here)
4. Factors affecting production of antibodies - Answer (click here)
5. Immunosuppressive agents - Answer (click here)
6. Monoclonal Antibodies and Method of production - Answer (click here)
7. Function of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Induction of CMI - Answer (click here)
10. Cytokines and Categories of cytokines - Answer (click here)
11. Tests for Detection of CMI - Answer (click here)
12. Transfer Factor - Answer (click here)
13. Immunological Tolerance - Answer (click here)
14. Mechanisms of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
15. Types of Immune Tolerance - Answer (click here)

Immunodeficiency
1. Immunodeficiency: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
3. B-Cell Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
4. T-Cell Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
5. Combined B-Cell and T-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
6. Complement Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
7. Phagocyte Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
8. Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
9. B-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
10. T-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
11. Complement Deficiencies - Answer (click here)

Hypersensitivity
1. Hypersensitivity: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Type I (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
3. Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
4. Type III (Immune-Complex) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
5. Type IV Delayed (Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
6. Type V (Stimulatory Type) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
7. Types of DTH(delayed type hyper-sensitivity) Reactions - Answer (click
here)
8. Mechanism of DTH(delayed type hyper-sensitivity) - Answer (click here)
9. Immune-Complex Diseases - Answer (click here)

Autoimmunity
1. Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
2. Tolerance and Mechanisms of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
4. Mechanisms in Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
5. Autoimmune Pathological Process - Answer (click here)
6. Animal Models of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
7. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)

Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy


1. Transplant Immunology and Types of Transplants - Answer (click here)
2. Allograft Rejection - Transplant Immunology - Answer (click here)
3. Graft-Versus-Host Reaction - Transplant Immunology - Answer (click here)
4. Tumor Immunology - Answer (click here)
5. Features of Malignant Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Tumor Antigens - Answer (click here)
7. Immune Reactions against Tumors - Answer (click here)
8. Immunosurveillance - Answer (click here)
9. Immunotherapy of Cancer - Answer (click here)

Immunohematology
1. ABO Blood Group System and Antigens - Answer (click here)
2. Rh Blood Group System and Antigens - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
4. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer (click
here)
5. ABO Hemolytic Diseases - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Staphylococcus
1. Staphylococcus - Answer (click here)
2. Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of the Bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Staphylococcus aureus
- Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Syndromes of Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcal infections - Staphylococcus
aureus - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of staphylococcal infection - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer
(click here)
10. Prevention and Control of staphylococcal infection - Staphylococcus
aureus - Answer (click here)
11. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - Answer (click here)
12. Micrococcus, Planococcus, Stomatococcus - Staphylococcus - Answer
(click here)

Bacteriology Streptococcus and Enterococcus


1. Streptococcus - Answer (click here)
2. Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of the Bacteria - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Streptococcus
pyogenes - Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Syndromes - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Diagnosis - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes infections - Answer (click here)
10. Prevention and Control of Streptococcus pyogenes infections - Answer
(click here)
11. Streptococcus agalactiae - Answer (click here)
12. Other Hemolytic Streptococci - Answer (click here)
13. Viridans Streptococci - Answer (click here)
14. Enterococcus - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Pneumococusm
1. Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Streptococcus
pneumonia - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click
here)
4. Clinical Syndromes - Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis - Streptococcus pneumonia infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Treatment of Streptococcus pneumonia infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Neisseria
1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of the Bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click here)
9. Prevention and Control of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click
here)
10. Neisseria meningitides: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
11. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Neisseria meningitides
- Answer (click here)
12. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
13. Clinical Syndromes - Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
14. Epidemiology of Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
15. Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer (click
here)
16. Treatment of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer (click here)
17. Prevention and Control of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer
(click here)
18. Other Neisseria Bacteria Species - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Corynebacterium
1. Corynebacterium - Answer (click here)
2. Corynebacterium diphtheria: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click
here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click
here)
4. Clinical Syndromes - Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Treatment of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections - Answer (click here)
8. Prevention and Control of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections -
Answer (click here)
9. Other Pathogenic Corynebacterium Species - Answer (click here)
10. Few Coryneform Genera - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Bacillus
1. Bacillus: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of the Bacteria Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Bacillus anthracis -
Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Syndromes - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click here)
10. Prevention and Control of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click
here)
11. Anthracoid Bacilli - Answer (click here)
12. Bacillus cereus - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Clostridium
1. Clostridium - Answer (click here)
2. General Properties of Clostridia - Answer (click here)
3. Clostridium perfringens: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens infections - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Clostridium perfringens infections
- Answer (click here)
9. Clostridium tetani: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
10. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
11. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
12. Epidemiology - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
13. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click here)
14. Treatment of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click here)
15. Prevention and Control of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click
here)
16. Clostridium botulinum: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Pathogenicity and Immunity - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
18. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
19. Epidemiology - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
20. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer (click
here)
21. Treatment of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer (click here)
22. Prevention and Control of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer
(click here)
23. Clostridium difficile - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Nonsporing Anaerobes


1. Nonsporing Anaerobes - Answer (click here)
2. Anaerobic Bacilli - Answer (click here)
3. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli - Answer (click here)
4. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli - Answer (click here)

Coliforms
1. Coliforms - Answer (click here)
2. Escherichia - Answer (click here)
3. Escherichia coli: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Escherichia coli -
Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Escherichia coli Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Escherichia coli Infections -
Answer (click here)
9. Edwardsiella - Answer (click here)
10. Citrobacter - Nonsporing Anaerobes - Answer (click here)
11. Klebsiella - Answer (click here)
12. Enterobacter - Answer (click here)
13. Hafnia - Answer (click here)
14. Serratia - Answer (click here)
15. Proteus - Answer (click here)
16. Proteus: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Proteus - Answer (click
here)
18. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Proteus - Answer (click here)
19. Clinical Syndromes - Proteus - Answer (click here)
20. Epidemiology - Proteus - Answer (click here)
21. Laboratory Diagnosis of Proteus Infections - Answer (click here)
22. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Proteus Infections - Answer (click
here)
23. Morganella - Answer (click here)
24. Providencia - Answer (click here)
25. Erwinia - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Salmonella
1. Salmonella - Answer (click here)
2. Salmonella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Salmonella - Answer
(click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Prevention and Control of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Salmonella Gastroenteritis - Answer (click here)
11. Salmonella Bacteremia - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Shigella
1. Shigella - Answer (click here)
2. Shigella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Shigella - Answer (click
here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Shigella - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Shigella - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Shigella - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Shigella Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment and Prevention and Control of Shigella Infections - Answer
(click here)

Bacteriology Yersinia
1. Yersinia - Answer (click here)
2. Yersinia pestis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Yersinia pestis - Answer
(click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Prevention and Control of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Yersinia enterocolitica - Answer (click here)
11. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology VibrioAeromonasand Plesiomonas


1. Vibrio cholerae: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Vibrio cholerae -
Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Vibrio cholerae - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Syndromes - Vibrio cholerae - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Vibrio cholerae - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment of Vibrio cholerae Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Prevention and Control of Vibrio cholerae Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Noncholera Vibrios - Answer (click here)
10. Vibrio mimicus - Answer (click here)
11. Halophilic Vibrios - Answer (click here)
12. Aeromonas - Answer (click here)
13. Plesiomonas - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Campylobacter and Helicobacter


1. Campylobacter: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Campylobacter - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Syndrome - Campylobacter - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology - Campylobacter - Answer (click here)
5. Laboratory Diagnosis of Campylobacter Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Campylobacter Infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Helicobacter - Answer (click here)
8. Helicobacter pylori: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Helicobacter pylori - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Syndrome - Helicobacter pylori - Answer (click here)
11. Epidemiology - Helicobacter pylori - Answer (click here)
12. Laboratory Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infections - Answer (click
here)
13. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Helicobacter pylori Infections -
Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Pseudomonas Burkholderia and Moraxell


1. Pseudomonas - Answer (click here)
2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Pseudomonas
aeruginosa - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Answer (click
here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections - Answer
(click here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Burkholderia: Burkholderia cepacia, mallei, pseudomallei - Answer (click
here)
10. Moraxella - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Haemophilus Pasteurella and Actinobacillus


1. Haemophilu - Answer (click here)
2. Haemophilus influenza: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Structures and Antigenic Properties - Haemophilus influenza -
Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Haemophilus influenza - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Haemophilus influenza - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Haemophilus influenza - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus influenza Infections - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Haemophilus influenza Infections
- Answer (click here)
9. Few Haemophilus Species - Answer (click here)
10. Pasteurella - Answer (click here)
11. Actinobacillus - Answer (click here)
12. HACEK Group of Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Bordetella and Francisella


1. Bordetella - Answer (click here)
2. Bordetella pertussis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Bordetella pertussis -
Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Bordetella pertussis - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Bordetella pertussis - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Bordetella pertussis - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis Infections - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Bordetella pertussis Infections -
Answer (click here)
9. Bordetella parapertussis - Answer (click here)
10. Bordetella bronchiseptica - Answer (click here)
11. Francisella tularensis: Properties of the bacteria - Answer (click here)
12. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Francisella tularensis - Answer (click here)
13. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Francisella tularensis - Answer
(click here)
14. Laboratory Diagnosis of Francisella tularensis Infections - Answer (click
here)
15. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Francisella tularensis Infections -
Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Brucella
1. Brucella - Answer (click here)
2. Brucella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Brucella - Answer (click
here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Brucella - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Brucella - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Brucella - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Brucella Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Brucella Infections - Answer (click
here)

Bacteriology Mycobacterium tuberculosis


1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: General Properties - Answer (click here)
3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click
here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Mycobacterium
tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click
here)
6. Clinical Syndromes - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
7. Complications of Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer
(click here)
8. Epidemiology - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
9. Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections - Answer
(click here)
10. Treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections - Answer (click here)
11. Prevention and Control for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections -
Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Nontuberculous Mycobacteria


1. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Photochromogens - Answer (click here)
3. Scotochromogens - Answer (click here)
4. Nonphotochromogens - Answer (click here)
5. Rapid Growers - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium


1. Mycobacterium leprae: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Mycobacterium leprae
- Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Mycobacterium leprae - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Syndromes - Mycobacterium leprae - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Mycobacterium leprae - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis for Mycobacterium leprae Infections - Answer (click
here)
7. Treatment for Mycobacterium leprae Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Prevention and Control for Mycobacterium leprae Infections - Answer
(click here)
9. Mycobacterium lepraemurium - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Treponema Borrelia and Leptospira


1. Treponema - Answer (click here)
2. Treponema pallidum: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Treponema pallidum -
Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Treponema pallidum - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Treponema pallidum - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Treponema pallidum - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Treponema pallidum Infections - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Treponema pallidum Infections -
Answer (click here)
9. Nonvenereal Treponematosis - Answer (click here)
10. Nonpathogenic Treponemes - Answer (click here)
11. Borrelia - Answer (click here)
12. Borrelia recurrentis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
13. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Borrelia recurrentis - Answer (click here)
14. Clinical Syndromes - Borrelia recurrentis - Answer (click here)
15. Epidemiology - Borrelia recurrentis - Answer (click here)
16. Laboratory Diagnosis - Borrelia recurrentis infections - Answer (click here)
17. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Borrelia recurrentis infections -
Answer (click here)
18. Borrelia vincenti - Answer (click here)
19. Borrelia burgdorferi - Answer (click here)
20. Leptospira: Classification - Answer (click here)
21. Leptospira interrogans Complex: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click
here)
22. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Leptospira interrogans Complex - Answer
(click here)
23. Clinical Syndromes - Leptospira interrogans Complex - Answer (click here)
24. Epidemiology - Leptospira interrogans Complex - Answer (click here)
25. Laboratory Diagnosis - Leptospira interrogans Complex Infections -
Answer (click here)
26. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Leptospira interrogans Complex
Infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma


1. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma - Answer (click here)
2. Mycoplasma pneumonia: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Mycoplasma
pneumonia - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Mycoplasma pneumonia - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Mycoplasma pneumonia - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Mycoplasma pneumonia - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Mycoplasma pneumonia Infections - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Mycoplasma pneumonia Infections
- Answer (click here)
9. Genital Mycoplasma Species - Answer (click here)
10. Ureaplasma urealyticum - Answer (click here)
11. Atypical Pneumonia - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Actinomycetes
1. Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
2. Actinomyces: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Actinomyces - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Actinomyces - Answer (click here)
5. Laboratory Diagnosis - Actinomyces Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Actinomyces Infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Nocardia - Answer (click here)
8. Nocardia: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Syndromes - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
11. Epidemiology - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
12. Laboratory Diagnosis - Nocardia Infections - Answer (click here)
13. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Nocardia Infections - Answer (click
here)
14. Rhodococcus - Answer (click here)
15. Gordonia, Tsukamurella, Thermophilic Actinomyces, Tropheryma
whippelii, Dermatophilus, Oerskovia - Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Miscellaneous Bacteria


1. Listeria monocytogenes - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Alcaligenes faecalis - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Chromobacterium violaceum - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Flavobacterium meningosepticum - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Calymmatobacterium - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
7. Streptobacillus moniliformis - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
8. Spirillum minus - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Legionella - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
10. Legionella pneumophila: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
11. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Legionella
pneumophila - Answer (click here)
12. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Legionella pneumophila - Answer (click here)
13. Clinical Sydromes - Legionella pneumophila - Answer (click here)
14. Epidemiology - Legionella pneumophila - Answer (click here)
15. Laboratory Diagnosis - Legionella pneumophila Infections - Answer (click
here)
16. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Legionella pneumophila Infections
- Answer (click here)
17. Bartonella - Answer (click here)
18. Capnocytophaga - Answer (click here)
19. Gardnerella vaginalis - Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Rickettsia Orientia Ehrlichia and Coxiella


1. Rickettsia, Orientia Ehrlichia, and Coxiella - Answer (click here)
2. Genus Rickettsia: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Genus Rickettsia -
Answer (click here)
4. Typhus Fever Group - Answer (click here)
5. Rickettsia prowazekii - Answer (click here)
6. Rickettsia typhi - Answer (click here)
7. Spotted Fever Group - Answer (click here)
8. Rickettsia rickettsiae - Answer (click here)
9. Rickettsia akari - Answer (click here)
10. Orientia tsutsugamushi - Genus Orientia - Answer (click here)
11. Genus Ehrlichia - Answer (click here)
12. Genus Coxiella - Answer (click here)
13. Coxiella burnetii: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
14. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Coxiella burnetii -
Answer (click here)
15. Pathogenesis and Immunity, Clinical Syndrome - Coxiella burnetii -
Answer (click here)
16. Epidemiology - Coxiella burnetii - Answer (click here)
17. Laboratory Diagnosis - Coxiella burnetii Infections - Answer (click here)
18. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Coxiella burnetii Infections - Answer
(click here)

Bacteriology Chlamydia and Chlamydophilaum


1. Chlamydia - Answer (click here)
2. Chlamydia: General Properties, Growth and Multiplication - Answer (click
here)
3. Chlamydia trachomatis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Chlamydia trachomatis
- Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Chlamydia trachomatis - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Syndromes - Chlamydia trachomatis - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology - Chlamydia trachomatis - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Diagnosis - Chlamydia trachomatis Infections - Answer (click
here)
9. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Chlamydia trachomatis Infections -
Answer (click here)
10. Chlamydophila - Answer (click here)
11. Chlamydophila pneumonia - Answer (click here)
12. Chlamydophila psittaci - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus General Properties of Viruses


1. General Properties of Viruses - Answer (click here)
2. Morphology of Viruses - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and Symmetry of Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents of Virus - Answer (click
here)
5. Replication of Viruses - Answer (click here)
6. Viral Genetics - Answer (click here)
7. Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Viruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Pathogenesis of Viral Infections


1. Stages of Viral Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Viral Pathogenesis at the Cellular Level - Answer (click here)
3. Host Response to Viral Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Manifestations of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Pathogenesis of Viral Infections - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Antiviral Agents


1. Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Antiviral Drugs - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases


1. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Demonstration of Virus-Induced CPEs in the Cells - Methods of
Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Direct Detection of Viruses - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral
Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Virus Isolation - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases -
Answer (click here)
6. Viral Assays - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases -
Answer (click here)
7. Detection of Viral Proteins and Other Enzymes - Methods of Laboratory
Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
8. Detection of Viral Genome - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral
Diseases - Answer (click here)
9. Viral Serology - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases -
Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Bacteriophages


1. Bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
2. Morphology - Bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
3. Life Cycle: Lysogenic and Lytic Cycle - Bacteriophages - Answer (click
here)
4. Uses of Bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
5. Bacteriophage Typing - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Poxviruses


1. Poxviruses: Classification - Answer (click here)
2. Variola (Smallpox) Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Variola (Smallpox) Virus -
Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Variola (Smallpox) Virus - Answer (click
here)
5. Clinical Syndrome - Variola (Smallpox) Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Variola (Smallpox) Virus - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Variola (Smallpox) Virus Infections - Answer
(click here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Variola (Smallpox) Virus Infections
- Answer (click here)
9. Vaccinia Virus - Answer (click here)
10. Monkeypox - Answer (click here)
11. Buffalopox - Answer (click here)
12. Cowpox - Answer (click here)
13. Orf - Answer (click here)
14. Molluscum Contagiosum - Answer (click here)
15. Tanapox and Yabapox - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Papovaviruses


1. Human Papillomaviruses: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
2. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Human Papillomaviruses - Answer (click
here)
3. Clinical Syndromes - Human Papillomaviruses - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology - Human Papillomaviruses - Answer (click here)
5. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Human
Papillomaviruses Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Polyomavirus - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Herpesviruses


1. Herpesviruses - Answer (click here)
2. Herpes Simplex Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Herpes Simplex Virus -
Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Herpes Simplex Virus - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Herpes Simplex Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Herpes Simplex Virus - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - Answer (click
here)
8. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Herpes Simplex Virus Infections -
Answer (click here)
9. Herpesvirus Simiae: B Virus - Answer (click here)
10. Varicella Zoster Virus: Properties of the Virus, Virus Isolation and
Animal Susceptibility - Answer (click here)
11. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Varicella Zoster Virus - Answer (click here)
12. Clinical Syndromes - Varicella Zoster Virus - Answer (click here)
13. Epidemiology - Varicella Zoster Virus - Answer (click here)
14. Laboratory Diagnosis - Varicella Zoster Virus Infections - Answer (click
here)
15. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Varicella Zoster Virus Infections -
Answer (click here)
16. Epstein Barr Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
17. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Epstein Barr Virus - Answer (click here)
18. Clinical Syndromes - Epstein Barr Virus - Answer (click here)
19. Epidemiology - Epstein Barr Virus - Answer (click here)
20. Laboratory Diagnosis - Epstein Barr Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
21. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Epstein Barr Virus Infections -
Answer (click here)
22. Cytomegalovirus: Classification, Properties of the Virus, Virus Isolation
and Animal Susceptibility - Answer (click here)
23. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Cytomegalovirus - Answer (click here)
24. Clinical Syndromes - Cytomegalovirus - Answer (click here)
25. Epidemiology - Cytomegalovirus - Answer (click here)
26. Laboratory Diagnosis - Cytomegalovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
27. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Cytomegalovirus Infections -
Answer (click here)
28. Human Herpesvirus 6,7,8 - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Adenoviruses


1. Adenovirus: Classification - Answer (click here)
2. Adenovirus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Adenovirus - Answer (click
here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Adenovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment - Adenovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Adeno-Associated Viruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Parvoviruses


1. Parvoviruses - Answer (click here)
2. Parvovirus B19: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Parvovirus B19 - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Syndromes - Parvovirus B19 - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Parvovirus B19 - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Parvovirus
B19 Infections - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Picornaviruses


1. Picornaviruses - Answer (click here)
2. Enteroviruses - Answer (click here)
3. Poliovirus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Poliovirus - Answer (click here)
5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Poliovirus - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Syndromes - Poliovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology - Poliovirus - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Diagnosis - Poliovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Poliovirus Infections - Answer (click
here)
10. Coxsackieviruses - Answer (click here)
11. Diseases Caused by Coxsackie A and B - Answer (click here)
12. Echoviruses - Answer (click here)
13. Enterovirus 70 - Answer (click here)
14. Rhinoviruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Orthomyxoviruses


1. Orthomyxoviruses - Answer (click here)
2. Influenza Viruses: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Influenza Viruses - Answer
(click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndrome - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
6. Complications - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Diagnosis - Influenza Viruses Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment - Influenza Viruses Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Prevention and Control - Influenza Viruses Infections - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Paramyxoviruses


1. Paramyxoviruses - Answer (click here)
2. Measles Virus: General Properties - Answer (click here)
3. Virus Isolation - Measles Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Measles Virus - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Measles Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Measles Virus - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Measles Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Prevention and Control - Measles Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Parainfluenza Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
10. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Parainfluenza Virus - Answer (click here)
11. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Parainfluenza Virus - Answer
(click here)
12. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control -
Parainfluenza Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
13. Mumps Virus: Properties of the Virus, Virus Isolation - Answer (click here)
14. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Mumps Virus - Answer (click here)
15. Clinical Syndrome and Epidemiology - Mumps Virus - Answer (click here)
16. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Mumps
Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
17. Respiratory Syncytial: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
18. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Respiratory Syncytial - Answer (click here)
19. Clinical Syndromes - Respiratory Syncytial - Answer (click here)
20. Epidemiology - Respiratory Syncytial - Answer (click here)
21. Laboratory Diagnosis - Respiratory Syncytial Infections - Answer (click
here)
22. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Respiratory Syncytial Infections -
Answer (click here)
23. Nipah Virus and Hendra Virus - Answer (click here)
24. Human Metapneumovirus - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Reoviruses


1. Human Metapneumovirus - Answer (click here)
2. Reoviruses - Answer (click here)
3. Orbiviruses - Answer (click here)
4. Coltiviruses and Colorado Tick Fever Virus - Answer (click here)
5. Orthoreoviruses - Answer (click here)
6. Rotavirus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
7. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Rotavirus - Answer (click here)
8. Clinical Syndrome and Epidemiology - Rotavirus - Answer (click here)
9. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Rotavirus
Infections - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Rhabdoviruses


1. Rhabdoviruses - Answer (click here)
2. Rabies Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Rabies Virus - Answer (click
here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Rabies Virus - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndrome - Rabies Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Rabies Virus - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis in Humans - Rabies Virus Infection - Answer (click
here)
8. Direct Antigen Detection - Rabies Virus Infection - Answer (click here)
9. Laboratory Diagnosis in Animals - Rabies Virus Infection - Answer (click
here)
10. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Rabies Virus Infection - Answer (click
here)
11. Rabies-Related Viruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Arboviruses


1. Arboviruses - Answer (click here)
2. Important Properties of Arboviruses - Answer (click here)
3. Roboviruses - Answer (click here)
4. Togaviruses: Alphaviruses, Rubivirus - Answer (click here)
5. Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
6. Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
7. Properties of the virus Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
8. Pathogenesis and immunity - Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click
here)
9. Clinical syndromes - Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
10. Epidemiology - Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
11. Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and control - Mosquito-
Borne Flaviviruses Infections - Answer (click here)
12. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
13. Bunyaviridae Viruses - Answer (click here)
14. Reoviridae - Answer (click here)
15. Rhabdoviridae - Answer (click here)
16. Ungrouped Arboviruses - Answer (click here)

Hepatitis Viruses
1. Hepatitis Viruses: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Hepatitis A Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Syndrome - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Hepatitis A Virus Infections -
Answer (click here)
8. Hepatitis B Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
9. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Syndromes - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
11. Epidemiology - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
12. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
13. Treatment - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
14. Prevention and Control - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
15. Hepatitis C Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
16. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
17. Clinical Syndromes - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
18. Epidemiology - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
19. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis C Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
20. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Hepatitis C Virus Infections -
Answer (click here)
21. Hepatitis D Virus - Answer (click here)
22. Hepatitis E Virus - Answer (click here)
23. Hepatitis G Virus - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Retrovirus


1. Retroviruses: Classification - Answer (click here)
2. Retroviruses: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Syndromes - Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment - Retroviruses Infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click
here)
8. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses - Answer
(click here)
9. Host immunity - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Syndromes - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses - Answer (click here)
11. Epidemiology - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses - Answer (click here)
12. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Human T-
Lymphotropic Viruses Infections - Answer (click here)
13. Endogenous Retroviruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus


1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Answer (click here)
2. HIV Virus: Classification and Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
3. HIV Virus Isolation: Cell culture - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - HIV Virus - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - HIV Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - HIV Virus - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis - HIV Virus infection - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment - HIV Virus infection - Answer (click here)
9. Prevention and Control - HIV Virus infection - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Slow Viruses and Prions


1. Slow Viruses and Prions - Answer (click here)
2. Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of the Prions - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click
here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer
(click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
7. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Slow
Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
8. Slow Diseases Caused by Conventional Viruses in Humans - Answer (click
here)
9. Slow Diseases Caused by Conventional Viruses in Animals - Answer
(click here)
Virology Virus Miscellaneous Viruses
1. Rubella Virus - Answer (click here)
2. Norwalk Virus - Answer (click here)
3. Viral Hemorrhagic Fever - Answer (click here)
4. Arenavirus - Answer (click here)
5. Coronaviruses - Answer (click here)

Mycology Fungi Introduction to Mycology


1. Introduction to Mycology - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Fungi - Answer (click here)
3. Reproduction of Fungi - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis of Fungal Infection - Answer (click here)
5. Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infection - Answer (click here)
6. Antifungal Drugs - Answer (click here)

Mycology Fungi Superficial Cutaneous and Subcutaneous


Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses - Answer (click here)
2. Cutaneous Mycoses - Answer (click here)
3. Subcutaneous Mycosis - Answer (click here)

Mycology Fungi Systemic Mycoses


1. Coccidioidomycosis - Answer (click here)
2. Paracoccidioidomycosis - Answer (click here)
3. Histoplasmosis - Answer (click here)
4. Blastomycosis - Answer (click here)
5. Cryptococcosis - Answer (click here)

Mycology Fungi Opportunistic Fungal Infections


1. Opportunistic Fungal Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Candidiasis - Answer (click here)
3. Candida albicans: Properties - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Candida albicans - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Candida albicans - Answer (click
here)
6. Laboratory Diagnosis - Candida albicans Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Candida albicans Infections -
Answer (click here)
8. Aspergillus Species - Answer (click here)
9. Zygomycosis - Answer (click here)
10. Pneumocystis jiroveci - Pneumocystosis - Answer (click here)
11. Penicillium marneffei - Penicilliosis - Answer (click here)
12. Pseudoallescheria boydii Infection - Answer (click here)
13. Fusarium solani Infection - Answer (click here)

Applied Microbiology Normal Microbial Flora


1. Normal Microbial Flora - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of Resident Flora - Answer (click here)
3. Factors Determining the Colonization by Microbes - Answer (click here)
4. Normal Flora at Various Sites of the Body - Answer (click here)
5. Normal Flora at Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
6. Normal Flora at Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
7. Normal Flora at Genitourinary Tract - Answer (click here)
8. Normal Flora at Body Surface - Answer (click here)
9. Normal Flora at Sterile Sites - Answer (click here)

Applied Microbiology Bacteriology of Water Milk and Air


1. Bacteriology of Water - Answer (click here)
2. Bacteriology of Milk - Answer (click here)
3. Bacteriology of Air - Answer (click here)

Applied Microbiology Nosocomial Infections


1. Nosocomial Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Factors Affecting Hospital-Acquired Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Epidemiology of Hospital-Acquired Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis of Hospital-Acquired Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Prevention and Control of Hospital-Acquired Infections - Answer (click
here)

Applied Microbiology Biomedical Waste Management


1. Biomedical Waste Management - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Biomedical Waste - Answer (click here)
3. Waste Treatment and Disposal of Biomedical Wastes - Answer (click here)

Applied Microbiology Immunoprophylaxis


1. Immunoprophylaxis - Answer (click here)
2. Active Immunization - Answer (click here)
3. Immunization Schedule - Answer (click here)
4. Passive Immunization - Answer (click here)
5. Individual Immunization - Answer (click here)

Subject : Essential Microbiology


Microbiology
1. What is microbiology? - Answer (click here)
2. Why is microbiology important? - Answer (click here)
3. How do we know? Microbiology in perspective: to the ‘golden age’ and
beyond - Answer (click here)
4. Light microscopy - Answer (click here)
5. Electron microscopy - Answer (click here)

Biochemical Principles
1. Atomic structure - Answer (click here)
2. Isotopes - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical bonds - Answer (click here)
4. Acids, bases, and pH - Answer (click here)
5. Biomacromolecules - Answer (click here)
6. Carbohydrates - Biomacromolecules - Answer (click here)
7. Proteins - Biomacromolecules - Answer (click here)
8. Higher levels of protein structure - Answer (click here)
9. Nucleic acids: Structure of DNA and RNA - Answer (click here)
10. Lipids - Biomacromolecules - Answer (click here)

Cell Structure and Organisation


1. Cell Structure and Organisation - Answer (click here)
2. The procaryotic cell and its structure - Answer (click here)
3. Eucaryotic cell Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Cell division in procaryotes and eucaryotes - Answer (click here)

Microbial Nutrition and Cultivation


1. Microbial Nutrition and Cultivation - Answer (click here)
2. Microbial Nutritional categories - Answer (click here)
3. How do Microbial nutrients get into the microbial cell? - Answer (click
here)
4. Laboratory cultivation of microorganisms - Answer (click here)

Microbial Growth
1. Estimation of microbial numbers - Answer (click here)
2. Factors affecting microbial growth - Answer (click here)
3. The kinetics of microbial growth - Answer (click here)
4. Growth in multicellular microorganisms - Answer (click here)

Microbial Metabolism
1. Why is energy needed? - Answer (click here)
2. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Principles of energy generation - Answer (click here)
4. Oxidation - reduction reactions - Answer (click here)
5. Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
6. Aerobic respiration - Answer (click here)
7. Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain - Answer (click
here)
8. Fermentation - Answer (click here)
9. Metabolism of lipids and proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Anaerobic respiration - Answer (click here)
11. Energy may be generated by the oxidation of inorganic molecules -
Answer (click here)
12. Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
13. Anoxygenic photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Anabolic reactions - Answer (click here)
15. Regulation of metabolism - Answer (click here)

Microbial Diversity
1. A few words about Microbial Classification - Answer (click here)

Procaryote Diversity
1. Procaryote Diversity - Answer (click here)
2. Domain: Archaea : Classification and General features - Answer (click here)
3. Phylum: Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Photosynthetic Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Nitrifying Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Iron- and sulphur-oxidising Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
7. Hydrogen-oxidising Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
8. Nitrogen-fixing Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Methanotrophic Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
10. Sulphate- and sulphur-reducing Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
11. Enteric Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
12. Vibrio and related genera - Answer (click here)
13. Pseudomonads - Answer (click here)
14. Acetic acid bacteria - Answer (click here)
15. Stalked and budding Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
16. Sheathed Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Predatory Proteobacteria - Answer (click here)
18. Spirilla - Answer (click here)
19. Rickettsia - Answer (click here)
20. Phylum Cyanobacteria: the blue-green bacteria - Answer (click here)
21. Phylum Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria) and phylum Chloroflexi
(green non-sulphur bacteria) - Answer (click here)
22. Phylum Aquificae and phylum Thermotogae: the deeply branching
bacteria - Answer (click here)
23. Phylum ‘Deinococcus-Thermus’ - Answer (click here)
24. Phylum Planctomycetes - Answer (click here)
25. Phylum Chlamydiae - Answer (click here)
26. Phylum Spirochaetes - Answer (click here)
27. Phylum Bacteroidetes - Answer (click here)
28. Phylum: Verrucomicrobia - Answer (click here)
29. The Gram-positive bacteria: phylum Firmicutes and phylum
Actinobacteria - Answer (click here)
30. Phylum Firmicutes: The low GC Gram-positive bacteria - Answer (click
here)
31. Phylum Actinobacteria: The high GC Gram-positive bacteria - Answer
(click here)
32. Bacteria and human disease - Answer (click here)

Fungi
1. General biology of the Fungi - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of the Fungi - Answer (click here)
3. Fungi and disease - Answer (click here)

Protista
1. The Algae - Answer (click here)
2. Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click here)
3. Euglenophyta - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click
here)
4. Dinoflagellata - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click
here)
5. Diatoms - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click here)
6. Chlorophyta - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click
here)
7. Phaeophyta - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click here)
8. Rhodophyta - Structural characteristics of algal protists - Answer (click
here)
9. Protozoa - Answer (click here)
10. Zooflagellates (Mastigophora) - Protozoa - Answer (click here)
11. Ciliates (Ciliophora) - Protozoa - Answer (click here)
12. Amoebas (Sarcodina) - Protozoa - Answer (click here)
13. Sporozoans (Apicomplexa) - Protozoa - Answer (click here)
14. The slime moulds and water moulds (the fungus-like protists) - Answer
(click here)
15. Protistan taxonomy: a modern view - Answer (click here)

Viruses
1. What are viruses? - Answer (click here)
2. Viral structure - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of viruses - Answer (click here)
4. Viral replication cycles - Answer (click here)
5. Replication cycles in bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
6. Replication cycles in animal viruses - Answer (click here)
7. Replication of RNA viruses - Answer (click here)
8. Replication cycles in plant viruses - Answer (click here)
9. Viroids - Answer (click here)
10. Prions - Answer (click here)
11. Cultivating viruses - Answer (click here)
12. Viral diseases in humans - Answer (click here)

Microbial Genetics
1. How do we know genes are made of DNA? - Answer (click here)
2. DNA replication - Answer (click here)
3. DNA replication in procaryotes - Answer (click here)
4. What happens when replication goes wrong? - Answer (click here)
5. DNA replication in eucaryotes - Answer (click here)
6. What exactly do genes do? - Answer (click here)
7. Regulation of gene expression - Answer (click here)
8. Molecular basis of mutations - Answer (click here)
9. Genetic transfer in microorganisms - Answer (click here)

Microorganisms in Genetic Engineering


1. Microorganisms in Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Plasmid cloning vectors - Answer (click here)
3. Bacteriophages as cloning vectors - Answer (click here)
4. Expression vectors - Microorganisms in Genetic Engineering - Answer
(click here)
5. Eucaryotic cloning vectors - Answer (click here)
6. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Answer (click here)

The Control of Microorganisms


1. Sterilisation - Control of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
2. Sterilisation by heat - Control of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
3. Sterilisation by irradiation - Control of Microorganisms - Answer (click
here)
4. Sterilisation using ethylene oxide - Control of Microorganisms - Answer
(click here)
5. Disinfection - Control of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
6. Kinetics of cell death - Answer (click here)

Antimicrobial Agents
1. Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
3. What other properties should an antibiotic have? - Answer (click here)
4. How do antibiotics work? - Answer (click here)
5. Resistance to antibiotics - Answer (click here)
6. How does antibiotic resistance work? - Answer (click here)
7. How does antibiotic resistance arise? - Answer (click here)
8. Antibiotic susceptibility testing - Answer (click here)
9. Antifungal and antiviral agents - Answer (click here)

Microbial Associations
1. Microbial associations with animals - Answer (click here)
2. Microbial associations with plants - Answer (click here)
3. Microbial associations with other microorganisms - Answer (click here)

Microorganisms in the Environment


1. Microorganisms in the Environment - Answer (click here)
2. The carbon cycle - Microorganisms in the Environment - Answer (click
here)
3. The nitrogen cycle - Microorganisms in the Environment - Answer (click
here)
4. The sulphur cycle - Microorganisms in the Environment - Answer (click
here)
5. Phosphorus - Microorganisms in the Environment - Answer (click here)
6. Microbiology of soil - Answer (click here)
7. Microbiology of freshwater - Answer (click here)
8. Microbiology of seawater - Answer (click here)
9. Beneficial effects of microorganisms in the environment - Answer (click
here)
10. Harmful effects of microorganisms in the environment - Answer (click here)

Industrial and Food Microbiology


1. Microorganisms and food - Answer (click here)
2. Microorganisms as food - Answer (click here)
3. Microbial spoilage of food - Answer (click here)
4. Microorganisms in the production of biochemicals - Answer (click here)
5. Products derived from genetically engineered microorganisms - Answer
(click here)
6. Microorganisms in the mining industry - Answer (click here)

Subject : Forensic Medicine


Introduction
1. The practice of forensic medicine - Answer (click here)
2. Cause of death - Answer (click here)
3. The primary cause of death - Answer (click here)
4. The inquest - Answer (click here)
5. Violence and causes of death in country - Answer (click here)

Basic anatomy and physiology


1. General structure and working of the body - Answer (click here)
2. The skeleton - Answer (click here)
3. The muscles - Answer (click here)
4. The nervous system - Answer (click here)
5. Contents of the cavities of the chest and abdomen - Answer (click here)
6. The skin - Answer (click here)
7. The working of the body - Answer (click here)
8. The digestion stage - Answer (click here)
9. Use of foods and oxygen in the body - Answer (click here)
10. Excretion of waste matter - Answer (click here)
11. Circulation of the blood - Answer (click here)
12. The blood vessels - Circulation of the blood - Answer (click here)
13. The heart - Circulation of the blood - Answer (click here)
14. The portal circulation - Circulation of the blood - Answer (click here)
15. Valves of the heart - Circulation of the blood - Answer (click here)
16. The pulse - Answer (click here)
17. Bleeding from arteries and veins - Answer (click here)
18. Respiration - Answer (click here)

Post mortem changes


1. Post-mortem changes - Answer (click here)
2. Early post-mortem changes - Answer (click here)
3. Late post-mortem changes - Answer (click here)
4. Relevant topics - Post-mortem changes - Answer (click here)

Identification
1. Forensic Medicine: Identification - Answer (click here)
2. Forensic Medicine: Age determination - Answer (click here)
3. Determination of sex - Answer (click here)
4. Determining height - Answer (click here)
5. Determining ethnic type (race) - Answer (click here)
6. Personal identity - Forensic Medicine - Answer (click here)
7. Molecular biology - Forensic Medicine - Answer (click here)
8. Case studies: Comparison of skulls and photographs - Answer (click here)

General traumatology
1. Definition of trauma - Answer (click here)
2. Types of trauma - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanical trauma - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of mechanical trauma - Answer (click here)
5. Description of wounds - Answer (click here)
6. Dating of wounds - Answer (click here)

Complications of trauma
1. Shock - Answer (click here)
2. Embolism - Answer (click here)
3. Pneumothorax - Answer (click here)

Head injuries
1. Head injuries - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of head injuries - Answer (click here)
3. Types of head injuries - Answer (click here)

Asphyxia
1. Anoxia/hypoxia - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of asphyxic deaths - Answer (click here)
3. 'Classical' signs of asphyxia - Answer (click here)
4. Causes of asphyxic death: Suffocation - Answer (click here)
5. Causes of asphyxic death: Smothering - Answer (click here)
6. Causes of asphyxic death: Choking - Answer (click here)
7. Causes of asphyxic death: Restriction of respiratory movements - Answer
(click here)
8. Causes of asphyxic death: Deaths due to pressure on the neck - Answer
(click here)
9. Causes of asphyxic death: Hanging - Answer (click here)
10. Causes of asphyxic death: Auto-erotic deaths - Answer (click here)
11. Causes of asphyxic death: Drowning - Answer (click here)

Firearm injuries
1. Firearm injuries - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology of gunshot wounds and wound ballistics - Answer (click
here)
3. Examination of the body - Answer (click here)
4. Cutaneous (skin) entrance wounds caused by rifled firearms - Answer
(click here)
5. Cutaneous gunshot exit wounds caused by rifled firearms - Answer (click
here)
6. Gunshot wounds caused by smooth-bore firearms (shotguns) - Answer
(click here)
7. Injury by rubber and plastic bullets - Answer (click here)
8. Industrial nail guns - Answer (click here)
9. Blank cartridge injuries - Answer (click here)
10. Accident, suicide or homicide? - Answer (click here)

Thermal electrical atmospheric pressure and radiation associated


deaths
1. Deaths caused by abnormal temperatures - Answer (click here)
2. Deaths caused by electricity - Answer (click here)
3. Death due to radiation - Answer (click here)
4. Diseases due to atmospheric pressure - Answer (click here)

Toxicology and alcohol


1. Toxicology and alcohol - Answer (click here)
2. Toxicology in general - Answer (click here)
3. Carbon-monoxide poisoning - Answer (click here)
4. Alcohol - Answer (click here)
5. Production of alcohol - Answer (click here)
6. Pharmacodynamics of alcohol - Answer (click here)
7. Alcohol-level analysis - Answer (click here)
8. Alcohol: Calculations - Answer (click here)
9. Alcohol: Pharmacological effect - Answer (click here)
10. The role of alcohol in unnatural deaths - Answer (click here)

Pregnancy associated deaths


1. Causes of maternal death - Answer (click here)

Paediatric forensic pathology


1. Paediatric forensic pathology - Answer (click here)
2. Infanticide and concealment of birth - Answer (click here)
3. The battered-baby syndrome (Caffey's syndrome or non-accidental
injury syndrome) - Answer (click here)
4. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS or Cot death) - Answer (click here)

Sexual offences
1. Rape - Answer (click here)
2. Sexually transmitted diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Interpretation of clinical findings - Answer (click here)
4. Sodomy (buggery; anal intercourse) - Answer (click here)

Subject : Modern Medical Toxicology


General Principles
Introduction
1. Epidemiology of Poisoning - Answer (click here)
2. Historical Overview - Toxicology - Answer (click here)
3. Poison Control Centres - Answer (click here)
4. Mortality from Poisoning - Answer (click here)
5. Poisoning Severity Score - Answer (click here)

Diagnosis of Poisoning
1. Diagnosis of Poisoning - Answer (click here)

General Management of Poisoning


1. General Management of Poisoning - Answer (click here)
2. Stabilisation: Assessment - General Management of Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
3. Stabilisation: Management - General Management of Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
4. Evaluation - General Management of Poisoning - Answer (click here)
5. Decontamination - General Management of Poisoning - Answer (click here)
6. Elimination - General Management of Poisoning - Answer (click here)
7. Antidote Administration - General Management of Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
8. Nursing and Psychiatric Care - General Management of Poisoning -
Answer (click here)

Medicolegal Aspects of Poisoning


1. Medicolegal Duties of a Doctor in Suspected/Actual Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
2. Indian Statutes on Drugs/Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Toxicology and the Criminal Law - Answer (click here)
4. Medicolegal Problems Involving Consent - Answer (click here)
5. Toxicology and the Workmen’s Compensation Act - Answer (click here)
6. Postmortem Examination in a Case of Poisoning - Answer (click here)
7. Chemical Analysis - Medicolegal Aspects of Poisoning - Answer (click
here)
8. Histopathological Examination - Answer (click here)

Corrosive or Caustic Poisons


Mineral Acids Inorganic Acids
1. Caustics - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Acids - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Sulfuric Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
4. Nitric Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
5. Hydrochloric Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Hydrofluoric Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Phosphoric Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Boric Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. Chromic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)

Organic Acids
1. Acetic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Formic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Carbolic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
4. Oxalic Acid - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)

Alkalis and Other Caustics


1. Alkalis - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Potassium Permanganate - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Iodine - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
4. Hydrogen Peroxide - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)
5. Cetrimide - Corrosive(Caustic) Poisons - Answer (click here)

Chemical Poisons
Non Metallic Chemical Poisons
1. Phosphorus - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Phosphine - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Aluminium Phosphide - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
4. Zinc Phosphide - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
5. Chlorine - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Bromine - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Fluorine - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)

Heavy Metals
1. Arsenic - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Lead - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Lead - Chemical Poisons: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Lead - Chemical Poisons: Treatment - Answer (click here)
5. Lead - Chemical Poisons: Forensic Issues - Answer (click here)
6. Mercury - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Iron - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Copper - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. Antimony - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
10. Barium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
11. Cadmium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
12. Cobalt - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
13. Lithium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
14. Magnesium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
15. Manganese - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
16. Potassium (Kalium) - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
17. Thallium - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)
18. Metal Fume Fever - Chemical Poisons - Answer (click here)

Organic Poisons Toxins


Irritant Plants
1. Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
3. Oropharyngeal Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
4. Dumbcane - Oropharyngeal Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
5. Philodendron - Oropharyngeal Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
6. Castor - Gastric Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
7. Colocynth(Citrullus colocynthis) - Gastric Irritant Plants - Answer (click
here)
8. Croton(Croton tiglium) - Gastric Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
9. Glory Lily(Gloriosa superba) - Gastric Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
10. Marking Nut(Semecarpus anacardium) - Gastric Irritant Plants - Answer
(click here)
11. Mayapple (May Apple) - Gastric Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
12. Red Pepper - Gastric Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
13. Rosary Pea - Gastric Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)
14. Dermal Irritant Plants - Answer (click here)

Plants of Special Importance


1. Neem - Hepatotoxic Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Autumn Crocus(Colchicum autumnale) - Answer (click here)
3. Oduvan - Organic Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
4. Eucalyptus - Organic Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
5. Physic Nut - Organic Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)

Venomous Bites and Stings


1. Snakes - Organic Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Snakes - Answer (click here)
3. Identification of Venomous Snakes - Answer (click here)
4. Common Indian Venomous Snakes - Answer (click here)
5. Common Cobra - Organic Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
6. Common Krait - Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
7. Saw-scaled Viper - Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
8. Russell’s Viper - Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
9. King Cobra - Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
10. Banded Krait - Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
11. Pit Vipers - Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
12. Coral Snakes - Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
13. Sea Snakes - Poisons (Toxins) - Answer (click here)
14. Snake Venom - Answer (click here)
15. Snakebite: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
16. Snakebite: Clinical Features - Answer (click here)
17. Diagnosis of Snakebite - Answer (click here)
18. Treatment of Snakebite - Answer (click here)
19. Prevention of Snakebite - Answer (click here)
20. Forensic Issues in Snakebite - Answer (click here)
21. Order Hymenoptera - Venomous Insects - Answer (click here)
22. Order Scorpionida - Venomous Arachnids - Answer (click here)
23. Order Aranea - Venomous Arachnids - Answer (click here)
24. Brown Recluse - Venomous Arachnids - Answer (click here)
25. Black Widow - Venomous Arachnids - Answer (click here)
26. Wolf Spider - Venomous Arachnids - Answer (click here)
27. Tarantula - Venomous Arachnids - Answer (click here)
28. Ticks and Mites - Venomous Creature - Answer (click here)
29. Centipedes - Venomous Creature - Answer (click here)
30. Millipedes - Venomous Creature - Answer (click here)
31. Marine Venomous Creatures - Answer (click here)
32. General Treatment Measures for Cnidarian Stings - Answer (click here)

Neurotoxic Poisons
Somniferous Drugs
1. Somniferous Drugs - Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Opium - Somniferous Drugs(Narcotics) Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer
(click here)
3. Opium: Diagnosis, Treatment, Autopsy Features, Forensic Issues -
Somniferous Drugs(Narcotics) Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)

Inebriants
1. Alcohols - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Ethanol - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Ethanol: Clinical Features - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click
here)
4. Ethanol: Diagnosis - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
5. Ethanol: Autopsy Features, Forensic Issues - Inebriant Neurotoxic
Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Ethanol and cardiac health - Answer (click here)
7. Methanol - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Isopropanol - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. Ethylene Glycol - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
10. Barbiturates - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
11. Benzodiazepines - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
12. Chloral Hydrate - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
13. Paraldehyde - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
14. Methaqualone - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
15. Buspirone - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
16. Zolpidem - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
17. Zopiclone - Inebriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)

Deliriants
1. Datura - Deliriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Cannabis - Deliriant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
Stimulants
1. Amphetamines - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
2. Designer Amphetamines - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click
here)
3. Cocaine - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)
4. Cocaine: Clinical Features - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click
here)
5. Cocaine: Diagnosis, Treatment - Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer
(click here)
6. Cocaine: Autopsy Features, Mediocosocial and Forensic Issues -
Stimulant Neurotoxic Poisons - Answer (click here)

Anticonvulsants and Antiparkinsonian Drugs


1. Classification of Anticonvulsant (Anti-Epileptic) Drug - Answer (click here)
2. Phenytoin - Anticonvulsant (Anti-Epileptic) Drug - Answer (click here)
3. Primidone - Anticonvulsant (Anti-Epileptic) Drug - Answer (click here)
4. Carbamazepine - Anticonvulsant (Anti-Epileptic) Drug - Answer (click
here)
5. Valproic Acid - Anticonvulsant (Anti-Epileptic) Drug - Answer (click here)
6. Gabapentin - Anticonvulsant (Anti-Epileptic) Drug - Answer (click here)
7. Topiramate - Anticonvulsant (Anti-Epileptic) Drug - Answer (click here)
8. Zonisamide - Anticonvulsant (Anti-Epileptic) Drug - Answer (click here)
9. Antiparkinsonian Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Levodopa - Antiparkinsonian Drug - Answer (click here)
11. Bromocriptine - Antiparkinsonian Drug - Answer (click here)
12. Pergolide - Antiparkinsonian Drug - Answer (click here)
13. Trihexiphenidyl - Antiparkinsonian Drug - Answer (click here)
14. Benztropine - Antiparkinsonian Drug - Answer (click here)

Anaesthetics and Muscle Relaxants


1. Anaesthetics Classification - Answer (click here)
2. Nitrous Oxide - Inhalational Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
3. Halothane - Inhalational Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
4. Other Inhalational Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
5. Etomidate - Intravenous Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
6. Ketamine - Intravenous Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
7. Fentanyl and Droperidol - Intravenous Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
8. Propofol - Intravenous Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
9. Cocaine and Other Local Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
10. Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
11. Baclofen - Central Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
12. Carisoprodol - Central Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
13. Other Central Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
14. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Orphenadrine - Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
16. Dantrolene - Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
17. Cyclobenzaprine - Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Psychiatry


1. Antipsychotics - Drugs Used in Psychiatry - Answer (click here)
2. Classical Neuroleptics - Answer (click here)
3. Dibenzodiazepines - Atypical Neuroleptics - Answer (click here)
4. Benzisoxazoles - Atypical Neuroleptics - Answer (click here)
5. Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
6. Cyclic Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
7. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) - Antidepressants -
Answer (click here)
8. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) - Antidepressants - Answer (click
here)
9. Atypical Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
10. Lithium - Anti-Manic Drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Anti-Migraine Drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Ergot Alkaloids - Anti-Migraine Drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Sumatriptan - Anti-Migraine Drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Tacrine - Drugs Used in Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer (click here)

Hallucinogens Psychedelic Drugs


1. Hallucinogens (Psychedelic Drugs) - Answer (click here)
2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) - Hallucinogen(Psychedelic Drug) -
Answer (click here)
3. Phencyclidine - Hallucinogen(Psychedelic Drug) - Answer (click here)
4. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) - Hallucinogen(Psychedelic Drug) - Answer
(click here)
5. Mescaline - Hallucinogen(Psychedelic Drug) - Answer (click here)
6. Inhalants (Glue Sniffing; Volatile Substance Abuse) - Answer (click here)

Spinal and Peripheral Neurotoxic Agents


1. Strychnine - Spinal and Peripheral Neurotoxic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Poison Hemlock - Spinal and Peripheral Neurotoxic Agents - Answer
(click here)
3. Water Hemlock(Cicuta maculata.) - Spinal and Peripheral Neurotoxic
Agents - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular Poisons
Diurets Antihypertensives and Antiarrhythmics
1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Diuret Cardiovascular Poison - Answer
(click here)
2. Osmotic Diuretics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
3. Loop Diuretics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
4. Thiazide Diuretics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium Sparing Diuretics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
6. Antihypertensives - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
7. Methyldopa - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
8. Clonidine - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
9. Ganglionic Blocking Agents - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular
Poison - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Agents - Sympatholytic Drug
Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
11. Reserpine - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
12. Beta Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta Blockers) - Sympatholytic Drug
Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
13. Alpha Adrenergic Antagonists (Alpha Blockers) - Sympatholytic Drug
Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
14. Vasodilators - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
15. Hydralazine - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
16. Minoxidil - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
17. Sodium Nitroprusside - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison -
Answer (click here)
18. Calcium Channel Blockers - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison
- Answer (click here)
19. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors) -
Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
20. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists - Sympatholytic Drug
Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
21. Antiarrhythmics - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
22. Disopyramide - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
23. Procainamide - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
24. Lignocaine (Lidocaine) - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer
(click here)
25. Mexiletine and Tocainide - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison -
Answer (click here)
26. Propafenone (Fenopraine) - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison -
Answer (click here)
27. Amiodarone - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
28. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)

Cardiac Drugs and Lipid Lowering Agents


1. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
2. Cardiac Glycosides - Cardiovascular Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Dopamine - Beta Adrenergic Receptor and Dopaminergic Receptor
Agonists - Answer (click here)
4. Dobutamine - Beta Adrenergic Receptor and Dopaminergic Receptor
Agonists - Answer (click here)
5. Amrinone (Inamrinone) - Cardiovascular Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Dipyridamole - Cardiovascular Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Anti-anginal Drugs - Cardiovascular Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Organic Nitrates - Cardiovascular Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors - Cardiovascular Poisons - Answer (click
here)
10. Bile Acid Binding Resins - Answer (click here)
11. Probucol - Cardiovascular Poisons - Answer (click here)
12. Fibric Acid Derivatives - Cardiovascular Poisons - Answer (click here)

Anticoagulants and Related Drugs


1. Anticoagulants - Answer (click here)
2. Heparins and Low Molecular Weight Heparins - Cardiovascular Poison -
Answer (click here)
3. Oral Anticoagulants - Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
4. Aprotinin - Antifibrinolytic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
5. Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid - Antifibrinolytic Cardiovascular Poison -
Answer (click here)
6. Hirudin - Antifibrinolytic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click here)
7. Thrombolytics - Antifibrinolytic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)
8. Antiplatelet Drugs - Antifibrinolytic Cardiovascular Poison - Answer (click
here)

Cardiotoxic Plants
1. Cardiotoxic Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Aconite - Cardiotoxic Plant - Answer (click here)
3. Common Oleander - Cardiotoxic Plant - Answer (click here)
4. Yellow Oleander - Cardiotoxic Plant - Answer (click here)
5. Suicide Tree - Cardiotoxic Plant - Answer (click here)

Asphyxiant Poisons
Toxic Gases
1. Toxic Gases - Answer (click here)
2. Carbon Dioxide - Simple Asphyxiant Poisons - Answer (click here)
3. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Gases - Simple Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click
here)
4. Ammonia - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
5. Formaldehyde - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click
here)
6. Hydrogen Sulfide - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison - Answer
(click here)
7. Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison -
Answer (click here)
8. Phosgene - Respiratory Irritants Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
9. Carbon Monoxide - Systemic Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
10. Cyanide - Systemic Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)
11. Smoke - Systemic Asphyxiant Poison - Answer (click here)

Hydrocarbons and Pesticides


Hydrocarbon
1. Hydrocarbon - Answer (click here)
2. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Answer (click here)
3. Benzene - Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Answer (click here)
4. Naphthalene - Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Answer (click here)
5. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Answer (click here)
6. Halogenated Hydrocarbons - Answer (click here)
Pesticides
1. Pesticides - Answer (click here)
2. Organophosphates (Organophosphorus Compounds) - Insecticides -
Answer (click here)
3. Carbamates - Insecticide - Answer (click here)
4. Organochlorines - Insecticide - Answer (click here)
5. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids - Insecticide - Answer (click here)
6. Rodenticides - Answer (click here)
7. Paraquat and Diquat - Herbicides (Weedicides) - Answer (click here)
8. Chlorophenoxy Compounds - Herbicides (Weedicides) - Answer (click
here)
9. Glyphosate - Herbicides (Weedicides) - Answer (click here)
10. Thiocarbamates - Fungicides - Answer (click here)
11. Ethylene dibromide - Nematicides - Answer (click here)
12. Acaricides - Answer (click here)
13. Metaldehyde - Molluscicides - Answer (click here)
14. Forensic Issues (All Pesticides) - Answer (click here)

Miscellaneous Drugs and Poisons


Analgesics and Antihistamines
1. Analgesics and Antihistamines - Answer (click here)
2. Salicylates - Analgesic-Antipyretics - Answer (click here)
3. Paracetamol - Analgesic-Antipyretics - Answer (click here)
4. Paracetamol: Diagnosis, Treatment on Poisons - Analgesic-Antipyretics
- Answer (click here)
5. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) - Answer (click here)
6. Pyrazolones - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(NSAID) - Answer
(click here)
7. Propionic Acids - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(NSAID) -
Answer (click here)
8. Fenamic Acids - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(NSAID) -
Answer (click here)
9. Heterocyclic Acetic Acids - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory
Drug(NSAID) - Answer (click here)
10. Aryl Acetic Acids - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(NSAID) -
Answer (click here)
11. Oxicams - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(NSAID) - Answer
(click here)
12. Nimesulide - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(NSAID) - Answer
(click here)
13. Cox-2 Inhibitors - Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(NSAID) -
Answer (click here)
14. Antihistamines - Answer (click here)
15. H1 Receptor Antagonists (Classical Antihistamines) - Answer (click here)
16. H2 Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
17. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Anti Infectives
1. Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Antiprotozoal Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Antibacterials - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
4. Quinolones - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
5. Penicillins - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
6. Cephalosporines - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
7. Aminoglycosides - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
8. Tetracyclines - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
9. Chloramphenicol - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
10. Macrolides - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
11. Anti-tubercular Drugs - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
12. Antileprotic Drugs - Antimicrobials - Answer (click here)
13. Other Antibacterial Drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Antiherpesvirus Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Antiretroviral Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Other Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
17. Amphotericin B - Antifungals - Answer (click here)
18. Flucytosine - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
19. Imidazoles - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
20. Griseofulvin - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
21. Antimalarials - Antiprotozoal Agent - Answer (click here)
22. Chloroguanide (Proguanil) - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
23. Primaquine - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
24. Quinine and Quinidine - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
25. Chloroquine and Amodiaquine - Antifungal - Answer (click here)
26. Mefloquine, Halofantrine, Endoperoxidases, Pyrimethamine, Mepacrine
- Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
27. Antiamoebics - Anti-Infectives - Answer (click here)
28. Antihelminthics (Anthelmintics) - Answer (click here)
29. Autopsy Features (Anti-infective Overdose Deaths) - Answer (click here)
30. Forensic Issues (Anti-infectives) - Answer (click here)
Gastrointestinal and Endocrinal Drugs
1. Antacids and Anti-ulcer Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Laxatives - Gastrointestinal Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Antidiarrhoeals - Answer (click here)
4. Antiemetics - Antiemetics and Prokinetic Drug - Answer (click here)
5. Prokinetic Drugs - Antiemetics and Prokinetic Drug - Answer (click here)
6. Bile Acids and Pancreatic Enzymes - Antiemetics and Prokinetic Drug -
Answer (click here)
7. Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
9. Antithyroid Drugs - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
10. Oestrogens - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
11. Anti-oestrogens - Answer (click here)
12. Progestins - Endocrinal Drug - Answer (click here)
13. Anti-progestins - Answer (click here)
14. Androgens (Anabolic Steroids) - Answer (click here)
15. Anti-androgens - Answer (click here)
16. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Corticosteroids - Endocrinal Drug -
Answer (click here)
17. Insulin - Answer (click here)
18. Oral Hypoglycaemics - Answer (click here)
19. Sulfonylureas - Oral Hypoglycaemics - Answer (click here)
20. Biguanides - Oral Hypoglycaemics - Answer (click here)
21. Other Hypoglycaemics - Answer (click here)
22. Anti-Asthmatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
23. Corticosteroids - Anti-inflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
24. Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
25. Immunomodulators - Answer (click here)
26. Immunostimulants - Answer (click here)
27. Antineoplastic Agents - Answer (click here)
28. Antimetabolites - Answer (click here)
29. Drugs Acting on the Uterus - Answer (click here)
30. Radiocontrast Agents - Answer (click here)
31. Sildenafil - Drugs Used in the Treatment of Impotence - Answer (click here)

Food Poisons
Food Poisoning
1. Causes and Diagnosis of Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
2. General Treatment Measures of Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
3. Prevention of Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
4. Bacillus cereus - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
5. Staphylococcus aureus - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
6. Salmonella - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
7. Shigella - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
8. Vibrio - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
9. Escherichia coli - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
10. Campylobacter - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
11. Yersinia enterocolitica - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
12. Listeria monocytogenes - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
13. Clostridium Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
14. Clostridium perfringens - Clostridium Microbial Food Poisoning -
Answer (click here)
15. Clostridium botulinum - Clostridium Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
16. Clinical Features - Clostridium Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click
here)
17. Diagnosis - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
18. Treatment - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
19. Prevention of Botulism - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
20. Forensic Issues - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
21. Viruses - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
22. Protozoa - Microbial Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
23. Parasites - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
24. Fungi: Mushrooms - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
25. Fungi: Aflatoxins - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
26. Fungi: Trichothecenes - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
27. Cyanogenic Plants - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
28. Sweet Pea - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
29. Prickly Poppy - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
30. Fish - Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
31. Scombroid Poisoning (Histamine Fish Poisoning) - Answer (click here)
32. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning - Answer (click here)
33. Tetrodotoxic Poisoning - Answer (click here)
34. Shellfish Poisoning - Answer (click here)
35. Chemicals: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) - Food Poisoning - Answer
(click here)

Substance Abuse
Substances of Dependence and Abuse
1. Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Classification - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
3. Tobacco - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
4. Cocaine - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
5. Cocaine: Diagnosis, Treatment - Substances of Dependence and Abuse -
Answer (click here)
6. Cannabis - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
7. Amphetamines - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click
here)
8. Designer Drugs - Substances of Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click
here)
9. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics, Psychotomimetics) - Substances of
Dependence and Abuse - Answer (click here)
10. Inhalants (“Glue Sniffing”,Volatile Substance Abuse, Inhalant-related
Disorders) - Answer (click here)

Analytical Toxicology
Biochemical and Haematological Tests
1. Analytical Toxicology: Biochemical and Haematological Tests - Answer
(click here)
2. Biochemical Tests - Analytical Toxicology - Answer (click here)
3. Haematological Tests - Analytical Toxicology - Answer (click here)

Analytical Instrumentation
1. Analytical Methods Used In Toxicology - Answer (click here)
2. Qualitative Tests - Analytical Toxicology Instrumentation - Answer (click
here)
3. Quantitative Assays - Analytical Toxicology Instrumentation - Answer
(click here)
4. Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -
Answer (click here)

Subject : Pharmacology
Fundamentals of clinical pharmacology
1. Pharmacology basics - Answer (click here)
2. Where drugs come from - Answer (click here)
3. How drugs are administered - Answer (click here)
4. New drug development - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
6. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacokinetics: Distribution - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
9. Pharmacokinetics: Excretion - Answer (click here)
10. Onset, peak, and duration - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
12. Pharmacotherapeutics - Answer (click here)
13. Drug interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Adverse drug reactions - Answer (click here)

Autonomic nervous system drugs


1. Cholinergic drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Cholinergic agonists - Answer (click here)
3. Anticholinesterase drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Cholinergic blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Adrenergic drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
7. Noncatecholamines - Answer (click here)
8. Adrenergic blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Alpha-adrenergic blockers - Answer (click here)
10. Beta-adrenergic blockers - Answer (click here)

Neurologic and neuromuscular drugs


1. Skeletal muscle relaxants - Answer (click here)
2. Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants - Answer (click here)
3. Direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants - Answer (click here)
4. Other skeletal muscle relaxants - Answer (click here)
5. Neuromuscular blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Nondepolarizing blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Depolarizing blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Antiparkinsonian drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Anticholinergic drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Dopaminergic drugs - Answer (click here)
11. COMT inhibitors - Answer (click here)
12. Anticonvulsant drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Hydantoins - Answer (click here)
14. Barbiturates - Answer (click here)
15. Iminostilbenes - Answer (click here)
16. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
17. Carboxylic acid derivatives - Answer (click here)
18. 1- (aminomethyl) cyclohexane–acetic acid - Answer (click here)
19. Phenyltriazines - Answer (click here)
20. Carboxamides - Answer (click here)
21. Sulfamate-substituted monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
22. Succinimides - Answer (click here)
23. Sulfonamides - Answer (click here)
24. Pyrrolidines - Answer (click here)
25. Antimigraine drugs - Answer (click here)
26. The 5-HT1-receptor agonists(triptans) - Answer (click here)
27. Ergotamine preparations - Answer (click here)

Pain medications
1. Drugs and pain control - Answer (click here)
2. Nonopioid analgesics, antipyretics, and NSAIDs - Answer (click here)
3. Salicylates - Answer (click here)
4. Acetaminophen - Answer (click here)
5. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride - Answer (click here)
7. Opioid agonist and antagonist drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Opioid agonists - Answer (click here)
9. Mixed opioid agonist-antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Opioid antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthetic drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Intravenous anesthetics - Answer (click here)
13. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
14. Topical anesthetics - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular drugs
1. Drugs and the cardiovascular system - Answer (click here)
2. Inotropics - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiac glycosides - Answer (click here)
4. PDE inhibitors - Answer (click here)
5. Antiarrhythmic drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Class IA antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
7. Class IB antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
8. Class IC antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
9. Class II antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
10. Class III antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
11. Class IV antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
12. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
13. Antianginal drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Nitrates - Answer (click here)
15. Beta-adrenergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
16. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
17. Antihypertensive drugs - Answer (click here)
18. Sympatholytic drugs - Answer (click here)
19. Vasodilating drugs - Answer (click here)
20. ACE inhibitors - Answer (click here)
21. Angiotensin II receptor blockers - Answer (click here)
22. Antilipemic drugs - Answer (click here)
23. Bile-sequestering drugs - Answer (click here)
24. Fibric acid derivatives - Answer (click here)
25. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
26. Nicotinic acid - Answer (click here)

Hematologic drugs
1. Drugs and the hematologic system - Answer (click here)
2. Hematinic drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Hematinic drugs: Iron - Answer (click here)
4. Hematinic drugs: Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
5. Hematinic drugs: Folic acid - Answer (click here)
6. Hematinic drugs: Erythropoietin agents - Answer (click here)
7. Anticoagulant drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Heparin - Answer (click here)
9. Oral anticoagulants - Answer (click here)
10. Antiplatelet drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Direct thrombin inhibitors - Answer (click here)
12. Factor Xa inhibitor drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Thrombolytic drugs - Answer (click here)

Respiratory drugs
1. Drugs and the respiratory system - Answer (click here)
2. Beta2-adrenergic agonists - Answer (click here)
3. Anticholinergics - Answer (click here)
4. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
5. Leukotriene modifiers - Answer (click here)
6. Mast cell stabilizers - Answer (click here)
7. Methylxanthines - Answer (click here)
8. Monoclonal antibodies: Omalizumab - Answer (click here)
9. Expectorants: Guaifenesin - Answer (click here)
10. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
11. Mucolytics: Acetylcysteine - Answer (click here)
12. Decongestants - Answer (click here)

Gastrointestinal drugs
1. Drugs and the Gastrointestinal (GI) system - Answer (click here)
2. Antiulcer drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Systemic antibiotics - Answer (click here)
4. Antacids - Answer (click here)
5. H2-receptor antagonists - Answer (click here)
6. Proton pump inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Other antiulcer drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Adsorbent drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Antiflatulent drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Digestive drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Obesity drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Antidiarrheal and laxative drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Opioid-related drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Kaolin and pectin - Answer (click here)
15. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists - Answer (click here)
16. Hyperosmolar laxatives - Answer (click here)
17. Dietary fiber and related bulk-forming laxatives - Answer (click here)
18. Emollient laxatives - Answer (click here)
19. Stimulant laxatives - Answer (click here)
20. Lubricant laxatives - Answer (click here)
21. Antiemetics - Answer (click here)
22. Emetics - Answer (click here)

Genitourinary drugs
1. Drugs and the genitourinary system - Answer (click here)
2. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
3. Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics - Answer (click here)
4. Loop diuretics - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium-sparing diuretics - Answer (click here)
6. Osmotic diuretics - Answer (click here)
7. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Urinary tract antispasmodics - Answer (click here)
9. Erectile dysfunction therapy drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Hormonal contraceptives - Answer (click here)

Anti infective drugs


1. Selecting an antimicrobial drug - Answer (click here)
2. Antibacterial drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Aminoglycosides - Answer (click here)
4. Penicillins - Answer (click here)
5. Cephalosporins - Answer (click here)
6. Tetracyclines - Answer (click here)
7. Lincomycin derivatives - Answer (click here)
8. Macrolides - Answer (click here)
9. Vancomycin - Answer (click here)
10. Carbapenems - Answer (click here)
11. Monobactams - Answer (click here)
12. Fluoroquinolones - Answer (click here)
13. Sulfonamides - Answer (click here)
14. Nitrofurantoin - Answer (click here)
15. Antiviral drugs - Answer (click here)
16. Synthetic nucleosides - Answer (click here)
17. Pyrophosphate analogues - Answer (click here)
18. Influenza A and syncytial virus drugs - Answer (click here)
19. Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
20. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
21. Nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
22. Protease inhibitors - Answer (click here)
23. Antitubercular drugs - Answer (click here)
24. Drug regimens for treating TB - Answer (click here)
25. Antimycotic drugs - Answer (click here)
26. Polyenes - Answer (click here)
27. Flucytosine - Answer (click here)
28. Imidazole - Answer (click here)
29. Synthetic triazoles - Answer (click here)
30. Glucan synthesis inhibitors - Answer (click here)
31. Synthetic allylamine derivatives - Answer (click here)
32. Drotrecogin alfa - Answer (click here)
Anti inflammatory anti allergy andimmunosuppressant drugs
1. Drugs and the immune system - Answer (click here)
2. Antihistamines: Histamine-1 receptor antagonists - Answer (click here)
3. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
4. Glucocorticoids - Answer (click here)
5. Mineralocorticoids - Answer (click here)
6. Other immunosuppressants - Answer (click here)
7. Uricosurics - Answer (click here)
8. Other antigout drugs - Answer (click here)

Psychotropic drugs
1. Sedative and hypnotic drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
3. Barbiturates - Answer (click here)
4. Nonbenzodiazepines-nonbarbiturates - Answer (click here)
5. Antianxiety drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Antidepressant and mood stabilizer drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Tricyclic antidepressants - Answer (click here)
9. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
10. Miscellaneous antidepressants - Answer (click here)
11. Lithium - Answer (click here)
12. Antipsychotic drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Atypical antipsychotics - Answer (click here)
14. Typical antipsychotics - Answer (click here)
15. Stimulants - Answer (click here)

Endocrine drugs
1. Drugs and the endocrine system - Answer (click here)
2. Antidiabetic drugs and glucagon - Answer (click here)
3. Insulin - Answer (click here)
4. Oral antidiabetic drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Glucagon - Answer (click here)
6. Estrogens - Answer (click here)
7. Natural and synthetic estrogen - Answer (click here)
8. Pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Anterior pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Posterior pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Thyroid drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Antithyroid drugs - Answer (click here)

Drugs for fluid and electrolyte balance


1. Drugs and homeostasis - Answer (click here)
2. Electrolyte replacement drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Potassium - Answer (click here)
4. Calcium - Answer (click here)
5. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
6. Sodium - Answer (click here)
7. Alkalinizing and acidifying drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Alkalinizing drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Acidifying drugs - Answer (click here)

Antineoplastic drugs
1. Drugs and cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Alkylating drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Nitrogen mustards - Answer (click here)
4. Alkyl sulfonate - Answer (click here)
5. Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
6. Triazenes - Answer (click here)
7. Ethylenimines - Answer (click here)
8. Alkylating-like drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Antimetabolite drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Folic acid analogues - Answer (click here)
11. Pyrimidine analogues - Answer (click here)
12. Purine analogues - Answer (click here)
13. Antibiotic antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Hormonal antineoplastic drugs and hormone modulators - Answer (click
here)
15. Aromatase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
16. Antiestrogens - Answer (click here)
17. Androgens - Answer (click here)
18. Antiandrogens - Answer (click here)
19. Progestins - Answer (click here)
20. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues - Answer (click here)
21. Natural antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
22. Vinca alkaloids - Answer (click here)
23. Podophyllotoxins - Answer (click here)
24. Monoclonal antibodies - Answer (click here)
25. Topoisomerase I inhibitors - Answer (click here)
26. Targeted therapies - Answer (click here)
27. Unclassifiable antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
28. Arsenic trioxide - Answer (click here)
29. Asparaginases - Answer (click here)
30. Procarbazine - Answer (click here)
31. Hydroxyurea - Answer (click here)
32. Interferons - Answer (click here)
33. Aldesleukin - Answer (click here)
34. Altretamine - Answer (click here)
35. Paclitaxel and docetaxel - Answer (click here)

Subject : Pharmacology
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Introduction
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)

Drug Receptors Pharmacodynamics


1. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
3. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
4. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
5. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
7. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
8. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
9. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
10. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
11. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
12. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
13. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
14. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
15. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
16. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
17. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
18. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Rational Dosing the Time


Course of Drug Action
1. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
5. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
6. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
7. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
8. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
9. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
10. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
11. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)

Drug Biotransformation
1. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
2. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
3. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
4. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
5. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
6. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
7. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
8. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)
Development Regulation of Drugs
1. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
3. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
4. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
5. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
6. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
7. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
8. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
9. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
10. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)

Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology


1. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
3. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
4. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
5. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
6. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)

Cholinoceptor Activating Cholinesterase Inhibiting Drugs


1. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
2. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
5. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
6. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)

Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs


1. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
4. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)

Adrenoceptor Agonists Sympathomimetic Drugs


1. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
7. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
8. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
9. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
10. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)

Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs


1. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
3. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
6. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
7. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
8. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
9. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
11. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
12. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)

Antihypertensive Agents
1. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
5. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
6. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
8. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
9. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
12. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
13. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
14. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
15. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
16. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
17. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
18. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
19. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
20. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
21. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
22. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
23. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
24. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
25. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)

Vasodilators the Treatment of Angina Pectoris


1. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
4. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
5. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
6. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Heart Failure


1. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
2. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
3. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
4. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
5. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
6. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
7. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
8. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
9. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
10. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
11. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
12. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
13. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias


1. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
2. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
4. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
7. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
8. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
9. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
10. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
11. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
12. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
13. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
14. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
15. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
16. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
17. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
18. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
19. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
20. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
21. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
22. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
23. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
24. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
25. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
26. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
27. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)

Diuretic Agents
1. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
3. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
5. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
6. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
7. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
8. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
9. Peptides - Answer (click here)
10. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
11. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
12. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
13. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
14. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
15. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
16. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
17. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
18. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)

Histamine Serotonin the Ergot Alkaloids


1. Histamine - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
4. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
5. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
6. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
8. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
9. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
11. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
12. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
13. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
14. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
15. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
16. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
17. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
18. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
19. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)

Vasoactive Peptides
1. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
3. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
4. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
5. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
6. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
7. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
8. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
9. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
10. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
12. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
13. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
14. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
15. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
16. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
17. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
18. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
19. Substance P - Answer (click here)
20. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
21. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
22. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
23. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
24. Urotensin - Answer (click here)

The EicosanoidsProstaglandins Thromboxanes Leukotrienes


Related Compounds
1. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
2. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
3. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
4. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
5. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
6. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
8. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)

Nitric Oxide
1. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
2. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
3. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
4. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
7. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
8. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
9. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Asthma


1. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
2. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
3. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
4. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
5. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
6. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
7. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
8. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
9. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
11. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
12. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
13. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
14. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
15. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
16. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
17. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
18. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)

DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM


Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System CNS
Drugs
1. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
3. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
4. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
5. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
6. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
7. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
8. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)

Sedative Hypnotic Drugs


1. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
4. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
5. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
6. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
9. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)

The Alcohols
1. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
4. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
5. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
6. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
8. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
9. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
12. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)

Antiseizure Drugs
1. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
5. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
6. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
7. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
8. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
9. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
10. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
11. Primidone - Answer (click here)
12. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
13. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
14. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
15. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
16. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
17. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
18. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
19. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
20. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
21. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
22. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
23. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
24. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
25. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
26. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
27. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
28. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
29. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
30. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
31. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
32. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
33. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)

General Anesthetics
1. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
3. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
6. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
7. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
8. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
9. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
10. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
11. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
12. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
13. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
14. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
15. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
16. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)

Local Anesthetics
1. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
3. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
5. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
6. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants


1. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
2. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
5. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
8. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)

Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism Other Movement


Disorders
1. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
3. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
4. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
5. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
8. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
9. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
11. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
12. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
13. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
14. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
15. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
16. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)

Antipsychotic Agents Lithium


1. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
3. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
4. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
5. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)

Antidepressant Agents
1. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
3. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
4. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
5. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
6. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
7. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
8. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
9. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
- Answer (click here)
10. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
11. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
12. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
13. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)

Opioid Analgesics Antagonists


1. Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacodynamics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
5. Ion Channels & Novel Analgesic Targets - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Use of Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
7. Toxicity & Undesired Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid
Analgesics - Answer (click here)
8. Strong Agonists - Answer (click here)
9. MILD to Moderate Agonists - Answer (click here)
10. Opioids With Mixed Receptor Actions - Answer (click here)
11. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
12. The Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Drugs of Abuse
1. Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Dependence Versus Addiction - Answer (click here)
3. Addictive Drugs Increase the Level of Dopamine: Reinforcement -
Answer (click here)
4. Animal Models in Addiction Research - Answer (click here)
5. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction - Answer (click here)
6. Dependence: Tolerance & Withdrawal - Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click
here)
7. Addiction: A Disease of Maladaptive Learning - Answer (click here)
8. Nonaddictive Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
9. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
10. Opioids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer (click here)
11. Cannabinoids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer
(click here)
12. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled
Receptors - Answer (click here)
13. LSD, Mescaline, & Psilocybin - Answer (click here)
14. Drugs that Mediate their Effects via Ionotropic Receptors - Answer (click
here)
15. Drugs that Bind to Transporters of Biogenic Amines - Answer (click here)
16. Clinical Pharmacology of Dependence & Addiction - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Anemias Hematopoietic Growth Factors


1. Agents Used in Anemias; Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click
here)
2. Sickle Cell Disease and Hydroxyurea - Answer (click here)
3. Iron - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
4. VITAMIN B12 - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
5. Folic Acid - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
6. Folic Acid Supplementation: A Public Health Dilemma - Answer (click
here)
7. Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
8. Erythropoietin - Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
9. Myeloid Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
10. Megakaryocyte Growth Factors - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation


1. Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Coagulation Cascade - Answer (click here)
4. Basic Pharmacology of the Anticoagulant Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Oral Direct Factor XA Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Direct Thrombin Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Warfarin & Other Coumarin Anticoagulants - Answer (click here)
9. Basic Pharmacology of the Fibrinolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Basic Pharmacology of Antiplatelet Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Prevent Clotting - Answer (click
here)
12. Drugs Used in Bleeding Disorders - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Dyslipidemia


1. Agents Used in Dyslipidemia - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Lipoprotein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Lipoprotein Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. The Primary Hypertriglyceridemias - Answer (click here)
5. The Primary Hypercholesterolemias - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Hyperlipoproteinemia - Answer (click here)
7. Competitive Inhibitors of HMG-COA Reductase (Reductase Inhibitors;
'Statins') - Answer (click here)
8. NIACIN (Nicotinic Acid) - Answer (click here)
9. Fibric Acid Derivatives (FIBRATES) - Answer (click here)
10. Bile Acid-Binding Resins - Answer (click here)
11. Inhibitors of Intestinal Sterol Absorption - Answer (click here)
12. CETP Inhibitors and Treatment With Drug Combinations - Answer (click
here)

Nonsteroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs Disease Modifying


Antirheumatic Drugs Nonopioid Analgesics Drugs Used in Gout
1. The Immune Response - Answer (click here)
2. Therapeutic Strategies - Answer (click here)
3. Nonsteroidalanti Inflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Aspirin - Answer (click here)
5. Nonacetylated Salicylates - Answer (click here)
6. Cox-2 Selective Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Nonselective Cox Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Choice of NSAID - Answer (click here)
9. Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Abatacept - Answer (click here)
11. Azathioprine - Answer (click here)
12. Chloroquine & Hydroxychloroquine - Answer (click here)
13. Cyclophosphamide - Answer (click here)
14. Cyclosporine - Answer (click here)
15. Leflunomide - Answer (click here)
16. Methotrexate - Answer (click here)
17. Mycophenolate Mofetil - Answer (click here)
18. Rituximab - Answer (click here)
19. Sulfasalazine - Answer (click here)
20. Tocilizumab - Answer (click here)
21. TNF-α-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
22. Combination Therapy With Dmards - Answer (click here)
23. Acetaminophen - Answer (click here)
24. Drugs Used In Gout - Answer (click here)
25. Colchicine - Answer (click here)
26. Nsaids In Gout - Answer (click here)
27. Uricosuric Agents - Answer (click here)
28. Allopurinol - Answer (click here)
29. Febuxostat - Answer (click here)
30. Pegloticase - Answer (click here)
31. Glucocorticoids - Answer (click here)
32. Interleukin-1 Inhibitors - Answer (click here)

ENDOCRINE DRUGS
Hypothalamic Pituitary Hormones
1. Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Anterior Pituitary & Hypothalamic Hormone Receptors - Answer (click
here)
3. Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Obesity - Answer (click here)
5. Mecasermin - Answer (click here)
6. Growth Hormone Antagonists - Answer (click here)
7. Gonadotropins & Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - Answer (click here)
8. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone & Its Analogs - Answer (click here)
9. GNRH Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Prolactin - Answer (click here)
11. Dopamine Agonists - Answer (click here)
12. Oxytocin - Answer (click here)
13. Oxytocin Antagonist - Answer (click here)
14. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH) - Answer (click here)
15. Vasopressin Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Thyroid Antithyroid Drugs


1. Thyroid Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Antithyroid Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Thioamides - Answer (click here)
5. Anion Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Iodides - Answer (click here)
7. Radioactive Iodine - Answer (click here)
8. Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
10. Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)
11. Nontoxic Goiter - Answer (click here)
12. Thyroid Neoplasms - Answer (click here)

Adrenocorticosteroids And Adrenocortical Antagonists


1. Adrenocorticosteroids - Answer (click here)
2. The Naturally Occurring Glucocorticoids; Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) -
Answer (click here)
3. Synthetic Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology - Synthetic Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
5. Toxicity - Synthetic Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
6. Contraindications & Cautions - Synthetic Corticosteroids - Answer (click
here)
7. Selection of Drug & Dosage Schedule - Synthetic Corticosteroids -
Answer (click here)
8. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone, Fludrocortisone)
- Answer (click here)
9. Adrenal Androgens - Answer (click here)
10. Synthesis Inhibitors & Glucocorticoid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. Mineralocorticoid Antagonists - Answer (click here)

The Gonadal Hormones Inhibitors


1. Disturbances in Ovarian Function - Answer (click here)
2. The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
3. Physiologic Effects - The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Uses - The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
5. Adverse Effects - The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
6. Preparations & Dosages - The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
7. The Progestins - Answer (click here)
8. Other Ovarian Hormones - Answer (click here)
9. Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacologic Effects - Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click here)
11. Clinical Uses - Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click here)
12. Adverse Effects - Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click here)
13. Contraindications & Cautions - Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click
here)
14. Contraception with Progestins Alone - Hormonal Contraception - Answer
(click here)
15. Tamoxifen & Related Partial Agonist Estrogens - Answer (click here)
16. Mifepristone - Answer (click here)
17. Danazol - Answer (click here)
18. Other Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
19. Ovulation-Inducing Agents - Answer (click here)
20. The Testis - Answer (click here)
21. Androgens & Anabolic Steroids - Answer (click here)
22. Metabolism - The Testis - Answer (click here)
23. Androgen Suppression & Antiandrogens - Answer (click here)
24. Chemical Contraception in Men - Answer (click here)

Pancreatic Hormones Antidiabetic Drugs


1. The Endocrine Pancreas - Answer (click here)
2. Insulin - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of Available Insulin Preparations - Answer (click here)
4. Insulin Delivery Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment with Insulin, Benefit of Glycemic Control in Diabetes
Mellitus - Answer (click here)
6. Insulin Regimens - Answer (click here)
7. Benefits of Tight Glycemic Control in Diabetes - Answer (click here)
8. Insulin Treatment of Special Circumstances - Answer (click here)
9. Complications of Insulin Therapy - Answer (click here)
10. Oral Antidiabetic Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Insulin Secretagogues: Sulfonylureas - Answer (click here)
12. First-Generation Sulfonylureas - Answer (click here)
13. Second-Generation Sulfonylureas - Answer (click here)
14. Insulin Secretagogue: Meglitinide - Answer (click here)
15. Insulin Secretagogue: D-Phenylalanine Derivative - Answer (click here)
16. Biguanides - Answer (click here)
17. Thiazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
18. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
19. Bile Acid Sequestrants - Answer (click here)
20. Amylin Analog - Answer (click here)
21. Glucagon-Like Polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists - Answer (click
here)
22. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
23. Combination Therapy-Oral Antidiabetic Agents & Injectable Medication
- Answer (click here)
24. Glucagon - Answer (click here)
25. Islet Amyloid Polypeptide IAPP, Amylin - Answer (click here)

Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis


1. Basic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Parathyroid Hormone - Principal Hormonal Regulators of Bone Mineral
Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
3. Vitamin D - Principal Hormonal Regulators of Bone Mineral
Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
4. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 - Principal Hormonal Regulators of Bone
Mineral Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
5. Interaction of PTH, FGF23, & Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Hormonal Regulators of Bone Mineral Homeostasis - Answer
(click here)
7. Newer Therapies for Osteoporosis - Answer (click here)
8. Nonhormonal Agents Affecting Bone Mineral Homeostasis - Answer
(click here)
9. Clinical Pharmacology - Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis
- Answer (click here)
10. Abnormal Serum Calcium & Phosphate Levels - Answer (click here)
11. Specific Disorders Involving Bone Mineral-Regulating Hormones -
Answer (click here)
12. Other Disorders of Bone Mineral Homeostasis - Answer (click here)

Introduction To Antimicrobial Agents


1. Introduction to Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Beta Lactam OtherCell Wall Membrane Active Antibiotics
1. Beta Lactam Compounds: Penicillins - Answer (click here)
2. Cephalosporins & Cephamycins - Answer (click here)
3. Monobactams - Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors (Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)
- Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Carbapenems - Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Glycopeptide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
7. Other Cell Wall or Membrane Active Agents - Answer (click here)

Tetracyclines Macrolides Clindamycin Chloramphenicol


Streptogramins Oxazolidinones
1. Tetracyclines - Answer (click here)
2. Macrolides - Answer (click here)
3. Erythromycin - Macrolides - Answer (click here)
4. Clarithromycin - Macrolides - Answer (click here)
5. Azithromycin - Macrolides - Answer (click here)
6. Ketolides - Macrolides - Answer (click here)
7. Clindamycin - Answer (click here)
8. Streptogramins - Answer (click here)
9. Chloramphenicol - Answer (click here)
10. Oxazolidinones - Answer (click here)

Aminoglycosides Spectinomycin
1. General Properties of Aminoglycosides - Answer (click here)
2. Streptomycin - Answer (click here)
3. Gentamicin - Answer (click here)
4. Tobramycin - Answer (click here)
5. Amikacin - Answer (click here)
6. Netilmicin - Answer (click here)
7. Neomycin & Kanamycin - Answer (click here)
8. Spectinomycin - Answer (click here)

SulfonamidesTrimethoprim Quinolones
1. Sulfonamides - Antifolate Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Trimethoprim & Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Mixtures - Antifolate
Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Dna Gyrase Inhibitors : Fluoroquinolones - Answer (click here)

Antimycobacterial Drugs
1. Antimycobacterial Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
3. Isoniazid - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
4. Rifampin - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
5. Ethambutol - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
6. Pyrazinamide - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
7. Streptomycin - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
8. Second-Line Drugs for Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
9. Rifaximin - Answer (click here)
10. Drugs Active Against Atypical Mycobacteria - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs Used in Leprosy - Answer (click here)

Antifungal Agents
1. Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Amphotericin B - Answer (click here)
3. Flucytosine - Answer (click here)
4. Azoles - Answer (click here)
5. Echinocandins - Answer (click here)
6. Oral Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Mucocutaneous Infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Topical Antifungal Therapy - Answer (click here)

Antiviral Agents
1. Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Agents to Treat Herpes Simplex Virus HSV & Varicella Zoster Virus
VZV Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Agents to Treat Cytomegalovirus CMV Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Antiretroviral Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Nucleoside & Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click
here)
6. Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Protease Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Entry Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
9. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
10. New & Investigational Antiretroviral Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection - Answer (click here)
13. Anti Influenza Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Other Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)

Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Agents DisinfectantsAntiseptics


Sterilants
1. Metronidazole - Answer (click here)
2. Mupirocin - Answer (click here)
3. Polymyxins - Answer (click here)
4. Fidaxomicin - Answer (click here)
5. Urinary Antiseptics - Answer (click here)
6. Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
7. Alcohols - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
8. Chlorhexidine - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click
here)
9. Halogens - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
10. Phenolics - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
11. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - Answer (click here)
12. Aldehydes - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
13. Superoxidized Water - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer
(click here)
14. Peroxygen Compounds - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer
(click here)
15. Heavy Metals - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click
here)
16. Sterilants - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
17. Preservatives - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)

Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents


1. Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Antimicrobial Therapy of Infections with Known Etiology - Answer (click
here)
4. Management of Antimicrobial Drug Toxicity - Answer (click here)
5. Antimicrobial Drug Combinations - Answer (click here)
6. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis - Answer (click here)

Antiprotozoal Drugs
1. Parasite Life Cycle - Malaria - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Classification - Malaria - Answer (click here)
3. Chemoprophylaxis & Treatment - Malaria - Answer (click here)
4. Malaria: Chloroquine - Answer (click here)
5. Other Quinolines - Malaria - Answer (click here)
6. Artemisinin & Its Derivatives - Malaria - Answer (click here)
7. Quinine & Quinidine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
8. Mefloquine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
9. Primaquine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
10. Atovaquone - Malaria - Answer (click here)
11. Inhibitors of Folate Synthesis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
12. Antibiotics - Malaria - Answer (click here)
13. Halofantrine & Lumefantrine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
14. Treatment of Specific Forms of Amebiasis - Answer (click here)
15. Metronidazole & Tinidazole - Answer (click here)
16. Iodoquinol - Answer (click here)
17. Diloxanide Furoate - Answer (click here)
18. Paromomycin Sulfate - Answer (click here)
19. Emetine & Dehydroemetine - Answer (click here)
20. Pentamidine Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
21. Sodium Stibogluconate Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
22. Nitazoxanide Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
23. Other Drugs for Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)
Clinical Pharmacology of the Antihelminthic Drugs
1. Chemotherapy of Helminthic Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Albendazole - Answer (click here)
3. Bithionol - Answer (click here)
4. Diethylcarbamazine Citrate - Answer (click here)
5. Doxycycline - Answer (click here)
6. Ivermectin - Answer (click here)
7. Mebendazole - Answer (click here)
8. Metrifonate (Trichlorfon) - Answer (click here)
9. Niclosamide - Answer (click here)
10. Oxamniquine - Answer (click here)
11. Piperazine - Answer (click here)
12. Praziquantel - Answer (click here)
13. Pyrantel Pamoate - Answer (click here)
14. Thiabendazole - Answer (click here)

Cancer Chemotherapy
1. Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of Cancer - Answer (click here)
3. Cancer Treatment Modalities - Answer (click here)
4. Role of Cell Cycle Kinetics & Anticancer Effect - Answer (click here)
5. Drug Resistance - Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
6. Alkylating Agents - Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs -
Answer (click here)
7. Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
8. Nonclassic Alkylating Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Platinum Analogs - Answer (click here)
10. Antimetabolites - Answer (click here)
11. Antifolates - Answer (click here)
12. Fluoropyrimidines - Answer (click here)
13. Deoxycytidine Analogs - Answer (click here)
14. Purine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
15. Vinca Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
16. Taxanes & Related Drugs - Answer (click here)
17. Epipodophyllotoxins - Answer (click here)
18. Camptothecins - Answer (click here)
19. Antitumor Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
20. Miscellaneous Anticancer Drugs - Answer (click here)
21. Clinical Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs - Answer (click
here)
22. The Leukemias - Answer (click here)
23. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
24. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
25. Multiple Myeloma - Answer (click here)
26. Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
27. Gastrointestinal Cancers - Answer (click here)
28. Lung Cancer - Answer (click here)
29. Ovarian Cancer - Answer (click here)
30. Testicular Cancer - Answer (click here)
31. Malignant Melanoma - Answer (click here)
32. Brain Cancer - Answer (click here)
33. Secondary Malignancies & Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

Immunopharmacology
1. Immunopharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
3. Abnormal Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
4. Glucocorticoids - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Calcineurin Inhibitors - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Mycophenolate Mofetil - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
8. Immunomodulatory Derivatives Of Thalidomide (IMiDs) - Answer (click
here)
9. Cytotoxic Agents - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Immunosuppressive Antibodies - Answer (click here)
11. Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs) - Answer (click here)
12. Clinical Uses of Immunosuppressive Drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Immunologic Reactions to Drugs & Drug Allergy - Answer (click here)
14. Immediate (Type I) Drug Allergy - Answer (click here)
15. Autoimmune (Type Ii) Reactions to Drugs - Answer (click here)
16. Serum Sickness & Vasculitic (Type III) Reactions - Answer (click here)

TOXICOLOGY
Introduction to Toxicology Occupational Environmental
1. Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational & Environmental - Answer
(click here)
2. Toxicologic Terms & Definitions - Answer (click here)
3. Environmental Considerations - Toxicology - Answer (click here)
4. Air Pollutants - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
5. Solvents - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
6. Pesticides - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
7. Herbicides - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
8. Environmental Pollutants - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
9. Metals - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)

Heavy Metal Intoxication Chelators


1. Toxicology of Lead - Answer (click here)
2. Major Forms of Lead Intoxication - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment - Toxicology of Lead - Answer (click here)
4. Toxicology of Arsenic - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics - Toxicology of Arsenic - Answer
(click here)
6. Major Forms of Arsenic Intoxication - Answer (click here)
7. Toxicology of Mercury - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Toxicology of Mercury - Answer (click here)
9. Major Forms of Mercury Intoxication - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment - Toxicology of Mercury - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacology of Chelators - Answer (click here)
12. Dimercaprol (2,3-Dimercaptopropanol, BAL) - Answer (click here)
13. Succimer (Dimercaptosuccinic ACID, DMSA) - Answer (click here)
14. Edetate Calcium Disodium (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, EDTA) -
Answer (click here)
15. Unithiol (Dimercaptopropanesulfonic Acid, DMPS) - Answer (click here)
16. Penicillamine (D-Dimethlcysteine) - Answer (click here)
17. Deferoxamine - Answer (click here)
18. Deferasirox - Answer (click here)
19. Prussian Blue (Ferric Hexacyanoferrate) - Answer (click here)

Management of the Poisoned Patient


1. Management of the Poisoned Patient - Answer (click here)
2. Toxicokinetics & Toxicodynamics - Answer (click here)
3. Approach to the Poisoned Patient - Answer (click here)
4. Initial Management of the Poisoned Patient - Answer (click here)
5. Toxic Syndromes: Acetaminophen - Answer (click here)
6. Toxic Syndromes: Amphetamines & Other Stimulants - Answer (click here)
7. Toxic Syndromes: Anticholinergic Agents - Answer (click here)
8. Toxic Syndromes: Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
9. Toxic Syndromes: Antipsychotics - Answer (click here)
10. Toxic Syndromes: Aspirin (Salicylate) - Answer (click here)
11. Toxic Syndromes: Beta Blockers - Answer (click here)
12. Toxic Syndromes: Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
13. Toxic Syndromes: Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
14. Toxic Syndromes: Cyanide - Answer (click here)
15. Toxic Syndromes: Digoxin - Answer (click here)
16. Toxic Syndromes: Ethanol & Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs - Answer (click
here)
17. Toxic Syndromes: Ethylene Glycol & Methanol - Answer (click here)
18. Toxic Syndromes: Rattlesnake Envenomation - Answer (click here)
19. Toxic Syndromes: Theophylline - Answer (click here)

SPECIAL TOPICS
Special Aspects of Perinatal Pediatric Pharmacology
1. Drug Therapy in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Therapy in Infants & Children - Answer (click here)
3. Pediatric Dosage Forms & Compliance - Answer (click here)
4. Drug Use During Lactation - Answer (click here)
5. Pediatric Drug Dosage - Answer (click here)

Special Aspects of Geriatric Pharmacology


1. Special Aspects of Geriatric Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacologic Changes Associated With Aging - Answer (click here)
3. Central Nervous System Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiovascular Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Antimicrobial Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Ophthalmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly - Answer (click here)
9. Practical Aspects of Geriatric Pharmacology - Answer (click here)

Dermatologic Pharmacology
1. Dermatologic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Dermatologic Vehicles - Answer (click here)
3. Antibacterial Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Oral Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Topical Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Immunomodulators - Answer (click here)
8. Ectoparasiticides - Answer (click here)
9. Agents Affecting Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
10. Sunscreens - Answer (click here)
11. Acne Preparations - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs for Psoriasis - Answer (click here)
13. Biologic Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Anti Inflammatory Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Keratolytic & Destructive Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Antipruritic Agents - Answer (click here)
17. Trichogenic & Antitrichogenic Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Antineoplastic Agents - Answer (click here)
19. Antiseborrhea Agents - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases


1. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases - Answer (click
here)
2. Physiology of Acid Secretion - Agents that Reduce Intragastric Acidity -
Answer (click here)
3. Antacids - Agents that Reduce Intragastric Acidity - Answer (click here)
4. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Agents that Reduce Intragastric Acidity -
Answer (click here)
5. Proton Pump Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Mucosal Protective Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Drugs Stimulating Gastrointestinal Motility - Answer (click here)
8. Laxatives - Answer (click here)
9. Antidiarrheal Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Answer (click
here)
11. Antiemetic Agents - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs Used to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Aminosalicylates - Answer (click here)
14. Glucocorticoids - Answer (click here)
15. Purine Analogs: Azathioprine & 6-Mercaptopurine - Answer (click here)
16. Methotrexate - Answer (click here)
17. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy - Answer (click here)
18. Anti-Integrin Therapy - Answer (click here)
19. Pancreatic Enzyme Supplements - Answer (click here)
20. Bile Acid Therapy For Gallstones - Answer (click here)
21. Drugs Used to Treat Variceal Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)

Dietary Supplements Herbal Medications


1. Dietary Supplements & Herbal Medications - Answer (click here)
2. Historical & Regulatory Factors - Dietary Supplements & Herbal
Medications - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Aspects of the Use of Botanicals - Answer (click here)
4. Botanical Substances: Echinacea (Echinacea Purpurea) - Answer (click
here)
5. Botanical Substances: Garlic (Allium Sativum) - Answer (click here)
6. Botanical Substances: Ginkgo (Ginkgo Biloba) - Answer (click here)
7. Botanical Substances: Ginseng - Answer (click here)
8. Botanical Substances: Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum) - Answer (click
here)
9. St. John’s Wort (Hypericumperforatum) - Answer (click here)
10. Saw Palmetto (Serenoa Repens Orsabal Serrulata) - Answer (click here)
11. Coenzyme Q10 - Answer (click here)
12. Glucosamine - Answer (click here)
13. Melatonin - Answer (click here)

Rational Prescribing Prescription Writing


1. Rational Prescribing - Answer (click here)
2. The Prescription - Answer (click here)
3. Prescribing Errors - Answer (click here)
4. E-Prescribing - Answer (click here)
5. Compliance - Answer (click here)
6. Who May Prescribe? - Answer (click here)
7. Socioeconomic Factors - Answer (click here)
8. The Cost of Prescriptions - Answer (click here)

Subject : Anesthesiology
The Practice of Anesthesiology
1. The Practice of Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
3. Inhalation Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Local & Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
5. Intravenous Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Evolution of the Specialty - Answer (click here)
7. The Scope of Anesthesia - Answer (click here)

Anesthetic Equipment and Monitors


The Operating Room Environment
1. The Operating Room Environment: Safety Culture - Answer (click here)
2. The Operating Room Environment: Medical Gas Systems - Answer (click
here)
3. Environmental Factors in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
4. Electrical Safety in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
5. Fire Prevention & Preparation in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
6. Fire Extinguishers in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
7. Laser Safety in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
8. Crew Resource Management in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
9. Future Design of Operating Rooms - Answer (click here)

Breathing Systems
1. Anesthetic Equipment & Monitors : Breathing Systems - Answer (click
here)
2. Insufflation - Answer (click here)
3. Open Drop and Draw Over Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
5. Components of Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
6. Performance Characteristics of Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
7. The Circle System - Answer (click here)
8. Components of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
9. Optimization of Circle System Design - Answer (click here)
10. Performance Characteristics of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
11. Disadvantages of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
12. Resuscitation Breathing Systems - Answer (click here)

The Anesthesia Machine


1. The Anesthesia Machine - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia Gas Supply - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia Flow Control Circuits - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia The Breathing Circuit - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia Ventilators - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia Ventilator Circuit Design - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia Ventilators Pressure & Volume Monitoring - Answer (click
here)
8. Problems Associated with Anesthesia Ventilators - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia Waste Gas Scavengers - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia Machine Checkout List - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular Monitoring
1. Arterial Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
2. Noninvasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring Indications - Answer
(click here)
3. Invasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring - Answer (click here)
4. Electrocardiography - Answer (click here)
5. Central Venous Catheterization - Answer (click here)
6. Pulmonary Artery Catheterization - Answer (click here)
7. Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)

Non cardiovascular Monitoring


1. Precordial & Esophageal Stethoscopes - Respiratory Gas Exchange
Monitors - Answer (click here)
2. Pulse Oximetry - Respiratory Gas Exchange Monitors - Answer (click here)
3. Capnography - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthetic Gas Analysis - Answer (click here)
5. Electroencephalography - Neurological System Monitors - Answer (click
here)
6. Evoked Potentials - Neurological System Monitors - Answer (click here)
7. Cerebral Oximetry and Other Neurological System Monitors of the
Brain - Answer (click here)
8. Temperature Monitors - Answer (click here)
9. Urinary Output Monitors - Answer (click here)
10. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation - Answer (click here)

Clinical Pharmacology
Pharmacological Principles
1. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics: Distribution - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacokinetics: Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics: Excretion - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics: Compartment Models - Answer (click here)
6. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
7. Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
8. Factors Affecting Inspiratory Concentration - Answer (click here)
9. Factors Affecting Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
10. Factors Affecting Arterial Concentration - Answer (click here)
11. Factors Affecting Elimination - Answer (click here)
12. Theories of Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthetic Neurotoxicity - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthetic Neuroprotection and Cardiac Preconditioning - Answer (click
here)
15. Minimum Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
16. Nitrous Oxide - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics -
Answer (click here)
17. Halothane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
18. Isoflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
19. Desflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
20. Sevoflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
21. Xenon - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer (click
here)

Intravenous Anesthetics
1. Intravenous Anesthetics: Barbiturates - Answer (click here)
2. Intravenous Anesthetics: Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
3. Intravenous Anesthetics: Ketamine - Answer (click here)
4. Intravenous Anesthetics: Etomidate - Answer (click here)
5. Intravenous Anesthetics: Propofol - Answer (click here)
6. Intravenous Anesthetics: Fospropofol - Answer (click here)

Analgesic Agents
1. Analgesic Agents: Opioids - Answer (click here)
2. Analgesic Agents: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents


1. Neuromuscular Transmission - Answer (click here)
2. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Mechanism Of Action - Answer (click
here)
3. Other Mechanisms of Neuromuscular Blockade - Answer (click here)
4. Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade - Answer (click here)
5. Response to Peripheral Nerve Stimulation - Answer (click here)
6. DepolarizingMuscle Relaxants: Succinylcholine - Answer (click here)
7. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Unique Pharmacological
Characteristics - Answer (click here)
8. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: General Pharmacological
Characteristics - Answer (click here)
9. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Atracurium - Answer (click here)
10. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Cisatracurium - Answer (click here)
11. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Pancuronium - Answer (click here)
12. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Vecuronium - Answer (click here)
13. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Rocuronium - Answer (click here)
14. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Other Relaxants - Answer (click here)
15. Newer Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)

Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Other Pharmacologic Antagonists to


Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
1. Cholinergic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Cholinergic Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Cholinergic Pharmacology: Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
4. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine - Answer (click here)
5. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Pyridostigmine - Answer (click here)
6. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Edrophonium - Answer (click here)
7. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Physostigmine - Answer (click here)
8. Non Classic Reversal Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Sugammadex - Answer (click here)
10. L Cysteine - Answer (click here)

Anticholinergic Drugs
1. Anticholinergic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Specific Anticholinergic Drugs - Answer (click here)

Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists


1. Adrenoceptor Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Adrenergic Agonists - Answer (click here)
3. Adrenergic Agonists: Phenylephrine - Answer (click here)
4. Adrenergic Agonists: Epinephrine - Answer (click here)
5. Adrenergic Agonists: Ephedrine - Answer (click here)
6. Adrenergic Agonists: Norepinephrine - Answer (click here)
7. Adrenergic Agonists: Dopamine - Answer (click here)
8. Adrenergic Agonists: Isoproterenol - Answer (click here)
9. Adrenergic Agonists: Dobutamine - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenergic Agonists: Dopexamine - Answer (click here)
11. Adrenergic Agonists: Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
12. Adrenergic Antagonists: Αlpha Blockers Phentolamine - Answer (click
here)
13. Adrenergic Antagonists: Mixed Antagonists Labetalol - Answer (click here)
14. Adrenergic Antagonists: Beta Blockers - Answer (click here)
15. Adrenergic Antagonists: Esmolol - Answer (click here)
16. Adrenergic Antagonists: Metoprolol - Answer (click here)
17. Adrenergic Antagonists: Propranolol - Answer (click here)
18. Adrenergic Antagonists: Nebivolol - Answer (click here)
19. Adrenergic Antagonists: Carvedilol - Answer (click here)
20. Perioperative Βeta Blocker Therapy - Answer (click here)

Hypotensive Agents
1. Hypotensive Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Nitrovasodilators: Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
3. Nitrovasodilators: Nitroglycerin - Answer (click here)
4. Nitrovasodilators: Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
5. Non-Nitrovasodilator Hypotensive Agents: Fenoldopam - Answer (click
here)
6. Non-Nitrovasodilator Hypotensive Agents: Calcium Antagonists -
Answer (click here)

Local Anesthetics
1. Mechanisms of Local Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
2. Local Anesthetic: Structure Activity Relationships - Answer (click here)
3. Local Anesthetic: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Local Anesthetic: Effects on Organ Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Local Anesthetic: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)

Adjuncts to Anesthesia
1. Aspiration - Answer (click here)
2. Aspiration: Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
3. Aspiration: H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
4. Aspiration: H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
5. Aspiration: Antacids - Answer (click here)
6. Aspiration: Metoclopramide - Answer (click here)
7. Aspiration: Proton Pump Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Postoperative Nausea & Vomiting PONV - Answer (click here)
9. 5 HT3 Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Butyrophenones - Answer (click here)
11. Dexamethasone - Answer (click here)
12. Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist - Answer (click here)
13. Adjuncts to Anesthesia: Ketorolac - Answer (click here)
14. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
15. Dexmedetomidine - Answer (click here)
16. Doxapram - Answer (click here)
17. Naloxone - Answer (click here)
18. Naltrexone - Answer (click here)
19. Flumazenil - Answer (click here)

Anesthetic Management
Preoperative Assessment and Premedication Perioperative
Documentation
1. Preoperative Evaluation - Answer (click here)
2. Elements of the Preoperative History - Answer (click here)
3. Elements of the Preoperative Physical Examination - Answer (click here)
4. Preoperative Laboratory Testing - Answer (click here)
5. Premedication - Answer (click here)
6. Documentation - Clinical Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)

Anesthetic Management Airway Management


1. Airway Management: Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Routine Airway Management - Answer (click here)
3. Airway Assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Airway Management Equipment - Answer (click here)
5. Airway Management Positioning - Answer (click here)
6. Airway Preoxygenation - Answer (click here)
7. Bag and Mask Ventilation - Answer (click here)
8. Supraglottic Airway Devices - Answer (click here)
9. Endotracheal Intubation - Answer (click here)
10. Larygoscopes - Answer (click here)
11. Video Laryngoscopes - Answer (click here)
12. Techniques of Direct and Indirect Laryngoscopy & Intubation - Answer
(click here)
13. Surgical Airway Techniques - Answer (click here)
14. Problems Following Intubation - Answer (click here)
15. Techniques of Extubation - Answer (click here)
16. Complications of Laryngoscopy & Intubation - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular Physiology and Anesthesia


1. Cardiovascular Physiology & Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology & Anesthesia: The Heart - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiac Action Potentials - Answer (click here)
4. Initiation & Conduction of the Cardiac Impulse - Answer (click here)
5. Mechanism of Heart Contraction - Answer (click here)
6. Innervation of the Heart - Answer (click here)
7. The Cardiac Cycle - Answer (click here)
8. Determinants of Ventricular Performance - Answer (click here)
9. Assessment of Ventricular Function - Answer (click here)
10. Systemic Circulation - Answer (click here)
11. Autonomic Control of the Systemic Vasculature - Answer (click here)
12. Arterial Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
13. Anatomy & Physiology of the Coronary Circulation - Answer (click here)
14. Effects of Anesthetic Agents on Heart - Answer (click here)
15. Compensatory Mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease


1. Anesthesia for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Preparation for Noncardiac
Surgery - Answer (click here)
3. Coronary Artery Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Hypertension - Answer (click here)
5. Hypertension:Preoperative Management - Answer (click here)
6. Hypertension: Intraoperative Management - Answer (click here)
7. Hypertension: Postoperative Management - Answer (click here)
8. Ischemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Ischemic Heart Disease: Preoperative Management - Answer (click here)
10. Ischemic Heart Disease: Intraoperative Management - Answer (click here)
11. Ischemic Heart Disease: Monitoring - Answer (click here)
12. Arrhythmias, Pacemakers, and Internal Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Management - Answer (click here)
13. Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
14. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
15. Valvular Heart Disease: General Evaluation of Patients - Answer (click
here)
16. Mitral Stenosis - Answer (click here)
17. Mitral Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
18. Mitral Valve Prolapse - Answer (click here)
19. Aortic Stenosis - Answer (click here)
20. Calculating Aortic Valve Area & Transvalvular Gradient - Answer (click
here)
21. Aortic Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
22. Tricuspid Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
23. Endocarditis Prophylaxis - Answer (click here)
24. Anticoagulation - Answer (click here)
25. Congenital Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
26. Obstructive Lesions - Answer (click here)
27. Predominantly Left-to-Right (Simple) Shunts - Answer (click here)
28. Predominantly Right-to-Left (Complex) Shunts - Answer (click here)
29. The Patient with a Transplanted Heart - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Cardiovascular Surgery


1. Cardiopulmonary Bypass - Answer (click here)
2. Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Systemic Hypothermia - Answer (click here)
3. Myocardial Preservation - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Adults - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Preinduction Period -
Answer (click here)
7. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Prebypass Period - Answer
(click here)
8. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Bypass Period - Answer
(click here)
9. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Termination of CPB -
Answer (click here)
10. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Postbypass Period - Answer
(click here)
11. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Postoperative Period -
Answer (click here)
12. Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery - Answer (click here)
13. Pediatric Patients - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Transplantation - Answer (click here)
15. Cardiac Transplantation: Anesthetic Management - Answer (click here)
16. Pericardial Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthesia for Surgery on the Aorta - Answer (click here)
18. Specific Lesions of the Aorta - Answer (click here)
19. Anesthetic Management - Answer (click here)
20. Anesthesia for Carotid Artery Surgery - Answer (click here)

Respiratory Physiology and Anesthesia


1. Functional Respiratory Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanisms of Breathing - Answer (click here)
3. Lung Mechanics - Answer (click here)
4. Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships - Answer (click here)
5. Alveolar, Arterial, & Venous Gas Tensions - Answer (click here)
6. Transport of Respiratory Gases in Blood - Answer (click here)
7. Control of Breathing - Answer (click here)
8. Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Respiratory Disease


1. Anesthesia : Pulmonary Risk Factors - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia : Asthma - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia : Restrictive Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia : Acute Intrinsic Pulmonary Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia : Chronic Intrinsic Pulmonary Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia : Extrinsic Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders - Answer (click
here)
8. Anesthesia : Pulmonary Embolism - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery


1. Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery: The Lateral Decubitus Position -
Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery: The Open Pneumothorax - Answer (click
here)
3. Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery: One Lung Ventilation - Answer (click
here)
4. Physiological Considerations During Thoracic Anesthesia - Answer (click
here)
5. Techniques for One-Lung Ventilation - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Lung Resection: Preoperative Considerations - Answer
(click here)
7. Anesthesia for Lung Resection: Anesthetic Considerations - Answer (click
here)
8. Special Considerations for Patients Undergoing Lung Resection - Answer
(click here)
9. Anesthesia for Tracheal Resection - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) - Answer
(click here)
11. Anesthesia for Diagnostic Thoracic Procedures - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Lung Transplantation - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Esophageal Surgery - Answer (click here)

Neurophysiology and Anesthesia


1. Cerebral Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
3. Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)
5. Cerebrospinal Fluid - Answer (click here)
6. Intracranial Pressure - Answer (click here)
7. Effect of Anesthetic Agents on Cerebral Physiology - Answer (click here)
8. Physiology of Brain Protection - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Neurosurgery


1. Intracranial Hypertension - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia & Craniotomy for Patients with Mass Lesions - Answer (click
here)
3. Anesthesia for Surgery in the Posterior Fossa - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Stereotactic Surgery - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Head Trauma - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia & Craniotomy for Intracranial Aneurysms & Arteriovenous
Malformations - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Surgery on the Spine - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Neurologic and Psychiatric Diseases


1. Anesthesia for Cerebrovascular Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Seizure Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Parkinson Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Alzheimer Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Multiple Sclerosis - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Guillain Barre Syndrome - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Autonomic Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia for Syringomyelia - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Spinal Cord Injury - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia for Depression - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Bipolar Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthesia for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - Answer (click here)
15. Anesthesia for Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)

Renal Physiology Anesthesia


1. Renal Physiology & Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia: The Nephron - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia: The Renal Circulation - Answer (click here)
4. Renal Blood Flow & Glomerular Filtration - Answer (click here)
5. Effects of Anesthesia & Surgery on Renal Function - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia: Diuretics - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia: Osmotic Diuretics Mannitol - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia: Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia: Thiazide & Thiazide Like Diuretics - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia: Potassium Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Kidney Disease


1. Anesthesia for Patients with Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Evaluating Renal Function - Answer (click here)
3. Altered Renal Function the Effects of Anesthetic Agents - Answer (click
here)
4. Anesthesia for Patients with Kidney Failure - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Patients with Mild to Moderate Renal Impairment -
Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Genitourinary Surgery


1. Anesthesia for Cystoscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Transurethral Resection of the Prostate - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Lithotripsy - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Noncancer Surgery of the Upper Ureter & Kidney -
Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies: Prostate Cancer -
Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies: Bladder Cancer -
Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies: Testicular Cancer -
Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies: Renal Cancer - Answer
(click here)
10. Anesthesia for Renal Transplantation - Answer (click here)

Hepatic Physiology Anesthesia


1. Hepatic Physiology and Functional Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Liver Tests - Answer (click here)
3. Effect of Anesthesia on Hepatic Function - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Liver Disease


1. Anesthesia for Coagulation in Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Acute Hepatitis - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Chronic Hepatitis - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Cirrhosis - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Hepatic Surgery - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Special Situations - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Endocrine Disease


1. The Pancreas Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
3. The Thyroid Physiology - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
6. The Parathyroid Glands Physiology - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Hyperparathyroidism - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Hypoparathyroidism - Answer (click here)
9. The Adrenal Gland Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Mineralocorticoid Excess - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia for Mineralocorticoid Deficiency - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Glucocorticoid Excess - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Glucocorticoid Deficiency - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthesia for Catecholamine Excess - Answer (click here)
15. Anesthesia for Obesity - Answer (click here)
16. Anesthesia for Carcinoid Syndrome - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Neuromuscular Disease


1. Anesthesia for Patients with Neuromuscular Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Paraneoplastic Neuromu Scularsyndromes - Answer (click
here)
4. Anesthesia for Muscular Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Myotonias - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Periodic Paralysis - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery


1. Anesthesia for Intraocular Pressure Dynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for the Oculocardiac Reflex - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Intraocular Gas Expansion - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Systemic Effects of Ophthalmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. General Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery - Answer (click here)
6. Regional Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Otorhinolaryngologic Surgery


1. Anesthesia for Endoscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Nasal & Sinus Surgery - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Head & Neck Cancer Surgery - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Maxillofacial Reconstruction & Orthognathic Surgery -
Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Ear Surgery - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery


1. Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Perioperative Management Considerations in Orthopedic
Surgery - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Fracture of the Hip - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Total Hip Arthroplasty - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Closed Reduction of Hip Dislocation - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Knee Arthroscopy - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Total Knee Replacement - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Shoulder Surgery - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia for Distal Upper Extremity Surgery - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Trauma and Emergency Surgery


1. Anesthesia for Trauma & Emergency Surgery - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Primary Survey - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Definitive Trauma Interventions - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Traumatic Brain Injury - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Spinal Cord Injury - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Burns - Answer (click here)

Maternal and Fetal Physiology and Anesthesia


1. Anesthesia for Physiological Changes During Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
2. Anesthesia for Uteroplacental Circulation - Answer (click here)
3. Physiology of Normal Labor - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of Labor on Maternal Physiology - Answer (click here)
5. Effect of Anesthetic Agents on Uterine Activity & Labor - Answer (click
here)
6. Fetal Physiology - Answer (click here)
7. Physiological Transition of the Fetus at Birth - Answer (click here)

Obstetric Anesthesia
1. Anesthetic Risk in Obstetric Patients - Answer (click here)
2. General Approach to the Obstetric Patient - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Labor & Vaginal Delivery - Answer (click here)
4. Regional Anesthetic Techniques: Spinal Opioids Alone - Answer (click
here)
5. Regional Anesthetic Techniques: Local Anesthetic/Local Anesthetic
Opioid Mixtures - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: General Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia for Emergency Cesarean Section - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Umbilical Cord Prolapse - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia for Dystocia & Abnormal Fetal Presentations & Positions -
Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Multiple Gestations - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Antepartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthesia for Premature Rupture of Membranes & Chorioamnionitis -
Answer (click here)
15. Anesthesia for Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
16. Anesthesia for Hypertensive Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthesia for Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
18. Anesthesia for Amniotic Fluid Embolism - Answer (click here)
19. Anesthesia for Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
20. Anesthesia for Fetal Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
21. Anesthesia for Neonatal Resuscitation - Answer (click here)

Pediatric Anesthesia
1. Pediatric Anesthesia: Anatomic & Physiological Development - Answer
(click here)
2. Pediatric Anesthesia: Pharmacological Differences - Answer (click here)
3. Pediatric Anesthetic Risk - Answer (click here)
4. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Preoperative Considerations - Answer
(click here)
5. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Monitoring - Answer (click here)
6. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Induction - Answer (click here)
7. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Intravenous Induction - Answer (click
here)
8. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Inhalational Induction - Answer (click
here)
9. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Intravenous Access - Answer (click here)
10. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Tracheal Intubation - Answer (click here)
11. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Maintenance - Answer (click here)
12. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Perioperative Fluid Requirements -
Answer (click here)
13. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia -
Answer (click here)
14. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Sedation for Procedures in and out of
the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
15. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Emergence & Recovery - Answer (click
here)
16. Anesthetic Considerations in Prematurity - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthetic Considerations in Intestinal Malrotation & Volvulus - Answer
(click here)
18. Anesthetic Considerations in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - Answer
(click here)
19. Anesthetic Considerations in Tracheoesophageal Fistula - Answer (click
here)
20. Anesthetic Considerations in Gastroschisis & Omphalocele - Answer (click
here)
21. Anesthetic Considerations in Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - Answer
(click here)
22. Anesthetic Considerations in Infectious Croup, Foreign Body Aspiration,
& Acute Epiglottitis - Answer (click here)
23. Anesthetic Considerations in Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy - Answer
(click here)
24. Anesthetic Considerations in Myringotomy & Insertion of
Tympanostomy Tubes - Answer (click here)
25. Anesthetic Considerations in Trisomy 21 Syndrome Down Syndrome -
Answer (click here)
26. Anesthetic Considerations in Cystic Fibrosis - Answer (click here)
27. Anesthetic Considerations in Scoliosis - Answer (click here)

Geriatric Anesthesia
1. Geriatric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Age-Related Anatomic & Physiological Changes - Answer (click here)
3. Age-Related Pharmacological Changes - Answer (click here)

Ambulatory Non operating Room and Office Based Anesthesia


1. Ambulatory, Non operating Room, & Office-Based Anesthesia - Answer
(click here)
2. Advances in Ambulatory Anesthesia and Surgery - Answer (click here)
3. Candidates for Ambulatory and Office Based Anesthesia - Answer (click
here)
4. Anesthesia: Specific Patient Conditions and Ambulatory Surgery -
Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia: Intraoperative Considerations - Answer (click here)
6. Post Anesthesia Recovery and Discharge - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia: Discharge Criteria - Answer (click here)
8. Unanticipated Hospital Admission Following Ambulatory Surgery -
Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia: Non Operating Room Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia: Special Considerations in Out of the Operating Room
Locations - Answer (click here)

Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management


Spinal Epidural Caudal Blocks
1. Spinal, Epidural & Caudal Blocks - Answer (click here)
2. The Role of Neuraxial Anesthesia in Anesthetic Practice - Answer (click
here)
3. Anatomy of Vertebral Column - Answer (click here)
4. Anatomy of The Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
5. Spinal, Epidural & Caudal Blocks: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click
here)
6. Clinical Considerations Common to Spinal & Epidural Blocks - Answer
(click here)
7. Spinal Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Epidural Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
9. Epidural Needles and Epidural Catheters - Answer (click here)
10. Specific Techniques for Epidural Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
11. Activating an Epidural - Answer (click here)
12. Epidural Anesthesia: Factors Affecting Level of Block - Answer (click here)
13. Epidural Anesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Epidural Anesthesia: Local Anesthetic pH Adjustment - Answer (click here)
15. Failed Epidural Blocks - Answer (click here)
16. Caudal Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
17. Complications of Neuraxial Blocks - Answer (click here)
18. Complications Associated with Excessive Responses to Appropriately
Placed Drug - Answer (click here)
19. Complications Associated with Needle or Catheter Insertion - Answer
(click here)
20. Complications Associated with Drug Toxicity - Answer (click here)

Peripheral Nerve Blocks


1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Patient Selection - Answer (click here)
2. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Risks & Contraindications - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Choice of Local Anesthetic - Answer (click here)
4. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Preparation - Answer (click here)
5. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Block Techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Brachial Plexus Anatomy -
Answer (click here)
7. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Interscalene Block - Answer
(click here)
8. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Supraclavicular Block -
Answer (click here)
9. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Infraclavicular Block - Answer
(click here)
10. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Axillary Block - Answer (click
here)
11. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Blocks of the Terminal
Nerves - Answer (click here)
12. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Intravenous Regional
Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
13. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Lumbar & Sacral Plexus
Anatomy - Answer (click here)
14. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Femoral Nerve Block -
Answer (click here)
15. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Lateral Femoral Cutaneous
Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
16. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Obturator Nerve Block -
Answer (click here)
17. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Posterior Lumbar Plexus
(Psoas Compartment) Block - Answer (click here)
18. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Saphenous Nerve Block -
Answer (click here)
19. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Sciatic Nerve Block - Answer
(click here)
20. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Ankle Block - Answer (click
here)
21. Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Trunk: Superficial Cervical Plexus Block
- Answer (click here)
22. Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Trunk: Intercostal Block - Answer (click
here)
23. Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Trunk: Paravertebral Block - Answer (click
here)
24. Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Trunk: Transversus Abdominis Plane
Block - Answer (click here)

Chronic Pain Management


1. Anesthesia: Chronic Pain Management - Answer (click here)
2. Definitions & Classification of Chronic Pain - Answer (click here)
3. Pain Pathways - Answer (click here)
4. Physiology of Nociception - Answer (click here)
5. Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain - Answer (click here)
6. Systemic Responses to Pain - Answer (click here)
7. Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Pain - Answer (click here)
8. Entrapment Syndromes - Answer (click here)
9. Myofascial Pain - Answer (click here)
10. Fibromyalgia - Answer (click here)
11. Low Back Pain & Related Syndromes - Answer (click here)
12. Neuropathic Pain - Answer (click here)
13. Acute Herpes Zoster & Postherpetic Neuralgia - Chronic Pain
Management - Answer (click here)
14. Headache - Chronic Pain Management - Answer (click here)
15. Abdominal Pain - Chronic Pain Management - Answer (click here)
16. Cancer Related Pain - Chronic Pain Management - Answer (click here)
17. Interventional Therapies: Pharmacological Interventions - Answer (click
here)
18. Diagnostic & Therapeutic Blocks - Answer (click here)
19. Trigeminal Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
20. Facial Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
21. Glossopharyngeal Block - Answer (click here)
22. Occipital Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
23. Suprascapular Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
24. Cervical Paravertebral Nerve Blocks - Answer (click here)
25. Thoracic Paravertebral Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
26. Lumbar Paravertebral Nerve Blocks - Answer (click here)
27. Cervical, Thoracic & Lumbar Medial Branch Blocks - Answer (click here)
28. Trans-Sacral Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
29. Pudendal Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
30. Sympathetic Nerve Blocks - Answer (click here)
31. Cervicothoracic (Stellate) Block - Answer (click here)
32. Splanchnic Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
33. Celiac Plexus Block - Answer (click here)
34. Lumbar Sympathetic Block - Answer (click here)
35. Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block - Answer (click here)
36. Ganglion Impar Block - Answer (click here)
37. Intravenous Regional Block - Answer (click here)
38. Epidural Injections - Answer (click here)
39. Radio frequency Ablation & Cryoneurolysis - Answer (click here)
40. Chemical Neurolysis - Answer (click here)
41. Differential Neural Blockade - Answer (click here)
42. Neuromodulation - Answer (click here)
43. Vertebral Augmentation - Answer (click here)
44. Multidisciplinary Treatment - Answer (click here)

Perioperative Pain Management Enhanced Outcomes


1. Evolution of Enhanced Recovery Programs - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthetic Management: Preoperative Period - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthetic Management: Intraoperative Period - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthetic Management: Postoperative Period - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthetic Management: Issues in the Implementation of Enhanced
Recovery Programs - Answer (click here)

Perioperative and Critical Care Medicine


Management of Patients with Fluid Electrolyte Disturbances
1. Nomenclature of Solutions - Answer (click here)
2. Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of Water Balance - Answer (click here)
4. Disorders of Water Balance: Control of Plasma Osmolality - Answer (click
here)
5. Disorders of Water Balance: Hyperosmolality & Hypernatremia - Answer
(click here)
6. Disorders of Water Balance: Hypoosmolality & Hyponatremia - Answer
(click here)
7. Disorders of Sodium Balance - Answer (click here)
8. Disorders of Potassium Balance - Answer (click here)
9. Intercompartmental Shifts of Potassium - Answer (click here)
10. Hypokalemia - Answer (click here)
11. Hyperkalemia - Answer (click here)
12. Disorders of Calcium Balance: Normal Calcium Balance - Answer (click
here)
13. Hypercalcemia - Answer (click here)
14. Hypocalcemia - Answer (click here)
15. Disorders of Phosphorus Balance - Answer (click here)
16. Normal Phosphorus Balance - Answer (click here)
17. Hyperphosphatemia - Answer (click here)
18. Hypophosphatemia - Answer (click here)
19. Disorders of Magnesium Balance - Answer (click here)
20. Normal Magnesium Balance - Answer (click here)
21. Hypermagnesemia - Answer (click here)
22. Hypomagnesemia - Answer (click here)

Acid Base Management


1. Acid-Base Management - Answer (click here)
2. Hydrogen Ion Concentration & pH - Answer (click here)
3. Acids & Bases - Answer (click here)
4. Strong Ion Difference - Answer (click here)
5. Conjugate Pairs & Buffers - Answer (click here)
6. Acid-Base Clinical Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Body Buffers - Answer (click here)
8. Respiratory Compensation - Answer (click here)
9. Renal Acid-Base Compensation - Answer (click here)
10. Physiological Effects of Acidemia - Answer (click here)
11. Respiratory Acidosis - Answer (click here)
12. Metabolic Acidosis - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthetic considerations in Patients With Acidosis - Answer (click here)
14. Physiological Effects of Alkalosis - Answer (click here)
15. Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer (click here)
16. Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthetic Considerations in Patients With Alkalemia - Answer (click here)
18. Diagnosis of Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Measurement of Blood Gas Tensions & pH - Answer (click here)

Fluid Management and Blood Component Therapy


1. Evaluation of Intravascular Volume - Answer (click here)
2. Intravenous Fluids - Answer (click here)
3. Perioperative Fluid Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Transfusion - Answer (click here)
5. Complications of Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
6. Alternative Strategies for Management of Blood Loss During Surgery -
Answer (click here)

Thermoregulation and Hypothermia and Malignant


Hyperthermia
1. Thermoregulation & Hypothermia - Answer (click here)
2. Malignant Hyperthermia - Answer (click here)

Nutrition in Perioperative and Critical Care


1. Basic Nutritional Needs - Answer (click here)
2. How to Feed the Patient - Answer (click here)
3. Complications of Nutritional Support - Answer (click here)
4. Specific Nutrients - Answer (click here)
5. Enteral Nutrition and NIL Per OS Rules Priorto Elective Surgery -
Answer (click here)
6. TPN and Surgery - Answer (click here)

Anesthetic Complications
1. Litigation and Anesthetic Complications - Answer (click here)
2. Adverse Anesthetic Outcomes - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthetic Complications: Mortality and Brain Injury - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthetic Complications: Vascular Cannulation - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthetic Complications: Obstetric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthetic Complications: Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthetic Complications: Pediatric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Out of the Operating Room Anesthesia and Monitored Anesthesia Care -
Answer (click here)
9. Anesthetic Complications: Equipment Problems - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthetic Complications: Quality Management - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthetic Complications: Airway Injury - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthetic Complications: Peripheral Nerve Injury - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthetic Complications: Awareness - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthetic Complications: Eye Injury - Answer (click here)
15. Anesthetic Complications: Cardiopulmonary Arrest During Spinal
Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
16. Anesthetic Complications: Hearing Loss - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthetic Complications: Allergic Reactions - Answer (click here)
18. Occupational Hazards in Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
1. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Airway - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Breathing - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Circulation - Answer (click here)
5. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Defibrillation - Answer (click here)
6. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Recommended Resuscitation Protocols
- Answer (click here)

Postanesthesia Care
1. Postanesthesia Care - Answer (click here)
2. The Postanesthesia Care Unit - Answer (click here)
3. Emergence From General Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Transport From the Operating Room to the PACU - Answer (click here)
5. Routine Recovery - Answer (click here)
6. Respiratory Complications - Answer (click here)
7. Circulatory Complications - Answer (click here)
Critical Care
1. Critical Care - Answer (click here)
2. Economic, Ethical, & Legal Issues in Critical Care - Answer (click here)
3. Respiratory Care - Answer (click here)
4. Medical Gas Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Classifying Oxygen Therapy Equipment - Answer (click here)
6. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Variable-Performance Equipment
- Answer (click here)
7. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Fixed-Performance (High-Flow)
Equipment - Answer (click here)
8. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Hazards of Oxygen Therapy -
Answer (click here)
9. Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
10. Positive-Pressure Ventilators - Answer (click here)
11. Care of Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
12. Discontinuing Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
13. Positive Airway Pressure Therapy - Answer (click here)
14. Other Respiratory Care Techniques - Answer (click here)
15. Respiratory Failure - Answer (click here)
16. Pulmonary Edema - Answer (click here)
17. Increased Transmural Pressure Pulmonary Edema (“Cardiogenic”
Pulmonary Edema) - Answer (click here)
18. Increased Permeability Pulmonary Edema (Noncardiogenic Pulmonary
Edema): Acute Lung Injury & ARDS - Answer (click here)
19. Critical Care: Drowning & Near Drowning - Answer (click here)
20. Critical Care: Smoke Inhalation - Answer (click here)
21. Acute Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click here)
22. Acute Kidney Injury & Failure - Answer (click here)
23. Prerenal Azotemia - Answer (click here)
24. Postrenal Azotemia - Answer (click here)
25. Reversible Azotemia Versus AKI - Answer (click here)
26. Infections & Sepsis - Answer (click here)
27. Pathophysiology of SIRS - Answer (click here)
28. Infections In the ICU - Answer (click here)
29. Septic Shock - Answer (click here)
30. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
31. End-of-Life Care - Answer (click here)

Safety Quality and Performance Improvement


1. Patient Safety Issues - Answer (click here)
2. Quality of Care Performance Improvement Issues - Answer (click here)

Subject : Medicine Study Notes


Patient Management
1. Frameworks for consultation - History Taking - Answer (click here)
2. History Taking - Answer (click here)
3. History Outline - Answer (click here)
4. Examination - Patient Management - Answer (click here)
5. Fever Examination - Patient Management - Answer (click here)
6. Pyrexia/Fever of Unknown Origin (PYO/FUO) Examination - Patient
Management - Answer (click here)
7. Tiredness Examination - Patient Management - Answer (click here)
8. Oedema Examination - Patient Management - Answer (click here)
9. Hands Examination - Patient Management - Answer (click here)
10. Head Examination - Patient Management - Answer (click here)
11. CT and MRI Imaging - Patient Investigations - Answer (click here)
12. Blood Tests - Patient Investigations - Answer (click here)
13. Treatment - Patient Management - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular
1. Physiology and Anatomy - Cardiovascular - Answer (click here)
2. History - Cardiovascular - Answer (click here)
3. Differentiating Chest Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Peripheral Exam - Physical Exam - Answer (click here)
5. Praecordium - Physical Exam - Answer (click here)
6. Heart sounds - Physical Exam - Answer (click here)
7. Heart Murmurs - Physical Exam - Answer (click here)
8. Lungs, Abdomen and Legs - Answer (click here)
9. ECG Interpretation - Answer (click here)
10. Chest X-ray - Answer (click here)
11. Cardiovascular Risk factors - Answer (click here)
12. Vessel Pathology - Answer (click here)
13. Ischaemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Hypertension - Answer (click here)
15. Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
16. Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Answer (click here)
17. Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
18. Atrial Fibrillation - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
19. Sinus Arrhythmia - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
20. Other Abnormal Rhythms - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
21. Heart Block - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
22. Drugs for Acute, Life Threatening Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
23. Emergency cardiac pacing - Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
24. Valvular Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
25. Aortic Stenosis - Answer (click here)
26. Aortic Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
27. Mitral Stenosis - Answer (click here)
28. Mitral Regurgitation (MR) - Answer (click here)
29. Tricuspid Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
30. Infective Endocarditis - Answer (click here)
31. Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
32. Myocarditis - Answer (click here)
33. Cardiovascular Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
34. Cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
35. Neoplasia of the Heart and Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)

Respiratory
1. Blood Gases - Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Lung Function Tests - Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Respiratory Failure - Physiology - Answer (click here)
4. Oxygen Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Respiratory Exam - Answer (click here)
6. Nasal & Sinus - Upper Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
7. Acute Pharyngitis - Answer (click here)
8. Antibiotic Treatment of URTI - Answer (click here)
9. Larynx - Upper Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
10. Adult Pneumonia - Answer (click here)
11. Pleural Disease - Answer (click here)
12. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - Venous Thromboembolism - Answer
(click here)
13. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) - Venous Thromboembolism - Answer (click
here)
14. Asthma - Answer (click here)
15. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer (click here)
16. Restrictive/Interstitial Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Acute Interstitial Lung Disease - Answer (click here)
18. Chronic Infiltrative (Restrictive) Lung Disease - Answer (click here)
19. Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
20. Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses - Answer (click here)
21. Tumours of the Larynx - Answer (click here)
22. Lung Cancer - Answer (click here)
23. Sleep Apnoea - Answer (click here)
24. Miscellaneous Lung Diseases - Answer (click here)

Endocrine and Electrolytes


1. History - Endocrine and Electrolytes - Answer (click here)
2. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
3. Thyroid - Answer (click here)
4. Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)
5. Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
6. Thyroid Nodules - Answer (click here)
7. Parathyroid - Answer (click here)
8. Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click here)
9. Cushing’s Syndrome - Answer (click here)
10. Hypoadrenalism - Answer (click here)
11. Hyperaldosteronism - Answer (click here)
12. Phaeochromocytoma - Answer (click here)
13. Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
14. Hypopituitarism - Answer (click here)
15. Pituitary Tumours - Answer (click here)
16. Prolactinaemia - Answer (click here)
17. Acromegaly - Answer (click here)
18. Other Endocrine Problems - Answer (click here)
19. Sodium Summary - Electrolytes - Answer (click here)
20. Hyponatraemia - Answer (click here)
21. Hypernatraemia - Answer (click here)
22. Diabetes Insipidous - Electrolytes - Answer (click here)
23. Potassium - Electrolytes - Answer (click here)
24. Calcium - Electrolytes - Answer (click here)
25. Magnesium - Electrolytes - Answer (click here)
26. Chloride - Electrolytes - Answer (click here)
27. Acid-Base balance - Electrolytes - Answer (click here)

Neuro sensory
1. History - Neurology - Answer (click here)
2. Physical Exam - Neurology - Answer (click here)
3. Cognitive Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Common Peripheral Nerve Lesions - Neurology - Answer (click here)
5. Brain Anatomy - Neurology - Answer (click here)
6. Intracranial Haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
7. Stroke - Answer (click here)
8. Head Trauma - Answer (click here)
9. Coma and Stupor - Answer (click here)
10. Syncope (Fainting) - Answer (click here)
11. Abnormal Speech - Answer (click here)
12. Parkinson’s Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Dystonias - Answer (click here)
14. Demyelinating Disease - Answer (click here)
15. Other CNS Degenerative Diseases - Answer (click here)
16. Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
17. Brain Tumours - Answer (click here)
18. Spinal Chord Syndromes - Answer (click here)
19. Headaches - Answer (click here)
20. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
21. Other neurological emergencies - Answer (click here)
22. History - Eyes - Answer (click here)
23. Physical Examination - Eyes - Answer (click here)
24. Anatomy - Eyes - Answer (click here)
25. Loss of Vision - Answer (click here)
26. The Red Eye - Answer (click here)
27. Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
28. Eye Infections - Answer (click here)
29. Optic Nerve Lesions - Answer (click here)
30. Nerve Lesions Affecting Eye movement - Answer (click here)
31. Retinal Vascular Disease - Answer (click here)
32. Focal Ischaemic Retinal Disease - Answer (click here)
33. Tumours - Answer (click here)
34. Paediatric Ophthalmology - Answer (click here)
35. Vestibular - Answer (click here)
36. External Ear - Answer (click here)
37. Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
38. Ear Testing - Answer (click here)
39. Hearing Loss - Answer (click here)

Gastro Intestinal
1. Abdominal Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Abdominal History - Answer (click here)
3. Abdominal Exam - Answer (click here)
4. Abdominal Tests - Answer (click here)
5. Oral Pathology - Answer (click here)
6. Dysphagia - Answer (click here)
7. Oesophageal Tumours - Answer (click here)
8. Achalasia - Answer (click here)
9. Dyspepsia - Answer (click here)
10. Oesophagitis - Answer (click here)
11. Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD) - Answer (click here)
12. Hiatus Hernia - Answer (click here)
13. Gastritis - Stomach and Duodenum - Answer (click here)
14. Acute Ulcers - Answer (click here)
15. Peptic (Gastric & Duodenal) Ulcer - Answer (click here)
16. Pernicious Anaemia - Answer (click here)
17. Gastric Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
18. Ceoliac Disease - Answer (click here)
19. Other Malabsorption Syndromes - Answer (click here)
20. Pathology - Small & Large Bowel - Answer (click here)
21. Ischaemic Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Bowel Obstruction - Answer (click here)
23. Appendicitis - Answer (click here)
24. Ulcerative Colitis (UC) - Answer (click here)
25. Crohn’s Disease - Answer (click here)
26. Small Bowel Tumours - Answer (click here)
27. Colorectal Cancer - Answer (click here)
28. Diverticular disease of the colon - Answer (click here)
29. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Answer (click here)
30. Bacterial Overgrowth of Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
31. Pseudomembranous Colitis - Answer (click here)
32. Diarrhoea - Infectious Agents - Answer (click here)
33. Constipation - Answer (click here)
34. Anorectal problems - Answer (click here)
35. GI Bleeding - Answer (click here)
36. Assessment - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
37. Alcoholic Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
38. Viral Hepatitis - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
39. Hepatitis A - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
40. Hepatitis B - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
41. Hepatitis C - Answer (click here)
42. Hepatitis D,E - Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
43. Tumours of the Liver - Answer (click here)
44. Other Liver Diseases - Answer (click here)
45. End Stage Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
46. Cholelithiasis - Gallbladder and Bile Ducts - Answer (click here)
47. Cholecystitis - Gallbladder and Bile Ducts - Answer (click here)
48. Tumours - Gallbladder and Bile Ducts - Answer (click here)
49. Acute Pancreatitis - Answer (click here)
50. Chronic Pancreatitis - Answer (click here)
51. Pancreatic Tumours - Answer (click here)

Renal and Genitourinary


1. History - Renal and Genitourinary - Answer (click here)
2. Renal Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Renal Function - Answer (click here)
4. Nephritic Syndrome - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Nephrotic Syndrome - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Acute Renal Failure - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Chronic Renal Failure - Answer (click here)
8. Complications of Chronic Renal Failure - Answer (click here)
9. Specific Nephrotoxins - Answer (click here)
10. Renal Stones (Nephrolithiasis) - Answer (click here)
11. Tubulointerstitial Diseases - Answer (click here)
12. Glomerulonephritis - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Hypertension - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Congenital Abnormalities - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
15. Hydronephrosis - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Cystic Renal Disease - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Renal Tumours - Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
18. Renal Replacement Therapy - Answer (click here)
19. Ureter - Answer (click here)
20. Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
21. Bladder - Answer (click here)
22. Male Genitourinary - Answer (click here)

Musculo Skeletal
1. History - Musculo Skeletal - Answer (click here)
2. Exam - Musculo Skeletal - Answer (click here)
3. Radiology - Answer (click here)
4. Fractures - Answer (click here)
5. Soft Tissue Injury - Answer (click here)
6. Nerve Injury - Answer (click here)
7. History - Back and Neck - Answer (click here)
8. Exam - Back and Neck - Answer (click here)
9. Neck and Radiating Arm Pain - Answer (click here)
10. Back Pain - Answer (click here)
11. Pelvic Injury - Answer (click here)
12. Upper Limb - Answer (click here)
13. Upper Arm and Elbow - Answer (click here)
14. Fore arm and Hand - Answer (click here)
15. Gait - Answer (click here)
16. Hip and Femur - Answer (click here)
17. Knee - Answer (click here)
18. Lower Leg and Foot - Answer (click here)
19. Facial Fractures - Answer (click here)
20. Joint and Bone Infections - Answer (click here)
21. Metabolic Bone Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Orthopaedic Tumours - Answer (click here)
23. Arthritis Overview - Answer (click here)
24. Osteoarthritis - Answer (click here)
25. Management of Inflammatory Arthritis - Answer (click here)
26. Blood tests in Inflammatory Arthritis - Answer (click here)
27. Pharmacology - Inflammatory Arthritis - Answer (click here)
28. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
29. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
30. Spondyloarthropathies (Seronegative Arthritis) - Answer (click here)
31. Crystal Arthropathy - Answer (click here)
32. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer
(click here)
33. Sjogren’s Syndrome - Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click here)
34. Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS) - Connective Tissue Diseases -
Answer (click here)
35. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis - Connective Tissue Diseases -
Answer (click here)
36. Polymyalgia Rheumatica - Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click
here)
37. Vasculitis - Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click here)
38. Pain Syndromes - Answer (click here)
39. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Answer (click here)
40. Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) - Answer (click here)
Haematology and Immunology
1. Microscopy of Abnormal Cells - Answer (click here)
2. Anaemias - Answer (click here)
3. Microcytic Anaemia - Answer (click here)
4. Macrocytic Anaemia - Answer (click here)
5. Pancytopenia - Anaemias - Answer (click here)
6. Hereditary Spherocytosis - Answer (click here)
7. Data Interpretation - Anaemias - Answer (click here)
8. Porphyria - Anaemias - Answer (click here)
9. Haematology of Systemic Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Anaemia of Chronic Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Haemostasis - Answer (click here)
12. Platelets and Platelet disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) - Answer (click here)
14. Polycythaemia Vera - Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) - Answer (click
here)
15. Essential thrombocythaemia - Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) -
Answer (click here)
16. Myelofibrosis - Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) - Answer (click here)
17. Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia - Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD)
- Answer (click here)
18. Myelodysplastic syndromes - Answer (click here)
19. Leukaemia - Answer (click here)
20. Acute Leukaemia - Answer (click here)
21. Fever in a Neutropenic Patient - Answer (click here)
22. Multiple Myeloma - Lymphoproliferative Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Lymphoproliferative Disorders -
Answer (click here)
24. Lymphoma and Hairy Cell Leukaemia - Lymphoproliferative Disorders
- Answer (click here)
25. Data Interpretation: Leukaemia & Lymphoproliferative disorders -
Answer (click here)
26. Immunology - Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
27. Primary Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
28. Secondary Immunodeficiency (Acquired) - Answer (click here)
29. Hypersensitivity Disorders - Answer (click here)
30. Allergy - Answer (click here)
31. Diagnosis - Allergy and Hypersensitivity Disorders - Answer (click here)
32. Diseases caused by Antibodies - Allergy and Hypersensitivity Disorders
- Answer (click here)
Skin
1. Dermatology Glossary - Skin - Answer (click here)
2. Diagnosis - Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Bacterial infections of skin and soft tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Fungal Skin Infections/Dermatophytosis - Answer (click here)
5. Viral Skin Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Other Skin Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Eczema - Answer (click here)
8. Atopic Eczema - Answer (click here)
9. Seborrhoeic Dermatitis - Answer (click here)
10. Contact Dermatitis - Eczema - Answer (click here)
11. Eczema Related Conditions - Answer (click here)
12. Nappy Rash - Answer (click here)
13. Sun Damaged Skin - Answer (click here)
14. Naevi and Melanoma - Skin Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
15. Tumours - Skin Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
16. Ulcers - Answer (click here)
17. Inflammatory skin lesions - Answer (click here)
18. Acne - Answer (click here)
19. Other Skin Lesions - Answer (click here)
20. Skin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)

Reproductive and Obstetrics


1. Physiology - Gynaecology - Answer (click here)
2. History - Gynaecology - Answer (click here)
3. Exam - Gynaecology - Answer (click here)
4. Contraception - Gynaecology - Answer (click here)
5. Suspicion of Abuse or Interpersonal Violence - Gynaecology - Answer
(click here)
6. Infertility - Gynaecology - Answer (click here)
7. Dyspareunia - Answer (click here)
8. Menstrual Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - Answer (click here)
10. Menopause - Gynaecology - Answer (click here)
11. Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP) - Answer (click here)
12. Pelvic Mass - Answer (click here)
13. Vulval Lesions - Answer (click here)
14. Cervical Cancer - Answer (click here)
15. Other Cancers - Gynaecology - Answer (click here)
16. History and Antenatal Booking - Obstetrics - Answer (click here)
17. Booking Exam and Investigations - Obstetrics - Answer (click here)
18. Minor symptoms of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
19. 'At Risk' Pregnancies - Answer (click here)
20. Multiple Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
21. Fetal Welfare - Answer (click here)
22. Termination of Pregnancy (TOP) - Answer (click here)
23. Complications of Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
24. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) - Answer (click here)
25. Hypertension in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
26. Other Complications of Later Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
27. Labour - Answer (click here)
28. Abnormal Labour - Answer (click here)
29. Postpartum Complications - Answer (click here)
30. Six Week Check - Obstetrics - Answer (click here)
31. Breast - Physiology & Anatomy - Answer (click here)
32. Breast History - Answer (click here)
33. Breast Exam - Answer (click here)
34. Breast Investigations - Answer (click here)
35. Breast in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding - Answer (click here)
36. Breast discharge - Answer (click here)
37. Developmental Problems - Breast - Answer (click here)
38. Inflammatory Breast Disease - Answer (click here)
39. Fibrocystic Disease - Answer (click here)
40. Generally Benign Breast Tumours - Answer (click here)
41. Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
42. Sexual History Taking - Answer (click here)
43. Exam - Sexual Health - Answer (click here)
44. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) - Answer (click here)

Psychological Medicine
1. Aetiology of Psychiatric Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Summary - Psychiatric History - Answer (click here)
3. Psychiatric History - Answer (click here)
4. Mental State Examination - Psychiatric History - Answer (click here)
5. Suicide Assessment and Management - Psychiatric History - Answer (click
here)
6. Interviewing Aggressive Patients - Psychiatric History - Answer (click here)
7. DSM IV Classification - Answer (click here)
8. Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. History Taking in Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Panic Disorder (with or without agoraphobia) - Answer (click here)
11. Specific Phobia and Social Phobia - Answer (click here)
12. Generalised Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
13. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Answer (click here)
14. Treatment of Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Differentiating Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms - Answer (click here)
16. Depressive Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Postpartum Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Dysthymic Disorder - Answer (click here)
19. Bipolar Depression (Manic-Depression) - Answer (click here)
20. Antidepressant and Mood Stabilising Medication - Answer (click here)
21. Psychotic Disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Types of Psychotic Disorder - Answer (click here)
23. Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
24. Treatment of Psychosis - Answer (click here)
25. Dementia - Answer (click here)
26. Dementia Due to Head Trauma - Answer (click here)
27. Delirium - Answer (click here)
28. Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
29. Disorders due to a General Medical Condition - Answer (click here)
30. Diagnostic Criteria - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
31. Epidemiology - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
32. Models of Aetiology of Addiction - Substance Use Disorders - Answer
(click here)
33. History Taking - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
34. Investigations - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
35. Drugs of Abuse - Substance Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
36. Treatment of Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
37. Alcohol Abuse - Answer (click here)
38. Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
39. Impulse Control Disorders - Answer (click here)
40. Fictitious Disorder - Answer (click here)
41. Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
42. Treatment of Mental Illness - Answer (click here)
43. Grief and Bereavement - Answer (click here)

Genetics and Cancer


1. Epidemiology of Genetic Disorders and DNA - Genetics and Cancer -
Answer (click here)
2. Chromosome Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Patterns of inheritance - Answer (click here)
4. Non-Mendelian Genetics - Answer (click here)
5. Genetic Testing - Answer (click here)
6. Genetic Counselling - Answer (click here)
7. Epidemiology - Cancer - Answer (click here)
8. Oncogenesis - Cancer - Answer (click here)
9. Anatomic Pathology and Neoplasia - Cancer - Answer (click here)
10. Staging of Cancer - Answer (click here)
11. Cancer Treatment - Answer (click here)
12. Symptom Management in Cancer - Answer (click here)
13. Cancer Emergencies - Answer (click here)
14. Palliative Care - Cancer - Answer (click here)

Emergency Management
1. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) - Resuscitation Emergency
Management - Answer (click here)
2. Cardiac Arrest Rhythms - Resuscitation Emergency Management -
Answer (click here)
3. Drugs in Cardiac Arrest - Resuscitation Emergency Management -
Answer (click here)
4. Secondary survey - Resuscitation Emergency Management - Answer (click
here)
5. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) - Resuscitation Emergency Management -
Answer (click here)
6. Resuscitation Ethics - Resuscitation Emergency Management - Answer
(click here)
7. Shock - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
8. Airway Obstruction - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
9. Asthma - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
10. Burns - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
11. Coma - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
12. Electrocution - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
13. Hypertensive Crisis - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
14. Near Drowning - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
15. Hypothermia - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
16. Hyperthermia - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
17. Poisoning and Overdose - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
18. Pulmonary Oedema - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
19. Renal failure and Spinal Shock - Emergency Management - Answer (click
here)
20. Trauma to Abdomen - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
21. Trauma to Chest - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)

Infectious Diseases
1. Blood Culture - Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Bacterial Meningitis - Infections of the CNS - Answer (click here)
3. Brain Abscess - Infections of the CNS - Answer (click here)
4. Viral CNS Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Streptococcus - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Staphlococcus - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Haemophilus Influenzae - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Moraxella Catarrhalis - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Mycobacteria - Bacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
11. Varicella Zoster - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
12. Epstein Barr Virus - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
13. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
14. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Herpes Viruses - Answer (click here)
15. Toxoplasmosis - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
16. Malaria - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
17. Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica) - Answer (click here)
18. Giardiasis - Answer (click here)
19. Filariasis - Answer (click here)
20. Intestinal Worms - Answer (click here)
21. Hydatid Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Cryptosporidium - Answer (click here)
23. Pneumocystis Carinii - Answer (click here)
24. Travel Medicine - Answer (click here)
25. Antibiotic Treatment - Answer (click here)
26. Vaccination - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology
1. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Variability of Drug Response - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Volume of Distribution (Vd) - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Clearance (Cl) - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
5. Half Life (T½) - Answer (click here)
6. Steady State Concentration - Answer (click here)
7. Bioavailability (F) - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
8. Absorption - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
9. Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Metabolism - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
11. Excretion of Drugs - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
12. Inter-individual Differences - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
13. Controlled Release Formulations - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
14. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
15. Pharmacology of Pregnancy and Breast Feeding - Answer (click here)
16. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) - Answer (click here)
17. Drug Allergy - Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) - Answer (click here)
18. Drug Interactions - Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) - Answer (click here)
19. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) - Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)
- Answer (click here)
20. Drug withdrawal syndromes - Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) - Answer
(click here)
21. Sleep - Answer (click here)
22. Treatment of Insomnia - Answer (click here)
23. Compliance Issues - Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
24. Prescribing - Answer (click here)
25. Regulation of Medicines and Drugs - Answer (click here)

Anaesthetics
1. General Anaesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Anaesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Pain Management - Anaesthetics - Answer (click here)
4. Local Anaesthesia - Answer (click here)
5. Local Anaesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Obstetric Anaesthesia - Answer (click here)
7. Preoperative Assessment - Answer (click here)

Surgical and Fluid Management


1. Normal Values - Surgical and Fluid Management - Answer (click here)
2. Replacement fluids - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Products - Answer (click here)
4. IV Cannulation - Answer (click here)
5. Nutrition in Surgical Patients - Answer (click here)
6. Post-Operative Care - Answer (click here)
7. Post-Operative Complications - Answer (click here)
Paediatrics
1. Epidemiology - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
2. Health Systems - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
3. International Agreements - Answer (click here)
4. Difference Between Adult and Child History Taking - Answer (click here)
5. History Outline - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
6. Examination - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
7. When is a child really sick? - Answer (click here)
8. Talking with Children - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
9. Parent and Adolescent Education - Answer (click here)
10. Families - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
11. Preparing a child for surgery - Answer (click here)
12. The Dying Child - Answer (click here)
13. Autopsy of a Child - Answer (click here)
14. Behavioural Issues - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
15. Child Development - Answer (click here)
16. Causes of Developmental Delay - Answer (click here)
17. Effect of Chronic Disease on Development - Paediatrics - Answer (click
here)
18. Learning Disability - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
19. Child Development Team - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
20. Growth - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
21. Examination of the Newborn - Answer (click here)
22. Outcome after Preterm Birth - Answer (click here)
23. Neonatal and Infant Anticipatory Guidance (Parent Education) - Answer
(click here)
24. Breast-feeding - Answer (click here)
25. Failure to Thrive (FTT) - Answer (click here)
26. The Crying Baby - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
27. Sleep Management - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
28. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) - Answer (click here)
29. Neonatal Acute Airway Problems - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
30. Hypoglycaemia of the New Born - Answer (click here)
31. Jaundice - Answer (click here)
32. Other Neonatal problems - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
33. The Blue Baby - Heart Disease in Children - Answer (click here)
34. Congenital Heart Disease in Children - Answer (click here)
35. Complications of Congenital Heart Disease in Children - Answer (click
here)
36. Rheumatic Fever in Children - Answer (click here)
37. Symptoms - Respiratory Illness in Children - Answer (click here)
38. Chest Radiology - Respiratory Illness in Children - Answer (click here)
39. Respiratory Tract Infections in Children - Answer (click here)
40. Asthma in Young Children - Answer (click here)
41. Differential of Wheezing in a Child - Answer (click here)
42. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) - Answer (click here)
43. Fever in Children - Answer (click here)
44. Potentially Serious Infections - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
45. Common Paediatric Viruses - Answer (click here)
46. Orbital and Pre-Orbital Cellulitis - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
47. Congenital Abnormalities - Paediatric Orthopaedics - Answer (click here)
48. Bone and Joint Injury and Infection - Paediatric Orthopaedics - Answer
(click here)
49. Neurological Exam in Children - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
50. Head Size - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
51. Headaches - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
52. Seizures - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
53. Tics - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
54. Cerebral Palsy - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
55. Muscular Dystrophy - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
56. Neural Tube Defects - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
57. Eye disorders in Children - Paediatric Neurology - Answer (click here)
58. Proteinuria - Renal Disease in Children - Answer (click here)
59. Haematuria - Renal Disease in Children - Answer (click here)
60. Acute Renal Failure - Renal Disease in Children - Answer (click here)
61. Chronic Renal Failure - Renal Disease in Children - Answer (click here)
62. Urinary Incontinence - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
63. Testes - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
64. Acute Scrotum - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
65. Penis - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
66. Ambiguous Genitalia - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
67. Abdominal Radiology - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
68. Congenital abnormalities - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
69. Acquired Causes of Obstruction - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
70. GI Bleeding - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
71. Hernias - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
72. Common Childhood Presenting Chronic Symptoms - Paediatrics - Answer
(click here)
73. Gastroenteritis - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
74. Nutritional Deficiencies in Childhood - Answer (click here)
75. Food Allergy - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
76. Cervical Lumps - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
77. Childhood Cancer - Answer (click here)
78. Assessing Fluid State - Paediatrics Emergency Management - Answer
(click here)
79. Paediatric Coma - Paediatrics Emergency Management - Answer (click
here)
80. Paediatric Trauma - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
81. Paediatric Anaesthetics - Emergency Management - Answer (click here)
82. Child Abuse - Answer (click here)
83. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Paediatrics - Answer
(click here)
84. Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
85. Depression - Paediatrics - Answer (click here)
86. Youth Suicide - Answer (click here)
87. Other Mental Health Issues - Answer (click here)
88. Adolescent Health - Answer (click here)
89. Adolescent Development - Adolescent Health - Answer (click here)
90. Talking with Adolescents - Adolescent Health - Answer (click here)
91. HEADSS Risk Assessment - Adolescent Health - Answer (click here)
92. Puberty - Adolescent Health - Answer (click here)
93. Chronic illness and disability in Adolescents - Answer (click here)

Health Care of the Elderly


1. History - Health Care of the Elderly - Answer (click here)
2. Ageing - Health Care of the Elderly - Answer (click here)
3. Age Related Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Services for the Elderly - Answer (click here)

Public Health
1. Public Health - Answer (click here)
2. Health Care Delivery - Answer (click here)
3. Measures of Health Status - Answer (click here)
4. Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology - Public Health - Answer (click here)
6. Communicable Disease Control - Answer (click here)
7. Classification - Environmental Health - Answer (click here)
8. Inter-relationship of Host and Environment - Answer (click here)
9. Consequences of Global Environmental Changes - Answer (click here)
10. Screening - Answer (click here)
11. Health Promotion - Answer (click here)
12. Social Inequalities in Health - Answer (click here)
13. Health Economics - Answer (click here)

Evidence Based Medicine


1. Evidence Based Medicine - Answer (click here)
2. Risks and Odds - Evidence Based Medicine - Answer (click here)
3. Evaluation of History Taking and Clinical Examination - Answer (click
here)
4. Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests - Answer (click here)
5. Evaluation of Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Evaluation of Prognosis - Answer (click here)

Professional Development
1. Professional Development - Answer (click here)
2. Working in Teams - Professional Development - Answer (click here)
3. Physical Hazards of Medicine - Answer (click here)
4. Medical Crises - Answer (click here)
5. The Doctor's Health - Answer (click here)
6. Code of Health and Disability Services Consumer's Rights - Answer (click
here)
7. Medical Error and Misadventure - Answer (click here)
8. Medical Council - Answer (click here)
9. Certification of Death - Answer (click here)
10. Coroner - Answer (click here)

Ethics
1. Ethical Principles - Answer (click here)
2. Morality and Standpoints - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
3. Two Classes of Moral Theory - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
4. Confidentiality - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
5. Consent - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
6. Refusal of Treatment - Answer (click here)
7. End of life issues - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
8. Ethical Issues in Dealing with Impaired or Incompetent Colleagues -
Answer (click here)
9. Professional Ethics - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
10. Tissue Donation - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
11. Assisted Human Reproduction - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
12. Innovative Treatment - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)
13. Research Ethics - Medical Ethics - Answer (click here)

Subject : Radiology
INTRODUCTION
Scope of Diagnostic Imaging
1. Scope of Diagnostic Imaging - Answer (click here)
2. Conventional Radiography - Answer (click here)
3. Ultrasonography - Answer (click here)
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Answer (click here)
5. Nuclear Medicine - Radiology - Answer (click here)

The Physical Basis of Diagnostic Imaging


1. Imaging With X-Rays - Answer (click here)
2. What Is an X-ray? - Answer (click here)
3. Production of X-rays - Answer (click here)
4. Interaction of X-rays with Matter - Answer (click here)
5. The Radiographic Image - Answer (click here)
6. Fluoroscopy - Answer (click here)
7. Recording of Fluoroscopic Images - Answer (click here)
8. Spot Film Devices - Answer (click here)
9. Computed Tomography - Answer (click here)
10. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Answer (click here)
11. Ultrasound Imaging - Answer (click here)
12. Biological Effects of X-Rays - Answer (click here)

CHEST
Imaging of the Heart and Great Vessels
1. Imaging of the Heart and Great Vessels - Answer (click here)
2. Conventional Radiographs - Answer (click here)
3. Echocardiography - Answer (click here)
4. Techniques and Normal Anatomy : Radionuclide Imaging (Nuclear
Medicine) - Answer (click here)
5. Techniques and Normal Anatomy : Computed Tomography - Answer
(click here)
6. Techniques and Normal Anatomy : Magnetic Resonance Imaging and
Angiography - Answer (click here)
7. Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise : Increased Heart Size - Answer (click here)
9. Exercise : Alterations In Cardiac Contour - Answer (click here)
10. Exercise: Pulmonary Vascularity - Answer (click here)
11. Exercise : Vascular Abnormalities - Answer (click here)
12. Exercise: Heart And Great Vessel Calcifications - Answer (click here)
13. Exercise: Monitoring Devices - Answer (click here)

Radiology of the Chest


1. Radiology of the Chest - Answer (click here)
2. Radiology of the Chest: Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Radiology of the Chest: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
4. Exercise: The Opaque Hemithorax - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Lobar Atelectasis - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Airspace Diseases - Answer (click here)
7. Exercise: Diffuse Lung Opacities - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise: Airway Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Exercise: Solitary Pulmonary Nodule - Answer (click here)
10. Exercise: Pulmonary Neoplasm - Answer (click here)
11. Exercise: Multiple Pulmonary Nodules - Answer (click here)
12. Exercise: Cavitary Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Exercise: Occupational Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Exercise: Mediastinal Masses and Compartments - Answer (click here)
15. Exercise: Pleural Abnormalities - Answer (click here)
16. Exercise: Pleural Effusion - Answer (click here)
17. Exercise: Pulmonary Vascular Disease - Answer (click here)
18. Exercise: Interstitial Lung Disease - Answer (click here)

Radiology of the Breast


1. Radiology of the Breast - Answer (click here)
2. Radiology of the Breast: Technique and Normal Anatomy - Answer (click
here)
3. Radiology of the Breast: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
4. Exercise: The Palpable Mass - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Lumpiness, Nipple Discharge, and Pain (The Symptomatic
Patient) - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: The First Mammogram(The Asymptomatic Patient) - Answer
(click here)
7. Exercise: Architectural Distortion and Asymmetric Density(The
Asymptomatic Patient) - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise: The Follow-Up Mammogram(The Asymptomatic Patient) -
Answer (click here)

BONES AND JOINTS


Musculoskeletal Imaging
1. Musculoskeletal Imaging - Answer (click here)
2. Musculoskeletal Imaging: Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Musculoskeletal Imaging: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
4. Exercise: Trauma - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Local Musculoskeletal Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Systemic Disease - Answer (click here)

Imaging of Joints
1. Imaging of Joints: Techniques and Normal Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Imaging of Joints: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
3. Exercise: Joint Trauma - Answer (click here)
4. Exercise: Joint Instability - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Arthritides - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Miscellaneous Joint Disorders - Answer (click here)

ABDOMEN
Plain Film of the Abdomen
1. Plain Film of the Abdomen - Answer (click here)
2. Plain Film of the Abdomen: Technique and Normal Imaging - Answer
(click here)
3. Plain Film of the Abdomen: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
4. Exercise: Upper Abdominal Calcifications - Answer (click here)
5. Exercises: Pelvic Calcifications - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Increased Abdominal Density or Masses - Answer (click here)
7. Exercise: Intestinal Distention - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise: Increased or Decreased Density in the Abdomen - Answer (click
here)
9. Exercise: Extraluminal Gas Pattern - Answer (click here)

Radiology of the Urinary Tract


1. Radiology of the Urinary Tract - Answer (click here)
2. Abdominal Radiography - Radiology of the Urinary Tract: Techniques
and Normal Anatomy - Answer (click here)
3. Computed Tomography - Radiology of the Urinary Tract: Techniques
and Normal Anatomy - Answer (click here)
4. Ultrasonography - Radiology of the Urinary Tract: Techniques and
Normal Anatomy - Answer (click here)
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Radiology of the Urinary Tract:
Techniques and Normal Anatomy - Answer (click here)
6. Nuclear Medicine - Radiology of the Urinary Tract: Techniques and
Normal Anatomy - Answer (click here)
7. Retrograde Pyelography/Cystography/Urethrography - Radiology of the
Urinary Tract: Techniques and Normal Anatomy - Answer (click here)
8. Angiography - Radiology of the Urinary Tract: Techniques and Normal
Anatomy - Answer (click here)
9. Radiology of the Urinary Tract: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
10. Exercise: Adrenal Masses - Answer (click here)
11. Exercise: Renal Mass - Answer (click here)
12. Exercise: Stone Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Exercise: Hematuria - Answer (click here)

Gastrointestinal Tract
1. Basic Radiology : Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
2. Gastrointestinal Tract: Examination Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Gastrointestinal Tract: Normal Imaging - Answer (click here)
4. Gastrointestinal Tract: Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Dysphagia - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding - Answer (click here)
7. Exercise: Small-Bowel Bleeding - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise: Small-Bowel Obstruction - Answer (click here)
9. Exercise : Colonic Bleeding - Answer (click here)
10. Exercise: Colonic Obstruction - Answer (click here)

Liver Biliary Tract and Pancreas


1. Basic Radiology : Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas - Answer (click here)
2. Techniques and Normal Anatomy - Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas -
Answer (click here)
3. Technique Selection - Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas - Answer (click
here)
4. Exercise: Diffuse Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Focal Liver Diseases - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Upper Abdominal Trauma - Answer (click here)
7. Exercise: Biliary Inflammation - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise: Pancreatic Inflammation - Answer (click here)
9. Exercise: Pancreatic Neoplasm - Answer (click here)

HEAD AND SPINE


Brain and Its Coverings
1. Brain and Its Coverings - Radiology - Answer (click here)
2. Brain and Its Coverings - Radiology Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Brain and Its Coverings - Radiology Technique Selection - Answer (click
here)
4. Exercise: Congenital Anomalies - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Stroke - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
7. Exercise: Intracranial Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Exercise: Head Trauma - Answer (click here)
9. Exercise: Intracranial Vascular Abnormalities - Answer (click here)
10. Exercise: White Matter Diseases - Answer (click here)
11. Exercise: Seizure and Epilepsy - Answer (click here)

Imaging of the Spine


1. Imaging of the Spine: Radiology Techniques - Answer (click here)
2. Imaging of the Spine: Radiology Technique Selection - Answer (click here)
3. Exercise: Degenerative Spine Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Exercise: Neoplastic Spine Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Exercise: Spine Trauma - Answer (click here)
6. Exercise: Spine Infection And Inflammation - Answer (click here)

Subject : Paediatrics
Clinical assessment
1. Paediatrics: Communication skills - Answer (click here)
2. Taking a paediatric history - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: The presenting complaint - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: History of present illness - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Past health history - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Symptom review - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Family history - Answer (click here)
8. Examining a child: introduction - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: General condition - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Vital signs - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Respiratory system - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Cardiovascular system - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Gastrointestinal system - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Genitourinary system - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Musculoskeletal system - Answer (click here)

Resuscitation
1. Paediatrics: Cardiopulmonary arrest - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Rapid cardiopulmonary assessment - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatric basic life support - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Choking children - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Rhythm disturbances - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Treating supraventricular tachycardia - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Following unsuccessful resuscitation - Answer (click here)

Emergency and high dependency care


1. Paediatrics: The ABC of high dependency - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Respiratory distress - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Respiratory distress: management - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Foreign-body inhalation - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Drowning - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Circulation: cardiovascular difficulty - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Cardiovascular system difficulty: assessment - Answer (click
here)
8. Paediatrics: Cardiovascular system difficulty: therapy - 1 - Answer (click
here)
9. Paediatrics: Cardiovascular system difficulty: therapy- 2 - Answer (click
here)
10. Paediatrics: Cyanosis: assessment - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: management of Cyanosis - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Anaphylaxis - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Hypovolaemic shock - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Burns - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Treatment for Burns - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Sepsis - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Altered level of consciousness - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Altered level of consciousness: clinical assessment - Answer
(click here)
19. Paediatrics: Altered level of consciousness: Glasgow coma scale - Answer
(click here)
20. Paediatrics: Altered level of consciousness: management - Answer (click
here)
21. Paediatrics: Status epilepticus - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Poisoning - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Poisoning: management - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Poisoning: antidotes and substrates - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Fluid and electrolytes - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Fluid and electrolytes: dehydration - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Fluid and electrolytes: abnormalities - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Renal insufficiency - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Glucose: hypoglycaemia - Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Diabetic ketoacidosis - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: Diabetic ketoacidosis: treatment - Answer (click here)
32. Paediatrics: Inborn error of metabolism - Answer (click here)
33. Paediatrics: Other acid-base problems - Answer (click here)

Neonatology
1. Paediatrics: Newborn life support - Answer (click here)
2. Perinatal definitions - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Small for gestational age - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Large for gestational age - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Prematurity - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Birth at the limit of viability - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Outcome following prematurity - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Basic obstetrics - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Obstetric problems - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Maternal disorders causing neonatal disease - Answer (click
here)
11. Paediatrics: Birth trauma - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Non-specifi cally ill neonate - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Neonatal jaundice - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Hypoglycaemia - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Neonatal seizures - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: The floppy infant - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Hydrops foetalis - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Routine care of the newborn - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Milk feeding - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Routine neonatal examination - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Normal variations and minor abnormalities - Answer (click
here)
22. Newborn fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Respiratory distress syndrome - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Acute respiratory diseases - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Neonatal respiratory support - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Conventional positive pressure ventilation - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: High frequency oscillatory ventilation - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Circulatory adaptation at birth - Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Patent ductus arteriosus - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: CNS malformations - Answer (click here)
32. Paediatrics: Hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy - Answer (click here)
33. Paediatrics: Cerebral haemorrhage and ischaemia - Answer (click here)
34. Paediatrics: Necrotizing enterocolitis - Answer (click here)
35. Paediatrics: Neonatal infection - Answer (click here)
36. Paediatrics: Transplacental (congenital infection) - Answer (click here)
37. Paediatrics: Prevention of neonatal infection - Answer (click here)
38. Paediatrics: Neonatal abstinence syndrome - Answer (click here)
39. Inborn errors of metabolism - Answer (click here)
40. Paediatrics: Retinopathy of prematurity - Answer (click here)
41. Metabolic bone disease - Answer (click here)
42. Paediatrics: Orofacial clefts - Answer (click here)
43. Paediatrics: Neonatal haematology - Answer (click here)
44. Paediatrics: Rh disease (rhesus haemolytic disease) - Answer (click here)
45. Paediatrics: Bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus) - Answer (click here)
46. Paediatrics: Neonatal dermatology - Answer (click here)
47. Paediatrics: Perinatal death - Answer (click here)

Practical procedures
1. Paediatrics: Capillary blood sampling - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Venepuncture - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Intravenous cannulation - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Peripheral arterial blood sampling - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Peripheral arterial cannulation - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Umbilical arterial catheter - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Umbilical venous catheter - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Central venous catheterization via a peripheral vein - Answer
(click here)
9. Paediatrics: Airway management - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Mask ventilation - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Endotracheal intubation - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Insertion of a chest drain - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Intraosseous infusion - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Intracardiac injection - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Pericardiocentesis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Abdominal paracentesis - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Urethral bladder catheterization - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Suprapubic aspiration of urine - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Lumbar puncture - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Cerebral ventricular tap - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Exchange transfusion - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular
1. Paediatrics: Cardiovascular Common presentations - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Heart failure - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Heart murmurs - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Murmurs: clinical features - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Acyanotic: congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Left to right shunt: atrial septal defect - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Ventricular septal defect - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Persistent ductus arteriosus - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Right to left shunt: tetralogy of Fallot - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Transposition of the great arteries - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Common mixing: complete atrioventricular septal defect -
Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Tricuspid atresia - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Aortic stenosis - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Pulmonary stenosis - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Coarctation of the aorta - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection - Answer
(click here)
18. Paediatrics: Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Dextrocardia - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Infection: infective bacterial endocarditis - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Rheumatic fever - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Pericarditis - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Myocarditis - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Cardiac arrhythmias - Answer (click here)

Paediatrics: Respiratory medicine


1. Paediatrics: Respiratory medicine - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Common presentation: wheeze - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Common presentation: stridor - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Common presentation: cough - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Common presentation: breathlessness - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Common presentation: snoring - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Investigations - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Asthma - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Asthma: drug delivery devices - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Asthma: clinic management (1) - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Asthma: clinic management (2) - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Cystic fibrosis - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Cystic fibrosis: problems - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Cystic fibrosis: management (1) - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Cystic fibrosis: management (2) - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Chronic lung disease of prematurity - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Congenital respiratory tract disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Sleep apnoea - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Allergic rhinitis - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Upper airway infections - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Laryngeal and tracheal inflammation - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Bronchial disease - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Bronchiolitis - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Pneumonia - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Pneumonia treatment - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Pneumonia: effusion, empyema - Answer (click here)
27. Pulmonary tuberculosis - Answer (click here)

Gastroenterology and nutrition


1. Paediatrics: Healthy eating for children - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Vomiting - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Acute diarrhoea - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Chronic diarrhoea - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Constipation - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Faltering growth (failure to thrive) - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Recurrent abdominal pain - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Gastrointestinal haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Jaundice - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Adverse reactions to food - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Nutritional disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Nutritional support - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Parenteral nutrition - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Oesophageal disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Pancreatitis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Intestinal disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Inflammatory bowel disease - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Malabsorption - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Coeliac disease - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Intestinal parasites - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Acute hepatitis - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Chronic liver failure - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Wilson’s disease - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Liver transplantation - Answer (click here)

Nephrology
1. Paediatrics: Polyuria and frequency - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Abdominal/renal mass - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Haematuria - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Proteinuria - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Urinary tract infection - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Vesicoureteric reflux - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Acute kidney injury - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Acute kidney injury: diagnosis and treatment - Answer (click
here)
9. Paediatrics: Chronic kidney disease - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Chronic kidney disease: treatment - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Congenital urinary tract anomalies - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Inherited renal disease - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Haemolytic–uraemic syndrome - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Nephrotic syndrome - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Nephrotic syndrome: complications and follow-up - Answer
(click here)
17. Paediatrics: Renal tubular disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Proximal renal tubular acidosis - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Bartter’s syndrome - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Renal calculi - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Hypertension: definition - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Hypertension: causes and features - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Hypertension: management - Answer (click here)

Endocrinology and diabetes


1. Paediatrics: Obesity - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Obesity: management - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Type 1 diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Type 1 diabetes mellitus: management - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Type 1 diabetes mellitus: insulin therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Acute complications of Type 1 diabetes mellitus - Answer
(click here)
7. Paediatrics: Type 1 diabetes mellitus: long-term complications - Answer
(click here)
8. Paediatrics: Type 1 diabetes mellitus: associated illnesses - Answer (click
here)
9. Paediatrics: Type 2 diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Other forms of diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Goitre - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Solitary thyroid nodule - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Thyroid carcinoma - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Congenital hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Acquired hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Graves’s disease - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Thyroiditis - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Adrenal insufficiency - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Adrenal insufficiency: treatment - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Adrenal excess - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Mineralocorticoid excess - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Mineralocorticoid deficiency - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Inherited endocrine syndromes - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Hypocalcaemia - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Rickets - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Hypercalcaemia - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Posterior pituitary: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone secretion - Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Hypopituitarism - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: Posterior pituitary: diabetes insipidus - Answer (click here)
32. Paediatrics: Polycystic ovarian syndrome - Answer (click here)

Growth and puberty


1. Paediatrics: Normal growth - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Normal puberty - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Assessment of growth - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Assessment of puberty - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Short stature - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Constitutional delay in growth and puberty - Answer (click
here)
7. Paediatrics: Intrauterine growth retardation - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Turner’s syndrome - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Chronic inflammatory disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Skeletal dysplasias - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Growth hormone deficiency - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Growth hormone deficiency: management - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Tall stature - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Delayed puberty: assessment - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Delayed puberty: management - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Precocious puberty - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Precocious puberty: management - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Variants of normal puberty - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Disorders of sex development - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Disorders of sex development: management - Answer (click
here)
21. Paediatrics: Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Micropenis - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Gynaecomastia - Answer (click here)

Neurology
1. Paediatrics: Neurology Examination - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Neurology Examination: children aged <5 years who can’t
walk - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Paroxysmal episodes: not epilepsy - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Paroxysmal episodes: general management - Answer (click
here)
6. Paediatrics: Seizures and childhood epilepsies - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Seizures: management - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Epilepsies: neonatal - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Epilepsies: infantile - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Epilepsies: mid to late childhood (1) - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Epilepsies: mid to late childhood (2) - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Headache - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Headache: migraine - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Bell’s palsy - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Stroke in childhood - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Acute abnormal movements - Answer (click here)
18. Subdural haemorrhage in a child under 2 years - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Neurocutaneous disorders - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Macrocephaly and microcephaly - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Degenerative disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Neuromuscular disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Peripheral neuropathies - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Guillain–Barre syndrome - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Neuromuscular junction - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Muscular disorders - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Management of neuromuscular junction and muscular
disorders - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Cerebral palsy - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Acute encephalopathy - Answer (click here)

Child development
1. Paediatrics: Managing and living with disability - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Normal development - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Gross motor development - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Fine motor development - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Speech and language development - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Social, emotional, and behavioural development - Answer
(click here)
7. Paediatrics: Developmental assessment - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Neurodevelopmental delay - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Learning difficulties/disabilities - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Developmental co-ordination disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Communication difficulties - Answer (click here)

Child and family psychiatry


1. Paediatrics: Prevalence - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Classification, categories, and dimensions - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Comorbidity and causation - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Developmental perspective - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Systemic thinking - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Assessment - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: History taking - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Communicating - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Asking the difficult questions - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Depression - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Suicide and non-fatal deliberate self-harm - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Bipolar disorder - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Anxiety disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Post-traumatic stress disorder - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Obsessive compulsive disorder - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Attachment disorder - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Somatoform disorders and typical consultation–liaison
presentations - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Anorexia nervosa - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Bulimia nervosa - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders - Answer (click
here)
22. Paediatrics: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Autism spectrum disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Individual psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Family therapy - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Psychopharmacotherapy - Answer (click here)

Haematology
1. Paediatrics: Anaemia - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Haemolytic anaemias - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Deficiency anaemias - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Red blood count membrane defect anaemias - Answer (click
here)
5. Paediatrics: Red blood count enzyme defect anaemias - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Sickle cell disease - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Thalassaemia - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Immune haemolytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Red blood cell fragmentation - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Aplastic anaemia - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Failure of red cell production (pure red cell aplasia) - Answer
(click here)
12. Paediatrics: Polycythaemia - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Abnormal bleeding or bruising - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Coagulation studies - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Disseminated intravascular coagulation - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Haemophilia A - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Haemophilia B - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: von Willebrand disease - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Platelet function disorders - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Thrombocytosis - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Thrombocytopenia - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Acute immune thrombocytopenia - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Thrombophilia - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Blood transfusion reactions - Answer (click here)

Oncology
1. Paediatrics: Epidemiology of childhood cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Oncology Clinical assessment: history - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Oncology Clinical examination - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Key investigations - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Acute myeloid leukaemia - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (adult type) - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Central nervous system tumours (1) - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Central nervous system tumours (2) - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Neuroblastoma - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma) - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Other renal tumours in childhood - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Bone tumours - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Rhabdomyosarcoma - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Germ cell tumours - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Primary liver tumours - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Other rare tumours - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Stem cell transplant - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Radiotherapy - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Surgery - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Acute care - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Acute care: biochemistry - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Acute care: other - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Urgent care - Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Principles of follow-up - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: Palliative care - Answer (click here)

Infectious diseases
1. Paediatrics: Infectious diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: The child with fever - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Fever: examination and assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Fever: management (green features) - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Fever: management (red or amber features) - Answer (click
here)
6. Paediatrics: Prolonged fever of unknown cause - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Common infections characterized by rash - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Exanthem 1: measles - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Exanthem 2: group A streptococcus - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Exanthem 3: rubella - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Exanthem 4: enteroviruses - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Exanthem 5: parvovirus - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Exanthem 6: human herpes virus 6 - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Rash: chickenpox and zoster - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Rash: infectious mononucleosis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Lyme disease - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Mumps - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Bacteraemia and shock - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Kawasaki disease - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Skin and soft tissues - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Meningitis - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Mycobacteria - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Tropical infections - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Immunodeficiency disorders - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Human immunodeficiency virus - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Immunizations - Answer (click here)

Bones and joints


1. Paediatrics: Bones and joints Clinical assessment - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: The limping child - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: The limping child: differential diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Infections: septic arthritis - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Infections: osteomyelitis - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Spinal disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Spine: kyphosis - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Spine: scoliosis - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Hip disorders: developmental dysplasia of the hip - Answer
(click here)
10. Paediatrics: Hip disorders: Perthes’ disease - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Hip disorders: slipped upper femoral epiphysis - Answer (click
here)
12. Paediatrics: Knee disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Orthopaedic trauma - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Osteochondroses - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Osteogenesis imperfecta - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Osteopetrosis - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Cleidocranial dysplasia - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Skeletal dysplasias - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: clinical principles and
management - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Systemic arthritis - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Rheumatoid factor-positive polyarthritis - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Psoriatic arthritis - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Enthesitis-related arthritis - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Systemic lupus erythematosus - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Juvenile dermatomyositis - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Mixed connective tissue disease - overlap syndromes -
Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Scleroderma - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: Henoch–Schonlein purpura - Answer (click here)
32. Paediatrics: Polyarteritis nodosa - Answer (click here)
33. Paediatrics: Wegener’s granulomatosis - Answer (click here)
34. Paediatrics: Takayasu’s arteritis (pulseless disease) - Answer (click here)

Adolescent health
1. Paediatrics: Adolescent health Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Adolescence: overview - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Adolescent health problems - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Substance misuse - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Sexual health problems - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Adolescence and chronic illness - Answer (click here)

Dermatology
1. Paediatrics: Dermatology Assessment of a rash - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Atopic eczema/dermatitis - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Red scaly rashes - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Papular rashes (1) - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Papular rashes (2) - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Vesiculobullous rashes - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Red blanching (erythematous) rashes - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Pruritus - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Pustular rashes - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Purpuric rashes - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Lymphoedema - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Blood vessel disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Skin infection: viral and bacterial - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Fungal skin infections - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Parasitic skin infections - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Protozoal skin infections - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Hair disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Nail disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Photosensitivity and light eruptions - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Pigmentation disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Collagen and elastin disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Miscellaneous skin conditions - Answer (click here)

Paediatric Surgery
1. Paediatrics: Paediatric Surgery Symptoms and signs that should cause
concern - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: upper airway - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: tracheo-oesophageal - Answer (click
here)
4. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: oesophagus - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: lung - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Congenital abnormalities: chest - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Ingested foreign bodies - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Bezoars - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Midgut malrotation and volvulus - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Intussusception - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Duodenal atresia - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Small bowel atresias - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Meconium ileus - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Acute appendicitis - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Mesenteric adenitis - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Meckel’s diverticulum - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Gastroschisis - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Exomphalos (omphalocele) - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Inguinal hernias - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Hydroceles - Answer (click here)
22. Paediatrics: Hirschsprung’s disease - Answer (click here)
23. Paediatrics: Rectal prolapse - Answer (click here)
24. Paediatrics: Anorectal malformations - Answer (click here)
25. Paediatrics: Umbilical anomalies - Answer (click here)
26. Paediatrics: Testicular torsion - Answer (click here)
27. Paediatrics: Orchitis and epididymitis - Answer (click here)
28. Paediatrics: Testicular trauma - Answer (click here)
29. Paediatrics: Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) - Answer (click here)
30. Paediatrics: Retractile testes - Answer (click here)
31. Paediatrics: Hypospadias - Answer (click here)
32. Paediatrics: Phimosis and paraphimosis - Answer (click here)
33. Paediatrics: Balanitis/balanoposthitis - Answer (click here)
34. Paediatrics: Priapism - Answer (click here)
35. Paediatrics: Penile trauma - Answer (click here)
36. Paediatrics: Imperforate hymen - Answer (click here)
37. Paediatrics: Labial adhesions in infants - Answer (click here)
38. Paediatrics: Miscellaneous conditions - Answer (click here)
39. Paediatrics: Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
40. Paediatrics: Consent for surgery - Answer (click here)
41. Paediatrics: Post-operative care: fluids - Answer (click here)
42. Paediatrics: Post-operative care: analgesia - Answer (click here)
43. Paediatrics: Post-operative care: drains and wounds - Answer (click here)

Special senses
1. Paediatrics: Special senses Common presentations - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Hearing assessment - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Childhood deafness - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Disorders of the ear - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Common disorders of the nose - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Disorders of mouth and tongue - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Visual development and examination - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Vision assessment - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Vision screening in the UK - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Squints (strabismus) - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Ametropia (refractive disorders) - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Amblyopia - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Visual impairment - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Nystagmus - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Disorders of the eye: infection and inflammatory - Answer
(click here)
16. Paediatrics: Eye foreign body - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Cataract - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
19. Paediatrics: Orbit and eyelids - Answer (click here)
20. Paediatrics: Back of the eye problems - Answer (click here)
21. Paediatrics: Trauma - Answer (click here)

Genetics
1. Paediatrics: Clinical genetics and genetic counselling - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: When to refer to clinical genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Taking a family history - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Genetic testing - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Chromosome tests - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Molecular genetic analysis - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Practical issues relating to genetic testing - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Down syndrome - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Common chromosomal disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Genetic disorders with cardiac features - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Genetic testing in cognitive impairment - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Genetic disorders with neuromuscular features - Answer (click
here)
13. Paediatrics: Genetic disorders with dermatological features - Answer (click
here)
14. Paediatrics: Genetic disorders of growth - Answer (click here)

Inherited metabolic disease


1. Paediatrics: General principles of Inherited metabolic disease - Answer
(click here)
2. Paediatrics: Metabolic syndromes: neurological - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Metabolic syndromes: metabolic acidosis - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Metabolic syndromes: storage dysmorphism - Answer (click
here)
5. Paediatrics: Metabolic syndromes: hepatic syndromes - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Metabolic syndromes: cardiac syndromes - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Urea cycle disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: eneral principles of Inherited metabolic disease - Answer (click
here)
9. Paediatrics: Disorders of organic acid metabolism - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism - Answer (click here)
11. Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism - Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Lysosomal storage diseases - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Disorders of fatty acid oxidation - Answer (click here)
14. Paediatrics: Mitochondrial disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Paediatrics: Peroxisomal disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Paediatrics: Disorders of nucleotide metabolism - Answer (click here)
17. Paediatrics: Disorders of porphyrin metabolism - Answer (click here)
18. Paediatrics: Disorders of metal metabolism and transport - Answer (click
here)

Community child health


1. Paediatrics: Community child health - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Voluntary and charitable organizations - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Organizations and structures - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Health surveillance and promotion - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Special educational needs - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Children with disabilities - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Specific learning difficulties - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Chronic fatigue syndrome - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Absence from school - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Constipation and soiling - Answer (click here)
11. Paediatrics: Enuresis - Answer (click here)

Child protection
1. Paediatrics: Child protection - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Illness fabricated or induced by carers - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Physical abuse - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Sexual abuse - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Emotional abuse - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Medical involvement in child protection - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Referrals to other agencies - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Medical assessment - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Assessment by social care - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology and therapeutics


1. Paediatrics: Prescribing for children - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Adverse drug reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Drug metabolism - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: Pain management - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Sedation - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: Fever - Answer (click here)

International health and travel


1. Paediatrics: Child survival: world health - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: World health: childhood illness - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Taking children on holiday - Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Illness after international travel - Answer (click here)

Paediatrics ethics and the law


1. Paediatrics: Ethics - Answer (click here)
2. Paediatrics: Common law - Answer (click here)
3. Paediatrics: Recognition of ethical issues in everyday clinical practice -
Answer (click here)
4. Paediatrics: Clinical case study - Answer (click here)
5. Paediatrics: The doctor–child relationship - Answer (click here)
6. Paediatrics: Parental responsibility - Answer (click here)
7. Paediatrics: The doctor–parent relationship - Answer (click here)
8. Paediatrics: Assent and consent - Answer (click here)
9. Paediatrics: Confidentiality and disclosure - Answer (click here)
10. Paediatrics: Withholding or withdrawing treatment in children - Answer
(click here)
11. Paediatrics: Good ethical and legal practice in suspected child abuse -
Answer (click here)
12. Paediatrics: Serious case reviews - Answer (click here)
13. Paediatrics: Legal aspects of international adoption - Answer (click here)

Subject : Psychology
Prologue What Is Psychology
1. Prologue: What Is Psychology? - Answer (click here)
2. Psychology’s Diverse Methods and Perspectives - Answer (click here)
3. The Neural Basis of Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
4. The Evolutionary Basis for Emotional Remembering - Answer (click here)
5. Cognitive Influences on Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
6. Social Influences on Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
7. The Cultural Setting of Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
8. A Developmental Perspective on Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
9. Disorders of Emotional Memory - Answer (click here)
10. What Unites Psychology? - Answer (click here)

Research Methods
1. Psychology: Research Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Psychology: Making Observations - Answer (click here)
3. Making Observations: Defining the Question - Answer (click here)
4. Making Observations: Systematically Collecting Data - Answer (click here)
5. Making Observations: Defining the Sample - Answer (click here)
6. Making Observations: Assessing External Validity - Answer (click here)
7. Making Observations: Monitoring Demand Characteristics - Answer (click
here)
8. Psychology: Working With Data - Answer (click here)
9. Working With Data: Descriptive Statistics - Answer (click here)
10. Working With Data: Inferential Statistics - Answer (click here)
11. Psychology: Observational Studies - Answer (click here)
12. Establishing Cause and Effect: the Power of Experiments - Answer (click
here)
13. Experimental Groups versus Control Groups - Answer (click here)
14. Random Assignment - Answer (click here)
15. Within-Subject Comparisons - Answer (click here)
16. Internal Validity - Answer (click here)
17. Beyond the Single Experiment - Answer (click here)
18. Research Ethics - Answer (click here)
19. The Power of Science - Answer (click here)
20. Some Final Thoughts: Methodological Eclecticism - Answer (click here)

The Genetic and Evolutionary Roots of Behavior


1. The Genetic and Evolutionary Roots of Behavior - Answer (click here)
2. Genetics and DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Evolution by Natural Selection - Answer (click here)
4. The Principles of Natural Selection - Answer (click here)
5. Genes and Evolution - Answer (click here)
6. Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection - Answer (click here)
7. The Unity of Life - Answer (click here)
8. The Genetics and Evolution of Behavior - Answer (click here)
9. The Biological Roots of Smiling - Answer (click here)
10. The Genetics of Intelligence - Answer (click here)
11. The Evolution of Mating Patterns - Answer (click here)

The Brain and the Nervous System


1. The Brain and the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. The Organism as a Machine - Answer (click here)
3. Building Blocks of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Communication among Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Activity and Communication within the Neuron - Answer (click here)
6. Explaining the Action Potential - Answer (click here)
7. Propagation of the Action Potential - Answer (click here)
8. All-or-None Law - Communication among Neurons - Answer (click here)
9. The Synapse - Communication among Neurons - Answer (click here)
10. The Synaptic Mechanism - Answer (click here)
11. Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs and Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
13. Communication through the Bloodstream - Answer (click here)
14. Methods for Studying the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
15. Methods for Studying the Nervous System: Recording from Individual
Neurons - Answer (click here)
16. Methods for Studying the Nervous System: Studying the Effects of Brain
Damage - Answer (click here)
17. Methods for Studying the Nervous System: Recording from the Whole
Brain - Answer (click here)
18. The Power of Combining Techniques - Answer (click here)
19. The Architecture of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
20. The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems - Answer (click here)
21. The Anatomy of the Brain - Answer (click here)
22. Lateralization - Answer (click here)
23. The Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
24. The Cerebral Cortex: Projection Areas - Answer (click here)
25. Cerebral Cortex: Association Areas - Answer (click here)
26. The Results of Cortical Damage - Answer (click here)
27. Plasticity - Answer (click here)
28. Plasticity: Changes in Neuronal Connections - Answer (click here)
29. Plasticity: Cortical Reorganization - Answer (click here)
30. Plasticity: New Neurons - Answer (click here)
31. Plasticity: Repairing Damage to the Nervous System - Answer (click here)

Sensation
1. Psychology: Sensation - Answer (click here)
2. The Origins of Knowledge - Answer (click here)
3. Psychophysics - Answer (click here)
4. Psychophysics: Sensory Thresholds - Answer (click here)
5. Psychophysics: Detection and Decision - Answer (click here)
6. A Survey of the Senses - Answer (click here)
7. A Survey of the Senses: Sensory Coding - Answer (click here)
8. A Survey of the Senses: Sensory Adaptation - Answer (click here)
9. A Survey of the Senses: The Vestibular Sense - Answer (click here)
10. A Survey of the Senses: The Skin Senses - Answer (click here)
11. A Survey of the Senses: Pain - Answer (click here)
12. A Survey of the Senses: Smell - Answer (click here)
13. A Survey of the Senses: Taste - Answer (click here)
14. Hearing - Answer (click here)
15. The Stimulus: Sound - Answer (click here)
16. From Sound Waves to Hearing - Answer (click here)
17. Vision - Answer (click here)
18. The Stimulus: Light - Answer (click here)
19. Gathering the Stimulus: The Eye - Answer (click here)
20. The Visual Receptors - Answer (click here)
21. Vision Contrast Effects - Answer (click here)
22. Vision Color - Answer (click here)
23. The Neural Basis of Color Vision - Answer (click here)
24. Vision Perceiving Shapes - Answer (click here)

Perception
1. Psychology: Perception - Answer (click here)
2. Form Perception: What Is It?: The Importance of Features - Answer (click
here)
3. Form Perception: What Is It?: The Importance of Organization - Answer
(click here)
4. Network Models of Perception - Answer (click here)
5. The Neuroscience of Vision - Answer (click here)
6. Perceptual Constancy - Answer (click here)
7. Distance Perception: Where Is It? - Answer (click here)
8. Motion Perception: What Is It Doing? - Answer (click here)
9. Perceptual Selection: Attention - Answer (click here)
10. Perception: Other Modalities - Answer (click here)

Consciousness
1. Consciousness - Answer (click here)
2. Introspection and the Functions of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
3. Consciousness: Translating Thoughts into Words - Answer (click here)
4. Consciousness: The Cognitive Unconscious - Answer (click here)
5. Consciousness: Brain Damage and Unconscious Functioning - Answer
(click here)
6. Consciousness: Unconscious Attributions - Answer (click here)
7. Consciousness: Mistaken Introspections - Answer (click here)
8. The Function of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
9. Neural Basis for Consciousness - Answer (click here)
10. Neural Basis for Consciousness: The Mind-Body Problem - Answer (click
here)
11. The Many Brain Areas Needed for Consciousness - Answer (click here)
12. Neural Correlates of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
13. The Global Workspace Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
14. Varieties of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
15. Consciousness: Sleep - Answer (click here)
16. Consciousness: Sleep and Wake Cycles - Answer (click here)
17. Consciousness: The Need For Sleep - Answer (click here)
18. Consciousness: The Function of Sleep - Answer (click here)
19. Consciousness: Dreams - Answer (click here)
20. Why Do We Dream ? - Answer (click here)
21. Sleep, Dreams, and Consciousness - Answer (click here)
22. Consciousness: Hypnosis - Answer (click here)
23. Consciousness: Religious States(Meditation) - Answer (click here)
24. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness - Answer (click here)
25. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Depressants - Answer (click here)
26. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Stimulants - Answer (click here)
27. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Marijuana - Answer (click here)
28. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Hallucinogens - Answer (click
here)
29. Drug-Induced Changes in Consciousness: Addiction - Answer (click here)

Learning
1. Psychology: Learning - Answer (click here)
2. The Perspective of Learning Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Habituation - Answer (click here)
4. Classical Conditioning - Answer (click here)
5. Classical Conditioning: Pavlov and the Conditioned Response - Answer
(click here)
6. The Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning - Answer (click here)
7. Classical Conditioning: Acquisition of Conditioned Responses - Answer
(click here)
8. Classical Conditioning: Extinction - Answer (click here)
9. Classical Conditioning: Generalization - Answer (click here)
10. Classical Conditioning: Discrimination - Answer (click here)
11. Classical Conditioning: The CS as a “Signal” - Answer (click here)
12. Classical Conditioning: Contingency - Answer (click here)
13. Classical Conditioning: The Absence of Contingency - Answer (click here)
14. Classical Conditioning: Role of Surprise - Answer (click here)
15. Classical Conditioning: The Relationship between the CR and the UR -
Answer (click here)
16. Instrumental Conditioning - Answer (click here)
17. Instrumental Conditioning: Thorndike and the Law of Effect - Answer
(click here)
18. Instrumental Conditioning: Skinner and Operant Behavior - Answer (click
here)
19. Instrumental Conditioning: The Major Phenomena of Instrumental
Conditioning - Answer (click here)
20. Instrumental Conditioning: Changing Behaviors or Acquiring
Knowledge? - Answer (click here)
21. Observational Learning - Answer (click here)
22. Varieties of Learning - Answer (click here)
23. Biological Influences on Learning: Belongingness - Answer (click here)
24. Different Types of Learning - Answer (click here)
25. Similarities in How Different Species Learn - Answer (click here)
26. The Neural Basis for Learning - Answer (click here)

Memory
1. Psychology: Memory - Answer (click here)
2. Acquisition, Storage, Retrieval - Answer (click here)
3. Acquisition - Answer (click here)
4. Acquisition: Working Memory, Long-Term Memory - Answer (click here)
5. Acquisition: Establishing Long-Term Memories - Answer (click here)
6. Psychology: Storage - Answer (click here)
7. Psychology: Retrieval - Answer (click here)
8. Psychology: Memory Gaps, Memory Errors - Answer (click here)
9. Memory Gaps, Memory Errors: Forgetting - Answer (click here)
10. Psychology: Memory Intrusions - Answer (click here)
11. Psychology: Memory: An Overall Assessment - Answer (click here)
12. Psychology: Varieties of Memory - Answer (click here)
13. Psychology: Episodic and Semantic Memory - Answer (click here)
14. Psychology: Possible Subdivisions of Episodic Memory - Answer (click
here)
15. Psychology: Explicit and Implicit Memory - Answer (click here)

Thinking
1. Psychology: Thinking - Answer (click here)
2. Mental Representations - Answer (click here)
3. Judgment: Drawing Conclusions from Experience - Answer (click here)
4. Judgment: The Availability Heuristic - Answer (click here)
5. Judgment: The Representativeness Heuristic - Answer (click here)
6. Judgment: Thinking Dual-Process Theories - Answer (click here)
7. Reasoning: Drawing Implications from Our Beliefs - Answer (click here)
8. Reasoning: Confirmation Bias - Answer (click here)
9. Reasoning: Faulty Logic - Answer (click here)
10. Reasoning: Triggers for Good Reasoning - Answer (click here)
11. Reasoning: Judgment and Reasoning: An Overview - Answer (click here)
12. Decision Making: Choosing Among Options - Answer (click here)
13. Decision Making: Framing Effects - Answer (click here)
14. Decision Making: Affective Forecasting - Answer (click here)
15. Decision Making: Too Many Options - Answer (click here)
16. Decision Making: Reason-Based Choice - Answer (click here)
17. Decision Making: An Overview - Answer (click here)
18. Problem Solving: Finding a Path Toward a Goal - Answer (click here)
19. Problem Solving: The Role of the Goal State - Answer (click here)
20. Problem Solving: Hierarchical Organization - Answer (click here)
21. Problem Solving: Automaticity - Answer (click here)
22. Problem Solving: Obstacles to Problem Solving - Answer (click here)
23. Problem Solving: Overcoming Obstacles to Solutions - Answer (click here)
24. Problem Solving: Restructuring - Answer (click here)
25. Problem Solving: Creative Thinking - Answer (click here)
26. Problem Solving: Experts - Answer (click here)

Language
1. Psychology: Language - Answer (click here)
2. Building Blocks of Language - Answer (click here)
3. Building Blocks of Language: The Sound Units - Answer (click here)
4. Building Blocks of Language: Morphemes and Words - Answer (click here)
5. Building Blocks of Language: Phrases and Sentences - Answer (click here)
6. How Language Conveys Meaning - Answer (click here)
7. Psychology Language: Meanings of Words - Answer (click here)
8. Psychology Language: The Meanings of Sentences - Answer (click here)
9. Psychology Language: How We Understand - Answer (click here)
10. How We Learn a Language - Answer (click here)
11. The Social Origins of Language Learning - Answer (click here)
12. Discovering the Building Blocks of Language - Answer (click here)
13. The Growth of Word Meaning - Answer (click here)
14. The Progression to Adult Language - Answer (click here)
15. Language Learning in Changed Environments - Answer (click here)
16. Wild Children - Answer (click here)
17. Isolated Children - Answer (click here)
18. Language without Sound - Answer (click here)
19. Language without a Model - Answer (click here)
20. Children Deprived of Access to Some of the Meanings - Answer (click here)
21. Children Exposed to More Than One Language: The Case of
Bilingualism - Answer (click here)
22. Language Learning with Changed Endowments - Answer (click here)
23. The Sensitive Period Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
24. Language in Nonhumans - Answer (click here)
25. Language and Thought - Answer (click here)
26. How Language Connects to Thought - Answer (click here)
27. Do People Who Talk Differently Come to Understand the World
Differently? - Answer (click here)
28. How Can We Study Language and Thought? - Answer (click here)

Intelligence
1. Intelligence - Answer (click here)
2. Intelligence Testing - Answer (click here)
3. What Is Intelligence? The Psychometric Approach - Answer (click here)
4. The Logic of Psychometrics - Answer (click here)
5. Factor Analysis and the Idea of General Intelligence - Answer (click here)
6. A Hierarchical Model of Intelligence - Answer (click here)
7. Intelligence: Fluid and Crystallized G - Answer (click here)
8. The Building Blocks of Intelligence - Answer (click here)
9. Intelligence Beyond the IQ Test - Answer (click here)
10. The Roots of Intelligence - Answer (click here)
11. The Roots of Intelligence: The Politics of IQ Testing - Answer (click here)
12. The Roots of Intelligence: The Problems with “Nature vs. Nurture” -
Answer (click here)
13. The Roots of Intelligence: Genetics and Individual IQ - Answer (click here)
14. The Roots of Intelligence: Environment and Individual IQ - Answer (click
here)
15. The Roots of Intelligence: Heritability Ratios - Answer (click here)
16. The Roots of Intelligence: Group Differences in IQ - Answer (click here)
17. Group Differences in IQ: Between - Group and Within – Group
Differences - Answer (click here)
18. Group Differences in IQ: Comparisons Between Men And Women -
Answer (click here)
19. Group Differences in IQ: Stereo Type Threat - Answer (click here)

Motivation and Emotion


1. Motivation and Emotion - Answer (click here)
2. Motivational States - Answer (click here)
3. Thermoregulation - Answer (click here)
4. Hunger, Eating, and Obesity - Answer (click here)
5. Physiological Aspects of Hunger and Eating - Answer (click here)
6. Cultural and Cognitive Aspects of Hunger and Eating - Answer (click here)
7. Obesity - Answer (click here)
8. Threat and Aggression - Answer (click here)
9. Physiological Aspects of Threat and Aggression - Answer (click here)
10. Cultural and Cognitive Aspects of Threat and Aggression - Answer (click
here)
11. Sexual Behavior - Answer (click here)
12. Physiological Aspects of Sexuality - Answer (click here)
13. Cultural and Cognitive Aspects of Sexuality - Answer (click here)
14. Sexual Orientation - Answer (click here)
15. Motives Beyond Drives - Answer (click here)
16. The Diversity of Motives - Answer (click here)
17. Emotion and Emotion Regulation - Answer (click here)
18. The Many Facets of Emotion - Answer (click here)
19. The Functions of Emotion - Answer (click here)
20. Emotion Regulation - Answer (click here)

Social Psychology
1. Social Psychology - Answer (click here)
2. Social Cognition - Answer (click here)
3. Social Cognition: Attribution - Answer (click here)
4. Social Cognition: Person Perception - Answer (click here)
5. Social Cognition: Attitudes - Answer (click here)
6. Social Influence - Answer (click here)
7. Social Influence: Conformity - Answer (click here)
8. Social Influence: Obedience - Answer (click here)
9. Social Influence: Compliance - Answer (click here)
10. Social Influence: Group Dynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Social Relations - Answer (click here)
12. Social Relations: Helping and Altruism - Answer (click here)
13. Social Relations: Attraction - Answer (click here)
14. Social Relations: Love - Answer (click here)

Development
1. Psychology: Development - Answer (click here)
2. Prenatal Development - Answer (click here)
3. Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
4. Physical and Sensorimotor Development in Infancy and Childhood -
Answer (click here)
5. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
6. Piaget ’S Stage Theory - Answer (click here)
7. Beyond Piaget - Answer (click here)
8. Early Conceptions of the Physical World - Answer (click here)
9. Number and Mathematical Reasoning - Answer (click here)
10. Social Cognition and Theory of Mind - Answer (click here)
11. Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click
here)
12. The Earliest Interactions - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and
Childhood - Answer (click here)
13. Attachment - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Childhood -
Answer (click here)
14. Differences in Attachment - Socioemotional Development in Infancy
and Childhood - Answer (click here)
15. The Role of Temperament - Socioemotional Development in Infancy
and Childhood - Answer (click here)
16. The Role of Culture - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and
Childhood - Answer (click here)
17. The Role of Parenting Styles - Socioemotional Development in Infancy
and Childhood - Answer (click here)
18. The Impact of Child Care - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and
Childhood - Answer (click here)
19. The Effects of Domestic Conflict and Divorce - Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
20. What Happens When there is No Attachment ? - Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
21. Peer Relationships - Socioemotional Development in Infancy and
Childhood - Answer (click here)
22. Development of Moral Thinking - Socioemotional Development in
Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
23. Conscience and Moral Feeling - Socioemotional Development in
Infancy and Childhood - Answer (click here)
24. Adolescence - Answer (click here)
25. Physical Development in Adolescence - Answer (click here)
26. Cognitive Development in Adolescence - Answer (click here)
27. Socioemotional Development in Adolescence - Answer (click here)
28. Adulthood and Older Age - Answer (click here)
29. Physical and Sensorimotor Changes in Adulthood - Answer (click here)
30. Cognitive Changes in Adulthood - Answer (click here)
31. Socioemotional Development in Adulthood - Answer (click here)

Personality
1. Personality - Answer (click here)
2. The Trait Approach: Defining Our Differences - Answer (click here)
3. The Trait Approach: The Big Five - Answer (click here)
4. The Trait Approach: The Consistency Controversy - Answer (click here)
5. The Trait Approach: Traits and Biology - Answer (click here)
6. The Trait Approach: Traits and the Environment - Answer (click here)
7. The Trait Approach: Contributions of the Trait Approach - Answer (click
here)
8. Psychodynamic Approach: Probing the Depths - Answer (click here)
9. Psychodynamic Approach: Psychoanalysis: Theory and Practice - Answer
(click here)
10. Psychodynamic Approach: Psychological Defenses and Development -
Answer (click here)
11. Psychodynamic Approach: The Empirical Basis of Freud’s Claims -
Answer (click here)
12. Psychodynamic Approach: Psychodynamic Formulations after Freud -
Answer (click here)
13. Psychodynamic Approach: Contributions of the Psychodynamic
Approach - Answer (click here)
14. The Humanistic Approach: Appreciating Our Potential - Answer (click here)
15. The Humanistic Approach: Phenomenology and Self-actualization -
Answer (click here)
16. The Humanistic Approach: The Self - Answer (click here)
17. The Humanistic Approach: Positive Psychology - Answer (click here)
18. Contributions of the Humanistic Approach - Answer (click here)
19. The Social-Cognitive Approach: The Power of Beliefs - Answer (click here)
20. Origins of the Social-Cognitive Approach - Answer (click here)
21. Key Social-Cognitive Concepts - Answer (click here)
22. Contributions of the Social-Cognitive Approach - Answer (click here)

Psychopathology
1. Psychopathology - Answer (click here)
2. Conceptions of Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Defining Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Assessing Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Psychopathology: Making Diagnoses Using the DSM - Answer (click here)
6. Psychopathology: The Costs and Benefits of Labeling - Answer (click here)
7. Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Anxiety Disorders: Phobias - Answer (click here)
9. Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia - Answer (click here)
10. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Answer (click here)
12. Stress Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Roots of the Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Mood Disorders: Depression - Answer (click here)
16. Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder - Answer (click here)
17. The Roots of Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
19. Schizophrenia: Signs and Symptoms - Answer (click here)
20. The Roots of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
21. Developmental Disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Dissociative Disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)

Treatment of Mental Disorders


1. Treatment of Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Treatments Past and Present - Answer (click here)
3. Early Treatments for Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Current Treatments for Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Psychological Treatments - Answer (click here)
6. Psychological Treatments: Psychodynamic Approaches - Answer (click
here)
7. Psychological Treatments: Humanistic Approaches - Answer (click here)
8. Psychological Treatments: Behavioral Approaches - Answer (click here)
9. Psychological Treatments: Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches - Answer
(click here)
10. Psychological Treatments: Integrated Treatments and Eclecticism -
Answer (click here)
11. Psychological Treatments: Beyond One-on-One Therapy - Answer (click
here)
12. Biomedical Treatment of Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Pharmacological Treatments of Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Nonpharmacological Treatments of Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Common Factors and Combined Treatments of Mental Disorders -
Answer (click here)
16. The Importance of Empirically Supported Treatments of Mental
Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Logic of Outcome Research - Evaluating Treatment of Mental Disorders
- Answer (click here)
18. Evaluating Psychological vs. Biomedical Treatments of Mental
Disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Efficacy vs. Utility - Treatments of Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
20. Meta-Analyses of Therapy Outcome - Treatment of Mental Disorders -
Answer (click here)
21. Does One Size Fit All? - Treatment of Mental Disorders - Answer (click
here)

Subject : Clinical Dermatology


Skin disease in perspective
1. Skin disease in perspective - Answer (click here)
2. Skin disease in perspective: Causes - Answer (click here)
3. Skin disease in perspective: Prevalence - Answer (click here)
4. Skin disease in perspective: Impact - Answer (click here)

The function and structure of the skin


1. The function and structure of the skin - Answer (click here)
2. Skin Epidermis - Answer (click here)
3. The dermo-epidermal junction - Answer (click here)
4. Skin Dermis - Answer (click here)
5. The skin immune system - Answer (click here)
6. Some cellular components of the skin immune system - Answer (click here)
7. Molecular components of the skin immune system - Answer (click here)
8. Hypersensitivity reactions in the skin - Answer (click here)

Diagnosis of skin disorders


1. Diagnosis of skin disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Diagnosis of skin disorders: Examination - Answer (click here)
3. Special tools and techniques - Diagnosis of skin disorders - Answer (click
here)
4. Assessment - Diagnosis of skin disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Side-room and office tests - Diagnosis of skin disorders - Answer (click
here)
6. Laboratory tests - Diagnosis of skin disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Disorders of keratinization - Answer (click here)
8. The ichthyoses - Disorders of keratinization - Answer (click here)
9. Ichthyosis vulgaris - Answer (click here)
10. X-linked recessive ichthyosis - Answer (click here)
11. Collodion baby - Answer (click here)
12. Lamellar ichthyosis and non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma -
Answer (click here)
13. Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma) -
Answer (click here)
14. Other ichthyosiform disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Acquired ichthyosis - Answer (click here)
16. Keratosis pilaris - Answer (click here)
17. Keratosis follicularis (Darier’s disease) - Answer (click here)
18. Keratoderma of the palms and soles - Answer (click here)
19. Knuckle pads - Answer (click here)
20. Callosities and corns - Answer (click here)

Psoriasis
1. Cause and pathogenesis of Psoriasis - Answer (click here)
2. Psoriasis: Precipitating factors - Answer (click here)
3. Psoriasis: Histology - Answer (click here)
4. Psoriasis: Presentation - Answer (click here)
5. Psoriasis: Complications - Answer (click here)
6. Psoriasis: Differential diagnosis, Investigations - Answer (click here)
7. Psoriasis: Treatment - Answer (click here)
8. Psoriasis: Local treatments - Answer (click here)
9. Psoriasis: Ultraviolet radiation treatments - Answer (click here)
10. Psoriasis: Special situations treatments - Answer (click here)
11. Psoriasis: Systemic treatment - Answer (click here)
12. Psoriasis: Combination therapy treatment - Answer (click here)

Other papulosquamous disorders


1. Pityriasis rosea - Answer (click here)
2. Lichen planus - Answer (click here)
3. Pityriasis rubra pilaris - Answer (click here)
4. Parapsoriasis and premycotic eruption - Answer (click here)
5. Pityriasis lichenoides - Answer (click here)
6. Erythroderma/exfoliative dermatitis - Answer (click here)

Eczema and dermatitis


1. Eczema and dermatitis: Terminology - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of eczema - Answer (click here)
3. Eczema and dermatitis: Pathogenesis - Answer (click here)
4. Eczema and dermatitis: Histology - Answer (click here)
5. Eczema and dermatitis: Clinical appearance - Answer (click here)
6. Eczema and dermatitis: Complications, Differential diagnosis - Answer
(click here)
7. Eczema and dermatitis: Investigations - Answer (click here)
8. Irritant contact dermatitis - Answer (click here)
9. Allergic contact dermatitis - Answer (click here)
10. Occupational dermatitis - Answer (click here)
11. Atopic eczema - Answer (click here)
12. Seborrhoeic eczema - Answer (click here)
13. Discoid (nummular) eczema - Answer (click here)
14. Pompholyx - Answer (click here)
15. Gravitational (stasis) eczema - Answer (click here)
16. Asteatotic eczema - Answer (click here)
17. Localized neurodermatitis (lichen simplex) - Answer (click here)
18. Juvenile plantar dermatosis - Answer (click here)

Reactive erythemas and vasculitis


1. Urticaria (hives, ‘nettle-rash’) - Answer (click here)
2. Erythema multiforme - Answer (click here)
3. Erythema nodosum - Answer (click here)
4. Leucocytoclastic - Answer (click here)
5. Polyarteritis nodosa - Answer (click here)
6. Wegener’s granulomatosis - Answer (click here)

Bullous diseases
1. Bullous diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Pemphigus - Answer (click here)
3. Other causes of subcorneal and intraepidermal blistering - Answer (click
here)
4. Pemphigoid - Answer (click here)
5. Pemphigoid gestationis (herpes gestationis) - Answer (click here)
6. Cicatricial pemphigoid - Answer (click here)
7. Linear IgA bullous disease - Answer (click here)
8. Acquired epidermolysis bullosa - Answer (click here)
9. Dermatitis herpetiformis - Answer (click here)
10. Other causes of subepidermal blisters - Answer (click here)
11. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell’s disease) - Answer (click here)
12. Epidermolysis bullosa - Answer (click here)

Connective tissue disorders


1. Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Systemic lupus erythematosus - Answer (click here)
3. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus - Answer (click here)
4. Discoid lupus erythematosus - Answer (click here)
5. Dermatomyositis - Answer (click here)
6. Systemic sclerosis - Answer (click here)
7. CREST syndrome - Answer (click here)
8. Eosinophilic fasciitis - Answer (click here)
9. Morphoea - Answer (click here)
10. Lichen sclerosus - Answer (click here)
11. Mixed connective tissue disease - Answer (click here)
12. Other connective tissue diseases - Answer (click here)

Disorders of blood vessels and lymphatics


1. Disorders involving small blood vessels - Answer (click here)
2. Arterial disease - Answer (click here)
3. Deep vein thrombosis - Venous disease - Answer (click here)
4. Thrombophlebitis - Venous disease - Answer (click here)
5. Venous hypertension, the gravitational syndrome and venous leg
ulceration - Answer (click here)
6. Purpura - Venous disease - Answer (click here)
7. Disorders of the lymphatics - Answer (click here)

Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders


1. Sebaceous glands - Answer (click here)
2. Acne - Answer (click here)
3. Acne Treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Rosacea - Answer (click here)
5. Eccrine sweat glands - Answer (click here)
6. Apocrine sweat glands - Answer (click here)

Regional dermatology
1. The hair - Answer (click here)
2. The hair: Classification - Answer (click here)
3. The hair cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Alopecia - Answer (click here)
5. Alopecia areata - Answer (click here)
6. Androgenetic alopecia (male-pattern baldness) - Answer (click here)
7. Traction alopecia - Answer (click here)
8. Patchy hair loss caused by skin disease - Answer (click here)
9. Diffuse hair loss - Answer (click here)
10. Rare genetic causes of hypotrichosis - Answer (click here)
11. Hirsutism and hypertrichosis - Answer (click here)
12. Hypertrichosis - Answer (click here)
13. The nails - Answer (click here)
14. The nails: Effects of trauma - Answer (click here)
15. The nail in systemic disease - Answer (click here)
16. Nail changes in the common dermatoses - Answer (click here)
17. The nails Infections - Answer (click here)
18. Some other nail abnormalities - Answer (click here)
19. The mouth and genitals - Answer (click here)
20. Lichen planus - Answer (click here)
21. Candidiasis - Answer (click here)
22. Contact stomatitis - Answer (click here)
23. Bullous diseases - Answer (click here)
24. Aphthae - Answer (click here)
25. Some other oral lumps, bumps and colour changes - Answer (click here)
26. Squamous cell carcinoma - Answer (click here)
27. Vulvovaginitis - Answer (click here)
28. Lichen sclerosus - Answer (click here)
29. Vulval and scrotal pruritus - Answer (click here)
30. Malignant conditions: Squamous cell carcinoma - Answer (click here)

Infections
1. Bacterial infections: The resident flora of the skin - Answer (click here)
2. Streptococcal infections - Answer (click here)
3. Spirochaetal infections - Answer (click here)
4. Other Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
5. Mycobacterial infections - Answer (click here)
6. Other mycobacterial infections - Answer (click here)
7. Viral infections: Viral warts - Answer (click here)
8. Viral infections: Varicella (chickenpox) - Answer (click here)
9. Viral infections: Herpes zoster - Answer (click here)
10. Molluscum contagiosum - Answer (click here)
11. Orf - Answer (click here)
12. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - Answer (click here)
13. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki’s disease) - Answer
(click here)
14. Gianotti–Crosti syndrome - Answer (click here)
15. Herpangina, Measles, Rubella, Erythema infectiosum - Answer (click here)
16. Dermatophyte infections (ringworm) - Fungal infections - Answer (click
here)
17. Candidiasis - Fungal infections - Answer (click here)
18. Pityriasis versicolor - Answer (click here)
19. Deep fungal infections - Answer (click here)

Infestations
1. Insect bites - Arthropods - Answer (click here)
2. Papular urticaria - Answer (click here)
3. Bed bugs (Hemiptera) and Myiasis - Answer (click here)
4. Lice infestations (pediculosis) - Answer (click here)
5. Scabies - Answer (click here)
6. Infestations of Parasitic worms - Answer (click here)

Skin reactions to light


1. Skin reactions to light - Answer (click here)
2. Sunburn - Answer (click here)
3. Phototoxicity - Answer (click here)
4. Photoallergy - Answer (click here)
5. Chronic actinic dermatitis (actinic reticuloid) - Answer (click here)
6. Polymorphic light eruption - Answer (click here)
7. Actinic prurigo - Answer (click here)
8. Solar urticaria - Answer (click here)
9. Lupus erythematosus - Answer (click here)
10. Cutaneous ageing - Answer (click here)

Disorders of pigmentation
1. Normal skin colour - Answer (click here)
2. Abnormal skin colours - Answer (click here)
3. Decreased melanin pigmentation - Answer (click here)
4. Disorders with increased pigmentation (hypermelanosis) - Answer (click
here)

Skin tumours
1. Skin tumours: Prevention - Answer (click here)
2. Benign - Answer (click here)
3. Premalignant tumours - Answer (click here)
4. Basal cell carcinoma (rodent ulcer) - Answer (click here)
5. Squamous cell carcinoma - Answer (click here)
6. Malignant melanoma - Answer (click here)
7. Paget’s disease of the nipple - Answer (click here)
8. Tumours of the dermis: Benign - Answer (click here)
9. Tumours of the dermis: Malformations - Answer (click here)
10. Tumours of the dermis: Haemangiomas - Answer (click here)
11. Tumours of the dermis: Lymphangiomas - Answer (click here)
12. Other benign dermal tumours - Answer (click here)
13. Malignant: Kaposi’s sarcoma - Answer (click here)
14. Lymphomas and leukaemias - Answer (click here)
15. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and Cutaneous metastases - Answer
(click here)

The skin in systemic disease


1. The skin and internal malignancy - Answer (click here)
2. The skin and diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
3. The skin in sarcoidosis - Answer (click here)
4. The skin in liver disease - Answer (click here)
5. The skin in renal disease - Answer (click here)
6. The porphyrias - Answer (click here)
7. Some metabolic disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Generalized pruritus - Answer (click here)
9. Pyoderma gangrenosum - Answer (click here)
10. The skin changes of pregnancy - Answer (click here)

The skin and the psyche


1. The skin and the psyche - Answer (click here)
2. Reactions to skin disease - Answer (click here)
3. Dermatoses precipitated or perpetuated by emotional factors - Answer
(click here)

Other genetic disorders


1. Other genetic disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Non-Mendelian genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Neurofibromatosis - Answer (click here)
4. Tuberous sclerosis - Answer (click here)
5. Xeroderma pigmentosum - Answer (click here)
6. Incontinentia pigmenti - Answer (click here)
7. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome - Answer (click here)
8. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum - Answer (click here)

Drug eruptions
1. Drug eruptions Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
2. Drug eruptions Presentation: Some drugs and the reactions they can
cause - Answer (click here)
3. Some common reaction patterns and drugs which can cause them -
Answer (click here)
4. Drug eruptions Course and Differential diagnosis - Answer (click here)
5. Drug eruptions Treatment - Answer (click here)

Medical treatment
1. Medical treatment - Answer (click here)
2. Therapeutic options - Answer (click here)
3. Topical treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Systemic therapy - Answer (click here)

Physical forms of treatment


1. Surgery - Physical forms of treatment - Answer (click here)
2. Cryotherapy - Physical forms of treatment - Answer (click here)
3. Radiotherapy - Physical forms of treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Phototherapy - Physical forms of treatment - Answer (click here)
5. Laser therapy - Physical forms of treatment - Answer (click here)

Subject : Orthopaedics
Orthopaedics
1. Orthopaedics: Differential Diagnosis of Joint Pain - Answer (click here)
2. Fractures - General Principles - Answer (click here)
3. Orthopaedic Emergencies - Answer (click here)
4. Pelvic Fracture - Answer (click here)
5. Orthopaedics: Shoulder - Answer (click here)
6. Humeral Fracture - Answer (click here)
7. Orthopaedics: Elbow - Answer (click here)
8. Orthopaedics: Forearm - Answer (click here)
9. Orthopaedics: Wrist - Answer (click here)
10. Orthopaedics: Hand - Answer (click here)
11. Orthopaedics: Spine - Answer (click here)
12. Orthopaedics: Hip - Answer (click here)
13. Orthopaedics: Femur - Answer (click here)
14. Orthopaedics: Knee - Answer (click here)
15. Orthopaedics: Patella - Answer (click here)
16. Orthopaedics: Tibia - Answer (click here)
17. Orthopaedics: Ankle - Answer (click here)
18. Orthopaedics: Foot - Answer (click here)
19. Pediatric Orthopaedics - Answer (click here)
20. Bone Tumours - Answer (click here)
21. Articular Cartilage Defects - Answer (click here)

Subject : Ophthalmology
The Ophthalmic Examination
1. Ophthalmic Examination: Equipment - Answer (click here)
2. Ophthalmic Examination: History - Answer (click here)
3. Ophthalmic Examination: Visual Acuity - Answer (click here)
4. Ophthalmic Examination: Ocular Motility - Answer (click here)
5. Ophthalmic Examination: Binocular Alignment - Answer (click here)
6. Examination of the Eyelids and Nasolacrimal Duct - Answer (click here)
7. Examination of the Conjunctiva - Answer (click here)
8. Examination of the Cornea - Answer (click here)
9. Examination of the Anterior Chamber - Answer (click here)
10. Examination of the Lens - Answer (click here)
11. Confrontation Field Testing - Answer (click here)
12. Measurement of Intraocular Pressure - Answer (click here)
13. Eyedrops, Ointment, and Bandages - Answer (click here)

The Eyelids
1. Eyelids: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Eyelids: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Eyelids: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Eyelids: Deformities - Answer (click here)
5. Ptosis - Answer (click here)
6. Entropion - Answer (click here)
7. Ectropion - Answer (click here)
8. Trichiasis - Answer (click here)
9. Blepharospasm - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Skin and Margin of the Eyelid - Answer (click here)
11. Contact Eczema - Answer (click here)
12. Edema - Answer (click here)
13. Seborrheic Blepharitis - Answer (click here)
14. Herpes Simplex of the Eyelids - Answer (click here)
15. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus - Answer (click here)
16. Eyelid Abscess - Answer (click here)
17. Louse Infestation of the Eyelids - Answer (click here)
18. Disorders of the Eyelid Glands - Answer (click here)
19. Hordeolum - Answer (click here)
20. Chalazion - Answer (click here)
21. Eyelids: Benign Tumors - Answer (click here)
22. Eyelids: Malignant Tumors - Answer (click here)
23. Basal Cell Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
24. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
25. Adenocarcinoma - Answer (click here)

Lacrimal System
1. Lacrimal System: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Lacrimal System: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of the Lower Lacrimal System - Answer (click here)
4. Dacryocystitis - Answer (click here)
5. Canaliculitis - Answer (click here)
6. Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac - Answer (click here)
7. Lacrimal System Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
8. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca - Answer (click here)
9. Illacrimation - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Lacrimal Gland - Answer (click here)
11. Acute Dacryoa - Answer (click here)
12. Chronic Dacryoadenitis - Answer (click here)
13. Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland - Answer (click here)

Conjunctiva
1. Conjunctiva: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Conjunctiva: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Conjunctival Degeneration and Aging Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Pingueculum - Answer (click here)
5. Pterygium - Answer (click here)
6. Pseudopterygium - Answer (click here)
7. Conjunctival Xerosis - Answer (click here)
8. General Notes on the Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of
Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
9. Infectious Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
10. Noninfectious Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
11. Conjunctiva Tumors - Answer (click here)
12. Epithelial Conjunctival Tumors - Answer (click here)
13. Melanocytic Conjunctival Tumors - Answer (click here)
14. Conjunctival Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
15. Kaposi's sarcoma - Answer (click here)
16. Conjunctival Deposits - Answer (click here)

Cornea
1. Cornea: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Cornea: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Cornea: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Protrusion Anomalies: Keratoconus, Keratoglobus - Answer (click here)
5. Infectious Keratitis - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Keratitis - Answer (click here)
7. Viral Keratitis - Answer (click here)
8. Mycotic Keratitis - Answer (click here)
9. Acanthamoeba Keratitis - Answer (click here)
10. Noninfectious Keratitis and Keratopathy - Answer (click here)
11. Superficial Punctate Keratitis - Answer (click here)
12. Exposure Keratitis - Answer (click here)
13. Neuroparalytic Keratitis - Answer (click here)
14. Problems with Contact Lenses - Answer (click here)
15. Bullous Keratopathy - Answer (click here)
16. Corneal Deposits - Answer (click here)
17. Corneal Degeneration - Answer (click here)
18. Corneal Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
19. Corneal Surgery - Answer (click here)
20. Curative Corneal Procedures - Answer (click here)
21. Refractive Corneal Procedures - Answer (click here)

Sclera
1. Sclera : Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Sclera : Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Sclera : Color Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Staphyloma and Ectasia - Answer (click here)
5. Sclera : Trauma - Answer (click here)
6. Sclera : Inflammations - Answer (click here)
7. Episcleritis - Answer (click here)
8. Scleritis - Answer (click here)

Eye Lens
1. Eye Lens: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Eye Lens: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Developmental Anomalies of the Eye Lens - Answer (click here)
4. Eye Lens: Cataract - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired Cataract : Senile Cataract - Answer (click here)
6. Cataract in Systemic Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Complicated Cataracts - Answer (click here)
8. Cataract after Intraocular Surgery - Answer (click here)
9. Traumatic Cataract - Answer (click here)
10. Toxic Cataract - Answer (click here)
11. Congenital Cataract - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Cataracts - Answer (click here)
13. Eye Lens Dislocation - Answer (click here)

Uveal Tract Vascular pigmented layer


1. Uveal Tract (Vascular pigmented layer): Basic Knowledge - Answer (click
here)
2. Uveal Tract (Vascular pigmented layer): Examination Methods - Answer
(click here)
3. Uveal Tract: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Pigmentation Anomalies: Heterochromia, Albinism - Answer (click here)
5. Inflammation in Uveal Tract (Vascular pigmented layer) - Answer (click
here)
6. Acute Iritis and Iridocyclitis - Answer (click here)
7. Chronic Iritis and Iridocyclitis - Answer (click here)
8. Choroiditis - Answer (click here)
9. Sympathetic Ophthalmia - Answer (click here)
10. Neovascularization in the Iris: Rubeosis Iridis - Answer (click here)
11. Malignant Tumors (Uveal Melanoma) - Answer (click here)
12. Benign Choroidal Tumors - Answer (click here)

Pupil
1. Pupil: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Pupil: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Pupillary Motor Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
4. Isocoria with Normal Pupil Size - Answer (click here)
5. Anisocoria with Dilated Pupil in the Affected Eye - Answer (click here)
6. Anisocoria with a Constricted Pupil in the Affected Eye - Answer (click
here)
7. Isocoria with Constricted Pupils - Answer (click here)
8. Isocoria with Dilated Pupils - Answer (click here)

Glaucoma
1. Glaucoma: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Glaucoma: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
4. Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
5. Secondary Glaucomas - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Open Angle Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
7. Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
8. Childhood Glaucomas - Answer (click here)

Vitreous Body
1. Vitreous Body - Answer (click here)
2. Vitreous Body: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Vitreous Body: Aging Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Persistent Fetal Vasculature (Developmental Anomalies) - Answer (click
here)
5. Abnormal Opacities of the Vitreous Body - Answer (click here)
6. Vitreous Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
7. Vitritis and Endophthalmitis - Answer (click here)
8. Vitreoretinal Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
9. The Role of the Vitreous Body in Various Ocular Changes and
Following Cataract Surgery - Answer (click here)
10. Surgical Treatment: Vitrectomy - Answer (click here)

Retina
1. Retina - Answer (click here)
2. Examination of the Fundus - Answer (click here)
3. Normal and Abnormal Fundus Findings in General - Answer (click here)
4. Retina: Color Vision - Answer (click here)
5. Retina: Electrophysiologic Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
6. Diabetic Retinopathy - Answer (click here)
7. Retinal Vein Occlusion - Answer (click here)
8. Retinal Arterial Occlusion - Answer (click here)
9. Hypertensive Retinopathy and Sclerotic Changes - Answer (click here)
10. Coats’ Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Retinopathy of Prematurity - Answer (click here)
12. Retinal Detachment - Answer (click here)
13. Degenerative Retinoschisis - Answer (click here)
14. Peripheral Retinal Degenerations - Answer (click here)
15. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy - Answer (click here)
16. Age-Related Macular Degeneration - Answer (click here)
17. Degenerative Myopia - Answer (click here)
18. Retinal Dystrophies: Macular Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
19. Retinal Dystrophies: Retinitis Pigmentosa - Answer (click here)
20. Toxic Retinopathy - Answer (click here)
21. Retinal Vasculitis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Posterior Uveitis Due to Toxoplasmosis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease
- Answer (click here)
23. AIDS-Related Retinal Disorders - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer
(click here)
24. Viral Retinitis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
25. Retinitis in Lyme Disease - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click
here)
26. Parasitic Retinal Disorders - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click
here)
27. Retinoblastoma - Answer (click here)
28. Astrocytoma - Answer (click here)
29. Hemangiomas - Answer (click here)

Optic Nerve
1. Optic Nerve - Answer (click here)
2. Optic Nerve: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Congenital Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disk - Answer
(click here)
4. Acquired Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disk - Answer
(click here)
5. Papilledema - Answer (click here)
6. Optic Neuritis - Answer (click here)
7. Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) - Answer (click here)
8. Arteriosclerotic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy - Answer (click here)
9. Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy - Answer (click here)
10. Infiltrative Optic Disk Edema - Answer (click here)
11. Atrophy of the Optic Nerve - Answer (click here)
12. Optic Nerve Pits - Answer (click here)
13. Optic Disk Coloboma (Morning Glory Disk) - Answer (click here)
14. Intraocular Optic Nerve Tumors - Answer (click here)
15. Retrobulbar Optic Nerve Tumors - Answer (click here)

Visual Pathway
1. Visual Pathway - Answer (click here)
2. Visual Pathway: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of the Visual Pathway - Answer (click here)
4. Chiasmal Lesions - Answer (click here)
5. Retrochiasmal Lesions - Answer (click here)

Orbital Cavity
1. Orbital Cavity - Answer (click here)
2. Orbital Cavity: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Orbital Cavity: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Orbital Involvement in Autoimmune Disorders: Graves Disease - Answer
(click here)
5. Orbital Cellulitis - Answer (click here)
6. Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis - Answer (click here)
7. Orbital Pseudotumor - Answer (click here)
8. Myositis - Answer (click here)
9. Orbital Periostitis - Answer (click here)
10. Mucocele and Mycoses (Mucormycosis and Aspergillomycosis) - Answer
(click here)
11. Pulsating Exophthalmos - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Intermittent Exophthalmos - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Orbital Hematoma - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Orbital Cavity Tumors - Answer (click here)
15. Orbital Surgery - Answer (click here)

Eye Optics and Refractive Errors


1. Eye Optics and Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
2. Eye Optics and Refractive Errors: Examination Methods - Answer (click
here)
3. Myopia (Shortsightedness) - Answer (click here)
4. Hyperopia (Farsightedness) - Answer (click here)
5. Astigmatism - Answer (click here)
6. Anisometropia - Answer (click here)
7. Impaired Accommodation - Eye Optics and Refractive Errors - Answer
(click here)
8. Accommodation Spasm - Answer (click here)
9. Accommodation Palsy - Answer (click here)
10. Eyeglass Lenses - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
11. Contact Lenses - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
12. Prisms - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
13. Magnifying Vision Aids - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click
here)
14. Aberrations of Lenses and Eyeglasses - Correction of Refractive Errors -
Answer (click here)

Ocular Motility and Strabismus


1. Ocular Motility and Strabismus - Answer (click here)
2. Ocular Motility and Strabismus: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
3. Concomitant Strabismus - Answer (click here)
4. Forms of Concomitant Strabismus - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnosis of Concomitant Strabismus - Answer (click here)
6. Therapy of Concomitant Strabismus - Answer (click here)
7. Heterophoria - Answer (click here)
8. Pseudostrabismus - Answer (click here)
9. Ophthalmoplegia and Paralytic Strabismus - Answer (click here)
10. Nystagmus - Answer (click here)

Ocular Trauma
1. Ocular Trauma: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Ocular Injuries by Mechanism of Injury - Answer (click
here)
3. Mechanical Injuries - Answer (click here)
4. Eyelid Injury - Answer (click here)
5. Injuries to the Lacrimal System - Answer (click here)
6. Conjunctival Laceration - Answer (click here)
7. Corneal and Conjunctival Foreign Bodies - Answer (click here)
8. Corneal Erosion - Answer (click here)
9. Blunt Ocular Trauma (Ocular Contusion) - Answer (click here)
10. Eye Blow-out Fracture - Answer (click here)
11. Eye Open-Globe Injuries - Answer (click here)
12. Impalement Injuries of the Orbit - Answer (click here)
13. Chemical Injuries in Eye - Answer (click here)
14. Eye Injuries Due to Physical Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Indirect Ocular Trauma: Purtscher’s Retinopathy - Answer (click here)

Subject : Obstetrics and Gynecology


The Womans Health Examination
1. The Woman’s Health Examination - Answer (click here)
2. The Doctor-Patient Relationship - Answer (click here)
3. Health Evaluation: History and Physical Examination - Answer (click here)
4. Gynecologic History - Answer (click here)
5. Obstetric History - Answer (click here)
6. Past History - Answer (click here)
7. Family History - Answer (click here)
8. Social History - Answer (click here)
9. Review of Systems - Obstetrics and Gynecology - Answer (click here)
10. Position of the Patient and Examiner - Answer (click here)
11. Inspection and Examination of the External Genitalia - Answer (click here)
12. Speculum Examination - Answer (click here)
13. Bimanual Examination - Answer (click here)
14. Rectovaginal Examination - Answer (click here)
15. Follow-Up and Continuity of Care - Answer (click here)

The Obstetrician Gynecologists Role in Screening and Preventive


Care
1. The Obstetrician-Gynecologist’s Role in Screening and Preventive Care
- Answer (click here)
2. Immunizations - Answer (click here)
3. Secondary Prevention: Periodic Assessment and Screening - Answer (click
here)
4. Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
5. Cervical Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. Colorectal Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
7. Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Answer (click here)
8. Chlamydia Infection - Answer (click here)
9. Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Osteoporosi - Answer (click here)
11. Preventive Care - Obstetrician-Gynecologist’s Role in Screening -
Answer (click here)

Ethics in Obstetrics and Gynecology


1. Creating an Ethical Framework for Practice and Professional Life -
Answer (click here)
2. Ethical Foundations - Answer (click here)
3. Ethical Considerations in Obstetrics and Gynecology - Answer (click here)
4. Guidelines For Ethical Decision Making - Answer (click here)

Embryology and Anatomy


1. Embryology and Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Development of the Ovary - Answer (click here)
3. Development of the Genital Ducts - Answer (click here)
4. Development of the External Genitalia - Answer (click here)
5. Anatomy of Bony Pelvis - Answer (click here)
6. Anatomy of Vulva and Perineum - Answer (click here)
7. Anatomy of The Vagina - Answer (click here)
8. Anatomy of Uterus and Pelvic Support - Answer (click here)
9. Anatomy of Uterine Tubes - Answer (click here)
10. Anatomy of Ovaries - Answer (click here)
11. Anomalies of the Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)

Maternal Fetal Physiology


1. Maternal Physiology: Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
2. Maternal Physiology: Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
3. Maternal Physiology: Hematologic System - Answer (click here)
4. Maternal Physiology: Renal System - Answer (click here)
5. Maternal Physiology: Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
6. Maternal Physiology: Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
7. Maternal Physiology: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
8. Maternal Physiology: Other Maternal Systems - Answer (click here)
9. Fetal and Placental Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Immunology of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Preconception and Antepartum Care


1. Preconception Counseling and Care - Answer (click here)
2. Antepartum Care - Answer (click here)
3. Diagnosis of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
4. The Initial Prenatal Visit - Answer (click here)
5. Subsequent Antenatal Visits - Preconception and Antepartum Care -
Answer (click here)
6. Ultrasound - Preconception and Antepartum Care - Answer (click here)
7. Screening Tests - Answer (click here)
8. Specific Techniques of Fetal Assessment - Answer (click here)
9. Antepartum Patient Education - Answer (click here)
10. Preconception and Antepartum Care: Common Symptoms - Answer (click
here)

Assessment of Genetic Disorders in Obstetrics and Gynecology


1. Basic Concepts in Genetics - Answer (click here)
2. Chromosome Replication and Cell Division - Answer (click here)
3. Abnormalities in Chromosome Number - Answer (click here)
4. Abnormalities In Chromosome Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Autosomal Dominant - Answer (click here)
6. Autosomal Recessive - Answer (click here)
7. X-Linked, Mitochondrial and Multifactorial Inheritance - Answer (click
here)
8. Risk Factors For Genetic Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Prenatal Screening - Answer (click here)
10. Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Genetics in Gynecology: Cancer Screening - Answer (click here)

Intrapartum Care
1. Maternal Changes Before the onset of Labor - Answer (click here)
2. Evaluation For Labor - Answer (click here)
3. Stages of Labor - Answer (click here)
4. Mechanism of Labor - Answer (click here)
5. Normal Labor And Delivery: General Management - Answer (click here)
6. Control of Pain in Normal Labor And Delivery - Answer (click here)
7. Management of Labor - Answer (click here)
8. Labor Induction - Answer (click here)
9. Cesarean Delivery - Answer (click here)
10. Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery (VBAC) - Answer (click here)

Abnormal Labor and Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance


1. Abnormal Labor - Answer (click here)
2. Factors That Contribute to Normal Labor - The Three Ps - Answer (click
here)
3. Diagnosis and Management of Abnormal Labor Patterns - Answer (click
here)
4. Operative Delivery - Answer (click here)
5. Breech Presentation - Answer (click here)
6. Shoulder Dystocia - Answer (click here)
7. Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance - Answer (click here)
8. Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance: Pathophysiology - Answer (click here)
9. Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring - Answer (click here)
10. Ancillary Tests - Answer (click here)
11. Diagnosis and Management of a Persistently Nonreassuring FHR Pattern
- Answer (click here)
12. Meconium - Answer (click here)

Immediate Care of the Newborn


1. Initial Care of the Well Newborn - Answer (click here)
2. Transitional Care - Answer (click here)
3. Initial Care of the Ill Newborn - Answer (click here)
4. Newborn Screening - Answer (click here)

Postpartum Care
1. Physiology of the Puerperium - Answer (click here)
2. Management of the Immediate Postpartum Period - Answer (click here)
3. Anxiety, Depression, and the Postpartum Period - Answer (click here)
4. The Postpartum Visit - Answer (click here)

Postpartum Hemorrhage
1. Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
2. Postpartum Hemorrhage: Recognition and Early Detection - Answer (click
here)
3. General Management of Patients With Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer
(click here)
4. Major Causes of Postpartum Hemorrhage and their Management -
Answer (click here)
5. Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)

Ectopic Pregnancy and Abortion


1. Ectopic/Abnormal Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology and Risk Factors in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Symptoms of Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Findings of Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Differential Diagnosis and Procedures - Answer
(click here)
6. Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Management - Answer (click here)
7. Nonfallopian-Tube Ectopic Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Spontaneous Abortion - Answer (click here)
9. Spontaneous Abortion: Etiology - Answer (click here)
10. Classification and Differential Diagnosis of Spontaneous Abortions -
Answer (click here)
11. Spontaneous Abortion Treatment - Answer (click here)
12. Induced Abortion - Answer (click here)

Common Medical Problems in Pregnancy


1. Preconception Care - Answer (click here)
2. Hematologic Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Hematologic Disease: Anemia - Answer (click here)
4. Hematologic Disease: The Hemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
5. Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Physiology of Glucose Metabolism in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Fetal Morbidity and Mortality in Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes
- Answer (click here)
8. Pregestational Diabetes - Answer (click here)
9. Gestational Diabetes - Answer (click here)
10. Labor and Delivery of the Patient with Diabetes - Answer (click here)
11. Thyroid Disease during pregnancy - Answer (click here)
12. Urinary Tract Disorders during pregnancy - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac Disease during pregnancy - Answer (click here)
14. Asthma during pregnancy - Answer (click here)
15. Surgical Conditions in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
16. Trauma in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy


1. Group B Streptococcus - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
2. Herpes - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Rubella - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
4. Hepatitis - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. HIV/AIDS Syndrome - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
6. Human Papillomavirus - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
7. Syphilis - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Gonorrhea - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
9. Chlamydia - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
10. Cytomegalovirus - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
11. Toxoplasmosis - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
12. Varicella - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
13. Parvovirus - Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Hypertension in Pregnancy
1. Classification of Hypertension in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Hypertension in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology - Answer (click here)
3. Hypertension in Pregnancy: Evaluation - Answer (click here)
4. Management of Hypertension in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Multifetal Gestation
1. Multifetal Gestation - Answer (click here)
2. Multifetal Gestation: Natural History - Answer (click here)
3. Risks of Multifetal Gestation - Answer (click here)
4. Multifetal Gestation: Diagnosis and Antenatal Management - Answer
(click here)
5. Multifetal Gestation: Intrapartum Management - Answer (click here)

Fetal Growth AbnormalitiesIntrauterine Growth Restriction and


Macrosomia
1. Intrauterine Growth Restriction - Answer (click here)
2. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Pathophysiology - Answer (click here)
3. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Etiology - Answer (click here)
4. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
5. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Management - Answer (click here)
6. Macrosomia - Answer (click here)

Isoimmunization
1. Isoimmunization - Answer (click here)
2. Isoimmunization: Natural History - Answer (click here)
3. Isoimmunization: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Isoimmunization: Assessment - Answer (click here)
5. Isoimmunization: Management - Answer (click here)
6. Isoimmunization: Prevention - Answer (click here)
7. Management of Isoimmunization to Other Red Cell Antigens - Answer
(click here)

Preterm Labor
1. Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
2. Cause, Prediction, and Prevention of Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
3. Evaluation of a Patient in Suspected Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
4. Management of Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)

Third Trimester Bleeding


1. Third-Trimester Bleeding - Answer (click here)
2. Third-Trimester Bleeding: Placenta Previa - Answer (click here)
3. Third-Trimester Bleeding: Placental Abruption - Answer (click here)
4. Third-Trimester Bleeding: Vasa Previa - Answer (click here)
5. Third-Trimester Bleeding: Uterine Rupture - Answer (click here)

Premature Rupture of Membranes


1. Premature Rupture of Membranes - Answer (click here)
2. Premature Rupture of Membranes: Etiology - Answer (click here)
3. Premature Rupture of Membranes: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Premature Rupture of Membranes: Evaluation and Management - Answer
(click here)

Postterm Pregnancy
1. Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Cause of Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Effects of Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis of Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Management of Postterm Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Contraception
1. Contraception - Answer (click here)
2. Factors Affecting Choice of Contraceptive Method - Answer (click here)
3. Hormonal Contraceptives: Oral Contraceptives - Answer (click here)
4. Ring and Patch - Contraception - Answer (click here)
5. Injectable and Implantable Hormonal Contraceptives - Answer (click here)
6. Barrier Contraceptives - Answer (click here)
7. Intrauterine Contraception - Answer (click here)
8. Natural Family Planning - Answer (click here)
9. Postcoital/Emergency Contraception - Answer (click here)
10. Ineffective Methods - Answer (click here)

Sterilization
1. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
2. Sterilization of Men - Answer (click here)
3. Sterilization of Women - Answer (click here)
4. Reversal of Tubal Ligation - Answer (click here)
5. The Decision For Sterilization - Answer (click here)

Vulvovaginitis
1. Vulvovaginitis - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Vulvovaginal Ecosystem - Answer (click here)
3. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, Trichomonas
Vulvovaginitis - Answer (click here)
4. Other Causes of Vulvovaginitis - Answer (click here)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases


1. Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STDs) - Answer (click here)
2. General Diagnostic Principles of Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STDs) -
Answer (click here)
3. Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STDs) Screening - Answer (click here)
4. Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STDs) Prevention - Answer (click here)
5. Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) - Answer (click here)
7. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Genital Herpes - Answer (click here)
9. Syphilis - Answer (click here)
10. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS - Answer (click here)
11. Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)

Pelvic Support Defects Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Tract


Infection
1. Pelvic Support Defects - Answer (click here)
2. Urinary Incontinence - Answer (click here)
3. Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)

Endometriosis
1. Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
2. Endometriosis: Pathogenesis - Answer (click here)
3. Endometriosis: Pathology - Answer (click here)
4. Signs and Symptoms of Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
5. Differential Diagnosis of Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnosis of Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment of Endometriosis - Answer (click here)

Dysmenorrhea and Chronic Pelvic Pain


1. Dysmenorrhea - Answer (click here)
2. Chronic Pelvic Pain - Answer (click here)
3. Dysmenorrhea and Chronic Pelvic Pain: Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Dysmenorrhea and Chronic Pelvic Pain: Follow-Up - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Breast


1. Anatomy of the Breast - Answer (click here)
2. Evaluation of Breast Signs and Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Benign Breast Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
5. Risks Factors of Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool: The Gail Model - Answer (click here)
7. Histologic Types of Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
8. Breast Cancer Staging - Answer (click here)
9. Breast Cancer Treatment - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Breast: Screening Guidelines - Answer (click here)

Gynecological Procedures
1. Gynecological Procedures: Imaging Studies - Answer (click here)
2. Gynecological Procedures - Answer (click here)
3. Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Considerations - Answer
(click here)

Reproductive Cycles
1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis - Answer (click here)
2. Reproductive Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Manifestations of Hormonal Changes - Answer (click here)

Puberty
1. Normal Pubertal Development - Answer (click here)
2. Abnormalities of Pubertal Development - Answer (click here)
3. Precocious Puberty - Answer (click here)
4. Delayed Puberty - Answer (click here)

Amenorrhea and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding


1. Amenorrhea and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - Answer (click here)
2. Amenorrhea - Answer (click here)
3. Causes of Amenorrhea - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Amenorrhea - Answer (click here)
5. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnosis of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - Answer (click here)

Hirsutism and Virilization


1. Hirsutism and Virilization - Answer (click here)
2. Androgen Production and Androgen Action - Answer (click here)
3. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - Answer (click here)
4. Ovarian Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
5. Adrenal Androgen Excess Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Constitutional Hirsutism - Answer (click here)
7. Iatrogenic Androgen Excess - Answer (click here)

Menopause
1. Menstruation and Menopause - Answer (click here)
2. Symptoms and Signs of Menopause - Answer (click here)
3. Premature Ovarian Failure - Answer (click here)
4. Management of Menopause - Answer (click here)
5. Cautions in Hormone Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Alternatives to Hormone Therapy - Answer (click here)

Infertility
1. Infertility - Answer (click here)
2. Etiology of Infertility - Answer (click here)
3. Evaluation of Infertility - Answer (click here)
4. Male Infertility - Answer (click here)
5. Unexplained Infertility - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment of Infertility - Answer (click here)
7. Infertility: Counseling - Answer (click here)

Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder


1. Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - Answer
(click here)
2. Incidence of Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder - Answer (click here)
3. Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder - Answer (click here)

Cell Biology and Principles of Cancer Therapy


1. Cell Cycle and Cancer Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
3. Radiation Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Novel Chemotherapeutic Agents - Answer (click here)

Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia


1. Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
2. Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
3. Hydatidiform Mole - Answer (click here)
4. Malignant Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
5. Placental Site Tumors - Answer (click here)

Vulvar and Vaginal Disease and Neoplasia


1. Vulvar Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
2. Benign Vulvar Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Lichen Sclerosus - Benign Vulvar Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Lichen Simplex Chronicus - Benign Vulvar Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Lichen Planus - Benign Vulvar Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Psoriasis - Benign Vulvar Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Dermatitis - Benign Vulvar Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Vestibulitis - Benign Vulvar Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Vulvar Lesions - Answer (click here)
10. Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
11. Paget Disease - Answer (click here)
12. Vulvar Cancer - Answer (click here)
13. Vaginal Disease - Answer (click here)

Cervical Neoplasia and Carcinoma


1. Cervical Disease and Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
2. Etiology of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
3. Risk Factors - Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
4. Classification - Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
5. Evaluation of Abnormal Pap Test Results - Cervical Intraepithelial
Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
6. Management Guidelines for Cervical Epithelial Cell Abnormalities -
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment - Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
8. Follow-up - Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - Answer (click here)
9. Cervical Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
10. Prevention of Cervical Neoplasia and Carcinoma - Answer (click here)

Uterine Leiomyoma and Neoplasia


1. Uterine Leiomyomas - Answer (click here)
2. Symptoms of Uterine Leiomyomas - Answer (click here)
3. Diagnosis of Uterine Leiomyomas - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Uterine Leiomyomas - Answer (click here)
5. Effect of Leiomyomata in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Cancer of the Uterine Corpus


1. Endometrial Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
2. Endometrial Hyperplasia - Answer (click here)
3. Patient History - Endometrial Hyperplasia - Answer (click here)
4. Evaluation - Endometrial Hyperplasia - Answer (click here)
5. Endometrial Polyps - Answer (click here)
6. Endometrial Cancer - Answer (click here)
7. Uterine Sarcoma - Answer (click here)

Ovarian and Adnexal Disease


1. Ovarian Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
2. Ovarian Neoplasms: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
3. Evaluation of Ovarian Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Functional Ovarian Cysts - Answer (click here)
5. Benign Ovarian Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
6. Malignant Ovarian Neoplasms - Answer (click here)
7. Fallopian Tube Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Surgical Management of Ovarian and Fallopian Tube Cancers - Answer
(click here)

Human Sexuality
1. Human Sexuality - Answer (click here)
2. Sexual Identity - Answer (click here)
3. Human Sexual Response - Answer (click here)
4. Sexual Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
5. Factors Affecting Sexuality - Answer (click here)
6. Management of Human Sexuality - Answer (click here)

Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence


1. Sexual Assault - Answer (click here)
2. Child Sexual Assault - Answer (click here)
3. Domestic Sexual Violence - Answer (click here)

Subject : Psychiatry
Listening to the Patient
1. Listening: The Key Skill in Psychiatry - Answer (click here)
2. The Primary Tools: Words, Analogies, Metaphors, Similes and Symbols
- Answer (click here)
3. How Does One Hear Words in This Way? - Answer (click here)
4. Listening as More Than Hearing - Answer (click here)
5. Common Blocks to Effective Listening - Answer (click here)
6. Crucial Attitudes that Enable Effective Listening - Answer (click here)
7. Theoretical Perspectives on Listening - Answer (click here)
8. Using Oneself in Listening - Answer (click here)
9. To Be Found: The Psychological Product of Being Heard - Answer (click
here)
10. Listening to Oneself to Listen Better - Answer (click here)
11. Listening in Special Clinical Situations - Answer (click here)
12. Growing and Maturing as a Listener - Answer (click here)

The Cultural Context of Clinical Assessment


1. Introduction: The Cultural Matrix of Psychiatry - Answer (click here)
2. What Is Culture? - Answer (click here)
3. Culture and Gender - Answer (click here)
4. The Cultural Formulation - Answer (click here)
5. Ethnocultural Identity - Answer (click here)
6. Illness Explanations and Help-seeking - Answer (click here)
7. Psychosocial Environment and Levels of Functioning - Answer (click here)
8. Clinician–Patient Relationship - Answer (click here)
9. Overall Assessment - Answer (click here)
10. Cultural Competence - Answer (click here)
11. Working with Interpreters and Culture-brokers - Answer (click here)
12. Conclusion: The Limits of Culture - Answer (click here)

The Psychiatric Interview Settings and Techniques


1. The Psychiatric Interview: Settings and Techniques - Answer (click here)
2. Goals of the Psychiatric Interview - Answer (click here)
3. What Is the Diagnosis? - Answer (click here)
4. The Psychiatric Database - Answer (click here)
5. Database Components - Answer (click here)
6. Conduct of the Interview: Factors Which Affect the Interview - Answer
(click here)
7. General Features of Psychiatric Interviews - Answer (click here)
8. Phases of the Interview - Answer (click here)
9. Dimensions of Interviewing Techniques - Answer (click here)

PhysicianPatient Relationship
1. Physician–Patient Relationship - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of the Physician–Patient Relationship - Answer (click here)
3. Special Issues in the Physician–Patient Relationship - Answer (click here)
4. The Physician–Patient Relationship in Specific Populations of Patients -
Answer (click here)

Professional Ethics and Boundaries


1. Professional Ethics and Boundaries - Answer (click here)
2. Ethical Behavior and its Relationship to the Professional Attitude -
Answer (click here)
3. The Coherent Treatment Frame and the Role of Therapeutic Boundaries
in Effective Psychiatric Treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Boundary Violations - Answer (click here)
5. Components of the Coherent Psychiatric Frame - Answer (click here)
6. Stability - Answer (click here)
7. Avoiding Dual Relationships - Answer (click here)
8. Autonomy and Neutrality - Answer (click here)
9. Coherent and Noncollusive Compensation - Answer (click here)
10. Confidentiality - Answer (click here)
11. Anonymity - Answer (click here)
12. Abstinence - Answer (click here)
13. Self-respect and Self-protection - Answer (click here)

Law Ethics and Psychiatry


1. Overview of Legal Principles - Answer (click here)
2. Rights and Responsibilities - Answer (click here)
3. Confidentiality and Privilege - Answer (click here)
4. Informed Consent - Answer (click here)
5. Exceptions to Informed Consent - Answer (click here)
6. Medicolegal Aspects of Clinical Practice - Answer (click here)
7. Third Party Payers and the Psychiatrist - Answer (click here)
8. Liability for Supervising Other Professionals - Answer (click here)
9. Criminal Law and Psychiatry - Answer (click here)
10. Civil Litigation - Answer (click here)
11. Competence, Capacity and Guardianship - Answer (click here)
12. Special Issues - Answer (click here)
13. Psychiatric Ethics - Answer (click here)
14. Sources of Psychiatric Ethics - Answer (click here)
15. Potential Consequences of Diagnostic Labels - Answer (click here)
16. Ethics of Psychiatric Research - Answer (click here)
17. Ethics and Suicide - Answer (click here)
18. Ethical Dimensions of Health System Changes - Answer (click here)

A Psychiatric Perspective on Human Development


1. A Psychiatric Perspective on Human Development - Answer (click here)
2. Theories and Models of Development - Answer (click here)
3. Biological Development - Answer (click here)
4. Cognitive Developmen - Answer (click here)
5. Emotional Development - Answer (click here)
6. Social Development - Answer (click here)
7. Moral Development - Answer (click here)
8. Developmental Psychopathology - Answer (click here)
9. High-Risk Periods for Psychopathology - Answer (click here)
10. Interlineal Decalage - Answer (click here)
11. The Psychiatrist as a Developmentalist - Answer (click here)

Psychopathology Across the Life Cycle


1. Psychopathology Across the Life-Cycle - Answer (click here)
2. Continuity, Persistence and Progression Across the Life-Cycle - Answer
(click here)
3. Stress-diathesis Model of Psychopathology - Answer (click here)
4. Pathoplastic Effects of Age - Answer (click here)
5. Problems of Childhood - Answer (click here)
6. Problems of Adolescence - Answer (click here)
7. Problems of Early Adulthood - Answer (click here)
8. Problems of Middle Adult Life - Answer (click here)
9. Problems of Late Life - Answer (click here)

Psychiatric Epidemiology
1. Psychiatric Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
2. The Scope of Inquiry in Psychiatric Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
3. Measures of Disease Frequency - Answer (click here)
4. Measures of Association - Answer (click here)
5. Instruments to Identify Cases - Answer (click here)
6. Psychometric Properties of Instruments - Answer (click here)
7. Risk Factor Identification - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Epidemiological Studies - Answer (click here)
9. Threats to Validity in Epidemiological Studies - Answer (click here)
10. Examples of Psychiatric Epidemiologic Studies - Answer (click here)
11. The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study - Answer (click here)
12. The National Comorbidity Survey - Answer (click here)

Psychiatric Pathophysiology Schizophrenia


1. Pursuing the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
2. Clinical Pharmacology in Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
3. Preclinical Studies Relevant to the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia -
Answer (click here)
4. Systems Pathology in Schizophrenia: The Limbic Cortex - Answer (click
here)
5. Postmortem Limbic Cortex Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: Structural
Changes - Answer (click here)

Psychiatric Pathophysiology Mood Disorders


1. Genetic Factors - Answer (click here)
2. Molecular Genetic Research - Answer (click here)
3. Monoamine Alterations - Answer (click here)
4. Neuropeptides and Hormones - Answer (click here)
5. Neuroimaging Studies - Answer (click here)

Psychiatric Pathophysiology Anxiety Disorders


1. Psychiatric Pathophysiology: Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) - Answer (click here)
3. Glutamate - Answer (click here)
4. NMDA Receptors - Answer (click here)
5. Linking NMDA Receptors to Biogenic Amine-based Anxiolytics -
Answer (click here)
6. Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors - Answer (click here)
7. Serotonin - Answer (click here)
8. Norepinephrine - Answer (click here)

Psychiatric Pathophysiology Addiction


1. Psychiatric Pathophysiology: Addiction - Answer (click here)
2. The Development of Addiction - Answer (click here)
3. Brain Circuitry and Addiction - Answer (click here)

Psychiatric Pathophysiology Dementia


1. Psychiatric Pathophysiology: Dementia - Answer (click here)

Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology


1. What Is Cognitive Neuroscience? - Answer (click here)
2. Current Theoretical Conceptualization of Brain Organization - Answer
(click here)
3. Psychiatry: Memory - Answer (click here)
4. Cellular Basis of Memory - Answer (click here)
5. Major Subdivisions of Memory Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Frontal Lobe Contribution to Explicit Memory - Answer (click here)
7. Implicit Memory - Answer (click here)
8. Executive Functioning and the Frontal Lobes - Answer (click here)
9. Working Memory - Answer (click here)
10. Theories of Frontal Lobe Functioning - Answer (click here)
11. Behavioral–Neuroanatomical Correlates - Answer (click here)
12. Psychiatry: Attention - Answer (click here)
13. Psychiatry: Language - Answer (click here)
14. Important Issues in Language Research - Answer (click here)
15. Acquired Language Disorders: The Example of Aphasia - Answer (click
here)
16. Concepts of Neuroanatomical Dominance and Localization in Language
- Answer (click here)
17. Psychiatry: Model of Language - Answer (click here)
18. Neurodevelopmental Aspects of Language - Answer (click here)
19. Brain Organization and Language Development - Answer (click here)

Cognitive Psychology Basic Theory and Clinical Implications


1. Cognitive Psychology: Basic Theory and Clinical Implications - Answer
(click here)
2. Cognitive Psychology: Attention - Answer (click here)
3. Cognitive Psychology: Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - Answer (click here)
5. Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Borderline Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Cognitive Psychology: Memory - Answer (click here)
8. Clinical Depression, Memory and Schemata Bias - Answer (click here)
9. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Repression and Memory Impairment -
Answer (click here)
10. Higher Order Cognitive Processing - Answer (click here)
11. Automatic Versus Conscious Processing - Answer (click here)

Social Psychology
1. Social Psychology: The Self - Answer (click here)
2. Social Psychology: Social Cognition - Answer (click here)
3. Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes: Attachment - Answer (click
here)
4. Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes: Treatment Relationship -
Answer (click here)
5. Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes: The Egoism-Altruism
Debate - Answer (click here)
6. Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes: Aggressive Behavior -
Answer (click here)
7. Social Psychology: Behavior in Groups - Answer (click here)
8. Social Psychology: Culture and Social Psychology - Answer (click here)

Psychoanalytic Theories
1. Psychoanalytic Theories: Development and Major Concepts - Answer
(click here)
2. Psychoanalytic Theories: Melanie Klein - Answer (click here)
3. Psychoanalytic Theories: Donald W. Winnicott - Answer (click here)
4. Psychoanalytic Theories: John Bowlby - Answer (click here)
5. Psychoanalytic Theories: Margaret Mahler - Answer (click here)
6. Psychoanalytic Theories: Otto Kernberg - Answer (click here)
7. Psychoanalytic Theories: Erik H. Erikson - Answer (click here)
8. Psychoanalytic Theories: Heinz Kohut: Self-psychology - Answer (click
here)

Clinical Evaluation and Treatment Planning A Multimodal


Approach
1. Clinical Evaluation and Treatment Planning: A Multimodal Approach -
Answer (click here)
2. Psychiatric Interview - Answer (click here)
3. Physical Examination - Answer (click here)
4. Neurological Examination - Answer (click here)
5. Psychological and Neuropsychological Testing - Answer (click here)
6. Neuropsychological Examination Compared with Other Examinations -
Answer (click here)
7. Types of Referral Questions for Neuropsychological Evaluation - Answer
(click here)
8. Characterization of Adaptive Strengths and Weaknesses and Treatment
Planning - Answer (click here)
9. Assessment of Change of State - Answer (click here)
10. Limitations of Reliability and Validity - Answer (click here)
11. Laboratory Assessments - Answer (click here)
12. Neurophysiologic Assessment - Answer (click here)
13. Brain Imaging - Answer (click here)
14. Structural Imaging Modalities - Answer (click here)
15. Functional Imaging Modalities - Answer (click here)
16. Special Assessment Techniques - Answer (click here)
17. Treatment Planning - Clinical Evaluation and Treatment Planning: A
Multimodal Approach - Answer (click here)
18. Differential Diagnosis - Clinical Evaluation and Treatment Planning: A
Multimodal Approach - Answer (click here)

Behavior and Adaptive Functioning


1. Personality Style - Answer (click here)
2. Domains of Functioning - Answer (click here)
3. Social and Interpersonal Functioning - Answer (click here)
4. Occupational Functioning - Answer (click here)
5. Leisure - Answer (click here)
6. Assessing Behavior and Adaptive Functioning in the Clinical Interview -
Answer (click here)

Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders


1. Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Specific Cultural Considerations - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric
Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Substance Use Disorders - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders -
Answer (click here)
4. Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Mood Disorders - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders - Answer
(click here)
6. Anxiety Disorders - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders - Answer
(click here)
7. Somatoform Disorders - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders -
Answer (click here)
8. Dissociative Disorders - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders -
Answer (click here)
9. Sexual Disorders - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders - Answer
(click here)
10. Eating Disorders - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders - Answer
(click here)
11. Adjustment and Personality Disorders - Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric
Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. The Case of Culture-bound Syndromes and Idioms of Distress - Answer
(click here)

Psychiatric Classification
1. Goals of a Psychiatric Classification - Answer (click here)
2. Approaches to Psychiatric Classification - Answer (click here)
3. DSM-IV Multiaxial System - Answer (click here)
4. DSM-IV-TR Classification and Diagnostic Codes - Answer (click here)

Diagnostic Classification in Infancy and Early Childhood


1. Diagnostic Classification in Infancy and Early Childhood - Answer (click
here)
2. Principles of Assessment - Diagnostic Classification in Infancy and
Early Childhood - Answer (click here)
3. The DIR Model - Diagnostic Classification in Infancy and Early
Childhood - Answer (click here)
4. Overview of the Classification System - Infancy and Early Childhood -
Answer (click here)

Childhood Disorders Mental Retardation


1. Concept of Childhood Mental Retardation - Answer (click here)
2. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Childhood Mental Retardation - Answer
(click here)
3. Approaches to Classification of the Causation of Mental Retardation -
Answer (click here)
4. Assessment of Mental Retardation - Answer (click here)
5. Overall Goals of Treatment of Mental Retardation - Answer (click here)
6. Mental Retardation: Variations in Presentation, Behavior Disorders,
Assessment - Answer (click here)
7. Mental Retardation: Evaluation of Clinical Data, Aggression - Answer
(click here)
8. Overall Goals of Psychiatric Treatment of Persons with Mental
Retardation - Answer (click here)
9. Principles of the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Persons with Mental
Retardation - Answer (click here)
10. Mental Retardation: Psychosocial Interventions - Answer (click here)
11. Mental Retardation: Psychotherapies, Behavioral Treatment - Answer
(click here)
12. Psychiatrist–Patient Relationship: Models of Delivery of Psychiatric
Services - Answer (click here)

Childhood Disorders Learning and Motor Skills Disorders


1. Childhood Disorders: Learning and Motor Skills Disorders - Answer (click
here)
2. Diagnosis of a Learning Disorder or Motor Skills Disorder - Answer (click
here)
3. Evaluation of the Child or Adolescent - Answer (click here)
4. Environmental and Cultural Assessment - Learning and Motor Skills
Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment, Educational, Psychotherapeutic Interventions - Learning and
Motor Skills Disorders - Answer (click here)

Childhood Disorders Communication Disorders


1. Childhood Disorders: Communication Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Diagnosis - Childhood Disorders: Communication Disorders - Answer
(click here)
3. Course and Natural History - Childhood Disorders: Communication
Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment - Childhood Disorders: Communication Disorders - Answer
(click here)
5. Academic Comorbidity and Outcome - Childhood Disorders:
Communication Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Comparison of DSM-IV/ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria - Childhood
Disorders: Communication Disorders - Answer (click here)

Childhood Disorders The Autism Spectrum Disorders


1. Childhood Disorders: The Autism Spectrum Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Phenomenology - Childhood Disorders: The Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Answer (click here)
3. Etiology and Pathophysiology - Childhood Disorders: The Autism
Spectrum Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Biochemical Findings in ASD - Childhood Disorders: The Autism
Spectrum Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Neuropathological Findings in ASD - Childhood Disorders: The Autism
Spectrum Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Functional Neuroimaging Findings in ASD(Autism Spectrum Disorders)
- Answer (click here)
7. Genetics and ASD(Autism Spectrum Disorders) - Answer (click here)
8. Autistic Disorder and MMR Vaccinations - Answer (click here)
9. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Assessment and Differential Diagnosis -
Answer (click here)
10. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
11. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Epidemiology and Comorbidity - Answer
(click here)
12. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Course - Answer (click here)
13. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Treatment - Answer (click here)
14. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Comparison of DSM-IV/ICD-10
Diagnostic Criteria - Answer (click here)

Childhood Disorders Attention deficit and Disruptive Behavior


Disorders
1. Childhood Disorders: Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Epidemiology and Etiology - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Neurobiology - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders -
Answer (click here)
4. Genetics - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - Answer
(click here)
5. Environmental Factors - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Course and Natural History- Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Assessment and Rating Scales- Attention-deficit and Disruptive
Behavior Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Interviews, Psychological/Psychometric Evaluation- Attention-deficit
and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Observational and Laboratory Measures - Attention-deficit and
Disruptive Behavior Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Differential Diagnoses - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Treatment - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders - Answer
(click here)
12. Psychopharmacology - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Psychosocial Interventions - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. The MTA Study - Attention-deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders -
Answer (click here)
15. Impact of Comorbidity on Treatment - Attention-deficit and Disruptive
Behavior Disorders - Answer (click here)

Childhood Disorders Feeding and Other Disorders of Infancy or


Early Childhood
1. Childhood Disorders: Feeding and Other Disorders of Infancy or Early
Childhood - Answer (click here)
2. Feeding Disorder of State Regulation - Answer (click here)
3. Feeding Disorder of Poor Care Giver–Infant Reciprocity - Answer (click
here)
4. Infantile Anorexia - Answer (click here)
5. Sensory Food Aversions - Answer (click here)
6. Post Traumatic Feeding Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Rumination Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Pica - Answer (click here)

Childhood Disorders Tic Disorders


1. Tic Disorders: Phenomenology and Diagnostic Criteria - Answer (click
here)
2. Diagnostic Criteria for the Tic Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Tic Disorders: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
4. Tic Disorders: Frequently Cooccurring Symptoms or Disorders - Answer
(click here)
5. Relationship of the Commonly Cooccurring Symptoms and Conditions
with Tourette’s Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Tic Disorders: Etiology - Answer (click here)
7. Tic Disorders: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
8. Tic Disorders: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
9. Tic Disorders: Course and Natural History - Answer (click here)
10. Tic Disorders: Standard Approaches to Treatment - Answer (click here)
11. Treatment of Cooccurring Psychiatric Disorders in Tourette’s Disorder -
Answer (click here)

Childhood Disorders Elimination Disorders and Childhood


Anxiety Disorders
1. Enuresis - Answer (click here)
2. Encopresis - Answer (click here)
3. Separation Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
4. Selective Mutism - Answer (click here)

Delirium and Dementia


1. Delirium and Dementia - Answer (click here)
2. Dementia, Delirium and Other Cognitive Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Dementia of the Alzheimer Type - Answer (click here)
4. Dementia Due to Pick’s Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Dementia Due to Parkinson’s Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Dementia Due to Huntington’s Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Vascular Dementia - Answer (click here)
8. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis - Answer (click here)
9. Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
11. Dementia Due to HIV Diseases - Answer (click here)
12. Neurosyphilis - Answer (click here)
13. Dementia Due to Head Trauma - Answer (click here)
14. Substance-induced Persisting Dementia - Answer (click here)
15. Alcohol-induced Dementia - Answer (click here)
16. Dementia Due to Other General Medical Conditions - Answer (click here)
17. Delirium - Answer (click here)
18. Amnestic Disorders - Answer (click here)

Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition


1. Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition - Answer (click here)
2. Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition - Answer (click
here)
3. Assessment and Differential Diagnosis - Mental Disorders Due to a
General Medical Condition - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology, Comorbidity, Course, Treatment - Mental Disorders Due
to a General Medical Condition - Answer (click here)
5. Mood disorder with Depressive Features - Answer (click here)
6. Mood Disorder with Manic Features - Answer (click here)
7. Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition with Panic
Attacks or with Generalized Anxiety - Answer (click here)
8. Mood Disorder with Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms - Answer (click
here)
9. Catatonic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition - Answer (click
here)
10. Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition - Answer (click
here)
11. Pseudobulbar Palsy - Answer (click here)
12. Klüver–Bucy Syndrome - Answer (click here)

General Approaches to Substance and Polydrug Use Disorders


1. General Approaches to Substance and Polydrug Use Disorders - Answer
(click here)
2. Etiology and Pathophysiology - General Approaches to Substance and
Polydrug Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Special Issues in the Psychiatric Examination - General Approaches to
Substance and Polydrug Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Course and Natural History - General Approaches to Substance and
Polydrug Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Other Substance Use Disorders: Anabolic Steroids - Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Alcohol Use Disorders


1. Substance Abuse: Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Etiology and Pathophysiology - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer (click
here)
3. Pathophysiology - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Assessment and Differential Diagnosis - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer
(click here)
5. Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
6. Alcohol Withdrawal - Answer (click here)
7. Alcohol-induced Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Assessment of Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Screening - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Psychiatric History and Examination - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer
(click here)
11. Relevant Physical Examination and Laboratory Findings - Alcohol Use
Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Gender and Developmental Presentations - Alcohol Use Disorders -
Answer (click here)
13. Epidemiology and Comorbidity - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer (click
here)
14. Psychiatric Comorbidity in Individuals with an Alcohol Use Disorder -
Answer (click here)
15. Course and Natural History - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Treatment - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. The Management of Alcohol Withdrawal - Answer (click here)
18. Therapeutic Modalities: Nonpharmacological - Alcohol Use Disorders -
Answer (click here)
19. Therapeutic Modalities: Pharmacological - Alcohol Use Disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. The Treatment of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Alcoholics - Answer (click
here)
21. Treatment of Depressive Symptoms/Disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Treatment of Anxiety Symptoms/Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Mutual Help Organizations - Answer
(click here)
24. Special Features Influencing Treatment - Alcohol Use Disorders - Answer
(click here)

Substance Abuse Caffeine Use Disorders


1. Caffeine Intoxication - Answer (click here)
2. Treatment - Caffeine Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Caffeine Withdrawal - Answer (click here)
4. Caffeine Dependence - Answer (click here)
5. Caffeine-induced Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Caffeine-induced Sleep Disorder - Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Cannabis related Disorders


1. Substance Abuse: Cannabis-related Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Cannabis: Botany and Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
3. Etiology and Pathophysiology - Cannabis-related Disorders - Answer
(click here)
4. Assessment and Differential Diagnosis - Cannabis-related Disorders -
Answer (click here)
5. Epidemiology and Comorbidity - Cannabis-related Disorders - Answer
(click here)
6. Course - Cannabis-related Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment - Cannabis-related Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Special Features Influencing Treatment - Cannabis-related Disorders -
Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Cocaine Use Disorders


1. Substance Abuse: Cocaine Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Gender Differences in Cocaine Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Course and Natural History - Cocaine Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Neurobiological Changes Related to Cocaine Use - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnosis of Cocaine Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Cocaine Dependence - Answer (click here)
7. Cocaine Abuse and Cocaine Intoxication - Answer (click here)
8. Cocaine Withdrawal - Answer (click here)
9. Medical Complications of Cocaine Abuse - Answer (click here)
10. Assessment and Treatment Overview - Cocaine Use Disorders - Answer
(click here)
11. Cocaine Use Disorders: Clinical Course - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Psychotherapies for Cocaine Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Physician–Patient Relationship Considerations - Answer (click here)
15. Pharmacotherapies for Cocaine Use Disorders - Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Phencycline Use Disorders


1. Substance Abuse: Phencycline Use Disorders - Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Hallucinogen and MDMA Related Disorders


1. Substance Abuse: Hallucinogen- and MDMA-Related Disorders - Answer
(click here)
2. Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Intoxication -
Hallucinogen- and MDMA-Related Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. LSD-Related Psychotic Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Differential Diagnosis and Treatment - Hallucinogen- and MDMA-
Related Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) - Answer (click here)
6. MDMA (“Ecstasy”) - Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Inhalant related Disorders


1. Substance Abuse: Inhalant-related Disorders - Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Nicotine Dependence


1. Substance Abuse: Nicotine Dependence - Answer (click here)
2. Cooccurring Psychiatric or Substance Use Disorders - Nicotine
Dependence - Answer (click here)
3. Etiology and Pathophysiology - Nicotine Dependence - Answer (click here)
4. Course and Natural History - Nicotine Dependence - Answer (click here)
5. Evaluation and Assessment - Nicotine Dependence - Answer (click here)
6. Overall Approach to Treatment - Nicotine Dependence - Answer (click
here)
7. Phases of Treatment - Nicotine Dependence - Answer (click here)
8. Self-help - Nicotine Dependence - Answer (click here)
9. Specific Medication and Psychosocial Treatment Interventions -
Nicotine Dependence - Answer (click here)
10. Psychosocial and Psychopharmacological Therapies - Nicotine
Dependence - Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Opioid Use Disorders


1. Substance Abuse: Opioid Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Epidemiology of Opioid Abuse and Dependence - Answer (click here)
3. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Opioid-related Disorders - Answer (click
here)
4. Clinical Picture of Opioid-related Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Intoxication, Withdrawal, Dependence, Abuse - Opioid Use Disorders -
Answer (click here)
6. Assessment and Clinical Picture - Opioid Use Disorders - Answer (click
here)
7. Course and Natural History of Opioid Dependence - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment - Opioid Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Detoxification: Long-term, Short-term, Rapid and Ultra-rapid - Opioid
Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Opioid Agonist Pharmacotherapy - Answer (click here)
11. Antagonist Maintenance - Opioid Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Psychosocial/Behavioral Treatments - Opioid Use Disorders - Answer
(click here)
13. Individual Drug Counseling - Opioid Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Therapeutic Communities (TCs), Addressing Comorbidity - Opioid Use
Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Psychiatric - Opioid Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Medical - Opioid Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Integrated Treatment and Harm Reduction - Opioid Use Disorders -
Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse Sedative Hypnotic or Anxiolytic Use Disorders


1. Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Substance-related Disorders of Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
3. Etiology and Pathophysiology, Epidemiology - Sedative, Hypnotic, or
Anxiolytic Use Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Patterns of Abuse - Disorders of Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
5. Acute Intoxication with Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
6. Phenomenology and Variations in Presentations - Disorders of Sedative–
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
7. Assessment - Disorders of Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
8. Course and Natural History - Disorders of Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
9. Psychotherapy - Disorders of Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
10. Twelve-step Recovery - Disorders of Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click
here)
11. Additional Treatment Considerations - Disorders of Sedative–Hypnotics
- Answer (click here)
12. Risk Factors for Low-dose Benzodiazepine Withdrawal - Answer (click
here)

Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses


1. Diagnosis - Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses - Answer (click here)
2. DSM-IV Subtypes of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
3. Schizophrenia: Epidemiological Findings: Incidence and Prevalence -
Answer (click here)
4. Sociodemographical Characteristics - Answer (click here)
5. Schizophrenia: Morbidity and Mortality - Answer (click here)
6. Schizophrenia: Comorbidity with Other Illnesses, Genetics, Etiology -
Answer (click here)
7. Schizophrenia: Family Prevalence Studies, Twin, Adoption - Answer (click
here)
8. Schizophrenia: Viral Hypotheses, Immune Dysfunction,
Pathophysiology - Answer (click here)
9. Schizophrenia: Neuroanatomical Theories - Answer (click here)
10. Schizophrenia: Neurochemical Theories - Answer (click here)
11. Schizophrenia: Clinical Manifestations and Phenomenology - Answer
(click here)
12. Schizophrenia: Symptom Cluster Analysis, Cognitive Impairment -
Answer (click here)
13. Schizophrenia: Information Processing and Attention, Learning and
Memory, Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
14. Schizophrenia: Mental Status Examination - Answer (click here)
15. Schizophrenia: Other Conditions that Resemble Schizophrenia - Answer
(click here)
16. Schizophrenia: Course of Illness - Answer (click here)
17. Schizophrenia: First Episode Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
18. Schizophrenia: Treatment and Psychiatrist–Patient Relationship - Answer
(click here)
19. Schizophrenia: Psychopharmacological Treatment - Answer (click here)
20. Depression and Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
21. Schizophrenia: Side Effects of Novel Antipsychotic Agents - Answer
(click here)
22. Schizophrenia: Treatment Resistance and Negative Symptoms - Answer
(click here)
23. Schizophrenia: Augmentation of Typical Neuroleptics - Answer (click here)
24. Schizophrenia: Mechanism of Action of the Atypical Antipsychotic
Agents - Answer (click here)
25. Nonpharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
26. Psychoses Disorder - Answer (click here)
27. Differential Diagnosis - Psychoses Disorder - Answer (click here)

Mood Disorders Depression


1. Mood Disorders: Depression - Answer (click here)
2. Epidemiology - Depression - Answer (click here)
3. Comorbidity Depression Patterns: General Medical Conditions - Answer
(click here)
4. Comorbidity Patterns: Other Clinical Psychiatric Disorders - Answer (click
here)
5. Depression: Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Depression: Etiology and Pathophysiology, Integration of Genetic and
Environmental Theories - Answer (click here)
7. Depression: Neurobiological Theories - Answer (click here)
8. Depression: Neurohormonal Theories - Answer (click here)
9. Depression: Psychosocial Theories - Answer (click here)
10. Depression: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
11. Subtyping of MDD - Answer (click here)
12. Depression in Children and Adolescents - Answer (click here)
13. Major Depressive Disorder in the Older Adult and in Ethnic Groups -
Answer (click here)
14. Depression: Assessment - Answer (click here)
15. Depression: Course and Natural History - Answer (click here)
16. Definitions of Remission, Relapse, Recovery and Recurrence - Answer
(click here)
17. Depression: Goals of Treatment - Answer (click here)
18. Depression: Pharmacotherapy and Other Somatic Treatment - Answer
(click here)
19. Depression: Psychosocial Treatment - Answer (click here)
20. Depression: Factors Influencing Treatment Response - Answer (click here)
21. Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders with Major Depressive Disorder -
Answer (click here)
22. General Medical Conditions Cooccurring with Major Depressive
Disorder - Answer (click here)
23. Depression: Demographic and Sociocultural Factors in Treatment -
Answer (click here)
24. Refractory Major Depressive Disorder - Answer (click here)
25. Dysthymic Disorder - Answer (click here)
26. Depressive Disorder not Otherwise Specified - Answer (click here)
Mood Disorders Bipolar ManicDepressive Disorders
1. Episodes as the Basis for Diagnosis of Manic–Depressive Disorder -
Answer (click here)
2. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Genetic and Neurotransmitter
Hypotheses - Answer (click here)
3. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Cell Degeneration and
Neuroprotective Effects of Medications - Answer (click here)
4. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Biological Rhythms - Answer
(click here)
5. Stress and Manic–Depressive Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Assessment and Differential
Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
7. A “Bipolar” Disorder? - Answer (click here)
8. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: History, Physical Examination
and Laboratory Studies - Answer (click here)
9. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Age, Gender, and Cultural
Issues in Diagnosis and Assessment - Answer (click here)
10. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
11. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Clinical Outcome, Functional
Outcome and Illness Costs - Answer (click here)
12. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Treatment - Answer (click here)
13. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Somatotherapy - Answer (click
here)
14. Bipolar (Manic–Depressive) Disorders: Special Features Influencing
Treatment - Answer (click here)

Mood Disorders Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder


1. Mood Disorders: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - Answer (click here)
2. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click
here)
3. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Epidemiology, Etiology - Answer (click
here)
4. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Treatment - Answer (click here)

Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia


1. Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia -
Answer (click here)
2. Panic Disorder: Historical Overview - Answer (click here)
3. Panic Disorder: Prevalence and Course - Answer (click here)
4. Panic Disorder: Costs of Panic Disorder - Answer (click here)
5. Panic Disorder: Comorbidity - Answer (click here)
6. Panic Disorder: Etiology - Answer (click here)
7. Panic Disorder: Neuroanatomical Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
8. Panic Disorder: Assessment, Treatment - Answer (click here)
9. Panic Disorder: Pharmacotherapies - Answer (click here)
10. Panic Disorder: Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy - Answer (click here)
11. Panic Disorder: Combining CBT with Pharmacotherapies - Answer (click
here)

Anxiety Disorders Social and Specific Phobias


1. Anxiety Disorders: Social and Specific Phobias - Answer (click here)
2. Social and Specific Phobias: Other Biological Factors - Answer (click here)
3. Social and Specific Phobias: Assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Social and Specific Phobias: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis -
Answer (click here)
5. Social and Specific Phobias: Specific Phobia Phenomenology and
Subtypes - Answer (click here)
6. Social Phobia Phenomenology and Subtypes - Answer (click here)
7. Social and Specific Phobias: Epidemiology and Comorbidity - Answer
(click here)
8. Social and Specific Phobias: Course and Natural History - Answer (click
here)
9. Social and Specific Phobias: Treatment - Answer (click here)
10. Social and Specific Phobias: Pharmacotherapy - Answer (click here)
11. Social and Specific Phobias: Psychosocial Treatments - Answer (click here)
12. Refractory Patients and Nonresponse to Initial Treatment - Answer (click
here)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder


1. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Answer (click here)
2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Epidemiology, Demographic
Characteristics - Answer (click here)
3. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Course and Natural History - Answer
(click here)
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Contamination - Answer (click here)
5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Obsessions - Answer (click here)
6. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Pathological Doubt, Insight,
Comorbidity - Answer (click here)
7. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click
here)
8. Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Versus Other Disorders - Answer (click
here)
9. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Factors -
Answer (click here)
10. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Psychoanalytic Theory - Answer (click
here)
11. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Treatment, Pharmacological
Treatments, Assessing Treatment Resistance - Answer (click here)
12. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Augmentation Strategies - Answer (click
here)
13. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Issues in the Physician–Patient
Relationship - Answer (click here)
14. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Duration and Discontinuation of
Treatment - Answer (click here)

Anxiety Disorders Traumatic Stress Disorders


1. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Epidemiology, Etiology and
Pathophysiology - Answer (click here)
2. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychological Factors, Diagnosis -
Answer (click here)
3. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Assessment, Course and Natural History
- Answer (click here)
4. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Pharmacotherapy - Answer (click here)
5. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Cognitive, Cognitive–Behavioral and
Behavioral Therapies - Answer (click here)
6. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychodynamic Therapy - Answer (click
here)
7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Special Features Influencing Treatment
- Answer (click here)
8. Acute Stress Disorder - Answer (click here)

Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder


1. Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
2. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Etiology and Pathophysiology - Answer
(click here)
3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Psychological Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
4. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Assessment and Differential Diagnosis -
Answer (click here)
5. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
6. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Epidemiology and Comorbidity - Answer
(click here)
7. Generalized Anxiety Disorder:Comorbidity with Other Disorders -
Answer (click here)
8. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Course, Treatment, Doctor-Patient
Relationship - Answer (click here)
9. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Pharmacotherapy - Answer (click here)
10. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Nonpharmacological Treatments - Answer
(click here)
11. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Long-term Management of Generalized
Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
12. Comorbidity and the Treatment of GAD(Generalized Anxiety Disorder)
- Answer (click here)
13. Treatment of GAD(Generalized Anxiety Disorder) in the Elderly -
Answer (click here)
14. Treatment of GAD(Generalized Anxiety Disorder) in Adolescents and
Children - Answer (click here)

Somatoform Disorders
1. Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Somatoform Disorders: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis - Answer
(click here)
3. Somatoform Disorders: Epidemiology, Treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Somatization Disorder - Answer (click here)
5. Somatization disorder: Course, Natural History and Prognosis - Answer
(click here)
6. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Conversion Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Pain Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Hypochondriasis - Answer (click here)
10. Body Dysmorphic Disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Somatoform Disorder not Otherwise Specified - Answer (click here)

Factitious Disorders
1. Factitious Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Factitious Disorders: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis,
Epidemiology, Etiology - Answer (click here)
3. Factitious Disorders: Treatment and Prognosis - Answer (click here)
4. Factitious Disorders: Ethical Considerations, Factitious Disorder by
Proxy, Treatment - Answer (click here)
Dissociative Disorders
1. Dissociative Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Dissociative Disorders: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
3. Dissociative Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Dissociative
Amnesia - Answer (click here)
4. Dissociative Disorders: Implicit Effects of Dissociated Memories -
Answer (click here)
5. Depersonalization Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) - Answer
(click here)
7. Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality
Disorder) - Answer (click here)
8. Dissociative Trance Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Acute Stress Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Theoretical and Research Issues: Models and Mechanisms of
Dissociation - Answer (click here)

Sexual Disorders
1. Sexual Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Sexual Disorders: The Sexual Dysfunctions - Answer (click here)
3. Sexual Disorders: Problems with Orgasm - Answer (click here)
4. Sexual Disorders: Dyspareunia - Answer (click here)
5. Sexual Disorders: Gender Identity Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Sexual Disorders: The Paraphilias - Answer (click here)
7. Sexual Disorders: The Specific Paraphilias - Answer (click here)
8. Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified - Answer (click here)

Eating Disorders
1. Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Anorexia Nervosa - Answer (click here)
3. Anorexia Nervosa: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Bulimia Nervosa - Answer (click here)
5. Bulimia Nervosa: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click
here)
6. Bulimia Nervosa: Assessment - Answer (click here)
7. Bulimia Nervosa: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
8. Binge-eating Disorder - Answer (click here)

Sleep and Sleep Wake Disorders


1. Physiological Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Age-related Changes in Sleep and Wakefulness - Answer (click
here)
3. Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Sleep - Answer (click here)
4. Sleep Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. General Approach to the Patient with a Sleep Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Role of the Sleep Laboratory in Clinical Sleep Disorders - Answer (click
here)
7. Dyssomnias - Answer (click here)
8. Dyssomnias: Differential Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
9. Breathing-related Sleep Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (Sleep–Wake Schedule Disorders) -
Answer (click here)
11. Sleep-Wake Disorders: Shift Work - Answer (click here)
12. Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep - Answer (click here)
13. Parasomnias - Answer (click here)
14. Polysomnographic Features of Sleep in Psychiatric Disorders - Answer
(click here)
15. General Approaches to the Clinical Management of Sleep Disorders in
Psychiatric Patients - Answer (click here)
16. Sleep Disorders in Other Medical Conditions - Answer (click here)

Impulse Control Disorders


1. Impulse Control Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Intermittent Explosive Disorder - Answer (click here)
3. Kleptomania - Answer (click here)
4. Pyromania and Fire-setting Behavior - Answer (click here)
5. Pathological Gambling - Answer (click here)
6. Pathological Gambling: Course and Treatment - Answer (click here)
7. Trichotillomania - Answer (click here)
8. Trichotillomania: Course, Treatment, Demographical Features - Answer
(click here)

Adjustment Disorders
1. Adjustment Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Adjustment Disorders: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
3. Adjustment Disorders: Etiology - Answer (click here)
4. Adjustment Disorders: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis - Answer
(click here)
5. Adjustment Disorders: Maladaptation, Stresses - Answer (click here)
6. Assessment of the Subtypes of Adjustment Disorder, Comorbidity and
Diagnostic Boundaries - Answer (click here)
7. Adjustment Disorders: Treatment - Answer (click here)

Personality Disorders
1. Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
2. Paranoid Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
3. Schizoid Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
4. Schizotypal Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
5. Antisocial Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Borderline Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Histrionic Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Avoidant Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Dependent Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
12. Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified - Answer (click here)
13. Passive–Aggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder - Answer (click
here)
14. Depressive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)

Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition


1. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition - Answer (click here)
2. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition: Etiology and
Pathophysiology - Answer (click here)
3. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition: Assessment and
Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition: Differential
Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
5. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition: Epidemiology and
Comorbidity, Course - Answer (click here)
6. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition: Treatment - Answer
(click here)
7. Psychological Factors in Oncology - Answer (click here)
8. Psychological Factors in Cardiology - Answer (click here)
9. Psychological Factors in Endocrinology - Answer (click here)
10. Psychological Factors in Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Psychological Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
12. Psychological Factors in Neurology - Answer (click here)
13. Psychological Factors in End-stage Renal Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Psychological Factors in Gastroenterology - Answer (click here)
15. Psychological Factors Affecting Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
16. Psychological Factors in Obstetrics and Infertility - Answer (click here)

Medication induced Movement Disorders


1. Medication-induced Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Neuroleptic-induced Acute Dystonia - Answer (click here)
3. Neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
4. Neuroleptic-induced Acute Akathisia - Answer (click here)
5. Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia - Answer (click here)
6. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - Answer (click here)
7. Medication-induced Postural Tremor - Answer (click here)

Relational Problems
1. Relational Problems - Answer (click here)
2. Diagnosis of Relational Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Relational Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Relational Disorders - Answer (click here)

Individual Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy


1. What is Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy? - Answer (click here)
2. Transference and Resistance, Countertransference and Counterresistance
- Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
3. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: Basic Technique - Answer (click here)
4. How Does Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Work? - Answer (click here)
5. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: Therapeutic Alliance - Answer (click here)
6. How Does Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Differ from Psychoanalysis? -
Answer (click here)
7. Tasks of the Psychoanalytic Psychotherapist - Answer (click here)
8. Indications for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
9. Contraindications to Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
10. Supportive Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
11. Gender and Ethnocultural Issues in Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)

Group Psychotherapy
1. Group Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. Group Psychotherapy: Group Development - Answer (click here)
3. Group Psychotherapy: Group Dynamics - Answer (click here)
4. Theories of Group Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Group Psychotherapy: Beginning a Group - Answer (click here)
6. Group Psychotherapy: Special Treatment Considerations - Answer (click
here)
7. Group Psychotherapy: Alternative Treatment Formats - Answer (click here)

Time limited Psychotherapy Including Interpersonal Therapy


1. What is Time-limited Psychotherapy? - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Interpersonal Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
3. General Principles of Time-limited Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
4. Practical Issues in Time-limited Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Common Problems in Time-limited Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
6. Contraindication to Time-limited Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)

Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies


1. Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies - Answer (click here)
2. Cognitive Model - Answer (click here)
3. Behavioral Model - Answer (click here)
4. Cognitive and Behavioral Treatment Strategies - Answer (click here)
5. Behavioral Techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies: Treatment - Answer (click here)

Family Therapy
1. Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Psychodynamic Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Structural Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Strategic Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Postmodern Family Therapies - Answer (click here)
7. Family Psychoeducation Therapies - Answer (click here)
8. Family Resilience Therapies - Answer (click here)

Couples Therapy
1. What Is “Couples Therapy?” - Answer (click here)
2. Couples Therapy: Couples Function and Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
3. Couples Therapy: Secrets and Confidentiality - Answer (click here)
4. Evaluation of the Couple - Answer (click here)
5. Indications for Couples Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Individual, Couple, or Sex Therapy for Sexual Problems - Answer (click
here)
7. Couples Therapy: Treatment - Answer (click here)
8. Couples Therapy: Strategies and Techniques of Intervention - Answer
(click here)
9. Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
10. Couples Therapy: Effectiveness and Efficacy, Dropouts, Ethical Issues,
Boundaries - Answer (click here)

Hypnosis
1. Hypnosis - Answer (click here)
2. Hypnosis: What It is and What It is Not - Answer (click here)
3. Hypnotizability Scales - Answer (click here)
4. Hypnotizability in Psychiatric Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Hypnosis - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of Hypnosis in General Medicine - Answer (click here)
7. Applications of Hypnosis in Habit Control - Answer (click here)
8. Applications of Hypnosis in Forensic Psychiatry - Answer (click here)

Psychosocial Rehabilitation
1. Psychosocial Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
2. Issues in the Design of Psychosocial Interventions - Answer (click here)
3. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Strategies - Answer (click here)

Electroconvulsive Therapy
1. Electroconvulsive Therapy(ECT) - Answer (click here)
2. Electroconvulsive Therapy(ECT): Treatment - Answer (click here)
3. New Somatic Treatments - Answer (click here)

Neurosurgery for Treatment Refractory Psychiatric Disorders


1. Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Neurosurgery for Treatment-
refractory OCD and MDD - Answer (click here)
2. Interventions - Neurosurgery for Treatment Refractory Psychiatric
Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Risks of Neurosurgical Intervention - Answer (click here)
4. Recent Advances in Neurosurgery - Answer (click here)
Ethnic and Cultural Perspectives in Psychopharmacology
1. Ethnic and Cultural Perspectives in Psychopharmacology - Answer (click
here)

Antipsychotic Drugs
1. Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Antipsychotic Medications for Different Indications - Answer (click here)
3. Effects of Antipsychotic Agents on Symptoms of Schizophrenia - Answer
(click here)
4. Treatment of Different Phases of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
5. Use of Plasma Levels of Antipsychotic Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug Interactions and Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Antipsychotic Medications and Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Antipsychotic Drugs: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)

Mood Stabilizers
1. Acute Mania - Answer (click here)
2. Acute Bipolar Depression - Answer (click here)
3. Maintenance Therapy - Answer (click here)

Antidepressants
1. Antidepressants: Mechanisms of Actions - Answer (click here)
2. Antidepressants: Taxonomy and Relation to Mechanism of Action -
Answer (click here)
3. Antidepressants: The Formulation of Treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Antidepressants: Preparation of the Patient - Answer (click here)
5. Antidepressants: Initiation of Treatment - Answer (click here)
6. Antidepressants: Starting Doses - Answer (click here)
7. Antidepressants: Continuation Period - Answer (click here)
8. Antidepressants: Discontinuance of Treatment - Answer (click here)
9. Antidepressants: Maintenance Period - Answer (click here)
10. Antidepressants: Treatment Failure - Answer (click here)

Anxiolytic Drugs
1. Anxiolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)

Sedative Hypnotic Agents


1. Sedative-Hypnotic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Sedative-Hypnotic Agents: Nonprescription Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Sedative-Hypnotic Agents: Prescription Medications - Answer (click here)
4. Sedative-Hypnotic Agents: Suggested Guidelines for Prescribing
Medications - Answer (click here)

Stimulants and Related Compounds


1. Psychostimulants: Efficacy and Utility - Answer (click here)
2. Formulation of Treatment - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment with Stimulant Medications - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment Failure and Use of Long-acting Preparations - Answer (click
here)

Cognitive Enhancers and Treatments for Alzheimers Disease


1. Cognitive Enhancers and Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer
(click here)
2. Restorative Approaches: Other Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Etiologically-directed Approaches in AD(Alzheimer’s Disease) - Answer
(click here)

Pharmacotherapies for Substance Abuse


1. Syndromes Related to Intoxication - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Treatment of Withdrawal Syndromes - Answer (click here)
3. Management of Withdrawal in Patients with Drug Dependencies -
Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacotherapies for Substance Abusers with Additional Types of
Psychiatric Illness - Answer (click here)

Therapeutic Management of the Suicidal Patient


1. Therapeutic Management of the Suicidal Patient - Answer (click here)
2. Hypotheses - Therapeutic Management of the Suicidal Patient - Answer
(click here)
3. Psychiatric Diagnoses - Therapeutic Management of the Suicidal Patient
- Answer (click here)
4. Risk Factors - Therapeutic Management of the Suicidal Patient - Answer
(click here)
5. Assessment of Suicidal Patients - Answer (click here)
6. Intervention, Education - Therapeutic Management of the Suicidal
Patient - Answer (click here)
7. Therapeutic Management of the Suicidal Patient: Lithium,
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - Answer (click here)
8. Psychosocial Interventions - Therapeutic Management of the Suicidal
Patient - Answer (click here)
9. Aftermath: Clinicians Coping with Patient Suicide - Answer (click here)

Treatment of Violent Behavior


1. Treatment of Violent Behavior - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology of Aggressive Behavior - Answer (click here)
3. Acute Agitation - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Violent Behavior: Long-term Treatment - Answer (click here)

Combined Therapies Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy


1. Combined Therapies: Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy - Answer (click
here)
2. Positive Aspects - Answer (click here)
3. Negative Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Legal Issues - Split treatment - Answer (click here)
5. Ethical Issues in Split Treatment - Answer (click here)
6. Toward Successful Split Treatment - Answer (click here)

Medication Compliance
1. Medication Compliance - Answer (click here)

Subject : Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing


Introduction
1. Historical development of obstetrics - Answer (click here)
2. Magnitude of Maternal Health problem in Ethiopia - Answer (click here)
3. Importance of Obstetrics and Gynecology nursing - Answer (click here)

Anatomy of Female Pelvis and the Fetal Skull


1. Female Pelvic Bones - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the female external genitalia - Answer (click here)
3. Contents of the pelvis cavity - Answer (click here)
4. Physiology of the Female Reproductive Organs - Answer (click here)
5. The Breast Anatomy - Answer (click here)
Normal Pregnancy
1. Normal Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Development of the Fertilized Ovum - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of Placenta - Answer (click here)
4. The Fetal Circulation - Answer (click here)
5. Anatomical Varations of the Placenta and the Cord - Answer (click here)
6. Physiological Changes of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Minor Disorders of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Diagnosis of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
9. Antenatal Care - Answer (click here)
10. Examination of the Pregnant Woman at First Visit - Answer (click here)
11. Normal Labour - Answer (click here)
12. Mechanism and Stages of Labour - Answer (click here)
13. Management of 1st Stage of Labour - Answer (click here)
14. The Second Stage of Labour - Answer (click here)
15. The Third Stage of Labour - Answer (click here)
16. Immediate Care of Mother and Baby - Answer (click here)
17. Discharge Planning (Instructions) - Answer (click here)
18. Episiotomy - Answer (click here)

The Normal Puerperium


1. The Normal Puerperium - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology of Puerperium - Answer (click here)
3. Management of the Puerperium - Answer (click here)
4. Postnatal care (Daily care) - Answer (click here)

Abnormal Pregnancy
1. Multiple Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Hyper Emesis Gravidarum - Answer (click here)
3. Pregnancy Induced Hypertention - Answer (click here)
4. Antepartum Haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
5. Polyhydramnios - Answer (click here)
6. Rhesus Incompatibility - Answer (click here)
7. Disease Associated With Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Abnormal Labour
1. Malpresentation and Malpostion - Answer (click here)
2. Post partum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
3. Prolonged Labour - Answer (click here)
4. Prolapse of Cord - Answer (click here)
5. Cephalopelvic Disproportion - Answer (click here)
6. Contracted Pelvis - Answer (click here)
7. Retained Placenta - Answer (click here)
8. Adherent Placenta - Answer (click here)
9. Rupture of the Uterus - Answer (click here)
10. Lacerations - Answer (click here)
11. Premature Rupture of the Membrane (PROM) - Answer (click here)

Abnormal Puerperium
1. Urinary Complications - Answer (click here)
2. Breast Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Puerperal Sepsis - Answer (click here)
4. Puerperal Psychosis - Answer (click here)
5. Subinvolution - Abnormal Puerperium - Answer (click here)

Induction of Labour
1. Induction of Labour - Answer (click here)
2. Augmentation (Stimulation) of Labour - Answer (click here)
3. Trial of Labour - Answer (click here)

Obstetric Operations
1. Forceps Delivery - Answer (click here)
2. Caesarean Section - Answer (click here)
3. Destructive Operations /Embryotomy/ - Obstetric Operations - Answer
(click here)
4. Obstetric Operations: Version - Answer (click here)
5. Vacuum Extraction / Ventouse delivery/ - Answer (click here)

Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital Organs


1. Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital Organs - Answer (click here)
2. Uterine Abnormalities - Answer (click here)
3. Cervix Abnormalities - Answer (click here)
4. Vaginal Abnormalities - Answer (click here)

Infection of the Female Reproductive Organs


1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Vulval Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Candidiasis - Answer (click here)
4. Trichomoniasis - Answer (click here)
5. Trauma of the female genital tract fistulae - Answer (click here)
6. Prolaps of the Uterus - Answer (click here)
7. Inversion of the Uterus - Answer (click here)
8. Abortion and Types of Abortion - Answer (click here)
9. Abnormalities of the Menstrual Cycle (Menstrual Disorder) - Answer
(click here)
10. Ectopic Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
11. Infertility - Answer (click here)
12. Disorder of the Breast - Answer (click here)
13. Menopause - Answer (click here)
14. Self examination of the breast - Answer (click here)
15. New growths - Answer (click here)

Subject : Surgical Pathology Dissection


General Approach to Surgical Pathology Specimens
1. Safety in the Surgical Pathology Laboratory - Answer (click here)
2. Radioactive Specimens - Answer (click here)
3. Fundamentals of Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Step 1. Specimen Orientation - Answer (click here)
5. Step 2. Dissecting the Specimen - Answer (click here)
6. Step 3. The Gross Description - Answer (click here)
7. Step 4. Specimen Sampling - Answer (click here)
8. The Surgical Pathology Report - Answer (click here)

Laboratory Techniques
1. Laboratory Techniques: General Comments - Answer (click here)
2. Laboratory Techniques: Fixation - Answer (click here)
3. Laboratory Techniques: Special Stains - Answer (click here)
4. Laboratory Techniques: Immunohistochemical Stains - Answer (click here)
5. Laboratory Techniques: Decalcification - Answer (click here)
6. Laboratory Techniques: Intraoperative Consultation - Answer (click here)

Tissue Collection for Molecular Genetic Analysis


1. Tissue Collection for Molecular Genetic Analysis - Answer (click here)
Photography
1. Setting Up a Photographic System - Answer (click here)
2. Some Pointers on Photographing Specimens - Answer (click here)
3. Troubleshooting - Photographing Specimens - Answer (click here)
4. Maintenance of the Photography System - Answer (click here)
5. Things to Remember when Photographing a Specimen - Answer (click here)

Lymph Nodes
1. Lymph Node Dissections - Answer (click here)
2. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy - Answer (click here)

Larynx
1. Larynx: The Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Total Laryngectomy - Answer (click here)
3. Subtotal Laryngectomies - Answer (click here)
4. Important Issues to Address in Your Surgical Pathology Report on the
Larynx - Answer (click here)

Major Salivary Glands


1. Major Salivary Glands - Answer (click here)

Complex Specimens
1. Complex Specimens - Answer (click here)

Maxilla
1. Surgical Pathology Dissection : Maxilla - Answer (click here)

Radical Neck Dissection


1. Radical Neck Dissection - Answer (click here)

The Digestive System


1. Esophagus: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Stomach: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Non-Neoplastic Intestinal Disease: Surgical Pathology Dissection -
Answer (click here)
4. Polypectomies - Neoplastic Intestinal Disease: Surgical Pathology
Dissection - Answer (click here)
5. Resections of Intestinal Neoplasms: Surgical Pathology Dissection -
Answer (click here)
6. Appendix: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
7. Liver: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
8. Liver Explants: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
9. Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary System: Surgical Pathology
Dissection - Answer (click here)
10. Cholecystectomies: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
11. Local or Segmental Biliary Resections: Surgical Pathology Dissection -
Answer (click here)
12. Pancreas: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

The Cardiovascular Respiratory System


1. The Explanted Heart: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Conduction System Heart: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click
here)
3. Endomyocardial Biopsy: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click
here)
4. Cardiac Tumors: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
5. Pericardium: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
6. Heart Valves: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
7. Arteries and Veins: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
8. Temporal Artery Biopsies: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click
here)
9. Lungs: General Comments - Answer (click here)
10. Limited Pulmonary Resections: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer
(click here)
11. Lung Lobectomies and Pneumonectomies: Surgical Pathology
Dissection - Answer (click here)
12. Lungs Pleural Resections for Malignant Mesotheliomas: Surgical
Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
13. Transplantation - Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

Bone Soft Tissue and Skin


1. Bone : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Soft Tissue : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Nerve and Muscle Biopsies : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer
(click here)
4. Skin : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

Breast
1. Breast : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Breast Needle Core Biopsy: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click
here)
3. Breast Biopsies for Mammographic Abnormalities: Surgical Pathology
Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Breast Lumpectomy : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
5. Breast Mastectomy : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
6. Breast Reduction Mammoplasty: Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer
(click here)

The Female Genital System


1. Vulva : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Uterus, Cervix and Vagina : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click
here)
3. Uterus : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Hysterectomy for Nonmalignant Disease - Uterus : Surgical Pathology
Dissection - Answer (click here)
5. Hysterectomy for Endometrial Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer - Answer (click here)
7. Pelvic Exenterations Including Vaginectomies - Answer (click here)
8. Ovary and Fallopian Tube : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click
here)
9. Products of Conception : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click
here)
10. Placentas : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

The Urinary Tract and Male Genital System


1. Penis : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Prostate : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Testis : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Kidney : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
5. Nephrectomies for Neoplastic Disease : Surgical Pathology Dissection -
Answer (click here)
6. Nephrectomies for Non-neoplastic Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Bladder : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

The Ocular System


1. Eye : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

The Endocrine System


1. Thyroid : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Parathyroid Glands : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Adrenal Glands : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

Pediatric Tumors
1. Pediatric Tumors : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

The Central Nervous System


1. Brain and Spinal Cord : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

The Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System


1. Lymph Nodes : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Spleen : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Thymus : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Bone Marrow : Surgical Pathology Dissection - Answer (click here)

Common Uncomplicated Specimens


1. Common Uncomplicated Specimens : Surgical Pathology Dissection -
Answer (click here)

Subject : Case Study in Obstetrics and


Gynaecology
General Gynaecology
1. Case Study Reports: Intermenstrual Bleeding - Answer (click here)
2. Case Study Reports: Infertility - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Amenorrhoea - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Infertility - Answer (click here)
5. Case Study Reports: Infertility - Answer (click here)
6. Case Study Reports: Shortness of Breath and Abdominal Pain - Answer
(click here)
7. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Swelling - Answer (click here)
8. Case Study Reports: Abnormal Cervical Smear - Answer (click here)
9. Case Study Reports: Anaemia - Answer (click here)
10. Case Study Reports: Absent Periods - Answer (click here)
11. Case Study Reports: Postmenopausal Bleeding - Answer (click here)
12. Case Study Reports: Painful Periods - Answer (click here)
13. Case Study Reports: Postcoital Bleeding - Answer (click here)
14. Case Study Reports: Recurrent Miscarriage - Answer (click here)
15. Case Study Reports: Pelvic Pain - Answer (click here)
16. Case Study Reports: Infertility - Answer (click here)
17. Case Study Reports: Heavy Periods - Answer (click here)
18. Case Study Reports: Urinary Incontinence - Answer (click here)
19. Case Study Reports: Absent Periods - Answer (click here)
20. Case Study Reports: Abdominal and Back Pain - Answer (click here)
21. Case Study Reports: Postoperative Confusion - Answer (click here)
22. Case Study Reports: Postmenopausal Bleeding - Answer (click here)
23. Case Study Reports: Pelvic Pain - Answer (click here)
24. Case Study Reports: Amenorrhoea - Answer (click here)
25. Case Study Reports: Postcoital and Intermenstrual Bleeding - Answer
(click here)
26. Case Study Reports: Labile Mood and Abdominal Pain - Answer (click
here)
27. Case Study Reports: Cervical Cancer - Answer (click here)
28. Case Study Reports: Urinary Incontinence - Answer (click here)
29. Case Study Reports: Pelvic Pain - Answer (click here)
30. Case Study Reports: Early Menarche - Answer (click here)
31. Case Study Reports: Excessive Hair Growth - Answer (click here)

Emergency Gynaecology
1. Case Study Reports: Pain and the Intrauterine System - Answer (click here)
2. Case Study Reports: Bleeding In Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Pelvic Pain - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Vulval Swelling - Answer (click here)
5. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Pain - Answer (click here)
6. Case Study Reports: Urinary Retention - Answer (click here)
7. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Pain - Answer (click here)
8. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Pain - Answer (click here)
9. Case Study Reports: Abdominal Pain and Vaginal Discharge - Answer
(click here)

Early Pregnancy
1. Case Study Reports: Bleeding and Pain in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
2. Case Study Reports: Pain In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Early Pregnancy Ultrasound - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Pregnancy Dating - Answer (click here)
5. Case Study Reports: Pain and Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
6. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
9. Case Study Reports: Pain In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
10. Case Study Reports: Vomiting in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
11. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

General Obstetrics
1. Case Study Reports: Pain in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Case Study Reports: Illegal Drug Use in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Antenatal Screening - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Epilepsy in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Case Study Reports: Glucose Tolerance Test - Answer (click here)
7. Case Study Reports: Antenatal Screening - Answer (click here)
8. Case Study Reports: Antenatal Care - Answer (click here)
9. Case Study Reports: Previous Caesarean Section - Answer (click here)
10. Case Study Reports: Group B Streptococcus - Answer (click here)
11. Case Study Reports: Twin Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
12. Case Study Reports: Postpartum Pyrexia - Answer (click here)
13. Case Study Reports: Bleeding in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
14. Case Study Reports: Breech Presentation - Answer (click here)
15. Case Study Reports: Antenatal Screening - Answer (click here)
16. Case Study Reports: Pain in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
17. Case Study Reports: Postpartum Chest Pain - Answer (click here)
18. Case Study Reports: Anti-D - Answer (click here)
19. Case Study Reports: HIV in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
20. Case Study Reports: Itching In Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
21. Case Study Reports: Tiredness in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
22. Case Study Reports: Diabetes in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Peripartum Care and Obstetric Emergencies


1. Case Study Reports: Absent Fetal Movements - Answer (click here)
2. Case Study Reports: Labour - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Peripartum Collapse - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Postpartum Bleeding - Answer (click here)
5. Case Study Reports: Labour - Answer (click here)
6. Case Study Reports: Labour - Answer (click here)
7. Case Study Reports: Labour - Answer (click here)
8. Case Study Reports: Pain and Fever in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
9. Case Study Reports: Headache in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
10. Case Study Reports: Prolonged Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
11. Case Study Reports: Pain in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
12. Case Study Reports: Delivery - Answer (click here)
13. Case Study Reports: Headache in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
14. Case Study Reports: Labour - Answer (click here)
15. Case Study Reports: Postpartum Bleeding - Answer (click here)
16. Case Study Reports: Labour - Answer (click here)
17. Case Study Reports: Pain in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
18. Case Study Reports: Perineal Tear - Answer (click here)
19. Case Study Reports: Fit in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
20. Case Study Reports: Breathlessness in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
21. Case Study Reports: Blood Pressure and Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
22. Case Study Reports: Labour - Answer (click here)
23. Case Study Reports: Neonatal Care - Answer (click here)

Family Planning and Sexual Health


1. Case Study Reports: Unprotected Intercourse - Answer (click here)
2. Case Study Reports: Vaginal Discharge - Answer (click here)
3. Case Study Reports: Teenage Contraception - Answer (click here)
4. Case Study Reports: Intermenstrual Bleeding - Answer (click here)

Subject : Essential Anesthesia From Science to


Practice
Clinical management
Pre operative evaluation
1. Pre-operative evaluation - Clinical management - Answer (click here)
2. History - Clinical management - Answer (click here)
3. Physical examination - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
4. Laboratory evaluations and studies - Anesthesia Clinical management -
Answer (click here)
5. NPO status - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
6. Planned procedure - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthetic choice - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
8. Common disorders - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
9. Pre-operative medication management - Answer (click here)
10. Informed consent - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)

Airway management
1. Airway management - Answer (click here)
2. Examination of the airway - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer
(click here)
3. Mask ventilation - Airway management techniques - Answer (click here)
4. Laryngeal mask airway - Airway management techniques - Answer (click
here)
5. Endotracheal intubation: Oral intubation by direct laryngoscopy -
Airway management techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Can’t intubate situations - Answer (click here)
7. Awake fiberoptic intubation - Airway management techniques - Answer
(click here)
8. Airway management plan - Answer (click here)

Vascular access and fluid management


1. Vascular access and fluid management - Answer (click here)
2. Vascular access - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral venous cannulation - Vascular access - Answer (click here)
4. Central venous catheterization - Vascular access - Answer (click here)
5. IJ catheter placement technique - Vascular access - Answer (click here)
6. Confirmation of intravenous location - Vascular access - Answer (click
here)
7. Pulmonary artery catheterization - Vascular access - Answer (click here)
8. Fluid types - Fluid management - Answer (click here)
9. Fluid requirements - Fluid management - Answer (click here)
10. Blood loss - Fluid management - Answer (click here)
11. Blood replacement - Fluid management - Answer (click here)
12. Risks - Fluid management - Answer (click here)

Regional anesthesia
1. Regional anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Neuraxial anesthesia - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral nerve blocks - Answer (click here)
4. Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) - Answer (click here)
5. Local anesthetic toxicity - Answer (click here)

General anesthesia
1. General anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Induction, maintenance and emergence - General anesthesia - Answer
(click here)
3. Early post-operative care - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Early post-operative pain - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
5. Desaturation - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Hypotension - Anesthesia Early post-operative care - Answer (click here)
7. Hypertension - Anesthesia Early post-operative care - Answer (click here)
8. PACU discharge and Outpatients - Anesthesia Early post-operative care
- Answer (click here)
9. Continued post-operative care - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
10. Chronic pain - Anesthesia - Answer (click here)

Monitoring
1. Monitoring - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
2. Focused monitoring - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
3. Instruments that supplement clinical monitoring - Anesthesia Clinical
management - Answer (click here)
4. Pulse oximetry - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)
5. The electrocardiogram - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
6. Monitoring respired gases - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer
(click here)
7. Neuromuscular function - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
8. Doppler and ultrasound - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click
here)
9. The electroencephalogram and evoked responses - Anesthesia Clinical
management - Answer (click here)
10. Invasive monitors - Anesthesia Clinical management - Answer (click here)

The anesthesia machine


1. The anesthesia machine - Answer (click here)
2. Systems without gas storage - The anesthesia machine - Answer (click here)
3. Single-valve system with gas storage - The anesthesia machine - Answer
(click here)
4. Multi-valve system with gas storage - The anesthesia machine - Answer
(click here)
5. Systems with carbon dioxide absorption - The anesthesia machine -
Answer (click here)

Applied physiology and pharmacology


Anesthesia and the cardiovascular system
1. Anesthesia and the cardiovascular system - Answer (click here)
2. Blood pressure and its determinants - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia in the patient with cardiovascular disease - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiovascular problems during anesthesia - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia and the lung


1. Anesthesia and the lung - Answer (click here)
2. Basic pulmonary physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Purpose of breathing - Answer (click here)
4. Control of breathing - Answer (click here)
5. Mechanics of ventilation - Answer (click here)
6. The work of breathing - Answer (click here)
7. Matching of ventilation and perfusion - Answer (click here)
8. Tissue oxygenation - Answer (click here)
9. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - Answer (click here)
10. Alveolar air equation - Answer (click here)
11. The hypoxemic patient - Answer (click here)
12. Studies of pulmonary function - Answer (click here)
13. Spirometry - Answer (click here)
14. Providing supplemental oxygen - Answer (click here)
15. Pre-oxygenation/de-nitrogenation - Answer (click here)
16. Mechanical ventilation - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthesia in the patient with pulmonary disease - Answer (click here)
18. Pulmonary problems during anesthesia - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia and other systems


1. Anesthesia and The brain - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia and The stomach - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia and The liver - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia and The kidneys - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia and The blood - Answer (click here)

A brief pharmacology related to anesthesia


1. Approaching the anesthesia task with drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Theories of anesthesia - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacologic preparation for anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Intravenous anesthetics - Answer (click here)
5. Inhalation anesthetics - Answer (click here)
6. Uptake and distribution of inhaled anesthetics - Answer (click here)
7. Nitrous oxide - anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Comparing anesthesia effects on heart, lung, and brain - Answer (click here)
9. The opioids - Answer (click here)
10. Neuromuscular blockers and their antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. The local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
12. Additives - local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
13. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
14. The anticholinergic drugs - Cardiovascular drugs - Answer (click here)
15. Drugs to raise blood pressure - Answer (click here)
16. Drugs to lower blood pressure - Answer (click here)
17. Antiarrhythmic drugs - Answer (click here)

Clinical cases
1. Anesthesia Clinical cases abbreviations - Answer (click here)
2. Breast biopsy under conscious sedation - Answer (click here)
3. Carpal tunnel release under Bier block - Answer (click here)
4. Cataract removal under MAC(Monitored Anesthetic Care) - Answer (click
here)
5. Cesarean section under regional anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Gastric bypass under general anesthesia - Answer (click here)
7. AV shunt placement under peripheral nerve block - Answer (click here)
8. Open repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with coronary
artery disease - Answer (click here)
9. Trauma patient under general anesthesia - Answer (click here)

Subject : Clinical Cases in Anesthesia


Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
1. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
2. What is the initial response to a cardiac arrest? - Answer (click here)
3. How do chest compressions produce a cardiac output? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the recommended rates of compression and ventilation? -
Answer (click here)
5. What are the complications of CPR? - Answer (click here)
6. What is the optimal dose of epinephrine? - Answer (click here)
7. What is the indication for vasopressin in CPR? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the indications for sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
administration? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the indications for calcium salt administration? - Answer (click
here)
10. What is the antidysrhythmic therapy of choice in VF/pulseless VT? -
Answer (click here)
11. What are the management strategies in bradycardias? - Answer (click here)
12. What is the treatment of supraventricular tachydys-rhythmias? - Answer
(click here)
13. What are the indications for magnesium therapy? - Answer (click here)
14. What are the indications for a pacemaker? - Answer (click here)
15. Why is it important to monitor serum glucose? - Answer (click here)
16. What are the indications for open cardiac massage? - Answer (click here)
17. What is the management strategy for pulseless electrical activity (PEA)?
- Answer (click here)

Coronary Artery Disease


1. Coronary Artery Disease - Answer (click here)
2. What are the determinants of myocardial oxygen supply? - Answer (click
here)
3. What are the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption
(demand)? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the pharmacologic alternatives for treating myocardial
ischemia in this patient? - Answer (click here)
5. What is coronary steal and what agents might induce it? - Answer (click
here)
6. Should this patient receive perioperative β-adrenergic blockade? - Answer
(click here)
7. How should this patient be monitored intraoperatively? - Answer (click
here)
Recent Myocardial Infarction
1. Recent Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click here)
2. How do you evaluate the cardiac risk in a patient scheduled for
noncardiac surgery? - Answer (click here)
3. What is the cardiac risk in this patient? What additional investigations
should be performed? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the implications for anesthetic management when coronary
revascularization is performed before noncardiac surgery? - Answer (click
here)
5. What intraoperative monitors would you use? - Answer (click here)
6. What additional drugs would you have prepared? - Answer (click here)
7. What anesthetic technique would you use? - Answer (click here)
8. How would you manage this patient postoperatively? - Answer (click here)

Congestive Heart Failure


1. Congestive Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
2. What are possible etiologies for dilated cardio-myopathy? - Answer (click
here)
3. What is the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy? - Answer (click
here)
4. How would you monitor this patient during the perioperative period? -
Answer (click here)
5. How would you anesthetize this patient? - Answer (click here)

Aortic Stenosis
1. Aortic Stenosis - Answer (click here)
2. What are the symptoms and long-term prognosis of aortic stenosis? -
Answer (click here)
3. What is the etiology of aortic stenosis? - Answer (click here)
4. How is the aortic valve area calculated? - Answer (click here)
5. Why is it important to maintain sinus rhythm? - Answer (click here)
6. What is the treatment for supraventricular tachy-dysrhythmias or
bradydysrhythmias? - Answer (click here)
7. How is hypotension best treated in the patient with aortic stenosis? -
Answer (click here)
8. How would you anesthetize this patient for cardiac or noncardiac
surgery? - Answer (click here)

Mitral Stenosis
1. Mitral Stenosis - Answer (click here)
2. What is the etiology and pathophysiology of mitral stenosis? - Answer
(click here)
3. How should preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility be managed
in a patient with mitral stenosis? - Answer (click here)
4. How would you optimize this patient’s condition preoperatively? -
Answer (click here)
5. What intraoperative monitoring would be appropriate? - Answer (click here)
6. How would you anesthetize this patient? - Answer (click here)
7. How should hypotension be treated in a patient with mitral stenosis? -
Answer (click here)
8. What is the treatment for perioperative right ventricular failure? - Answer
(click here)

Eisenmenger Syndrome Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis


Prophylaxis
1. Eisenmenger Syndrome (Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Prophylaxis) -
Answer (click here)
2. What are the anesthetic considerations for a patient with Eisenmenger
syndrome? - Answer (click here)
3. What is the association between bacterial endocarditis and structural
heart disease? - Answer (click here)
4. Which patients should receive endocarditis prophylaxis? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the most likely pathogens involved in subacute bacterial
endocarditis and what are the antibiotics of choice for its treatment? -
Answer (click here)

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy


1. Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the anatomic abnormalities in HOCM - Answer (click here)
3. What changes in preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility will
optimize hemodynamic performance in a patient with HOCM? - Answer
(click here)
4. What are the treatment options for HOCM? - Answer (click here)
5. What monitoring would be required in HOCM patients? - Answer (click
here)
6. What considerations should be given in planning the anesthetic
management of a patient with HOCM? - Answer (click here)
7. What are the special considerations for anesthetic management of labor
and delivery in a patient with HOCM? - Answer (click here)

Cardiac Pacemakers and Defibrillators


1. Cardiac Pacemakers and Defibrillators - Answer (click here)
2. What do the first three letters of the pacemaker code represent? - Answer
(click here)
3. What is the difference between a demand and an asynchronous
pacemaker? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the difference between ventricular (single-chamber) and dual-
chamber pacemakers? - Answer (click here)
5. Is a unipolar or bipolar pacemaker more sensitive to electrocautery
interference? - Answer (click here)
6. How is pacemaker interference by electrocautery prevented? - Answer
(click here)
7. What is pacemaker hysteresis? - Answer (click here)
8. What causes myopotential inhibition of a pacemaker? - Answer (click here)
9. What is an automatic implantable cardioverterdefibrillator (AICD)? -
Answer (click here)
10. How is the patient with an AICD managed in the perioperative period? -
Answer (click here)

Cardiac Tamponade
1. Cardiac Tamponade - Answer (click here)
2. What is the pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the clinical signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade? -
Answer (click here)
4. What is the initial management of this patient’s condition? - Answer (click
here)
5. What intraoperative monitoring techniques should be used? - Answer
(click here)
6. Describe the implications for the conduct of general anesthesia in this
patient - Answer (click here)

Cardiomyopathy Managed With A Left Ventricular Assist Device


1. Cardiomyopathy Managed With A Left Ventricular Assist Device -
Answer (click here)
2. What is a cardiomyopathy? - Answer (click here)
3. Distinguish dilated cardiomyopathy from other cardiomyopathies -
Answer (click here)
4. Explain the treatment options for dilated cardiomyopathies - Answer (click
here)
5. What is an LVAD? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the important anesthetic considerations for patients supported
by LVADs? - Answer (click here)
7. What intra-anesthetic monitoring might be required for patients with
LVADs? - Answer (click here)

Noncardiac Surgery After Heart Transplantation


1. Noncardiac Surgery After Heart Transplantation - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the physiology of transplanted hearts - Answer (click here)
3. Is reinnervation of the transplanted heart a concern? - Answer (click here)
4. Which immunosuppressive medications are typically used following
cardiac transplantation? - Answer (click here)
5. Explain the pre-anesthetic concerns for patients with a transplanted heart
- Answer (click here)
6. What anesthetic techniques are applicable to patients with cardiac
transplants? - Answer (click here)
7. What intraoperative monitors should be used in the patient with a
transplanted heart? - Answer (click here)
8. What emergency drugs are likely to be effective in the patient with a
transplanted heart? - Answer (click here)
9. For patients with a transplanted heart, is it necessary to administer
anticholinergics when antagonizing neuromuscular blockade? - Answer
(click here)

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting


1. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - Answer (click here)
2. What are the major determinants of myocardial oxygen supply and
demand? - Answer (click here)
3. What types of medications are used to treat coronary artery disease? -
Answer (click here)
4. What are the pre-anesthetic concerns in the patient with coronary artery
disease? - Answer (click here)
5. What intraoperative monitoring techniques can be used for the patient
undergoing cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)? -
Answer (click here)
6. What are the common intraoperative monitors for myocardial ischemia?
- Answer (click here)
7. What are the effects of CPB on the lungs, the brain, and the kidneys? -
Answer (click here)
8. What are the effects of CPB on hemostasis? - Answer (click here)

Do Not Resuscitate Order


1. Do-Not-Resuscitate Order - Answer (click here)
2. What is meant by temporary revocation of do-not-resuscitate (DNR)
orders in the operating room? - Answer (click here)
3. What did you discuss with the patient prior to surgery regarding
resuscitation efforts in the operating room? - Answer (click here)
4. What options are available to the patient and clinician in order to more
fully define a patient’s DNR wishes? - Answer (click here)
5. What would you do in this case, if the patient could not be adequately
ventilated with a mask? - Answer (click here)
6. If this patient were intubated for the resuscitation but did not regain
consciousness for 48 hours, is it ethical to withdraw mechanical
ventilation at this time? - Answer (click here)

One Lung Anesthesia


1. One-Lung Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the anesthetic evaluation before lung resection - Answer (click
here)
3. How are ventilation and oxygenation monitored noninvasively during
surgery, and how do these monitors work? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the indications for one-lung ventilation? - Answer (click here)
5. Describe the use of single-lumen endotracheal tubes for one-lung
ventilation - Answer (click here)
6. Which sided double-lumen endobronchial tube should be used for this
patient? - Answer (click here)
7. Describe the proper technique for placing a double-lumen endobronchial
tube - Answer (click here)
8. How is correct positioning of the double-lumen endobronchial tube
assessed? - Answer (click here)
9. What clinical problems are associated with the place-ment and use of
double-lumen endobronchial tubes? - Answer (click here)
10. What complications are related to placing the patient in the lateral
decubitus position? - Answer (click here)
11. How are pulmonary perfusion and ventilation altered during one-lung
ventilation? - Answer (click here)
12. What is the treatment for hypoxemia during one-lung anesthesia? -
Answer (click here)
13. Describe the role of a thoracostomy tube following pulmonary resection,
and describe the system used for pleural drainage - Answer (click here)
14. Describe a commonly used pleural drainage system - Answer (click here)
15. Discuss potential post-thoracotomy complications - Answer (click here)

Thoracoscopy
1. Thoracoscopy - Answer (click here)
2. What types of operations can be done with VAT? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the advantages of performing the surgery utilizing VAT in
comparison with traditional thoracotomy? - Answer (click here)
4. What anesthetic techniques can be utilized for VAT? - Answer (click here)
5. How can hypoxemia due to shunting during one-lung ventilation be
treated? - Answer (click here)
6. What complications can occur with VAT? - Answer (click here)

Intracranial Mass Intracranial Pressure Venous Air Embolism


And Autoregulation
1. Intracranial Mass, Intracranial Pressure, Venous Air Embolism, And
Autoregulation - Answer (click here)
2. What is cerebral autoregulation? - Answer (click here)
3. What factors contribute to increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? - Answer
(click here)
4. How do anesthetic agents and vasoactive drugs affect cerebral blood
flow (CBF) and ICP? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the signs and symptoms of increased ICP? - Answer (click here)
6. How is ICP monitored? - Answer (click here)
7. How is increased ICP treated? - Answer (click here)
8. How is venous air embolism (VAE) detected and treated? - Answer (click
here)
9. What are the contraindications to the sitting position? - Answer (click here)
10. How would you induce and maintain anesthesia in this patient? - Answer
(click here)

Intracranial Aneurysms
1. Intracranial Aneurysms - Answer (click here)
2. How are patients graded following subarachnoid hemorrhage from a
ruptured aneurysm? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the most serious complications following subarachnoid
hemorrhage from aneurysm rupture? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the treatment options? - Answer (click here)
5. What monitoring is indicated for patients undergoing craniotomy for
clipping of intracranial aneurysm? - Answer (click here)
6. How is arterial blood pressure controlled? - Answer (click here)
7. What is cerebral vasospasm, and how is it treated? - Answer (click here)
8. How is aneurysm rupture during aneurysm clipping managed? - Answer
(click here)

Carotid Endarterectomy
1. Carotid Endarterectomy - Answer (click here)
2. What are the indications for surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA)? -
Answer (click here)
3. What are the alternatives to surgical CEA? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the most serious perioperative complications? - Answer (click
here)
5. How is the patient’s neurologic status monitored? - Answer (click here)
6. What interventions may reduce the risk of neurologic injury? - Answer
(click here)

Electroconvulsive Therapy
1. Electroconvulsive Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. What are the physiologic effects of ECT? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the anesthetic agents of choice for ECT? - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the preanesthetic evaluation of ECT patients - Answer (click here)
5. What are the anesthetic implications of psychotropic agents used in
patients receiving ECT? - Answer (click here)
6. How would you anesthetize this particular patient for ECT? - Answer
(click here)
7. What are the contraindications to ECT? - Answer (click here)

Spine Surgery
1. Spine Surgery - Answer (click here)
2. What are the considerations for surgery in the prone position? - Answer
(click here)
3. What monitors will you use for this case? - Answer (click here)
4. What are somatosensory and motor evoked potentials? - Answer (click here)
5. Describe the effects of anesthetics on somatosensory and motor evoked
potentials - Answer (click here)
6. What is a “wake-up” test? - Answer (click here)
7. What is the bispectral index state (BIS)? Is monitoring the BIS useful in
this case? - Answer (click here)
8. Is this patient at risk for postoperative vision loss? - Answer (click here)
9. What modalities exist for pain relief after spine surgery? - Answer (click
here)

Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy
1. Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy - Answer (click here)
2. What is acromegaly? - Answer (click here)
3. What symptoms are typical of the disease? - Answer (click here)
4. How is the disease treated? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the anesthetic considerations of acromegaly? - Answer (click here)
6. How would you approach the airway management in this patient? -
Answer (click here)
7. What structures lie within the transsphenoidal surgical field? - Answer
(click here)
8. What is diabetes insipidus? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the postoperative concerns for this patient? - Answer (click here)

Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockade


1. Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockade - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the anatomy and physiology of normal neuromuscular
transmission - Answer (click here)
3. How does succinylcholine produce muscle relaxation? - Answer (click here)
4. What are extrajunctional receptors? - Answer (click here)
5. How is the action of succinylcholine terminated? - Answer (click here)
6. What factors may decrease the normal metabolism of succinylcholine? -
Answer (click here)
7. Describe a phase II block - Answer (click here)
8. What is the treatment of phase II blockade? - Answer (click here)
9. Describe other recognized side-effects of succinyl-choline - Answer (click
here)
10. What are the contraindications to succinylcholine administration? -
Answer (click here)

NonDepolarizing NeuroMuscular Blockade


1. NonDepolarizing NeuroMuscular Blockade - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the mechanism by which nondepolarizing neuromuscular
blockers produce neuromuscular blockade - Answer (click here)
3. Differentiate between the commonly employed non-depolarizing muscle
relaxants - Answer (click here)
4. Briefly outline the mechanisms by which drugs other than
neuromuscular muscle relaxants affect neuro-muscular blockade - Answer
(click here)
5. What effects do antibiotics have on neuromuscular blockade? - Answer
(click here)
6. How do drugs other than antibiotics affect neuro-muscular blockade? -
Answer (click here)
7. What are the metabolic factors that affect antagonism of neuromuscular
blockade? - Answer (click here)

Antagonism of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockade


1. Antagonism of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockade - Answer (click
here)
2. Describe the overall strategy for terminating the action of
nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade - Answer (click here)
3. List the clinically relevant acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - Answer (click
here)
4. What is the mechanism of acetylcholinesterase inhibition? - Answer (click
here)
5. List the proper doses of muscle relaxant antagonists and their duration of
action - Answer (click here)
6. Explain the need for antimuscarinics used in conjunction with
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. What is the onset of action for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors? - Answer
(click here)
8. Describe the mechanism of muscle relaxant antagonism by cyclodextrins
- Answer (click here)
9. Explain the clinical indices of recovery from neuro-muscular blockade -
Answer (click here)

Monitoring the Neuromuscular Junction


1. Monitoring the Neuromuscular Junction - Answer (click here)
2. Why is monitoring of neuromuscular function necessary in the practice
of anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
3. What is the mechanomyograph (MMG)? - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the electromyograph (EMG) - Answer (click here)
5. What kind of nerve stimulator is in common clinical use? - Answer (click
here)
6. Describe accelerography - Answer (click here)
7. What is phonomyography? - Answer (click here)
8. Explain the different patterns of nerve stimulation and the relevance of
pattern choice - Answer (click here)

Myasthenia Gravis
1. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
2. What is the lesion of myasthenia gravis (MG)? - Answer (click here)
3. How is MG diagnosed? - Answer (click here)
4. Explain the treatment alternatives for MG - Answer (click here)
5. Why are patients with MG sensitive to nondepolariz-ing muscle
relaxants and resistant to depolarizing muscle relaxants? - Answer (click
here)
6. How are patients with MG premedicated for surgery? - Answer (click here)
7. Describe a reasonable anesthetic technique for a patient with MG
undergoing transcervical thymectomy - Answer (click here)
8. Following emergence from anesthesia and before extubation, how is
strength assessed? - Answer (click here)
9. What is cholinergic crisis? - Answer (click here)
10. Can preoperative evaluation predict the need for postoperative
ventilation? - Answer (click here)

Malignant Hyperthermia
1. Malignant Hyperthermia - Answer (click here)
2. What is malignant hyperthermia (MH)? - Answer (click here)
3. How is susceptibility to MH inherited? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the pathophysiology of MH? - Answer (click here)
5. What characterizes a clinical episode of MH? - Answer (click here)
6. Outline the pharmacology of dantrolene - Answer (click here)
7. How is MH treated? - Answer (click here)
8. How are patients with known MH susceptibility treated? - Answer (click
here)
9. What are the recognized triggering agents? - Answer (click here)
10. What is the significance of masseter muscle rigidity (MMR)? - Answer
(click here)
11. How is MH definitively diagnosed? - Answer (click here)
12. Describe the neurolept malignant syndrome - Answer (click here)

Diabetes Mellitus
1. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
2. Distinguish among the major types of diabetes mellitus (DM) - Answer
(click here)
3. Summarize the physiologic effects of insulin - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin preparations available
to treat DM - Answer (click here)
5. How does DM affect perioperative morbidity and mortality? - Answer
(click here)
6. What are the common causes and associated symptoms of
hypoglycemia? - Answer (click here)
7. Outline perioperative management alternatives for the diabetic patient -
Answer (click here)
8. Explain the acute complications of DM - Answer (click here)
9. Thyroid Disease - Answer (click here)
10. How does the thyroid affect vital organ function? - Answer (click here)
11. How is thyroid hormone synthesized and released? - Answer (click here)
12. How is thyroid hormone regulated? - Answer (click here)
13. How are thyroid disorders evaluated? - Answer (click here)
14. What other conditions are associated with thyroid disorders? - Answer
(click here)
15. What is thyroid storm and how is it treated? - Answer (click here)
16. What are the causes of hyperthyroidism? - Answer (click here)
17. What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - Answer (click here)
18. What are the preoperative considerations in a patient with thyroid
disease? - Answer (click here)
19. What are appropriate preoperative tests for a patient with thyroid
disease? - Answer (click here)
20. What are the intraoperative concerns with coexisting thyroid disease? -
Answer (click here)
21. What are the postoperative concerns? - Answer (click here)

Thyroid Disease
1. Thyroid Disease - Answer (click here)
2. How does the thyroid affect vital organ function? - Answer (click here)
3. How is thyroid hormone synthesized and released? - Answer (click here)
4. How is thyroid hormone regulated? - Answer (click here)
5. How are thyroid disorders evaluated? - Answer (click here)
6. What other conditions are associated with thyroid disorders? - Answer
(click here)
7. What is thyroid storm and how is it treated? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the causes of hyperthyroidism? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - Answer (click here)
10. What are the preoperative considerations in a patient with thyroid
disease? - Answer (click here)
11. What are appropriate preoperative tests for a patient with thyroid
disease? - Answer (click here)
12. What are the intraoperative concerns with coexisting thyroid disease? -
Answer (click here)
13. What are the postoperative concerns? - Answer (click here)

Calcium Metabolism
1. Calcium Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. What is the role of calcium in the body? - Answer (click here)
3. Where is calcium found in the body? - Answer (click here)
4. How is calcium regulated? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia? How is this treated? - Answer
(click here)
6. What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia? How is this treated? - Answer
(click here)
7. What are the causes of hyperparathyroidism? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the anesthetic considerations for parathyroid resection? -
Answer (click here)
9. What are the postoperative concerns after parathyroid resection? - Answer
(click here)

Perioperative Corticosteroid Administration


1. Perioperative Corticosteroid Administration - Answer (click here)
2. Where and what kind of steroids are naturally produced? - Answer (click
here)
3. What are the physiologic effects of glucocorticosteroids? - Answer (click
here)
4. What steroids are available for administration and what are their
equivalent doses? - Answer (click here)
5. How much cortisol is normally produced and what is Addison’s disease?
- Answer (click here)
6. What are Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease? - Answer (click here)
7. Does this patient require “stress” dose steroids? - Answer (click here)
8. How long after discontinuation of steroids should a patient be considered
adrenally suppressed and treated accordingly? - Answer (click here)
9. What clinical scenarios frequently require steroid administration? -
Answer (click here)
10. How is adrenal reserve evaluated? - Answer (click here)
11. If this patient develops septic shock from a bile leak in the
postanesthesia care unit (PACU), should steroids be withheld or
administered? - Answer (click here)

Pheochromocytoma
1. Pheochromocytoma - Answer (click here)
2. What is a pheochromocytoma? - Answer (click here)
3. Describe the clinical presentation of and diagnostic criteria for
pheochromocytoma - Answer (click here)
4. Pheochromocytoma is associated with what other syndromes? - Answer
(click here)
5. What conditions may mimic pheochromocytoma? - Answer (click here)
6. How are patients with pheochromocytoma prepared for surgery? - Answer
(click here)
7. Describe the intraoperative management goals - Answer (click here)
8. Outline the anesthetic choices for pheochromocytoma - Answer (click here)
9. What are the special postoperative problems associated with resection of
a pheochromocytoma? - Answer (click here)
10. How is a previously unsuspected and undiagnosed pheochromocytoma
managed following induction of anesthesia? - Answer (click here)

Full Stomach
1. Full Stomach - Answer (click here)
2. What are the mechanisms a conscious patient has to prevent
regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the risk factors for regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration
under general anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
4. When can aspiration occur during the perioperative period? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the problems associated with aspiration? - Answer (click here)
6. If aspiration occurs, what are the usual course, treat-ment and prognosis?
- Answer (click here)
7. How should the nasogastric tube (NGT) be managed during induction? -
Answer (click here)
8. What pharmacologic interventions can be made to decrease the risk of
aspiration? - Answer (click here)
9. What is the reason for applying cricoid pressure during a rapid sequence
induction, and what are some of the problems associated with it? - Answer
(click here)
10. What is the effect of commonly used pharmacological agents during
anesthesia on lower esophageal sphincter tone? - Answer (click here)
11. What would be an acceptable anesthetic plan for this patient? - Answer
(click here)

Liver Disease
1. Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the basic hepatic functions that are of immediate concern to
anesthesiologists - Answer (click here)
3. Explain the liver’s detoxifying and first-pass, metabolic functions -
Answer (click here)
4. Describe common extrahepatic problems associated with chronic liver
failure - Answer (click here)
5. What should a preoperative evaluation of this patient include? - Answer
(click here)
6. What effects do surgery and anesthesia have on normal liver function? -
Answer (click here)
7. What are the concerns associated with viral hepatitis? - Answer (click here)
8. Describe acetaminophen- and halothane-associated hepatitis - Answer
(click here)
9. Is nitrous oxide, enflurane, or isoflurane hepatotoxic? - Answer (click here)
10. List the causes of postoperative hepatic dysfunction - Answer (click here)
11. Are some anesthetic techniques free of hepatotoxic effects? - Answer (click
here)
12. What coagulation problems are anticipated and how are they managed? -
Answer (click here)
13. What intraoperative anesthetic problems occur during liver
transplantation? - Answer (click here)

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm


1. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - Answer (click here)
2. What is the natural history of untreated abdominal aortic aneurysm
(AAA)? - Answer (click here)
3. Outline the preoperative evaluation of the patient with an AAA - Answer
(click here)
4. Which anesthetic techniques are appropriate for AAA surgery? - Answer
(click here)
5. Which monitoring devices are recommended for AAA surgery? - Answer
(click here)
6. Explain the hemodynamic consequences of aortic cross-clamping -
Answer (click here)
7. Describe the options for postoperative analgesia - Answer (click here)
Endovascular Aortic Stent Placement
1. Endovascular Aortic Stent Placement - Answer (click here)
2. Explain the concept of endovascular aortic repair - Answer (click here)
3. What are the recognized perioperative surgical com-plications associated
with endovascular repairs? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the outcomes following thoracic endovascular aortic repair? -
Answer (click here)
5. What anesthetic techniques are used for endovascular graft insertions? -
Answer (click here)
6. What problems are anticipated during proximal graft deployment? -
Answer (click here)
7. Explain the special role of transesophageal echocar-diography in
endovascular stent placement - Answer (click here)
8. Is the incidence of spinal cord ischemia different after endovascular
thoracic aortic repairs compared to open repairs? - Answer (click here)
9. What is the “post-implantation syndrome”? - Answer (click here)

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate


1. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the TURP syndrome and its treatment - Answer (click here)
3. What other complications can occur during a TURP? - Answer (click here)
4. What types of irrigating fluids have been used for a TURP? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the toxicities associated with glycine? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the anesthetic options for a patient under-going a TURP? -
Answer (click here)
7. If a regional anesthetic is selected, what level of anesthesia is required? -
Answer (click here)
8. How would one correct the Na+ level to 135 mEq/L? - Answer (click here)

Morbid Obesity
1. Morbid Obesity - Answer (click here)
2. How is morbid obesity (MO) defined? - Answer (click here)
3. Name the diseases associated with MO - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea - Answer (click
here)
5. How is obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed? - Answer (click here)
6. Outline the effect of MO on functional residual capacity - Answer (click
here)
7. Is MO an indication for awake intubation? - Answer (click here)
8. What special equipment does the anesthesiologist require to anesthetize
patients for bariatric surgery? - Answer (click here)
9. Describe an anesthetic plan for bariatric surgery - Answer (click here)

Laparoscopy
1. Laparoscopy - Answer (click here)
2. What procedures are amenable to the laparoscopic technique? - Answer
(click here)
3. How is laparoscopy initiated? - Answer (click here)
4. Why is carbon dioxide (CO2) the gas used for insufflation? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the cardiovascular changes associated with laparoscopic
surgery? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the regional circulatory changes that occur during laparoscopy?
- Answer (click here)
7. What are the pulmonary effects associated with laparoscopic surgery? -
Answer (click here)
8. What are the benefits of laparoscopic surgery? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the complications of laparoscopic surgery? - Answer (click here)
10. What anesthetic techniques can be used for laparo-scopic surgery? -
Answer (click here)
11. What is the controversy regarding the use of nitrous oxide? - Answer (click
here)
12. What is the etiology and treatment of post-laparoscopy pain? - Answer
(click here)

Carcinoid Syndrome
1. Carcinoid Syndrome - Answer (click here)
2. What are carcinoid tumors? - Answer (click here)
3. What is carcinoid syndrome? - Answer (click here)
4. In what locations do carcinoid tumors occur? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the major anesthetic concerns in patients with carcinoid
syndrome? - Answer (click here)
6. What is the mechanism of action of somatostatin? - Answer (click here)
7. What precautions are prudent for anesthetizing patients with carcinoid
syndrome? - Answer (click here)
8. How is chemoem bolization used to treat metastatic carcinoid
syndrome? - Answer (click here)

Kidney Transplantation
1. Kidney Transplantation - Answer (click here)
2. How does diabetes affect renal transplantation? - Answer (click here)
3. Why is timing of hemodialysis important for renal transplantation? -
Answer (click here)
4. Discuss the treatment of hyperkalemia and its associated metabolic
problems - Answer (click here)
5. What are the major anesthetic concerns for renal transplantation? -
Answer (click here)
6. What are the implications of long ischemic times during renal
transplantation? - Answer (click here)

Open Eye Injury And Intraocular Pressure


1. What is the mechanism by which intraocular pressure (IOP) is normally
maintained? - Answer (click here)
2. What pathologic conditions constitute a true ocular emergency versus a
relative urgency? - Answer (click here)
3. How does one minimize the deleterious side-effects of these agents in
the presence of a rup-tured globe? - Answer (click here)
4. What non-anesthetic agents might the ophthalmolo-gist use to maximize
surgical outcome? - Answer (click here)

Retinal Detachment
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of general anesthesia for
scleral buckle repair? - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the oculocardiac reflex and its treatment - Answer (click here)
3. What are the potential complications of retrobulbar anesthesia? - Answer
(click here)
4. What types of retinal detachments are amenable to elective repair? -
Answer (click here)
5. Briefly describe the series of events that occur during retinal detachment
surgery - Answer (click here)
6. Reattachment of the retina requires intraocular gas - Answer (click here)

Tympanomastoidectomy
1. Is the anxious patient a good candidate for surgery under monitored
anesthesia care (MAC)? - Answer (click here)
2. What general anesthetic techniques are most likely to minimize
postopertive nausea and vomiting? - Answer (click here)
3. Are regional anesthetics less likely to result in PONV in this patient? -
Answer (click here)
4. Why is control of blood loss important during middle ear surgery? -
Answer (click here)
5. Are long-acting neuromuscular blockers contraindi-cated in middle ear
surgery? - Answer (click here)
6. Describe the conduction of general and regional anesthesia for middle
ear surgery - Answer (click here)

The Difficult Airway


1. What are the predictors of difficult mask ventilation? - Answer (click here)
2. Discuss the risk factors for difficult intubation - Answer (click here)
3. Are the risk factors for difficult intubation reliable predictors of difficult
intubation? - Answer (click here)
4. How is the anticipated difficult intubation approached? - Answer (click
here)
5. Describe the management options for a patient who, after induction of
anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Following induction of anesthesia, ventilation by facemask and
intubation are impossible. What maneuvers may help? - Answer (click here)
7. How is successful tracheal intubation verified? - Answer (click here)
8. Following a difficult intubation, how is postoperative extubation
managed? - Answer (click here)

Adenotonsillectomy
1. What are the indications and contraindications for adenotonsillectomy? -
Answer (click here)
2. Describe the essential elements of preoperative evaluation for
adenotonsillectomy - Answer (click here)
3. How is the patient premedicated for adenotonsillectomy? - Answer (click
here)
4. What anesthetic alternatives are available for patients undergoing
adenotonsillectomy? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the common postanesthesia care unit problems anticipated
following adenotonsillectomy? - Answer (click here)
6. Which patients are suitable candidates for ambulatory
adenotonsillectomy? - Answer (click here)
7. Describe the anesthetic management of a patient presenting with post-
tonsillectomy hemorrhage - Answer (click here)

Laser Laryngoscopy
1. What is a laser? - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the most common types of lasers used in medical practice -
Answer (click here)
3. Which lasers are used in laryngeal and tracheobronchial surgery? -
Answer (click here)
4. What are the indications for laser laryngoscopy? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the hazards of laser laryngoscopy to patients, operating room
personnel, and anesthesia equipment? - Answer (click here)
6. What anesthetic techniques are appropriate for patients undergoing laser
laryngoscopy? - Answer (click here)
7. What maneuvers are instituted to treat an airway fire? Is the risk of fire
any less likely with electrocautery? - Answer (click here)

Transfusion Reaction
1. How are standards for transfusion practice developed? - Answer (click here)
2. What steps should be taken when a transfusion reaction occurs? - Answer
(click here)
3. How does the laboratory determine which direction the investigation
should take? - Answer (click here)
4. How many different types of crossmatches are there and how does the
laboratory decide which should be performed? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the immediate and delayed adverse effects of blood
transfusion? - Answer (click here)

Intraoperative Coagulopathies
1. What should be included in the preoperative evaluation? - Answer (click
here)
2. If the screening PT or aPTT are prolonged, which other laboratory tests
should be ordered? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the most common intraoperative coagulopathies? - Answer (click
here)
4. Which blood products are used to treat intraoperative coagulopathies? -
Answer (click here)

Blood Replacement
1. How is oxygen transported by the circulatory system? - Answer (click here)
2. Describe compensatory mechanisms that take place in response to blood
loss - Answer (click here)
3. What is the minimum acceptable hemoglobin concentration (transfusion
trigger)? - Answer (click here)
4. List the potential sources of autologous blood - Answer (click here)
5. Explain acute isovolemic hemodilution (AIHD) - Answer (click here)
6. Outline the physiologic response to AIHD - Answer (click here)
7. How is AIHD accomplished? - Answer (click here)
8. Which patients are suitable candidates for AIHD? - Answer (click here)
9. What is intraoperative cell salvage and how do modern cell salvage
devices work? - Answer (click here)
10. Outline the characteristics of blood obtained by cell salvage - Answer
(click here)
11. Describe the indications for use of intraoperative cell salvage - Answer
(click here)
12. Explain the controversies and contraindications involving intraoperative
cell salvage - Answer (click here)
13. What is preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD)? - Answer (click
here)
14. Who is eligible and what are the contraindications for PABD? - Answer
(click here)
15. Outline the disadvantages and risks of PABD - Answer (click here)
16. Describe postoperative blood salvage - Answer (click here)
17. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different autologous blood
sources - Answer (click here)

The Jehovahs Witness Patient


1. What is scoliosis? - Answer (click here)
2. How is scoliosis classified? - Answer (click here)
3. How is the curvature assessed in the patient with scoliosis? - Answer (click
here)
4. On the issue of blood, what will a JW refuse and accept? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the medicolegal issues concerning blood transfusion in the JW
who is a minor? - Answer (click here)
6. Describe the preoperative evaluation of the patient with scoliosis - Answer
(click here)
7. Describe the intraoperative anesthetic considerations for posterior spinal
fusion surgery - Answer (click here)
8. What is the “wake-up test”? - Answer (click here)
9. Describe the postoperative anesthetic concerns following scoliosis repair
- Answer (click here)
10. What blood substitutes are available? - Answer (click here)
Hemophilia A
1. What is the primary deficiency in hemophilia A? - Answer (click here)
2. How does the disease present and what are the laboratory findings? -
Answer (click here)
3. What is the role of factor VIII in the coagulation process? - Answer (click
here)
4. Describe the treatment options - Answer (click here)
5. Discuss von Willebrand disease as another important cause of surgical
bleeding - Answer (click here)

Total Hip Replacement


1. Briefly describe rheumatoid arthritis and its treatment - Answer (click here)
2. What are the anesthetic considerations for the rheumatoid arthritis
patient? - Answer (click here)
3. How is the rheumatoid arthritis patient evaluated for anesthesia? - Answer
(click here)
4. Discuss the options for induction of anesthesia in a primary hip
arthroplasty - Answer (click here)
5. Several hours into the case the surgeon complains that he is operating on
a moving target. How would you manage this situation? - Answer (click
here)
6. Discuss the causes and management of fat embolus syndrome - Answer
(click here)
7. Discuss thromboembolism prophylaxis and the placement of neuraxial
anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Discuss the options for postoperative pain control after total hip
arthroplasty. Discuss the use of a lumbar plexus block - Answer (click here)

Local Anesthetics
1. Describe the chemistry of local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Describe the mechanism of action of local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
3. What factors affect the potency, onset, and duration of action of local
anesthetics? - Answer (click here)
4. Discuss the sequence of clinical anesthesia following neural blockade -
Answer (click here)
5. What are the clinical differences between the ester and amide local
anesthetics? - Answer (click here)
6. Describe the pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
7. How do factors such as dosage of local anesthetic, addition of
vasoconstrictors, carbonation and pH adjustment - Answer (click here)
8. Which local anesthetics are appropriate for the various regional
anesthetic procedures? - Answer (click here)
9. Describe the toxic effects of local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
10. How is systemic local anesthetic toxicity treated? - Answer (click here)
11. Is it prudent to use regional anesthesia in a patient who reports a
Novocain allergy? - Answer (click here)
12. What is the treatment for local anesthetic allergic reactions? - Answer
(click here)

Spinal Anesthesia
1. Other than the spinal kit, what equipment must be immediately available
while performing spinal anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
2. When arranging the spinal tray, where is the antiseptic placed in relation
to the tray’s other constituents? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the advantages of the lateral decubitus position for placing a
subarachnoid block? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the advantages of the sitting position for placing a
subarachnoid block? - Answer (click here)
5. Describe a technique for placing a spinal anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Describe alternative approaches to the subarachnoid space - Answer (click
here)
7. What factors affect the spread of anesthetic within the subarachnoid
space? - Answer (click here)
8. What agents are commonly used for subarachnoid block? - Answer (click
here)
9. Besides local anesthetics, what other agents are administered in the
subarachnoid space? - Answer (click here)
10. What are the advantages of adding a vasoconstrictor to the spinal
anesthetic solution? - Answer (click here)
11. What are the recognized complications of spinal anesthesia? - Answer
(click here)
12. What are the contraindications to spinal anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
13. Describe the advantages of spinal anesthesia over general anesthesia -
Answer (click here)
14. Explain the advantages of spinal anesthesia over epidural anesthesia -
Answer (click here)
15. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of catheter (continuous) spinal
anesthesia - Answer (click here)

Brachial Plexus Anesthesia


1. Describe the anatomic course of the brachial plexus - Answer (click here)
2. What are the anatomic landmarks of the axilla? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the major approaches to blocking the brachial plexus and their
indications for use? - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the interscalene approach to blocking the brachial plexus -
Answer (click here)
5. Describe the supraclavicular approach to blocking the brachial plexus -
Answer (click here)
6. Describe the infraclavicular approach to blocking the brachial plexus -
Answer (click here)
7. Describe the axillary approach to blocking the brachial plexus - Answer
(click here)
8. What complications can arise from upper extremity blocks? - Answer
(click here)
9. What is the Bezold-Jarisch reflex? - Answer (click here)
10. What local anesthetics are used for blocks of the brachial plexus and in
what doses? - Answer (click here)
11. Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) a contraindication to
performing an interscalene block? - Answer (click here)

Lower Extremity Anesthesia


1. What are the anesthetic options for this patient? - Answer (click here)
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the various anesthetic
options? - Answer (click here)
3. Describe the innervation of the lower extremity - Answer (click here)
4. Why is a sciatic nerve block necessary for adequate anesthesia for a total
knee arthroplasty? - Answer (click here)
5. How are femoral and sciatic nerve blocks performed? Which local
anesthetic agents would you use? - Answer (click here)
6. Would you sedate the patient for the performance of the femoral and
sciatic nerve blocks and/or during the procedure? - Answer (click here)
7. After performing the block and starting a propofol infusion, the patient
begins to flail about upon surgical incision. Should you induce general
anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
8. Describe the use of the tourniquet in a total knee arthroplasty and its
hemodynamic consequences - Answer (click here)
9. What are the options for postoperative pain control? - Answer (click here)

Labor And Delivery


1. What options are available to the mother for labor analgesia? - Answer
(click here)
2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of various regional anesthetic
techniques for labor and delivery - Answer (click here)
3. What is a “walking epidural”? - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the regional anesthetic techniques that can be employed for
cesarean section - Answer (click here)
5. Outline the treatment for postdural puncture headache - Answer (click here)
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of general anesthesia for
cesarean section? - Answer (click here)
7. Describe the elements of placental drug transfer - Answer (click here)
8. What techniques can be used for post-cesarean pain relief? - Answer (click
here)
9. Outline the differential diagnosis of postpartum hemorrhage - Answer
(click here)
10. Explain the risk factors, presentation, and treatment of uterine atony -
Answer (click here)
11. Describe the presentation and treatment of retained placenta - Answer
(click here)

Preeclampsia
1. Classify the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. What are the incidence and risk factors of preeclampsia? - Answer (click
here)
3. Explain the etiology of preeclampsia - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the pathophysiology of preeclampsia - Answer (click here)
5. Outline the obstetric management of preeclampsia - Answer (click here)
6. How is preeclampsia prevented from degenerating into eclampsia? -
Answer (click here)
7. Explain the management of preeclampsia-related hypertension - Answer
(click here)
8. What are the potential consequences of epidural anesthesia in the patient
with preeclampsia? - Answer (click here)
9. Describe the anesthetic options for cesarean section for the preeclamptic
patient - Answer (click here)
10. Outline the anticipated postpartum problems associated with
preeclampsia - Answer (click here)

Abruptio Placenta and Placenta Previa


1. Summarize the major causes of third-trimester bleeding - Answer (click
here)
2. What is abruptio placenta and what are its risk factors? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the presenting signs and symptoms of abruptio placenta and
how is the diagnosis made? - Answer (click here)
4. Describe the obstetric management of abruptio placenta - Answer (click
here)
5. Describe the effects of pregnancy on coagulation - Answer (click here)
6. What is disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and how is it managed?
- Answer (click here)
7. How is fetal distress diagnosed? - Answer (click here)
8. The patient is given a trial of labor, and the obstetrician requests a
consult for labor analgesia. What are your concerns and how would you
proceed? - Answer (click here)
9. How would you anesthetize this patient for an emergency cesarean
section? - Answer (click here)
10. What is placenta previa? - Answer (click here)
11. What is the clinical presentation of placenta previa and how is the
diagnosis made? - Answer (click here)
12. What is the obstetric management of placenta previa? - Answer (click here)
13. How would you anesthetize the patient with placenta previa for cesarean
section? - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia For Nonobstetric Surgery During Pregnancy


1. What is the incidence of nonobstetric surgery in the pregnant patient? -
Answer (click here)
2. What are the anesthetic concerns when anesthetizing a pregnant patient?
- Answer (click here)
3. What are the physiologic changes during pregnancy and how do they
impact on anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
4. What is a teratogen and which anesthetic agents are known teratogens? -
Answer (click here)
5. What precautions should be taken to avoid intrauterine fetal asphyxia? -
Answer (click here)
6. How is preterm labor prevented? - Answer (click here)
7. What monitors should be used when anesthetizing the pregnant patient? -
Answer (click here)
8. What are the special considerations for laparoscopic surgery? - Answer
(click here)
9. What general recommendations can be made when anesthetizing the
pregnant patient for nonobstetric surgery? - Answer (click here)

Thrombocytopenia In Pregnancy
1. What are the concerns when placing an epidural catheter if the platelet
count is low? - Answer (click here)
2. Who is at risk for developing an epidural hematoma? - Answer (click here)
3. What is considered a low platelet count from the perspective of epidural
catheter placement? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the expected platelet count during pregnancy? - Answer (click here)
5. Describe coagulation and the role that platelets play in the process -
Answer (click here)
6. What are the causes of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy? - Answer
(click here)
7. What tests are available to evaluate platelet function? - Answer (click here)
8. Describe the bleeding time test and its limitation - Answer (click here)
9. Describe the thromboelastogram and its limitations - Answer (click here)
10. Describe the platelet function analyzer and its limitations - Answer (click
here)
11. What is the overall risk of epidural hematoma? - Answer (click here)
12. Describe the known cases in the literature of epidural hematoma in the
parturient - Answer (click here)
13. What is the evidence that initiating an epidural anesthetic in a woman
with a platelet count <100,000 mm−3 may be safe? - Answer (click here)
14. How do you evaluate the patient who has a platelet count <100,000
mm−3? - Answer (click here)
15. What are some practical recommendations regard-ing neuraxial
anesthesia in the parturient who presents with a low platelet count? -
Answer (click here)
16. What is low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and how does it
compare with and differ from standard heparin? - Answer (click here)
17. Why do some pregnant women take LMWH? - Answer (click here)
18. What has been the anesthetic experience with LMWH and neuraxial
anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
19. What are some of the unique recommendations for anesthetizing the
parturient taking LMWH? - Answer (click here)

Neonatal Resuscitation
1. Describe the fetal circulation - Answer (click here)
2. What are the physiologic changes that occur at birth? - Answer (click here)
3. How is neonatal resuscitation managed in the delivery room? - Answer
(click here)
4. What is the Apgar score? - Answer (click here)

Gastroschisis and Omphalocele


1. What are the differences between gastroschisis and omphalocele? -
Answer (click here)
2. How is this neonate managed preoperatively? - Answer (click here)
3. How is the operating room prepared for this newborn? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the anesthetic plan, and what are the intra-operative and
postoperative concerns in this patient? - Answer (click here)
5. Describe the fluid and blood product management for this neonate
intraoperatively - Answer (click here)

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia


1. Describe the embryology and pathophysiology of congenital
diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) - Answer (click here)
2. What are the clinical features of CDH? - Answer (click here)
3. How is CDH diagnosed? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the preoperative management of CDH? - Answer (click here)
5. What is permissive hypercapnia? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the anesthetic considerations for the neonate with CDH? -
Answer (click here)
7. What problems may occur intraoperatively and postoperatively? - Answer
(click here)
8. Describe the techniques for fetal surgery - Answer (click here)

Pyloric Stenosis
1. What is pyloric stenosis? - Answer (click here)
2. What is the clinical presentation of pyloric stenosis? - Answer (click here)
3. How is the diagnosis made? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the metabolic derangements and how are they treated? - Answer
(click here)
5. What is the surgical treatment of pyloric stenosis? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the anesthetic considerations? - Answer (click here)

Tracheoesophageal Fistula
1. What is a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)? - Answer (click here)
2. How does a patient with a TEF typically present? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the preoperative concerns in a patient with TEF? - Answer (click
here)
4. How is the patient with a TEF managed intraoperatively? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the postoperative concerns in TEF patients? - Answer (click here)
Congenital Heart Disease
1. How are innocent and pathologic systolic murmurs differentiated? -
Answer (click here)
2. What is the incidence of congenital heart disease? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the general anesthetic considerations for the common cardiac
lesions? - Answer (click here)
4. What should be included in the preoperative assessment? - Answer (click
here)
5. What are the anesthetic implications of intracardiac lesions with left-to-
right shunting? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the common intracardiac left-to-right shunting lesions? - Answer
(click here)
7. What are the anesthetic implications of right-to-left shunting lesions? -
Answer (click here)
8. What are the common right-to-left shunting lesions with reduced
pulmonary blood flow? - Answer (click here)
9. How are congenital heart lesions repaired? - Answer (click here)
10. Discuss the sequelae associated with the repair of specific cardiac
lesions - Answer (click here)

Preterm Infant
1. What are the anatomic and physiologic differences between the infant
and the adult? - Answer (click here)
2. What is the definition of prematurity? - Answer (click here)
3. Do the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anesthetic drugs
differ in this population as compared with adults? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the nil per os (NPO) guidelines for this case? - Answer (click here)
5. What anesthetic options are available and what are the concerns
regarding each option? - Answer (click here)
6. If a general anesthetic is planned, what are the induction options? -
Answer (click here)
7. What are the appropriate monitors for this case? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the options for postoperative pain control? - Answer (click here)
9. When can this infant be discharged home? Could this procedure have
been done as an outpatient after discharge? - Answer (click here)

MRI and the Down Syndrome Child


1. What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? - Answer (click here)
2. What are the magnetic field problems associated with MRI? - Answer
(click here)
3. What are the specific problems encountered with physiologic monitors
and equipment in the MRI suite? - Answer (click here)
4. What are possible patient problems encountered in the MRI scanner? -
Answer (click here)
5. What are the clinical manifestations of Down syndrome? - Answer (click
here)
6. Describe the pre-anesthetic evaluation of the child with Down syndrome
- Answer (click here)
7. What anesthetic alternatives are available for the child with Down
syndrome undergoing MRI? - Answer (click here)
8. Describe the postanesthetic concerns in the child with Down syndrome
after MRI - Answer (click here)

Acute Postoperative Pain


1. Why has postoperative pain been undertreated in the past? - Answer (click
here)
2. Which factors in this patient’s history may impact on postoperative pain
management? - Answer (click here)
3. Which organ systems are affected by postoperative pain? - Answer (click
here)
4. Outline the major afferent pain pathways - Answer (click here)
5. What are the primary chemical mediators of pain? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of intramuscular opioid
therapy? - Answer (click here)
7. List alternative postoperative analgesic modalities for this patient -
Answer (click here)
8. What is patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)? - Answer (click here)
9. What are typical dosage schedules for intravenous PCA-administered
opioids? - Answer (click here)
10. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of PCA opioids with those
of intramuscular opioids - Answer (click here)
11. Describe the regional analgesic techniques available for postoperative
pain relief. Which are applicable to this patient? - Answer (click here)
12. By what mechanism does neuraxial (epidural and subarachnoid) opioid
administration produce analgesia? - Answer (click here)
13. Outline the potential side-effects of neuraxial opioids and their treatment
- Answer (click here)
14. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of subarachnoid and epidural
opioids - Answer (click here)
15. Which opioids and adjuvants are commonly used in the subarachnoid
and epidural spaces? - Answer (click here)
16. What is preemptive analgesia? Can it reliably be performed in this
patient? - Answer (click here)

Low Back Pain


1. What is the incidence of low back pain? - Answer (click here)
2. List the differential diagnosis of low back pain - Answer (click here)
3. Describe the classic presentation of a patient with a herniated nucleus
pulposus - Answer (click here)
4. Differentiate the clinical presentation of a herniated nucleus pulposus
from spinal stenosis - Answer (click here)
5. Describe the pathogenesis and treatment of myofascial syndrome (trigger
points) - Answer (click here)
6. What are the signs and symptoms of sacroiliac disease and how is it
treated? - Answer (click here)
7. What are the facet joints and how does pathology in them manifest? -
Answer (click here)
8. What is the mechanism of action by which epidural steroid injections
work? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of internal disc
disruption (IDD)? - Answer (click here)
10. Which oral medications are prescribed for low back pain? - Answer (click
here)
11. What is failed back syndrome (FBS) and how is it managed? - Answer
(click here)

Postherpetic Neuralgia
1. What is the pathogenesis of an acute herpes zoster infection? - Answer
(click here)
2. How does an acute herpes zoster infection manifest itself? - Answer (click
here)
3. What is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)? - Answer (click here)
4. Which patients are at risk for the development of PHN? - Answer (click
here)
5. How does PHN present? - Answer (click here)
6. What medications can be used for treatment of PHN? What is the
mechanism of action of these medications? - Answer (click here)
7. What invasive procedures can be used for the treatment of PHN? -
Answer (click here)
8. Can PHN be prevented? - Answer (click here)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
1. Define complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 and type 2 -
Answer (click here)
2. What are the pathophysiologic theories leading to CRPS? - Answer (click
here)
3. Delineate the different stages of CRPS - Answer (click here)
4. What are the signs and symptoms of CRPS? - Answer (click here)
5. How is the diagnosis of CRPS made? - Answer (click here)
6. What different nerve blocks can be used for diagnosis and treatment of
CRPS? - Answer (click here)
7. What other modalities can be used to treat CRPS? - Answer (click here)

Cancer Pain Management


1. What is the prevalence of cancer pain? - Answer (click here)
2. What is the prevalence of cancer pain by organ system? - Answer (click
here)
3. What are the different causes of pain in a cancer patient? - Answer (click
here)
4. What is the WHO ladder? - Answer (click here)
5. What guidelines can be followed in devising a chronic analgesic regimen
for treating cancer pain? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the advantages of set-dose extended-duration opioid
management? - Answer (click here)
7. Describe the anatomy of the celiac plexus - Answer (click here)
8. What are the indications for performing a celiac plexus block? - Answer
(click here)
9. How is a celiac plexus block performed and what complications can
occur? - Answer (click here)
10. What are the differences between alcohol and phenol neurolysis? -
Answer (click here)
11. When would one use intrathecal versus epidural analgesia for cancer
pain management? - Answer (click here)

Ambulatory Surgery
1. Are there advantages to performing surgery on an ambulatory basis? -
Answer (click here)
2. Which patients are considered acceptable candidates for ambulatory
surgery? - Answer (click here)
3. Are there any patients who should never have surgery on an ambulatory
basis? - Answer (click here)
4. Are diabetic patients suitable candidates for ambulatory surgery? -
Answer (click here)
5. What types of surgical procedures are appropriate for ambulatory
surgery? - Answer (click here)
6. What is the appropriate fasting time before ambulatory surgery that
necessitates an anesthetic? - Answer (click here)
7. Should drugs be administered to empty the stomach or change gastric
acidity or volume before the administration of an anesthetic? - Answer
(click here)
8. How can patients be appropriately screened for anesthesia when
ambulatory surgery is planned? - Answer (click here)
9. What preoperative laboratory studies should be obtained before surgery?
- Answer (click here)
10. Should an internist evaluate each patient before ambulatory surgery? -
Answer (click here)
11. Is anxiolytic premedication advisable before ambulatory surgery, and
what agents are appropriate? - Answer (click here)
12. What are the reasons for last-minute cancellation or postponement of
surgery? - Answer (click here)
13. What is the ideal anesthetic for ambulatory surgery? - Answer (click here)
14. Are there relative or absolute contraindications to the administration of a
general anesthetic in the ambulatory setting? - Answer (click here)
15. What are the advantages and disadvantages to performing a conduction
anesthetic in the ambulatory patient? - Answer (click here)
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of selecting a nerve block
technique for the ambulatory patient? - Answer (click here)
17. Describe the intravenous regional anesthetic technique (Bier block) for
surgery on the extremities - Answer (click here)
18. What sedatives can be administered to supplement a regional anesthetic?
- Answer (click here)
19. What complications of nerve block anesthesia are of special concern to
the ambulatory patient? - Answer (click here)
20. Should patients having ambulatory surgery be tracheally intubated? -
Answer (click here)
21. What is the role of propofol in ambulatory surgery? - Answer (click here)
22. What is total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), and what are its advantages
and disadvantages? - Answer (click here)
23. What is moderate sedation, when is it employed, and what advantages
does it offer? - Answer (click here)
24. When tracheal intubation is required for a short procedure, can one avoid
the myalgias associated with succinylcholine? - Answer (click here)
25. Can a relative overdose of benzodiazepines be safely antagonized? -
Answer (click here)
26. Do the newer volatile agents offer advantages over older agents such as
enflurane and isoflurane? - Answer (click here)
27. What are the etiologies of nausea and vomiting, and what measures can
be taken to decrease their incidence and severity? - Answer (click here)
28. How is pain best controlled in the ambulatory patient in the PACU? -
Answer (click here)
29. What discharge criteria must be met before a patient may leave the
ambulatory surgery center? - Answer (click here)
30. What are the causes of unexpected hospitalization following ambulatory
surgery? - Answer (click here)
31. When may patients operate a motor vehicle after receiving a general
anesthetic? - Answer (click here)
32. What is the role of aftercare centers for the ambulatory surgery patient? -
Answer (click here)
33. Are quality assurance and continuous quality improvement possible for
ambulatory surgery? - Answer (click here)

Office Based Anesthesia


1. Why have office-based procedures and anesthesia services grown so
rapidly? - Answer (click here)
2. What do you need to consider before providing office-based anesthesia
(OBA)? - Answer (click here)
3. What equipment is necessary to provide safe OBA? Is it the same as for
the hospital setting? - Answer (click here)
4. Are there any differences in record keeping or documentation as
compared with the hospital setting? - Answer (click here)
5. Does the history of malignant hyperthermia preclude an office-based
procedure and anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
6. Are there any limitations set for types of patients/ procedures for office-
based surgery? - Answer (click here)
7. What method/technique would you choose to provide anesthesia? -
Answer (click here)
8. How will you treat postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)? - Answer
(click here)
9. How will you determine when the patient is ready to be discharged? -
Answer (click here)

Thoracic Trauma
1. What are the consequences of thoracic trauma? - Answer (click here)
2. How are traumatic pneumothorax and/or hemothorax managed in a
patient undergoing laparotomy for splenic injury? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the mechanisms of morbidity and mortality from flail chest? -
Answer (click here)
4. What are the management options for flail chest and pulmonary
contusion? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the perioperative management options for traumatic
hemopericardium? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the clinical implications of blunt cardiac trauma? - Answer (click
here)
7. When should traumatic thoracic aortic injury be suspected and how is
the diagnosis made? - Answer (click here)
8. In blunt trauma patients with multiple injuries that include thoracic
aortic injury, how is surgery prioritized? - Answer (click here)
9. What are the perioperative clinical and anesthetic pitfalls - Answer (click
here)
10. Describe the clinical management of transmediastinal gunshot wounds -
Answer (click here)

Asthma
1. What is asthma? - Answer (click here)
2. How is asthma classified? - Answer (click here)
3. How would you distinguish obstructive from restrictive lung disease, and
asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)
4. Briefly describe the pharmacology of medications available to treat
asthma. - Answer (click here)
5. What are the indications for mechanical ventilation in severe asthma
(status asthmaticus)? - Answer (click here)
6. What preoperative evaluation and preparation would you order for this
patient? - Answer (click here)
7. Would you choose general anesthesia (with endotra-cheal intubation,
with a laryngeal mask airway) or a neuraxial block for this patient? -
Answer (click here)
8. What are the signs and causes of perioperative bronchospasm? - Answer
(click here)
9. The patient refused to have “a needle stuck in her back” - Answer (click
here)

Shock
1. What are the determinants of blood pressure? - Answer (click here)
2. How should postoperative hypotension be approached? - Answer (click
here)
3. What is the definition of shock? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the different types of shock and the basics of treatment for each
type? What would you do for this patient? - Answer (click here)
5. A pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) was inserted - Answer (click here)
6. What is the classification of hemorrhage according to the American
College of Surgeons? - Answer (click here)
7. The heart rate suddenly goes up to 170 beats per minute with wide QRS
complexes and the blood pressure drops further. What are the diagnostic
possibilities? - Answer (click here)
8. What are the treatment options for each of the discussed dysrhythmias?
What would you do for this patient? - Answer (click here)

Bradycardia and Hypertension


1. What is the differential diagnosis of bradycardia? What is the treatment
for the different types of bradycardia? - Answer (click here)
2. What is the differential diagnosis of postoperative hypertension? - Answer
(click here)
3. What intravenous agents may be administered to treat hypertension? -
Answer (click here)

Hypothermia
1. How is hypothermia defined and graded? - Answer (click here)
2. What mechanisms lead to hypothermia in a patient under general
anesthesia in the operating room? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the physiologic responses to hypothermia? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the physiologic consequences of hypothermia? - Answer (click
here)
5. Are there any benefits to mild intraoperative hypothermia? - Answer (click
here)
6. What are the different sites at which temperature can be monitored? -
Answer (click here)
7. What are the modalities to prevent and treat perioperative hypothermia?
- Answer (click here)
8. Is prevention of hypothermia warranted in a patient who received a
central neuraxial block? - Answer (click here)

Postanesthesia Care Unit Discharge Criteria


1. What is the cause of nausea and vomiting? - Answer (click here)
2. What are the risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting
(PONV)? - Answer (click here)
3. What is the incidence and importance of nausea and vomiting after
anesthesia and surgery? - Answer (click here)
4. What are the treatment options available for PONV? - Answer (click here)
5. What are the main complications occurring in the postanesthesia care
unit (PACU)? - Answer (click here)
6. What are the discharge criteria for discharge from the PACU? - Answer
(click here)

Respiratory Failure
1. How is postoperative respiratory failure defined? What are the two main
types of acute respiratory failure? - Answer (click here)
2. What are the four primary causes of hypoxemia and how are they distin-
guished? Which is most likely in this patient, and how would you treat
it? - Answer (click here)
3. how would this ABG be interpreted? What treatment should be
prescribed? - Answer (click here)
4. How would you manage this patient? - Answer (click here)
5. Briefly describe the most common ventilatory modes - Answer (click here)
6. What criteria are used to determine whether extubation will be
successful? - Answer (click here)

Delayed Emergence Coma and Brain Death


1. What are the possible causes, investigation, and treatment for delayed
emergence from anesthesia? - Answer (click here)
2. How would you manage this patient in the intensive care unit? - Answer
(click here)
3. What is your response? What are the criteria for brain death? - Answer
(click here)

Anaphylaxis
1. What is the mechanism of anaphylaxis? What is the difference between
anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions? - Answer (click here)
2. What treatment should be administered to this patient? What else should
be checked on physical examination? - Answer (click here)
3. What are the medications most often implicated in anaphylaxis? In
anaphylactoid reactions? - Answer (click here)
4. What is the percentage of patients allergic to penicillin who will have a
reaction when challenged with a cephalosporin? - Answer (click here)
5. Should surgery be allowed to proceed or should the case be cancelled?
What will you tell the patient postoperatively? - Answer (click here)

Subject : Medical Surgical Nursing


Health Care Delivery and Nursing Practice
1. The Health Care Industry and the Nursing Profession - Answer (click here)
2. Health, Wellness, and Health Promotion - Answer (click here)
3. Population Demographics - Influences on Health Care Delivery - Answer
(click here)
4. Changing Patterns of Disease - Influences on Health Care Delivery -
Answer (click here)
5. Advances in Technology and Genetics - Influences on Health Care
Delivery - Answer (click here)
6. Economic Changes - Influences on Health Care Delivery - Answer (click
here)
7. Demand for Quality Care - Influences on Health Care Delivery - Answer
(click here)
8. Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems - Influences on Health Care
Delivery - Answer (click here)
9. Roles of the Nurse - Answer (click here)
10. Models of Nursing Care Delivery - Answer (click here)
11. Expanded Nursing Roles - Answer (click here)

Community Based Nursing Practice


1. The Growing Need for Community-Based Health Care - Answer (click
here)
2. Hospital and Community-Based Nursing - Answer (click here)
3. Discharge Planning for Home Care - Answer (click here)
4. Community Resources and Referrals - Answer (click here)
5. Preparing for a Home Visit - Answer (click here)
6. Conducting a Home Visit - Answer (click here)
7. Other Community-Based Health Care Settings - Answer (click here)

Critical ThinkingEthical Decision Making and the Nursing


Process
1. Definition of Critical Thinking - Answer (click here)
2. Critical Thinking Process - Answer (click here)
3. Ethical Nursing Care - Answer (click here)
4. Domain of Nursing Ethics - Answer (click here)
5. Types of Ethical Problems in Nursing - Answer (click here)
6. Common Ethical Principles - Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
7. The Patient Care Partnership: Understanding Expectations, Rights, and
Responsibilities - Answer (click here)
8. Preventive Ethics - Answer (click here)
9. Ethical Decision Making - Answer (click here)
10. Steps of the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
11. Assessment - Using the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
12. Diagnosis - Using the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
13. Planning - Using the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
14. Implementation - Using the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
15. Evaluation - Using the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
16. Documentation of Outcomes and Revision of Plan - Using the Nursing
Process - Answer (click here)

Health Education and Health Promotion


1. Health Education Today - Answer (click here)
2. Adherence to the Therapeutic Regimen - Answer (click here)
3. The Nature of Teaching and Learning - Answer (click here)
4. The Nursing Process in Patient Teaching - Answer (click here)
5. Health Promotion - Answer (click here)
6. Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span - Answer (click here)
7. Implications for Nursing - Answer (click here)

Health Assessment
1. The Role of the Nurse in Assessment - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Guidelines for Conducting a Health Assessment - Answer (click here)
3. Ethical Use of History or Physical Examination Data - Answer (click here)
4. The Health History - Assessment - Answer (click here)
5. Physical Health Assessment - Answer (click here)
6. Nutritional Assessment - Answer (click here)
7. Assessment in the Home and Community - Answer (click here)

Homeostasis Stress and Adaptation


1. Stress and Function - Answer (click here)
2. Dynamic Balance: The Steady State - Answer (click here)
3. Stressors: Threats to the Steady State - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Stressors - Answer (click here)
5. Stress as a Stimulus for Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Psychological Responses to Stress - Answer (click here)
7. Physiologic Response to Stress - Answer (click here)
8. Maladaptive Responses to Stress - Answer (click here)
9. Indicators of Stress - Answer (click here)
10. Nursing Implications - Answer (click here)
11. Stress at the Cellular Level - Answer (click here)
12. Control of the Steady State - Answer (click here)
13. Cellular Adaptation - Answer (click here)
14. Cellular Injury - Answer (click here)
15. Cellular Response to Injury: Inflammation - Answer (click here)
16. Cellular Healing - Answer (click here)
17. Nursing Implications - Stress at the Cellular Level - Answer (click here)
18. Stress Management: Nursing Interventions - Answer (click here)

Individual and Family Considerations Related to Illness


1. Holistic Approach to Health and Health Care - Answer (click here)
2. The Brain and Physical and Emotional Health - Answer (click here)
3. Emotional Health and Emotional Distress - Answer (click here)
4. Family Health and Distress - Answer (click here)
5. Anxiety - Answer (click here)
6. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Depression - Answer (click here)
8. Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
9. Loss and Grief - Answer (click here)
10. Death and Dying - Answer (click here)
11. Spirituality and Spiritual Distress - Answer (click here)

Perspectives in Transcultural Nursing


1. Definitions of Culture - Answer (click here)
2. Transcultural Nursing - Answer (click here)
3. Culturally Competent Nursing Care - Answer (click here)
4. Culturally Mediated Characteristics - Answer (click here)
5. Causes of Illness - Answer (click here)
6. Folk Healers - Answer (click here)
7. Cultural Assessment - Transcultural Nursing - Answer (click here)
Genetics Perspectives in Nursing
1. Genetics Perspectives in Nursing - Answer (click here)
2. A Framework for Integrating Genetics Into Nursing Practice - Answer
(click here)
3. Genes and Their Role in Human Variation - Answer (click here)
4. Inheritance Patterns in Families - Genetics Concepts - Answer (click here)
5. Chromosomal Differences and Genetic Conditions - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Applications of Genetics - Answer (click here)
7. Applications of Genetics in Nursing Practice - Answer (click here)
8. Genetics and Health Assessment - Applications of Genetics in Nursing
Practice - Answer (click here)
9. Genetic Counseling and Evaluation Services - Applications of Genetics
in Nursing Practice - Answer (click here)
10. Ethical Issues - Genetics Perspectives in Nursing - Answer (click here)

Chronic Illness
1. The Phenomenon of Chronicity - Answer (click here)
2. The Characteristics of Chronic Conditions - Answer (click here)
3. The Problems of Managing Chronic Conditions - Answer (click here)
4. Implications for Nursing - Characteristics of Chronic Conditions - Answer
(click here)
5. Phases of Chronic Illness - Answer (click here)
6. Care by Phases of Chronic Illness: Applying the Nursing Process -
Answer (click here)
7. Promoting Home and Community-Based Care - Answer (click here)

Principles and Practices of Rehabilitation


1. Principles and Practices of Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
2. Right to Access to Health Care and Health Promotion - Answer (click here)
3. Focus of Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
4. The Rehabilitation Team - Answer (click here)
5. Areas of Specialty Practice - Answer (click here)
6. Assessment of Functional Abilities - Answer (click here)
7. Nursing Process: The Patient With Self-Care Deficit in Activities of
Daily Living - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient With Impaired Physical Mobility - Answer
(click here)
9. Nursing Process: The Patient With Impaired Skin Integrity - Answer (click
here)
10. Nursing Process: The Patient With Altered Elimination Patterns - Answer
(click here)
11. Disability and Sexuality Issues - Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
12. Fatigue - Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
13. Home and Community-Based Care - Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
14. Complementary Therapies - Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
15. Continuing Care - Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)

Health Care of the Older Adult


1. Health Care of the Older Adult - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Aging - Answer (click here)
3. Normal Age-Related Changes and Health Promotion Activities - Answer
(click here)
4. Physical Aspects of Aging - Answer (click here)
5. Psychosocial Aspects of Aging - Answer (click here)
6. Cognitive Aspects of Aging - Answer (click here)
7. Environmental Aspects of Aging - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacologic Aspects of Aging - Answer (click here)
9. Physical Health Problems in Older Populations - Answer (click here)
10. Common Mental Health Problems in Older Populations - Answer (click
here)
11. The Dementias: Multi-Infarct Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease -
Mental Health Problems in Older Populations - Answer (click here)
12. The Older Adult in an Acute Care Setting: Altered Responses to Illness -
Answer (click here)

Pain Management
1. The Fifth Vital Sign - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Pain - Answer (click here)
3. Harmful Effects of Pain - Answer (click here)
4. Pain Transmission - Pathophysiology of Pain - Answer (click here)
5. Factors Influencing the Pain Response - Answer (click here)
6. Nursing Assessment of Pain - Answer (click here)
7. Characteristics of Pain - Answer (click here)
8. Instruments for Assessing the Perception of Pain - Answer (click here)
9. Nurse’s Role in Pain Management - Answer (click here)
10. Pain Management Strategies - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacologic Interventions - Pain Management Strategies - Answer (click
here)
12. Routes of Administration - Pain Management Strategies - Answer (click
here)
13. Nonpharmacologic Interventions - Pain Management Strategies - Answer
(click here)
14. Neurologic and Neurosurgical Approaches to Pain Management - Answer
(click here)
15. Promoting Home and Community-Based Care - Answer (click here)
16. Evaluating Pain Management Strategies - Answer (click here)

Fluid and Electrolytes Balance and Distribution


1. Amount and Composition of Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
2. Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
3. Routes of Gains and Losses - Answer (click here)
4. Laboratory Tests for Evaluating Fluid Status - Answer (click here)
5. Homeostatic Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
6. Fluid Volume Deficit (Hypovolemia) - Answer (click here)
7. Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia) - Answer (click here)
8. Electrolyte Imbalances: Significance of Sodium - Answer (click here)
9. Sodium Deficit (Hyponatremia) - Answer (click here)
10. Sodium Excess (Hypernatremia) - Answer (click here)
11. Significance of Potassium - Answer (click here)
12. Potassium Deficit (Hypokalemia) - Answer (click here)
13. Potassium Excess (Hyperkalemia) - Answer (click here)
14. Significance of Calcium - Answer (click here)
15. Calcium Deficit (Hypocalcemia) - Answer (click here)
16. Calcium Excess (Hypercalcemia) - Answer (click here)
17. Significance of Magnesium - Answer (click here)
18. Magnesium Deficit (Hypomagnesemia) - Answer (click here)
19. Magnesium Excess (Hypermagnesemia) - Answer (click here)
20. Significance of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
21. Phosphorus Deficit (Hypophosphatemia) - Answer (click here)
22. Phosphorus Excess (Hyperphosphatemia) - Answer (click here)
23. Significance of Chloride - Answer (click here)
24. Chloride Deficit (Hypochloremia) - Answer (click here)
25. Chloride Excess (Hyperchloremia) - Answer (click here)
26. Acid–Base Disturbances - Answer (click here)
27. Buffer Systems - Acid–Base Disturbances - Answer (click here)
28. Acute and Chronic Metabolic Acidosis (Base Bicarbonate Deficit) -
Answer (click here)
29. Acute and Chronic Metabolic Alkalosis (Base Bicarbonate Excess) -
Answer (click here)
30. Acute and Chronic Respiratory Acidosis (Carbonic Acid Excess) -
Answer (click here)
31. Acute and Chronic Respiratory Alkalosis (Carbonic Acid Deficit) -
Answer (click here)
32. Mixed Acid–Base Disorders and Compensation - Answer (click here)
33. Blood Gas Analysis - Answer (click here)
34. Parenteral Fluid Therapy - Answer (click here)
35. Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving IV Therapy - Answer (click
here)

Shock and Multisystem Failure


1. Significance of Shock - Answer (click here)
2. Conditions Precipitating Shock - Answer (click here)
3. Stages of Shock - Answer (click here)
4. Overall Management Strategies in Shock - Answer (click here)
5. Hypovolemic Shock - Answer (click here)
6. Cardiogenic Shock - Answer (click here)
7. Circulatory Shock - Answer (click here)
8. Septic Shock - Circulatory Shock - Answer (click here)
9. Neurogenic Shock - Circulatory Shock - Answer (click here)
10. Anaphylactic Shock - Circulatory Shock - Answer (click here)
11. Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome - Answer (click here)

Oncology Nursing Management in Cancer Care


1. Oncology: Nursing Management in Cancer Care - Answer (click here)
2. Oncology: Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
3. Pathophysiology of the Malignant Process - Answer (click here)
4. Proliferative Patterns - Pathophysiology of the Malignant Process -
Answer (click here)
5. Characteristics of Malignant Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Invasion and Metastasis - Pathophysiology of the Malignant Process -
Answer (click here)
7. Etiology - Pathophysiology of the Malignant Process - Answer (click here)
8. Role of the Immune System - Pathophysiology of the Malignant Process
- Answer (click here)
9. Detection and Prevention of Cancer - Answer (click here)
10. Diagnosis of Cancer and Related Nursing Considerations - Answer (click
here)
11. Management of Cancer - Answer (click here)
12. Surgery - Management of Cancer - Answer (click here)
13. Radiation Therapy - Management of Cancer - Answer (click here)
14. Chemotherapy - Management of Cancer - Answer (click here)
15. Bone Marrow Transplantation -Management of Cancer - Answer (click
here)
16. Hyperthermia - Management of Cancer - Answer (click here)
17. Biologic Response Modifiers - Management of Cancer - Answer (click here)
18. Photodynamic Therapy - Management of Cancer - Answer (click here)
19. Gene Therapy - Management of Cancer - Answer (click here)
20. Unproven and Unconventional Therapies - Management of Cancer -
Answer (click here)
21. Nursing Process: The Patient With Cancer - Answer (click here)
22. Cancer Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
23. Care of the Patient with Advanced Cancer - Answer (click here)

End of Life Care


1. Nursing and End-of-Life Care - Answer (click here)
2. Settings for End-of-Life Care: Palliative Care Programs - Answer (click
here)
3. Settings for End-of-Life Care: Hospice Care - Answer (click here)
4. Nursing Care of the Terminally Ill Patient - Answer (click here)
5. Psychosocial Issues - Nursing Care of the Terminally Ill Patient - Answer
(click here)
6. Communication - Nursing Care of the Terminally Ill Patient - Answer
(click here)
7. Providing Culturally Sensitive Care at the End of Life - Nursing Care of
the Terminally Ill Patient - Answer (click here)
8. Goal Setting in Palliative Care at the End of Life - Answer (click here)
9. Spiritual Care - Nursing Care of the Terminally Ill Patient - Answer (click
here)
10. Hope - Nursing Care of the Terminally Ill Patient - Answer (click here)
11. Managing Physiologic Responses to Illness - Nursing Care of the Patient
- Answer (click here)
12. Palliative Sedation at the End of Life - Nursing Care - Answer (click here)
13. Nursing Care of the Patient Who Is Close to Death - Answer (click here)
14. Coping With Death and Dying: Professional Caregiver Issues - Answer
(click here)

Preoperative Nursing Management


1. Preoperative Nursing Management - Answer (click here)
2. Perioperative and Perianesthesia Nursing - Answer (click here)
3. Surgical Classification - Answer (click here)
4. Preparation for Surgery - Answer (click here)
5. Special Considerations - Preoperative Nursing Management - Answer
(click here)
6. Preoperative Teaching - Preoperative Nursing Interventions - Answer
(click here)
7. Preoperative Psychosocial Nursing Interventions - Answer (click here)
8. General Preoperative Nursing Interventions - Answer (click here)
9. Immediate Preoperative Nursing Interventions - Answer (click here)
10. Nursing Process: Care of the Patient in the Preoperative Period - Answer
(click here)

Intraoperative Nursing Management


1. The Surgical Team - Answer (click here)
2. The Surgical Environment - Answer (click here)
3. Principles of Surgical Asepsis - Answer (click here)
4. Health Hazards Associated With the Surgical Environment - Answer (click
here)
5. Sedation and Anesthesia - Surgical Experience - Answer (click here)
6. Methods of Anesthesia Administration - Surgical Experience - Answer
(click here)
7. Potential Intraoperative Complications - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient During Surgery - Answer (click here)

Postoperative Nursing Management


1. The Postanesthesia Care Unit - Answer (click here)
2. Nursing Management in the PACU - Answer (click here)
3. The Hospitalized Postoperative Patient - Answer (click here)
4. Nursing Process: The Hospitalized Patient Recovering From Surgery -
Answer (click here)

Assessment of Respiratory Function


1. Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract: Lungs - Answer (click here)
3. Function of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
4. Health History - Assessment of Respiratory Function - Answer (click here)
5. Physical Assessment of the Upper Respiratory Structures - Answer (click
here)
6. Physical Assessment of the Lower Respiratory Structures and Breathing
- Answer (click here)
7. Physical Assessment of Breathing Ability in the Acutely Ill Patient -
Answer (click here)
8. Pulmonary Function Tests - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)
9. Arterial Blood Gas Studies - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)
10. Pulse Oximetry, Cultures - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)
11. Sputum Studies - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)
12. Imaging Studies - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)
13. Endoscopic Procedures - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)
14. Thoracentesis - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)
15. Biopsy - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders


1. Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Rhinitis - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Viral Rhinitis (Common Cold) - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click
here)
4. Acute Sinusitis - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Chronic Sinusitis - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Chronic Sinusitis - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Acute Pharyngitis - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Chronic Pharyngitis - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
9. Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Peritonsillar Abscess - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
11. Laryngitis - Upper Airway Infections - Answer (click here)
12. Nursing Process: The Patient With Upper Airway Infection - Answer (click
here)
13. Obstruction During Sleep - Upper Respiratory Airway - Answer (click here)
14. Epistaxis (Nosebleed) - Upper Respiratory Airway - Answer (click here)
15. Nasal Obstruction - Upper Respiratory Airway - Answer (click here)
16. Fractures of the Nose - Upper Respiratory Airway - Answer (click here)
17. Laryngeal Obstruction - Upper Respiratory Airway - Answer (click here)
18. Cancer of the Larynx - Answer (click here)
19. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Laryngectomy - Answer (click
here)

Management of Patients With Chest and Lower Respiratory Tract


Disorders
1. Atelectasis - Answer (click here)
2. Acute Tracheobronchitis - Answer (click here)
3. Pneumonia - Answer (click here)
4. Nursing Process: The Patient With Pneumonia - Answer (click here)
5. Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
6. Nursing Process: The Patient With Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
7. Lung Abscess - Answer (click here)
8. Pleurisy - Pleural Conditions - Answer (click here)
9. Pleural Effusion - Pleural Conditions - Answer (click here)
10. Empyema - Pleural Conditions - Answer (click here)
11. Pulmonary Edema - Answer (click here)
12. Acute Respiratory Failure - Answer (click here)
13. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Answer (click here)
14. Pulmonary Hypertension - Answer (click here)
15. Pulmonary Heart Disease (Cor Pulmonale) - Answer (click here)
16. Pulmonary Embolism - Answer (click here)
17. Sarcoidosis - Answer (click here)
18. Occupational Lung Diseases: Pneumoconioses - Answer (click here)
19. Silicosis - Answer (click here)
20. Asbestosis - Answer (click here)
21. Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis - Answer (click here)
22. Lung Cancer (Bronchogenic Carcinoma) - Answer (click here)
23. Tumors of the Mediastinum - Answer (click here)
24. Chest Trauma - Answer (click here)
25. Blunt Trauma - Answer (click here)
26. Penetrating Trauma: Gunshot and Stab Wounds - Answer (click here)
27. Pneumothorax - Answer (click here)
28. Cardiac Tamponade - Answer (click here)
29. Subcutaneous Emphysema - Answer (click here)
30. Aspiration - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary


Disease
1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Medical and Nursing
Management - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Process: The Patient With COPD - Answer (click here)
4. Bronchiectasis - Answer (click here)
5. Asthma - Answer (click here)
6. Status Asthmaticus - Answer (click here)
7. Cystic Fibrosis - Answer (click here)

Respiratory Care Modalities


1. Oxygen Therapy - Noninvasive Respiratory Therapies - Answer (click here)
2. Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing - Noninvasive Respiratory
Therapies - Answer (click here)
3. Mini-nebulizer Therapy - Noninvasive Respiratory Therapies - Answer
(click here)
4. Incentive Spirometry (Sustained Maximal Inspiration) - Noninvasive
Respiratory Therapies - Answer (click here)
5. Chest Physiotherapy - Noninvasive Respiratory Therapies - Answer (click
here)
6. Airway Management - Answer (click here)
7. Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
8. Classification of Ventilators - Answer (click here)
9. Adjusting the Ventilator and Assessing the Equipment - Answer (click here)
10. Problems With Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
11. Nursing Process: The Patient on a Ventilator - Answer (click here)
12. Weaning the Patient From the Ventilator - Answer (click here)
13. The Patient Undergoing Thoracic Surgery - Answer (click here)
14. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Thoracic Surgery - Answer
(click here)

Assessment of Cardiovascular Function


1. Assessment of Cardiovascular Function - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Heart - Answer (click here)
3. Function of the Heart: Conduction System - Answer (click here)
4. Gender Differences in Cardiac Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
5. Assessment of Cardiovascular - Answer (click here)
6. Assessment of Cardiovascular Function: Health History and Clinical
Manifestations - Answer (click here)
7. Assessment of Cardiovascular Function: Physical Assessment - Answer
(click here)
8. Assessment of Cardiovascular Function: Cardiac Auscultation - Physical
Assessment - Answer (click here)
9. Laboratory Tests - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular Function -
Answer (click here)
10. Chest X-ray and Fluoroscopy - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular
Function - Answer (click here)
11. Electrocardiography - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular Function
- Answer (click here)
12. Cardiac Stress Testing - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular
Function - Answer (click here)
13. Echocardiography - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular Function -
Answer (click here)
14. Radionuclide Imaging - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular
Function - Answer (click here)
15. Cardiac Catheterization - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular
Function - Answer (click here)
16. Angiography - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular Function -
Answer (click here)
17. Electrophysiologic Testing - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular
Function - Answer (click here)
18. Hemodynamic Monitoring - Diagnostic Evaluation of Cardiovascular
Function - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Dysrhythmias and Conduction


Problems
1. Dysrhythmias: Normal Electrical Conduction - Answer (click here)
2. Dysrhythmias: Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
3. Dysrhythmias: Analyzing the Electrocardiogram Rhythm Strip - Answer
(click here)
4. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Dysrhythmia - Answer (click here)
5. Adjunctive Modalities and Management - Answer (click here)
6. Pacemaker Therapy - Adjunctive Modalities and Management - Answer
(click here)
7. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Pacemaker - Answer (click here)
8. Cardioversion and Defibrillation - Adjunctive Modalities and
Management - Answer (click here)
9. Electrophysiologic Studies - Adjunctive Modalities and Management -
Answer (click here)
10. Cardiac Conduction Surgery - Adjunctive Modalities and Management -
Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Coronary Vascular Disorders


1. Coronary Atherosclerosis - Coronary Artery Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Angina Pectoris - Coronary Artery Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Process: The Patient With Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
4. Myocardial Infarction - Coronary Artery Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Nursing Process: The Patient With Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click
here)
6. Invasive Interventional Procedures - Invasive Coronary Artery
Procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Surgical Procedures - Invasive Coronary Artery Procedures - Answer (click
here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient Awaiting Cardiac Surgery - Answer (click
here)
9. Intraoperative Nursing Management - Invasive Coronary Artery
Procedures - Answer (click here)
10. Nursing Process: The Patient Who Has Had Cardiac Surgery - Answer
(click here)

Management of Patients With Structural Infectious and


Inflammatory Cardiac Disorders
1. Acquired Valvular Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Mitral Valve Prolapse - Acquired Valvular Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Mitral Regurgitation - Acquired Valvular Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Mitral Stenosis - Acquired Valvular Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Aortic Regurgitation - Acquired Valvular Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Aortic Stenosis - Acquired Valvular Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Valvular Heart Disorders: Nursing Management - Answer (click here)
8. Valvuloplasty - Answer (click here)
9. Valve Replacement - Answer (click here)
10. Valvuloplasty and Replacement: Nursing Management - Answer (click here)
11. Septal Repair - Answer (click here)
12. Cardiomyopathies - Answer (click here)
13. Nursing Process: The Patient With Cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Tumor and Trauma Surgery - Answer (click here)
15. Rheumatic Endocarditis - Infectious Diseases of the Heart - Answer (click
here)
16. Infective Endocarditis - Infectious Diseases of the Heart - Answer (click
here)
17. Myocarditis - Infectious Diseases of the Heart - Answer (click here)
18. Pericarditis - Infectious Diseases of the Heart - Answer (click here)
19. Nursing Process: The Patient With Pericarditis - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Complications From Heart Disease


1. Cardiac Hemodynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
3. Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
4. Nursing Process: The Patient With Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
5. Acute Heart Failure (Pulmonary Edema) - Answer (click here)
6. Cardiogenic Shock - Answer (click here)
7. Thromboembolism - Answer (click here)
8. Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade - Answer (click here)
9. Myocardial Rupture - Answer (click here)
10. Cardiac Arrest - Answer (click here)

Vascular Disorders and Problems of Peripheral Circulation


1. Anatomy of the Vascular System - Answer (click here)
2. Function of the Vascular System - Answer (click here)
3. Pathophysiology of the Vascular System - Answer (click here)
4. Assessment of Vascular Disorders: Health History and Clinical
Manifestations - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnostic Evaluation - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
7. Nursing Process: The Patient Who Has Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency
of the Extremities - Answer (click here)
8. Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease) - Answer (click here)
10. Aortitis - Answer (click here)
11. Aortoiliac Disease - Answer (click here)
12. Aortic Aneurysm - Answer (click here)
13. Dissecting Aorta - Answer (click here)
14. Arterial Embolism and Arterial Thrombosis - Answer (click here)
15. Raynaud’s Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Venous Thrombosis, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), Thrombophlebitis,
and Phlebothrombosis - Answer (click here)
17. Chronic Venous Insufficiency - Answer (click here)
18. Leg Ulcers - Answer (click here)
19. Nursing Process: The Patient Who Has Leg Ulcers - Answer (click here)
20. Varicose Veins - Answer (click here)
21. Cellulitis - Answer (click here)
22. Management of Lymphatic Disorders - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Hypertension


1. Hypertension Defined - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Hypertension - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Process: The Patient With Hypertension - Answer (click here)
4. Hypertensive Crises - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Hematologic


Disorders
1. Blood - Anatomic and Physiologic Overview - Answer (click here)
2. Bone Marrow - Anatomic and Physiologic Overview - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Cells - Anatomic and Physiologic Overview - Answer (click here)
4. Plasma and Plasma Proteins - Anatomic and Physiologic Overview -
Answer (click here)
5. Reticuloendothelial System(RES) - Answer (click here)
6. Hemostasis - Answer (click here)
7. Pathophysiology of the Hematologic System - Answer (click here)
8. Anemia - Management of Hematologic Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Nursing Process: The Patient With Anemia - Answer (click here)
10. Iron Deficiency Anemia - Answer (click here)
11. Anemias in Renal Disease - Answer (click here)
12. Anemia of Chronic Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Aplastic Anemia - Answer (click here)
14. Megaloblastic Anemias - Answer (click here)
15. Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) - Answer (click here)
16. Hemolytic Anemias - Answer (click here)
17. Sickle Cell Anemia - Answer (click here)
18. Nursing Process: The Patient With Sickle Cell Crisis - Answer (click here)
19. Thalassemia - Answer (click here)
20. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency - Answer (click here)
21. Immune Hemolytic Anemia - Answer (click here)
22. Hereditary Hemochromatosis - Answer (click here)
23. Polycythemia Vera - Answer (click here)
24. Secondary Polycythemia - Answer (click here)
25. Leukopenia and Neutropenia - Answer (click here)
26. Leukocytosis and the Leukemias - Answer (click here)
27. Acute Myeloid Leukemia(AML) - Answer (click here)
28. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia(CML) - Answer (click here)
29. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia - Answer (click here)
30. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia(CLL) - Answer (click here)
31. Nursing Process: The Patient With Acute Leukemia - Answer (click here)
32. Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia (AMM) - Answer (click here)
33. Hodgkin’s Disease - Answer (click here)
34. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas - Answer (click here)
35. Multiple Myeloma - Answer (click here)
36. Bleeding Disorders - Answer (click here)
37. Primary Thrombocythemia and Secondary Thrombocytosis - Answer (click
here)
38. Thrombocytopenia - Answer (click here)
39. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) - Answer (click here)
40. Platelet Defects - Answer (click here)
41. Hemophilia - Answer (click here)
42. Von Willebrand’s Disease - Answer (click here)
43. Liver Disease - Acquired Coagulation Disorders - Answer (click here)
44. Vitamin K Deficiency - Acquired Coagulation Disorders - Answer (click
here)
45. Complications of Anticoagulant Therapy - Answer (click here)
46. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - Answer (click here)
47. Nursing Process: The Patient With Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation (DIC) - Answer (click here)
48. Thrombotic Disorders - Answer (click here)
49. Hyperhomocystinemia - Answer (click here)
50. Antithrombin III Deficiency - Coagulation Disorders - Answer (click here)
51. Protein C Deficiency - Coagulation Disorders - Answer (click here)
52. Activated Protein C Resistance and Factor V Leiden Mutation -
Coagulation Disorders - Answer (click here)
53. Protein S Deficiency - Coagulation Disorders - Answer (click here)
54. Acquired Thrombophilia - Coagulation Disorders - Answer (click here)
55. Therapies for Blood Disorders - Answer (click here)
56. Procuring Blood and Blood Products - Answer (click here)
57. Blood Transfusion Complications - Answer (click here)

Assessment of Digestive and Gastrointestinal Function


1. Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
2. Function of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Digestive and Gastrointestinal Function - Answer (click
here)
4. Diagnostic Evaluation of Digestive and Gastrointestinal Function -
Answer (click here)
5. Stool Tests - Diagnostic Evaluation of Digestive and Gastrointestinal
Function - Answer (click here)
6. Breath Tests - Diagnostic Evaluation of Digestive and Gastrointestinal
Function - Answer (click here)
7. Abdominal Ultrasonography - Diagnostic Evaluation of Digestive and
Gastrointestinal Function - Answer (click here)
8. DNA Testing - Diagnostic Evaluation of Digestive and Gastrointestinal
Function - Answer (click here)
9. Imaging Studies - Diagnostic Evaluation of Digestive and
Gastrointestinal Function - Answer (click here)
10. Endoscopic Procedures - Diagnostic Evaluation of Digestive and
Gastrointestinal Function - Answer (click here)
11. Manometry and Electrophysiologic Studies - Diagnostic Evaluation of
Digestive and Gastrointestinal Function - Answer (click here)
12. Gastric Analysis, Gastric Acid Stimulation Test, and pH Monitoring -
Answer (click here)
13. Laparoscopy (Peritoneoscopy) - Diagnostic Evaluation of Digestive and
Gastrointestinal Function - Answer (click here)
14. Pathophysiologic and Psychological Considerations - Digestive and
Gastrointestinal - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Oral and Esophageal Disorders


1. Management of Patients With Oral and Esophageal Disorders - Answer
(click here)
2. Dental Plaque and Caries - Disorders of the Teeth - Answer (click here)
3. Dentoalveolar Abscess or Periapical Abscess - Disorders of the Teeth -
Answer (click here)
4. Malocclusion - Disorders of the Teeth - Answer (click here)
5. Disorders of the Jaw: Temporomandibular Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Disorders of the Salivary Glands - Answer (click here)
7. Cancer of the Oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient With Conditions of the Oral Cavity -
Answer (click here)
9. Neck Dissection - Answer (click here)
10. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing a Neck Dissection - Answer
(click here)
11. Dysphagia - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
12. Achalasia - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
13. Diffuse Spasm - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
14. Hiatal Hernia - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
15. Diverticulum - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
16. Perforation - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
17. Foreign Bodies - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
18. Chemical Burns - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
19. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer
(click here)
20. Barrett’s Esophagus - Disorders of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
21. Benign Tumors and Cancer of the Esophagus - Answer (click here)
22. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Condition of the Esophagus -
Answer (click here)

Gastrointestinal Intubation and Special Nutritional Modalities


1. Gastrointestinal Intubation - Answer (click here)
2. Nursing Management of Patients Undergoing Nasogastric or Nasoenteric
Intubation - Answer (click here)
3. Tube Feedings With Nasogastric and Nasoenteric Devices - Answer (click
here)
4. Nursing Process: The Patient Receiving a Tube Feeding - Answer (click
here)
5. Gastrostomy - Answer (click here)
6. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Gastrostomy - Answer (click here)
7. Parenteral Nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient Receiving Parenteral Nutrition - Answer
(click here)

Management of Patients With Gastric and Duodenal Disorders


1. Gastritis - Answer (click here)
2. Nursing Process: The Patient With Gastritis - Answer (click here)
3. Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers - Answer (click here)
4. Nursing Process: The Patient With Ulcer Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Morbid Obesity - Answer (click here)
6. Gastric Cancer - Answer (click here)
7. Nursing Process: The Patient With Gastric Cancer - Answer (click here)
8. Gastric Surgery - Answer (click here)
9. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Gastric Surgery - Answer (click
here)

Management of Patients With Intestinal and Rectal Disorders


1. Constipation - Abnormalities of Fecal Elimination - Answer (click here)
2. Diarrhea - Abnormalities of Fecal Elimination - Answer (click here)
3. Fecal Incontinence - Abnormalities of Fecal Elimination - Answer (click
here)
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Abnormalities of Fecal Elimination - Answer
(click here)
5. Conditions of Malabsorption - Abnormalities of Fecal Elimination -
Answer (click here)
6. Appendicitis - Acute Inflammatory Intestinal Disorders - Answer (click
here)
7. Diverticular Disease - Acute Inflammatory Intestinal Disorders - Answer
(click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient With Diverticulitis - Answer (click here)
9. Peritonitis - Acute Inflammatory Intestinal Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Regional Enteritis (Crohn’s Disease) - Inflammatory Bowel Disease -
Answer (click here)
12. Ulcerative Colitis - Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Nursing Process: Management of the Patient With Inflammatory Bowel
Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Nursing Management of the Patient Requiring an Ileostomy - Answer
(click here)
15. Intestinal Obstruction - Answer (click here)
16. Small Bowel Obstruction - Answer (click here)
17. Large Bowel Obstruction - Answer (click here)
18. Colorectal Cancer - Answer (click here)
19. Nursing Process: The Patient With Colorectal Cancer - Answer (click here)
20. Polyps of the Colon and Rectum - Answer (click here)
21. Diseases of the Anorectum - Answer (click here)
22. Nursing Process: The Patient With an Anorectal Condition - Answer (click
here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Hepatic Disorders


1. Anatomy of the Liver - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Patients With Hepatic Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients With Hepatic Disorders - Answer (click
here)
5. Hepatic Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
6. Jaundice - Hepatic Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
7. Portal Hypertension - Hepatic Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
8. Ascites - Hepatic Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
9. Esophageal Varices - Hepatic Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
10. Hepatic Encephalopathy and Coma - Hepatic Dysfunction - Answer (click
here)
11. Other Manifestations of Liver Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
12. Management of Patients With Viral Hepatitis - Answer (click here)
13. Management of Patients With Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) - Answer (click
here)
14. Management of Patients With Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) - Answer (click
here)
15. Management of Patients With Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) - Answer (click
here)
16. Management of Patients With Hepatitis D Virus - Answer (click here)
17. Management of Patients With Hepatitis E Virus, Hepatitis G (HGV) and
GB Virus-C - Answer (click here)
18. Management of Patients With Nonviral Hepatic Disorders - Answer (click
here)
19. Nursing Process: The Patient With Hepatic Cirrhosis - Answer (click here)
20. Cancer of the Liver - Answer (click here)
21. Liver Transplantation - Answer (click here)
22. Liver Abscesses - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Biliary Disorders


1. Anatomy and Function of the Gallbladder - Answer (click here)
2. The Pancreas - Answer (click here)
3. Cholecystitis - Disorders of the Gallbladder - Answer (click here)
4. Cholelithiasis - Disorders of the Gallbladder - Answer (click here)
5. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Surgery for Gallbladder
Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Disorders of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
7. Acute Pancreatitis - Disorders of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient With Acute Pancreatitis - Answer (click here)
9. Chronic Pancreatitis - Disorders of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
10. Pancreatic Cysts - Answer (click here)
11. Cancer of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
12. Tumors of the Head of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
13. Pancreatic Islet Tumors - Answer (click here)
14. Hyperinsulinism - Disorders of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
15. Ulcerogenic Tumors - Disorders of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus


1. Assessment and Management of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus -
Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
3. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
4. Type 1 Diabetes - Answer (click here)
5. Type 2 Diabetes - Answer (click here)
6. Gestational Diabetes - Answer (click here)
7. Diabetes Management - Answer (click here)
8. Diabetes Management: Nutritional Management - Answer (click here)
9. Diabetes Management: Exercise - Answer (click here)
10. Diabetes Management: Monitoring: Glucose Levels and Ketones -
Answer (click here)
11. Diabetes Management: Pharmacologic Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Education - Nursing Management of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus -
Answer (click here)
13. Developing a Diabetic Teaching Plan - Nursing Management of Patients
With Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
14. Implementing the Plan - Nursing Management of Patients With Diabetes
Mellitus - Answer (click here)
15. Hypoglycemia (Insulin Reactions) - Acute Complications of Diabetes -
Answer (click here)
16. Diabetic Ketoacidosis - Acute Complications of Diabetes - Answer (click
here)
17. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome - Acute
Complications of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
18. Nursing Process: The Patient Newly Diagnosed With Diabetes Mellitus -
Answer (click here)
19. Long Term Complications of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
20. Macrovascular Complications - Long Term Complications of Diabetes -
Answer (click here)
21. Microvascular Complications and Diabetic Retinopathy - Long Term
Complications of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
22. Nephropathy - Long Term Complications of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
23. Diabetic Neuropathies - Long Term Complications of Diabetes - Answer
(click here)
24. Foot and Leg Problems - Long Term Complications of Diabetes - Answer
(click here)
25. The Patient With Diabetes Undergoing Surgery - Answer (click here)
26. Management of Hospitalized Diabetic Patients - Answer (click here)
27. Nursing Process: The Patient With Diabetes as a Secondary Diagnosis -
Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Endocrine


Disorders
1. Endocrine System: Anatomic and Physiologic Overview - Answer (click
here)
2. Assessment of Patients With Endocrine Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients With Endocrine Disorders - Answer
(click here)
4. Management of Patients With Pituitary Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Management of Patients With Thyroid Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Thyroid Function and Dysfunction - Management of Patients With
Thyroid Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Abnormal Thyroid Function - Management of Patients With Thyroid
Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Hypothyroidism - Management of Patients With Thyroid Disorders -
Answer (click here)
9. Hyperthyroidism - Management of Patients With Thyroid Disorders -
Answer (click here)
10. Nursing Process: The Patient With Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)
11. Thyroiditis - Management of Patients With Thyroid Disorders - Answer
(click here)
12. Thyroid Tumors - Management of Patients With Thyroid Disorders -
Answer (click here)
13. Endemic (Iodine-Deficient) Goiter - Management of Patients With
Thyroid Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Nodular Goiter - Management of Patients With Thyroid Disorders -
Answer (click here)
15. Thyroid Cancer - Management of Patients With Thyroid Disorders -
Answer (click here)
16. Parathyroid Function - Management of Patients With Parathyroid
Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Hyperparathyroidism - Management of Patients With Parathyroid
Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Hypoparathyroidism - Management of Patients With Parathyroid
Disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Management of Patients With Adrenal Disorders - Answer (click here)
20. Adrenal Function - Management of Patients With Adrenal Disorders -
Answer (click here)
21. Pheochromocytoma - Management of Patients With Adrenal Disorders -
Answer (click here)
22. Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease) - Management of
Patients With Adrenal Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Cushing’s Syndrome - Management of Patients With Adrenal Disorders
- Answer (click here)
24. Nursing Process: The Patient With Cushing’s Syndrome - Answer (click
here)
25. Primary Aldosteronism - Management of Patients With Adrenal
Disorders - Answer (click here)
26. Corticosteroid Therapy - Answer (click here)

Assessment of Renal and Urinary Tract Function


1. Anatomy of the Upper and Lower Urinary Tracts - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology of the Upper and Lower Urinary Tracts - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Renal and Urinary Tract Function - Answer (click here)
4. Urinalysis and Urine Culture - Diagnostic Evaluation - Answer (click here)
5. Renal Function Tests - Answer (click here)
6. X-Ray Films and Other Imaging Modalities - Renal and Urinary Tract
Function - Answer (click here)
7. Urologic Endoscopic Procedures - Renal and Urinary Tract Function -
Answer (click here)
8. Biopsy - Renal and Urinary Tract Function - Answer (click here)
9. Urodynamic Tests - Renal and Urinary Tract Function - Answer (click here)
10. Nursing Implications - Renal and Urinary Tract Function - Answer (click
here)

Management of Patients With Upper or Lower Urinary Tract


Dysfunction
1. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances in Renal Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Dysfunctional Voiding Patterns - Answer (click here)
3. Congenital and Adult Voiding Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
4. Urinary Incontinence - Dysfunctional Voiding Patterns - Answer (click
here)
5. Urinary Retention - Dysfunctional Voiding Patterns - Answer (click here)
6. Neurogenic Bladder - Dysfunctional Voiding Patterns - Answer (click here)
7. Dialysis - Answer (click here)
8. Hemodialysis - Dialysis - Answer (click here)
9. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies - Dialysis - Answer (click here)
10. Peritoneal Dialysis - Answer (click here)
11. Special Considerations: Care of the Hospitalized Dialysis Patient -
Answer (click here)
12. Kidney Surgery - Answer (click here)
13. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Kidney Surgery - Answer (click
here)

Management of Patients With Urinary Disorders


1. Infections of the Urinary Tract - Answer (click here)
2. Lower Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Process: The Patient With Lower Urinary Tract Infection -
Answer (click here)
4. Upper Urinary Tract Infection: Acute Pyelonephritis - Answer (click here)
5. Upper Urinary Tract Infection: Chronic Pyelonephritis - Answer (click here)
6. Primary Glomerular Diseases - Answer (click here)
7. Acute Glomerulonephritis - Primary Glomerular Diseases - Answer (click
here)
8. Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Primary Glomerular Diseases - Answer
(click here)
9. Nephrotic Syndrome - Primary Glomerular Diseases - Answer (click here)
10. Acute Renal Failure - Answer (click here)
11. Chronic Renal Failure (End-Stage Renal Disease) - Answer (click here)
12. Kidney Transplantation - Answer (click here)
13. Urolithiasis - Answer (click here)
14. Nursing Process: The Patient With Kidney Stones - Answer (click here)
15. Genitourinary Trauma - Answer (click here)
16. Urinary Tract Cancers - Answer (click here)
17. Cancer of the Bladder - Answer (click here)
18. Urinary Diversions - Answer (click here)
19. Cutaneous Urinary Diversions - Answer (click here)
20. Continent Urinary Diversions - Answer (click here)
21. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Urinary Diversion Surgery -
Answer (click here)
22. Nephrosclerosis - Urinary Tract Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Hydronephrosis - Urinary Tract Disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Urethritis - Urinary Tract Disorders - Answer (click here)
25. Renal Abscess - Urinary Tract Disorders - Answer (click here)
26. Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract - Answer (click here)
27. Urethral Strictures - Answer (click here)
28. Renal Cysts - Answer (click here)
29. Interstitial Cystitis - Urinary Tract Disorders - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Female Physiologic Processes


1. Role of Nurses in Women’s Health - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
3. Function of the Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
4. Assessment of Female Physiologic Processes: Health History and
Clinical Manifestations - Answer (click here)
5. Assessment of Female Physiologic Processes: Physical Assessment -
Answer (click here)
6. Cytologic Test for Cancer (Pap Smear) - Diagnostic Evaluation of
Female Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
7. Colposcopy and Cervical Biopsy - Diagnostic Evaluation of Female
Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
8. Cryotherapy and Laser Therapy - Diagnostic Evaluation of Female
Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
9. Cone Biopsy and LEEP - Diagnostic Evaluation of Female Physiologic
Processes - Answer (click here)
10. Endometrial (Aspiration) Biopsy - Diagnostic Evaluation of Female
Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
11. Dilation and Curettage - Diagnostic Evaluation of Female Physiologic
Processes - Answer (click here)
12. Endoscopic Examinations - Diagnostic Evaluation of Female
Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
13. Other Diagnostic Procedures - Diagnostic Evaluation of Female
Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
14. Menstruation - Management of Normal and Altered Female Physiologic
Processes - Answer (click here)
15. Perimenopause - Management of Normal and Altered Female
Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
16. Menopause - Management of Normal and Altered Female Physiologic
Processes - Answer (click here)
17. Premenstrual Syndrome - Management of Normal and Altered Female
Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
18. Dysmenorrhea - Management of Normal and Altered Female
Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
19. Amenorrhea - Management of Normal and Altered Female Physiologic
Processes - Answer (click here)
20. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - Management of Normal and Altered
Female Physiologic Processes - Answer (click here)
21. Dyspareunia - Management of Normal and Altered Female Reproductive
Function - Answer (click here)
22. Contraception - Management of Normal and Altered Female
Reproductive Function - Answer (click here)
23. Abortion - Management of Normal and Altered Female Reproductive
Function - Answer (click here)
24. Ectopic Pregnancy - Management of Normal and Altered Female
Reproductive Function - Answer (click here)
25. Nursing Process: The Patient With an Ectopic Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)

Management of Patients With Female Reproductive Disorders


1. Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Candidiasis - Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Seminal Plasma Protein Allergy - Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click
here)
4. Bacterial Vaginosis - Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Trichomoniasis - Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Vulvovaginal Infection - Answer
(click here)
7. Human Papillomavirus - Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Herpesvirus Type 2 Infection (Herpes Genitalis, Herpes Simplex Virus)
- Answer (click here)
9. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Genital Herpesvirus Infection -
Answer (click here)
10. Toxic Shock Syndrome - Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click here)
11. Endocervicitis and Cervicitis - Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click
here)
12. Chlamydia and Gonorrhea - Vulvovaginal Infections - Answer (click here)
13. Pelvic Infection (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) - Answer (click here)
14. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
15. Fistulas of the Vagina - Structural Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Cystocele, Rectocele, Enterocele - Answer (click
here)
17. Uterine Prolapse - Structural Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Benign Disorders - Female Reproductive Disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Vulvar Cysts - Answer (click here)
20. Vulvar Dystrophy - Answer (click here)
21. Ovarian Cysts - Answer (click here)
22. Benign Tumors of the Uterus:Fibroids (Leiomyomas, Myomas) - Answer
(click here)
23. Endometriosis - Answer (click here)
24. Adenomyosis - Answer (click here)
25. Malignant Conditions of Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
26. Cancer of the Cervix - Answer (click here)
27. Pregnancy-Related Neoplasm - Answer (click here)
28. Cancer of the Uterus (Endometrium) - Answer (click here)
29. Cancer of the Vulva - Answer (click here)
30. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Vulvar Surgery - Answer (click
here)
31. Cancer of the Vagina - Answer (click here)
32. Cancer of the Fallopian Tubes - Answer (click here)
33. Cancer of the Ovary - Answer (click here)
34. Hysterectomy - Answer (click here)
35. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing a Hysterectomy - Answer (click
here)
36. Radiation Therapy - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Breast Disorders


1. Breast - Anatomic and Physiologic Overview - Answer (click here)
2. Assessment of Patients With Breast Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients With Breast Disorders - Answer (click
here)
4. Nursing Care of the Patient Undergoing a Breast Biopsy - Answer (click
here)
5. Conditions Affecting the Nipple - Answer (click here)
6. Breast Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Benign Conditions of the Breast - Answer (click here)
8. Malignant Conditions of the Breast - Answer (click here)
9. Current Research in Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
10. Prophylactic Mastectomy - Answer (click here)
11. Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
12. Breast Cancer: Medical Management - Answer (click here)
13. Special Issues in Breast Cancer Management - Answer (click here)
14. Nursing Process: The Patient With Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
15. Reconstructive Breast Surgery - Answer (click here)
16. Diseases of the Male Breast - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Problems Related to Male


Reproductive Processes
1. Testicular Development - Answer (click here)
2. Glandular Function - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Problems Related to Male Reproductive Processes -
Answer (click here)
4. Diagnostic Evaluation to Male Reproductive Processes - Answer (click
here)
5. Disorders of Male Sexual Function - Answer (click here)
6. Infections of the Male Genitourinary Tract - Answer (click here)
7. Prostatitis - Conditions of the Prostate - Answer (click here)
8. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (Enlarged Prostate) - Answer (click here)
9. Cancer of the Prostate - Answer (click here)
10. The Patient Undergoing Prostate Surgery - Answer (click here)
11. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Prostatectomy - Answer (click
here)
12. Conditions Affecting the Testes and Adjacent Structures - Answer (click
here)
13. Conditions Affecting the Penis - Answer (click here)

Assessment of Immune Function


1. Anatomy of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
2. Immune Function: Defenses and Responses - Answer (click here)
3. Advances in Immunology - Answer (click here)
4. Assessment of Immune Function - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnostic Evaluation of the Immune System - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Immunodeficiency


1. Management of Patients With Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
2. Phagocytic Dysfunction - Primary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click
here)
3. B-Cell Deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
4. T-Cell Deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
5. Combined B-Cell and T-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
6. Deficiencies of the Complement System - Primary Immunodeficiencies -
Answer (click here)
7. Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Management for Patients With Immunodeficiencies - Answer
(click here)

Management of Patients With HIV Infection and AIDS


1. Management of Patients With HIV Infection and AIDS - Answer (click
here)
2. HIV Infection and AIDS: Epidemiology and HIV Transmission - Answer
(click here)
3. Prevention of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
4. HIV Infection and AIDS: Transmission to Health Care Providers -
Answer (click here)
5. HIV Infection and AIDS: Pathophysiology - Answer (click here)
6. Stages of HIV Disease - Answer (click here)
7. HIV Infection and AIDS: Assessment and Diagnostic Findings - Answer
(click here)
8. Treatment of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
9. HIV Infection and AIDS: Drug Resistance - Answer (click here)
10. HIV Infection and AIDS: Structured Intermittent Therapy - Answer (click
here)
11. HIV Infection and AIDS: Clinical Manifestations - Answer (click here)
12. HIV Infection and AIDS: Medical Management - Answer (click here)
13. HIV Infection and AIDS: Complementary and Alternative Modalities -
Answer (click here)
14. HIV Infection and AIDS: Supportive Care - Answer (click here)
15. Nursing Process: The Patient With AIDS - Answer (click here)
16. Emotional and Ethical Concerns - Patients With HIV Infection and
AIDS - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Allergic Disorders


1. Assessment and Management of Patients With Allergic Disorders -
Answer (click here)
2. Allergic Reaction: Physiologic Overview - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Patients With Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients With Allergic Disorders - Answer (click
here)
5. Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Anaphylaxis - Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Allergic Rhinitis - Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient With Allergic Rhinitis - Answer (click here)
9. Contact Dermatitis - Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Atopic Dermatitis - Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Dermatitis Medicamentosa (Drug Reactions) - Allergic Disorders -
Answer (click here)
12. Urticaria and Angioneurotic Edema - Answer (click here)
13. Hereditary Angioedema - Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Food Allergy - Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Serum Sickness - Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Latex Allergy - Allergic Disorders - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Rheumatic


Disorders
1. Rheumatic Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Rheumatic Disease - Answer (click
here)
3. Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click
here)
5. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases -
Answer (click here)
6. Scleroderma - Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click here)
7. Polymyositis - Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer (click here)
8. Polymyalgia Rheumatica - Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases - Answer
(click here)
9. Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis) - Answer (click here)
10. Spondyloarthropathies - Answer (click here)
11. Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Associated With Rheumatic
Disorders: Gout - Answer (click here)
12. Fibromyalgia - Answer (click here)
13. Arthritis Associated With Infectious Organisms - Answer (click here)
14. Neoplasms and Neurovascular, Bone, and Extra-Articular Disorders -
Answer (click here)

Assessment of Integumentary Function


1. Anatomy of the Skin, Hair, Nails, and Glands of the Skin - Answer (click
here)
2. Functions of the Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Assessment of Integumentary Function - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnostic Evaluation of Integumentary Function - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Dermatologic Problems


1. Skin Care for Patients With Skin Conditions - Answer (click here)
2. Wound Care for Skin Conditions - Answer (click here)
3. Pruritus - Answer (click here)
4. Secretory Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Hydradenitis Suppurativa - Secretory Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Seborrheic Dermatoses - Secretory Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Acne Vulgaris - Secretory Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Impetigo - Bacterial Infections: Pyodermas - Answer (click here)
9. Folliculitis, Furuncles, and Carbuncles - Bacterial Infections: Pyodermas
- Answer (click here)
10. Viral Skin Infections - Answer (click here)
11. Fungal (Mycotic) Infections - Answer (click here)
12. Parasitic Skin Infestation - Answer (click here)
13. Contact Dermatitis - Answer (click here)
14. Psoriasis - Noninfectious Inflammatory Dermatoses - Answer (click here)
15. Nursing Process: Care of the Patient With Psoriasis - Answer (click here)
16. Exfoliative Dermatitis - Noninfectious Inflammatory Dermatoses -
Answer (click here)
17. Blistering Diseases - Answer (click here)
18. Pemphigus - Blistering Diseases - Answer (click here)
19. Bullous Pemphigoid - Blistering Diseases - Answer (click here)
20. Dermatitis Herpetiformis - Blistering Diseases - Answer (click here)
21. Herpes Gestationis - Blistering Diseases - Answer (click here)
22. Nursing Process: Care of the Patient With Blistering Diseases - Answer
(click here)
23. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome - Answer
(click here)
24. Nursing Process: Care of the Patient With Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis -
Answer (click here)
25. Ulcerations - Answer (click here)
26. Benign Tumors of the Skin - Answer (click here)
27. Malignant Tumors of the Skin: Skin Cancer - Answer (click here)
28. Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
29. Malignant Melanoma - Answer (click here)
30. Nursing Process: Care of the Patient With Malignant Melanoma - Answer
(click here)
31. Metastatic Skin Tumors - Answer (click here)
32. Kaposi’s Sarcoma - Answer (click here)
33. Dermatologic and Plastic Reconstructive Surgery - Answer (click here)
34. Wound Coverage: Grafts and Flaps - Answer (click here)
35. Chemical Face Peeling - Answer (click here)
36. Dermabrasion - Answer (click here)
37. Nursing Process: Care of the Patient With Facial Reconstruction - Answer
(click here)
38. Face Lift - Answer (click here)
39. Laser Treatment of Cutaneous Lesions - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Burn Injury


1. Incidence of Burn Injury - Answer (click here)
2. Outlook for Survival and Recovery - Burn Injury - Answer (click here)
3. Pathophysiology of Burns - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Burns - Answer (click here)
5. Local and Systemic Responses to Burns - Answer (click here)
6. Management of the Patient With a Burn Injury - Answer (click here)
7. Emergent/Resuscitative Phase of Burn Care - Answer (click here)
8. Acute or Intermediate Phase of Burn Care - Answer (click here)
9. Acute or Intermediate Phase of Burn Care: Grafting the Burn Wound -
Answer (click here)
10. Acute or Intermediate Phase of Burn Care: Pain Management,
Nutritional Support - Answer (click here)
11. Disorders of Wound Healing - Answer (click here)
12. Nursing Process: Care of the Patient During the Acute Phase - Answer
(click here)
13. Rehabilitation Phase of Burn Care - Answer (click here)
14. Nursing Process: Care of the Patient During the Rehabilitation Phase -
Answer (click here)
15. Burn Care in the Home - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Eye and Vision


Disorders
1. Eye - Anatomic and Physiologic Overview - Answer (click here)
2. Assessment of Patients With Eye and Vision Disorders - Answer (click
here)
3. Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients With Eye and Vision Disorders -
Answer (click here)
4. Impaired Vision: Refractive Errors, Low Vision and Blindness - Answer
(click here)
5. Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
6. Cataracts - Answer (click here)
7. Corneal Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Retinal Detachment - Retinal Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Retinal Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Macular Degeneration - Retinal Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Orbital Trauma - Answer (click here)
12. Ocular Trauma - Answer (click here)
13. Ocular Burns - Answer (click here)
14. Dry Eye Syndrome - Answer (click here)
15. Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
16. Uveitis - Answer (click here)
17. Orbital Cellulitis - Answer (click here)
18. Orbital and Ocular Tumors - Answer (click here)
19. Surgical Procedures and Enucleation - Eye and Vision Disorders - Answer
(click here)
20. Ocular Consequences of Systemic Disease - Answer (click here)
21. Concepts in Ocular Medication Administration - Answer (click here)
22. Issues in Ophthalmology - Answer (click here)
23. Nursing Considerations - Eye and Vision Disorders - Answer (click here)

Assessment and Management of Patients With Hearing and


Balance Disorders
1. Anatomy of the External Ear - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
3. Anatomy of the Inner Ear - Answer (click here)
4. Function of the Ears - Answer (click here)
5. Assessment of Patients With Hearing and Balance Disorders - Answer
(click here)
6. Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients With Hearing and Balance Disorders -
Answer (click here)
7. Hearing Loss - Answer (click here)
8. Conditions of the External Ear - Answer (click here)
9. Conditions of the Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
10. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Mastoid Surgery - Answer (click
here)
11. Conditions of the Inner Ear - Answer (click here)
12. Aural Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)

Assessment of Neurologic Function


1. Anatomic and Physiologic Overview of Neurologic Function - Answer
(click here)
2. Anatomy of Cells of the Nervous System, Neurotransmitters - Answer
(click here)
3. Anatomy of the Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System - Answer (click here)
5. Motor and Sensory Functions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
6. Health History - Assessment: The Neurologic Examination - Answer (click
here)
7. Clinical Manifestations - Assessment: The Neurologic Examination -
Answer (click here)
8. Physical Examination - Assessment: The Neurologic Examination -
Answer (click here)
9. Diagnostic Evaluation of Neurologic Function - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction


1. Management of Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
2. Altered Level of Consciousness - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Process: The Patient With an Altered Level of Consciousness -
Answer (click here)
4. Increased Intracranial Pressure - Answer (click here)
5. Nursing Process: The Patient With Increased ICP - Answer (click here)
6. Intracranial Surgery - Answer (click here)
7. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Intracranial Surgery - Answer
(click here)
8. Transsphenoidal Surgery - Answer (click here)
9. Seizure Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. The Epilepsies - Answer (click here)
11. Nursing Process: The Patient With Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
12. Status Epilepticus - Answer (click here)
13. Headache - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Cerebrovascular Disorders


1. Management of Patients With Cerebrovascular Disorders - Answer (click
here)
2. Ischemic Stroke - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Process: The Patient Recovering from an Ischemic Stroke -
Answer (click here)
4. Hemorrhagic Stroke - Answer (click here)
5. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Hemorrhagic Stroke - Answer (click
here)

Management of Patients With Neurologic Trauma


1. Head Injuries - Answer (click here)
2. Brain Injury - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Brain Injury - Answer (click here)
4. Spinal Cord Injury - Answer (click here)
5. Nursing Process: The Patient With Acute Spinal Cord Injury - Answer
(click here)
6. Nursing Process: The Patient With Quadriplegia or Paraplegia - Answer
(click here)

Management of Patients With Neurologic Infections Autoimmune


Disorders and Neuropathies
1. Meningitis - Infectious Neurologic Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Brain Abscess - Infectious Neurologic Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis - Infectious Neurologic Disorders -
Answer (click here)
4. Arthropod-Borne Virus Encephalitis - Infectious Neurologic Disorders -
Answer (click here)
5. Fungal Encephalitis - Infectious Neurologic Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Creutzfeldt-Jakob and New-Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease - Answer
(click here)
7. Multiple Sclerosis - Autoimmune Processes - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient With Multiple Sclerosis - Answer (click here)
9. Myasthenia Gravis - Autoimmune Processes - Answer (click here)
10. Guillain-Barré Syndrome - Autoimmune Processes - Answer (click here)
11. Nursing Process: The Patient With Guillain-Barré Syndrome - Answer
(click here)
12. Cranial Nerve Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) - Cranial Nerve Disorders -
Answer (click here)
14. Bell’s Palsy - Cranial Nerve Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Oncologic or Degenerative


Neurologic Disorders
1. Primary Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
2. Cerebral Metastases - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Process: The Patient With Cerebral Metastases or Incurable
Brain Tumor - Answer (click here)
4. Spinal Cord Tumors - Answer (click here)
5. Degenerative Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Parkinson’s Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Nursing Process: The Patient With Parkinson’s Disease - Answer (click
here)
8. Huntington’s Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Answer (click here)
11. Muscular Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
12. Degenerative Disk Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Herniation of a Cervical Intervertebral Disk - Answer (click here)
14. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing a Cervical Discectomy -
Answer (click here)
15. Herniation of a Lumbar Disk - Answer (click here)
16. Post-Polio Syndrome - Answer (click here)

Assessment of Musculoskeletal Function


1. Structure and Function of the Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
2. Structure and Function of the Articular System - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and Function of the Skeletal Muscle System - Answer (click here)
4. Assessment of Musculoskeletal Function: Health History - Answer (click
here)
5. Assessment of Musculoskeletal Function: Physical Assessment - Answer
(click here)
6. Diagnostic Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Function - Answer (click here)
7. Nursing Implications - Musculoskeletal Function - Answer (click here)

Musculoskeletal Care Modalities


1. Managing Care of the Patient in a Cast - Answer (click here)
2. Nursing Process: The Patient in a Cast - Answer (click here)
3. Specific Cast Management Considerations - Answer (click here)
4. Managing the Patient With Splints and Braces - Answer (click here)
5. Managing the Patient With an External Fixator - Answer (click here)
6. Managing the Patient in Traction - Answer (click here)
7. Principles of Effective Traction - Answer (click here)
8. Skin Traction - Answer (click here)
9. Skeletal Traction - Answer (click here)
10. Nursing Process: The Patient in Traction - Answer (click here)
11. Managing the Patient Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery - Answer (click here)
12. Joint Replacement - Managing the Patient Undergoing Orthopedic
Surgery - Answer (click here)
13. Total Hip Replacement - Managing the Patient Undergoing Orthopedic
Surgery - Answer (click here)
14. Total Knee Replacement - Managing the Patient Undergoing Orthopedic
Surgery - Answer (click here)
15. Nursing Process: Preoperative Care of the Patient Undergoing
Orthopedic Surgery - Answer (click here)
16. Nursing Process: Postoperative Care of the Patient Undergoing
Orthopedic Surgery - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Musculoskeletal Disorders


1. Acute Low Back Pain - Answer (click here)
2. Nursing Process: The Patient With Acute Low Back Pain - Answer (click
here)
3. Common Problems of the Upper Extremity - Answer (click here)
4. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Surgery of the Hand or Wrist -
Answer (click here)
5. Common Foot Problems - Answer (click here)
6. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing Foot Surgery - Answer (click
here)
7. Osteoporosis - Metabolic Bone Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Spontaneous Vertebral Fracture
Related to Osteoporosis - Answer (click here)
9. Osteomalacia - Metabolic Bone Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Paget’s Disease - Metabolic Bone Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Osteomyelitis - Musculoskeletal Infections - Answer (click here)
12. Nursing Process: The Patient With Osteomyelitis - Answer (click here)
13. Septic (Infectious) Arthritis - Musculoskeletal Infections - Answer (click
here)
14. Benign Bone Tumors - Answer (click here)
15. Malignant Bone Tumors - Answer (click here)
16. Metastatic Bone Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Bone Tumor - Answer (click here)

Management of Patients With Musculoskeletal Trauma


1. Management of Patients With Musculoskeletal Trauma - Answer (click
here)
2. Contusions, Strains, and Sprains - Answer (click here)
3. Joint Dislocations - Answer (click here)
4. Sports-Related Injuries - Answer (click here)
5. Fractures - Answer (click here)
6. Fracture Healing and Complications (Early and Delayed) - Answer (click
here)
7. Clavicle - Fracture - Answer (click here)
8. Humeral Neck - Fracture - Answer (click here)
9. Humeral Shaft - Fracture - Answer (click here)
10. Elbow - Fracture - Answer (click here)
11. Radial Head - Fracture - Answer (click here)
12. Radial and Ulnar Shafts - Fracture - Answer (click here)
13. Wrist - Fracture - Answer (click here)
14. Hand - Fracture - Answer (click here)
15. Pelvis - Fracture - Answer (click here)
16. Femur - Fracture - Answer (click here)
17. Femoral Shaft - Fracture - Answer (click here)
18. Tibia and Fibula - Fracture - Answer (click here)
19. Rib - Fracture - Answer (click here)
20. Thoracolumbar Spine - Fracture - Answer (click here)
21. Amputation - Answer (click here)
22. Nursing Process: The Patient Undergoing an Amputation - Answer (click
here)

Management of Patients With Infectious Diseases


1. The Infectious Process - Answer (click here)
2. Elements of Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Colonization, Infection, and Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Microbiology Report - Answer (click here)
5. Organizations Involved in Infection Prevention - Answer (click here)
6. Preventing Infection in the Community - Answer (click here)
7. Preventing Infection in the Hospital - Answer (click here)
8. Emerging Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
9. West Nile Virus - Emerging Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Legionnaires’ Disease - Emerging Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Lyme Disease - Emerging Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
12. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome - Emerging Infectious Disease - Answer
(click here)
13. Ebola and Marburg Viruses - Emerging Infectious Disease - Answer (click
here)
14. Travel and Immigration - Emerging Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
15. Diarrheal Diseases - Emerging Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Nursing Process: The Patient With Infectious Diarrhea - Answer (click here)
17. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
18. Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Sexually Transmitted Disease -
Answer (click here)
19. Syphilis - Sexually Transmitted Disease - Answer (click here)
20. Gonorrhea - Sexually Transmitted Disease - Answer (click here)
21. Chlamydia Trachomatis - Sexually Transmitted Disease - Answer (click
here)
22. Nursing Process: The Patient With a Sexually Transmitted Disease -
Answer (click here)
23. Home-Based Care of the Patient With an Infectious Disease - Answer
(click here)
24. Nursing Process: The Patient With an Infectious Disease - Answer (click
here)

Emergency Nursing
1. Scope and Practice of Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
2. Principles of Emergency Care - Answer (click here)
3. Airway Obstruction - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
4. Hemorrhage - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
5. Hypovolemic Shock - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
6. Wounds - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
7. Trauma - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
8. Intra-abdominal Injuries - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
9. Crush Injuries - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
10. Multiple Injuries - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
11. Fractures - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
12. Heat Stroke - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
13. Frostbite - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
14. Hypothermia - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
15. Near-Drowning - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
16. Decompression Sickness - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click
here)
17. Anaphylactic Reaction - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
18. Latex Allergy - Environmental Emergencies - Answer (click here)
19. Injected Poisons: Stinging Insects, Snake Bites - Environmental
Emergencies - Answer (click here)
20. Poisoning - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
21. Substance Abuse - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
22. Violence, Abuse, and Neglect - Emergency Nursing - Answer (click here)
23. Psychiatric Emergencies - Answer (click here)

Terrorism Mass Casualty and Disaster Nursing


1. Terrorism, Mass Casualty, and Disaster Nursing - Answer (click here)
2. Emergency Preparedness - Answer (click here)
3. Initiating the Emergency Operations Plan - Answer (click here)
4. Preparing for Terrorism - Answer (click here)
5. Weapons of Terror: Biological Weapons - Answer (click here)
6. Weapons of Terror: Chemical Weapons - Answer (click here)
7. Weapons of Terror: Nuclear Radiation Exposure - Answer (click here)

Subject : The Massage Connection ANATOMY


AND PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology - The Massage Connection -
Answer (click here)
2. Levels of Organization-An Overview - Answer (click here)
3. The Holistic Approach - Answer (click here)
4. Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
5. Systems of the Body - Answer (click here)
6. Planes of Reference - Answer (click here)
7. Human Anatomic Position - Answer (click here)
8. Directional References - Human Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click
here)
9. Body Regions - Massage Connection - Answer (click here)
10. Body Cavities - Massage Connection - Answer (click here)
11. Levels of Organization - Answer (click here)
12. Chemical Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
13. Cellular Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
14. Tissue Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
15. The Atom - Answer (click here)
16. Isotopes - Answer (click here)
17. Chemical Bonds - Answer (click here)
18. Chemical Reactions in the human body - Answer (click here)
19. Acidity and Alkalinity in the human body - Answer (click here)
20. Important Organic Compounds in the Body - Answer (click here)
21. Organelles - Answer (click here)
22. The Nucleus - Answer (click here)
23. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) - Answer (click here)
24. Membrane Transport in Cell: Passive and Active Transport - Answer (click
here)
25. The Cell Life Cycle - Answer (click here)
26. Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
27. Epithelia Classification: Simple, Stratified, Glandular Epithelium -
Answer (click here)
28. Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
29. Effects of Age on Tissue - Answer (click here)
30. Implications for Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)

Integumentary System
1. Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of the Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
4. The Epidermis - Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
5. The Dermis - Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
6. Nerve Supply to The Skin - Answer (click here)
7. Blood Circulation in the Skin - Answer (click here)
8. Skin and Temperature Control - Answer (click here)
9. Variation in Skin Color - Answer (click here)
10. Blood Flow and Skin Color Changes - Answer (click here)
11. Pigmentation of Skin By Carotene - Answer (click here)
12. Subcutaneous Layer, or Hypodermis - Answer (click here)
13. Accessory structures of the skin - Answer (click here)
14. Absorption Through the Skin - Answer (click here)
15. Microorganisms on the Skin - Answer (click here)
16. Inflammation and Healing on the surface of the skin - Answer (click here)
17. Effects of Aging on theIntegumentary System - Answer (click here)
18. Integumentary System and Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)
19. Massage Techniques and the Effects on the Body - Answer (click here)
20. Effect of Heat on Skin - Answer (click here)
21. Effect of Cold on Skin - Answer (click here)
22. Water and Skin - Answer (click here)
23. Body Wraps and Skin - Answer (click here)
24. Skin Lesions and Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)

Skeletal System and Joints


1. The Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
2. Bone Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and Formation of Bone - Answer (click here)
4. Bone Remodeling - Answer (click here)
5. Parts of a Long Bone - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Bones - Answer (click here)
7. Human Skeleton - Answer (click here)
8. The Skull - Answer (click here)
9. Bones of the Face - Answer (click here)
10. The Mandible - The Axial Skeleton - Answer (click here)
11. The Vertebral Column - Axial Skeleton - Answer (click here)
12. Vertebral Regions and Spinal Curvatures - The Vertebral Column -
Answer (click here)
13. Characteristics of Vertebrae in Different Regions - Vertebral Column -
Answer (click here)
14. The Sacrum - Vertebral Column - Answer (click here)
15. Intervertebral Disks - Vertebral Column - Answer (click here)
16. The Thorax - Answer (click here)
17. Pectoral Girdle and the Upper Limbs - Answer (click here)
18. The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs - Answer (click here)
19. The Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
20. Ilium - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
21. Ischium - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
22. The Femur - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
23. The Patella - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
24. The Tibia - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
25. The Fibula - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
26. The Ankle - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
27. Joint Classifications - Answer (click here)
28. Stability of Synovial Joints - Answer (click here)
29. Movement Across the Joints - Answer (click here)
30. Classification of Synovial Joints - Answer (click here)
31. Individual Joints - Answer (click here)
32. TemporoMandibular Joint (TMJ) - Answer (click here)
33. Intervertebral Articulation - Answer (click here)
34. RIB Cage Articulations - Answer (click here)
35. Joints of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb - Answer (click here)
36. The Sternoclavicular Joint - Answer (click here)
37. Acromioclavicular Joint - Answer (click here)
38. Glenohumeral Joint - Answer (click here)
39. The Elbow Joint - Answer (click here)
40. Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs - Answer (click here)
41. Sacroiliac Joint - Answer (click here)
42. The Hip Joint - Answer (click here)
43. The Knee Joint - Answer (click here)
44. Tibiofibular Joint (Proximal and Distal) - Answer (click here)
45. The Ankle Joint and Joints of the Foot - Answer (click here)
46. Arches of the Foot - Answer (click here)
47. Age-Related Changes on the Skeletal System and Joints - Answer (click
here)
48. The Skeletal System, Joints, and Massage - Answer (click here)

Muscular System
1. Muscle Tissue and Physiology of Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
3. Myofilament: the Specialized proteins of Myofibrils - Answer (click here)
4. Sliding Filament Mechanism - Answer (click here)
5. Characteristics of Whole muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Tone - Answer (click here)
7. Muscle Spindles - Answer (click here)
8. Tendon Organs - Answer (click here)
9. Isotonic and Isometric contractions - Answer (click here)
10. Muscle Energetics - Answer (click here)
11. A Summary of the Role of CNS in Muscle Function Control - Answer
(click here)
12. Physical Conditioning - Muscular System - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
15. Smooth Muscle and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
16. Muscle Terminology and Major Muscles of the Body - Answer (click here)
17. The Axial Musculature - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer (click
here)
18. Appendicular Musculature - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer
(click here)
19. Muscles Of The Lower Limb - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer
(click here)
20. Muscular System and Aging - Answer (click here)
21. Muscular System and Massage - Answer (click here)

Nervous System
1. Organization of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of the Neuron - Answer (click here)
3. The Synapse - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
6. Production and Propagation of Impulses - Answer (click here)
7. Differences in Propagation of action Potential in Myelinatedand
Unmyelinated Axons - Answer (click here)
8. Synaptic Transmission - Answer (click here)
9. Examples of Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
10. Electrical Synapses - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
11. Summation - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
12. Factors that Affect Neural Function - Answer (click here)
13. Functional Organization of Neurons - Answer (click here)
14. Standard Terms and Grouping - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
15. Regeneration and Degenerationof Neurons - Answer (click here)
16. Sense Organs and Initiation of Impulses - Answer (click here)
17. Cutaneous Receptors - Sensory Nervous System - Answer (click here)
18. An Overview of Electrical and Ionic Events in Receptors - Answer (click
here)
19. Perception of Sensations - Sensory Nervous System - Answer (click here)
20. The Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves, and Dermatomes - Answer (click here)
21. Anatomic Structure of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
22. Distribution of Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
23. Nerve Plexus - Answer (click here)
24. Reflexes - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
25. Monosynaptic Reflex:The Stretch Reflex - Answer (click here)
26. Muscle Spindle - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
27. Reciprocal Innervation - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
28. Inverse Stretch Reflex - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
29. Polysynaptic Reflexes: Withdrawal Reflex - Answer (click here)
30. The Final Common Path - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
31. Input to Motor Neurons - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
32. Pathways of Cutaneous and Visceral Sensations - Answer (click here)
33. Direct Pathway of Fine Touch and Proprioception Senses - Answer (click
here)
34. Direct Pathway of Pain and temperature (and Remaining fibers of
Touch) Senses - Answer (click here)
35. Representation of the Body in the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
36. The Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
37. Integrative Centers - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
38. Right and Left Hemisphere Specializations - Brain and Brain Divisions -
Answer (click here)
39. The Limbic System - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
40. The Thalamus - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
41. The Hypothalamus - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
42. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
43. Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click here)
44. General Principles of the Control of Voluntary Movements - Answer (click
here)
45. The Motor Cortex - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click here)
46. Lesions and Muscle Tone - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer
(click here)
47. Vestibular Apparatus - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click
here)
48. Motor System Lesions - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click
here)
49. The Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
50. Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
51. Bodyworkers and the Nervous System - Answer (click here)

Endocrine System
1. General Properties of Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Control of Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
3. Hypothalamus - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
4. The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click
here)
5. Thyroid Gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
6. Parathyroid Glands - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
7. Adrenal Glands - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
8. Pineal Gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
9. Endocrine Function of The Pancreas - Answer (click here)
10. The Endocrine Function of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
11. The Endocrine Function of the Heart - Answer (click here)
12. Thymus gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
13. Digestive Tract - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
14. The Endocrine Function of Adipose Tissue - Answer (click here)
15. Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
16. Endocrine System and Massage - Answer (click here)

Reproductive System
1. Genetic Sex - Answer (click here)
2. Fetal Development - Answer (click here)
3. Puberty - Answer (click here)
4. Testis - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
5. The Vas Deferens - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
6. Accessory Glands - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
7. Semen - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
8. Penis - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
9. Endocrine Function of the Testis - Answer (click here)
10. Ovaries - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
11. The Uterine Tubes (Fallopiantubes; Oviduct) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
12. The Uterus - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
13. The Vagina - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
14. The External Genitalia - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
15. The Menstrual Cycle - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
16. The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse (In Brief) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
17. Contraception (Strategiesfor Birth Control) - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
18. Development of The Fetus - Answer (click here)
19. Maternal Changes in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
20. Labor - Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
21. Lactation - Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
22. Age-Related Changes in the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
23. Massage and the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular System
1. Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
3. Red Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Types - Answer (click here)
5. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - Answer (click here)
6. Platelets - Answer (click here)
7. Hemostasis - Blood - Answer (click here)
8. The Clotting Mechanism - Blood - Answer (click here)
9. Anticlotting Mechanisms - Blood - Answer (click here)
10. Plasma - Blood - Answer (click here)
11. An Overview of Circulation in Heart - Answer (click here)
12. The Heart: Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac Centers, Innervation of the Heart, and Factors Affecting Heart
Rate - Answer (click here)
14. Blood Supply to the Heart - Answer (click here)
15. Cardiac Cycle - The Heart - Answer (click here)
16. Apex Beat, Arterial Pulse, Venous Pulse - The Heart - Answer (click here)
17. Factors Affecting Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
18. Blood Vessels and Circulation - Answer (click here)
19. Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
20. Capillaries - Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
21. Venules and Veins - Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer
(click here)
22. Volume in Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
23. Major Systemic Arteries - Answer (click here)
24. Systemic Veins - Answer (click here)
25. Dynamics of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
26. Regulation of the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
27. Compensatory Adjustment - Regulation of the Cardiovascular System -
Answer (click here)
28. Effect of Aging on the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
29. Massage and the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)

Lymphatic System
1. Body Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
2. The Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
4. Components of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
5. Drainage Route of Lymph - Answer (click here)
6. Massage and the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
7. Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Nonspecific Immunity - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Specific Immunity - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
10. Lymphocytes - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
11. Immunization - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
12. Abnormalities of the Immune System - Lymphatic System Immunity -
Answer (click here)
13. The Lymphatic System, Immunity, and Aging - Answer (click here)
14. Basic Concepts of Health and Disease - Answer (click here)
15. General Causes of Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Infection and Infection Prevention - Answer (click here)
17. Pathways of Infection - Answer (click here)
18. Immunity and Massage - Answer (click here)

Respiratory System
1. Function of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
2. Upper Respiratory Tract - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer
(click here)
3. Lower Respiratory Tract - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer
(click here)
4. Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. The Pulmonary Circulation - Anatomy of the Respiratory System -
Answer (click here)
6. The Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
7. The Pleura - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
8. Mechanics of Respiration - Answer (click here)
9. External Respiration - Answer (click here)
10. Respiration Muscles - Answer (click here)
11. Breathing Patterns, Respiratory Volumes, and Capacities - Answer (click
here)
12. Gas Exchange - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
13. Transport of Gases - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
14. Regulation of Respiration - Answer (click here)
15. Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
16. Effect of Cold on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
17. Effect of Aging on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
18. Respiratory System and Massage - Answer (click here)

Digestive System
1. Functions of Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
2. Components of the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
3. Wall of the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
4. Peritoneum - Answer (click here)
5. Movement in the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
6. Factors Controlling Digestive Function - Answer (click here)
7. An Overview of Nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Functions of Important Nutrients - Answer (click here)
9. Regulation of Food Intake - Answer (click here)
10. The Structure and Function of Individual Organs of the Digestive
System - Answer (click here)
11. Mouth and Associated Structures - Structure and Function of Digestive
System - Answer (click here)
12. Salivary Glands and Saliva - Structure and Function of Digestive System
- Answer (click here)
13. Pharynx, Esophagus - Structure and Function of Digestive System -
Answer (click here)
14. Stomach - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click here)
15. Small Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
16. The Pancreas - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
17. The liver - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
18. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
19. Gallbladder - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
20. Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
21. Large Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
22. Movement in the Colon and Defecation - Answer (click here)
23. Digestion and Absorption of Food in the Gut - Answer (click here)
24. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
25. Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
26. Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
27. The Gastrointestinal System and Bodywork - Answer (click here)

Urinary System
1. Functions of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
2. Components of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
3. The Kidneys - Answer (click here)
4. Nephron - The Kidneys - Answer (click here)
5. Urine Formation - Answer (click here)
6. Composition of Urine - Answer (click here)
7. Transportation and Elimination of Urine - Answer (click here)
8. Urination or Micturition - Answer (click here)
9. Age-Related Changes in the Genitourinary System - Answer (click here)
10. Bodyworkers and the Urinary System - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA Technology
1. Tools of rDNA technology - Answer (click here)
2. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) - Answer (click here)
3. Vectors: Vehicles for cloning - Answer (click here)
4. Plasmids - Answer (click here)
5. Vectors based on bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
6. Making rDNA - Answer (click here)
7. Introduction of rDNA into host cells - Recombinant DNA Technology -
Answer (click here)
8. Identification of Recombinants - Recombinant DNA Technology -
Answer (click here)
9. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Answer (click here)
10. Hybridisation Techniques - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer
(click here)
11. DNA Library - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
13. Site-directed Mutagenesis - Answer (click here)

Protein Structure And Engineering


1. Introduction to the World of Proteins - Answer (click here)
2. 3-D Shape of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Structure-Function relationship in Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Chymotrypsin, a proteolytic enzyme - Answer (click here)
5. Molecular Disease- Sickle cell anaemia - Answer (click here)
6. Protein Finger printing- Peptide Mapping - Answer (click here)
7. 2-D Gel Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
8. Purification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
9. Characterisation of Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Protein Based Products - Answer (click here)
11. Designing Proteins (Protein Engineering) - Answer (click here)

Genomics and Bioinformatics


1. Genomics and Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
2. Genome Sequencing Projects - Answer (click here)
3. Gene prediction and counting - Answer (click here)
4. Genome Similarity, SNPs and Comparative Genomics - Answer (click here)
5. Functional Genomics - Answer (click here)
6. Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Answer (click here)
7. Microarray Technology - Answer (click here)
8. Proteomics and Types of Proteomics - Answer (click here)
9. History of Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
10. Sequences and nomenclature - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
11. Different types of sequences - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
12. Information Sources - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
13. Analysis using Bioinformatics tools - Answer (click here)

Microbial Cell Culture and its Applications


1. Microbial Cell Culture and its Applications - Answer (click here)
2. Microbial culture techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Measurement and kinetics of microbial growth - Answer (click here)
4. Scale-up of microbial processes - Answer (click here)
5. Isolation of microbial products - Answer (click here)
6. Strain isolation, improvement and preservation - Answer (click here)
7. Applications of microbial culture technology - Answer (click here)
8. Biosafety issues in Microbial Technology - Answer (click here)

Plant Cell Culture and Applications


1. Plant Cell Culture and Applications - Answer (click here)
2. Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture - Answer (click here)
4. Gene transfer methods in plants - Answer (click here)
5. Transgenic plants with beneficial traits - Answer (click here)
6. Biotic and Abiotic stress tolerance - Answer (click here)
7. Biosafety in Plant Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)

Animal Cell Culture and Applications


1. Animal Cell Culture and Applications - Answer (click here)
2. Animal Cell Culture Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Characterization of Cell Lines - Answer (click here)
4. Methods of Gene Delivery into Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Scale-up of Animal Culture Process - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of Animal Cell culture - Answer (click here)
7. Stem Cell Technology - Answer (click here)
8. Tissue engineering - Answer (click here)

Subject : Organic Chemistry


Structure and bonding
1. Atomic structure of carbon - Answer (click here)
2. Covalent bonding and hybridization - Answer (click here)
3. sp3 Hybridization - Answer (click here)
4. sp2 Hybridization - Answer (click here)
5. sp Hybridization - Answer (click here)
6. Bonds and hybridized centers - Answer (click here)

Alkanes and cycloalkanes


1. Alkanes and cycloalkanes - Answer (click here)
2. Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Drawing structures - Answer (click here)
3. Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature - Answer (click here)

Functional groups
1. Organic Chemistry: Recognition of functional groups - Answer (click here)
2. Aliphatic and aromatic functional groups - Answer (click here)
3. Intermolecular bonding - Answer (click here)
4. Functional groups: Properties and reactions - Answer (click here)
5. Nomenclature of compounds with functional groups - Answer (click here)
6. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary nomenclature - Answer (click
here)

Stereochemistry
1. Constitutional isomers - Answer (click here)
2. Configurational isomers – alkenes and cycloalkanes - Answer (click here)
3. Configurational isomers - optical isomers - Answer (click here)
4. Conformational isomers - Answer (click here)

Nucleophiles and electrophiles


1. Nucleophiles and electrophiles: Definition - Answer (click here)
2. Nucleophiles and electrophiles: Charged species - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleophiles and electrophiles: Neutral inorganic species - Answer (click
here)
4. Nucleophiles and electrophiles: Organic structures - Answer (click here)

Reactions and mechanisms


1. Organic Chemistry Reactions - Answer (click here)
2. Organic Chemistry Mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Acidbase reactions
1. Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases - Answer (click here)
2. Acid strength - Answer (click here)
3. Base strength - Answer (click here)
4. Lewis acids and bases - Answer (click here)
5. Enolates - Answer (click here)

Alkenes and alkynes


1. Preparation of alkenes and alkynes - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of alkenes and alkynes - Answer (click here)
3. Electrophilic addition to symmetrical alkenes - Answer (click here)
4. Electrophilic addition to unsymmetrical alkenes - Answer (click here)
5. Carbocation stabilization - Answer (click here)
6. Reduction and oxidation of alkenes - Answer (click here)
7. Hydroboration of alkenes - Answer (click here)
8. Electrophilic additions to alkynes - Answer (click here)
9. Reduction of alkynes - Answer (click here)
10. Alkylation of terminal alkynes - Answer (click here)
11. Conjugated dienes - Answer (click here)

Aromatic chemistry
1. Aromaticity - Answer (click here)
2. Aromatic chemistry: Preparation and properties - Answer (click here)
3. Electrophilic substitutions of benzene - Answer (click here)
4. Synthesis of mono-substituted benzenes - Answer (click here)
5. Electrophilic substitutions of mono-substituted aromatic rings - Answer
(click here)
6. Synthesis of di- and tri-substituted benzenes - Answer (click here)
7. Aromatic chemistry: Oxidation and reduction - Answer (click here)
Aldehydes and ketones
1. Preparation of Aldehydes and ketones - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of Aldehydes and ketones - Answer (click here)
3. Nucleophilic addition - Aldehydes and ketones - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleophilic addition – charged nucleophiles - Answer (click here)
5. Aldehydes and ketones: Electronic and steric effects - Answer (click here)
6. Nucleophilic addition - nitrogen nucleophiles - Answer (click here)
7. Nucleophilic addition - oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles - Answer (click
here)
8. Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions of enolate ions - Answer (click here)
9. Aldehydes and ketones: α-Halogenation - Answer (click here)
10. Aldehydes and ketones: Reduction and oxidation - Answer (click here)
11. Aldehydes and ketones: α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones - Answer
(click here)

Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives


1. Structure and properties of Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid
derivatives - Answer (click here)
2. Nucleophilic substitution - Carboxylic acids - Answer (click here)
3. Reactivity of Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives - Answer
(click here)
4. Preparations of carboxylic acids - Answer (click here)
5. Preparations of carboxylic acid derivatives - Answer (click here)
6. Reactions of Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives - Answer
(click here)
7. Enolate reactions - Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives -
Answer (click here)

Alkyl halides
1. Preparation and physical properties of alkyl halides - Answer (click here)
2. Alkyl halides: Nucleophilic substitution - Answer (click here)
3. Alkyl halides: Factors affecting SN2 versus SN1 reactions - Answer (click
here)
4. Alkyl halides: Elimination - Answer (click here)
5. Alkyl halides: Elimination versus substitution - Answer (click here)
6. Reactions of alkyl halides - Answer (click here)
7. Alkyl halides: Organometallic reactions - Answer (click here)

Alcohols phenols and thiols


1. Preparation of alcohols - Answer (click here)
2. Preparation of phenols - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of alcohols and phenols - Answer (click here)
4. Reactions of alcohols - Answer (click here)
5. Reactions of phenols - Answer (click here)
6. Chemistry of thiols - Answer (click here)

Ethers epoxides and thioethers


1. Preparation of ethers, epoxides, and thioethers - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of ethers, epoxides, and thioethers - Answer (click here)
3. Reactions of ethers, epoxides, and thioethers - Answer (click here)

Amines and nitriles


1. Preparation of amines - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of amines - Answer (click here)
3. Reactions of amines - Answer (click here)
4. Chemistry of nitriles - Answer (click here)

Organic spectroscopy and analysis


1. Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Visible and ultra violet spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
3. Infra-red spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
4. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Introduction - Answer
(click here)
5. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
6. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Spin-spin coupling -
Answer (click here)
7. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
8. Mass spectroscopy - Answer (click here)

Subject : Genetics and Molecular Biology


An Overview of Cell Structure and Function
1. Cell’s Need for Immense Amounts of Information - Answer (click here)
2. Rudiments of Prokaryotic Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Rudiments of Eukaryotic Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Packing DNA into Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Moving Molecules into or out of Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Diffusion within the Small Volume of a Cell - Answer (click here)
7. Exponentially Growing Populations - Answer (click here)
8. Composition Change in Growing Cells - Answer (click here)
9. Age Distribution in Populations of Growing Cell - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid and Chromosome Structure


1. The Regular Backbone of DNA - Answer (click here)
2. Grooves in DNA and Helical Forms of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Dissociation and Reassociation of Base-paired Strands - Answer (click here)
4. Reading Sequence Without Dissociating Strands - Answer (click here)
5. Electrophoretic Fragment Separation - Answer (click here)
6. Bent DNA Sequences - Answer (click here)
7. Measurement of Helical Pitch - Answer (click here)
8. Topological Considerations in DNA Structure - Answer (click here)
9. Generating DNA with Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
10. Measuring Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
11. Determining Lk, Tw, and Wr in Hypothetical Structures - Answer (click
here)
12. Altering Linking Number - Answer (click here)
13. Biological Significance of Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
14. The Linking Number Paradox of Nucleosomes - Answer (click here)
15. General Chromosome Structure - Answer (click here)
16. Southern Transfers to Locate Nucleosomes on Genes - Answer (click here)
17. ARS Elements, Centromeres, and Telomeres - Answer (click here)

DNA Synthesis
1. DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Proofreading, Okazaki Fragments, and DNA Ligase - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
3. Detection and Basic Properties of DNA Polymerases - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
4. In vitro DNA Replication - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
5. Error and Damage Correction - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
6. DNA Replication Areas In Chromosomes - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
7. Bidirectional Replication from E. coli Origins - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
8. The DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Constancy of the E. coli DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
10. Regulating Initiations - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Gel Electrophoresis Assay of Eukaryotic Replication Origins -
Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. How Fast Could DNA Be Replicated? - Physiological Aspects - Answer
(click here)

RNA Polymerase and RNA Initiation


1. Measuring the Activity of RNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)
2. Concentration of Free RNA Polymerase in Cells - Answer (click here)
3. The RNA Polymerase in Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
4. Three RNA Polymerases in Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Multiple but Related Subunits in Polymerases - Answer (click here)
6. Multiple Sigma Subunits - Answer (click here)
7. Structure of Promoters - Answer (click here)
8. Enhancers - Answer (click here)
9. Enhancer-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. DNA Looping in Regulating Promoter Activities - Answer (click here)
11. Steps of the Initiation Process - Answer (click here)
12. Measurement of Binding and Initiation Rates - Answer (click here)
13. Relating Abortive Initiations to Binding and Initiating - Answer (click here)
14. Roles of Auxiliary Transcription Factors - Answer (click here)
15. Melted DNA Under RNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)

TranscriptionTermination and RNA Processing


1. Polymerase Elongation Rate - Answer (click here)
2. Transcription Termination at Specific Sites - Answer (click here)
3. RNA Termination - Answer (click here)
4. Processing Prokaryotic RNAs After Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. S1 Mapping to Locate 5’ and 3’ Ends of Transcripts - Answer (click here)
6. Caps, Splices, Edits, and Poly-A Tails on Eukaryotic RNAs - Answer
(click here)
7. The Discovery and Assay of RNA Splicing - Answer (click here)
8. Involvement of the U1 snRNP Particle in Splicing - Answer (click here)
9. Splicing Reactions and Complexes - Answer (click here)
10. The Discovery of Self-Splicing RNAs - Answer (click here)
11. A Common Mechanism for Splicing Reactions - Answer (click here)
12. Other RNA Processing Reactions - Answer (click here)

Protein Structure
1. Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
2. The Amino Acids - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Peptide Bond - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Electrostatic Forces that Determine Protein Structure - Protein Structure
- Answer (click here)
5. Hydrogen Bonds and the Chelate Effect - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
6. Hydrophobic Forces - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Thermodynamic Considerations of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
8. Structures within Proteins - Answer (click here)
9. Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet, and Beta Turn - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
10. Calculation of Protein Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
11. Secondary Structure Predictions - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
12. Structures of DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
13. Salt Effects on Protein-DNA Interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Locating Specific Residue-Base Interactions - Protein Structure - Answer
(click here)

Protein Synthesis
1. Activation of Amino Acids During Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Fidelity of Aminoacylation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. How Synthetases Identify the Correct tRNA Molecule - Answer (click here)
4. Decoding the Message - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Base Pairing between Ribosomal RNA and Messenger - Answer (click here)
6. Experimental Support for the Shine-Dalgarno Hypothesis - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Eukaryotic Translation and the First AUG - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
8. Tricking the Translation Machinery into Initiating - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
9. Protein Elongation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Peptide Bond Formation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Translocation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
12. Termination, Nonsense, and Suppression - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
13. Chaperones and Catalyzed Protein Folding - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
14. Resolution of a Paradox - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Messenger Instability - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
16. Protein Elongation Rates - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
17. Directing Proteins to Specific Cellular Sites - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
18. Verifying the Signal Peptide Model - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
19. The Signal Recognition Particle and Translocation - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
20. Expectations for Ribosome Regulation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
21. Proportionality of Ribosome Levels and Growth Rates - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
22. Regulation of Ribosome Synthesis - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
23. Balancing Synthesis of Ribosomal Components - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)

Genetics
1. Genetics Mutations - Answer (click here)
2. Point Mutations, Deletions, Insertions, and Damage - Answer (click here)
3. Classical Genetics of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Complementation, Cis, Trans, Dominant, and Recessive - Answer (click
here)
5. Mechanism of a trans Dominant Negative Mutation - Answer (click here)
6. Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
7. Genetics Mapping by Recombination Frequencies - Answer (click here)
8. Genetics: Mapping by Deletions - Answer (click here)
9. Heteroduplexes and Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
10. Genetics: Branch Migration and Isomerization - Answer (click here)
11. Elements of Recombination in E. coli, RecA, RecBCD, and Chi - Answer
(click here)
12. Genetic Systems - Answer (click here)
13. Growing Cells for Genetics Experiments - Answer (click here)
14. Testing Purified Cultures, Scoring - Answer (click here)
15. Isolating Auxotrophs, Use of Mutagens and Replica Plating - Answer
(click here)
16. Genetic Selections - Answer (click here)
17. Mapping with Generalized Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
18. Principles of Bacterial Sex - Answer (click here)
19. Elements of Yeast Genetics - Answer (click here)
20. Elements of Drosophila Genetics - Answer (click here)
21. Isolating Mutations in Muscle or Nerve in Drosophila - Answer (click here)
22. Fate Mapping and Study of Tissue-Specific Gene Expression - Answer
(click here)
Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA
1. Isolation of DNA - Answer (click here)
2. Biology of Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Cutting DNA with Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Isolation of DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
5. Joining DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
6. Vectors: Selection and Autonomous DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
7. Plasmid Vectors - Answer (click here)
8. A Phage Vector for Bacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Vectors for Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Putting DNA Back into Cells - Answer (click here)
11. Cloning from RNA - Answer (click here)
12. Plaque and Colony Hybridization for Clone Identification - Answer (click
here)
13. Walking Along a Chromosome to Clone a Gene - Answer (click here)
14. Arrest of Translation to Assay for DNA of a Gene - Answer (click here)
15. Chemical DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
16. Enzymatic DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)

Advanced Genetic Engineering


1. Finding Clones from a Known Amino Acid Sequence - Answer (click here)
2. Finding Clones Using Antibodies Against a Protein - Answer (click here)
3. Southern, Northern, and Western Transfers - Genetic Engineering -
Answer (click here)
4. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
5. Isolation of Rare Sequences Utilizing PCR - Answer (click here)
6. Physical and Genetic Maps of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
7. Chromosome Mapping - Answer (click here)
8. DNA Fingerprinting - Forensics - Answer (click here)
9. Megabase Sequencing - Answer (click here)
10. Footprinting, Premodification and Missing Contact Probing - Answer (click
here)
11. Antisense RNA: Selective Gene Inactivation - Answer (click here)
12. Hypersynthesis of Proteins - Answer (click here)
13. Altering Cloned DNA by in vitro Mutagenesis - Answer (click here)
14. Mutagenesis with Chemically Synthesized DNA - Answer (click here)

Repression and the lac Operon


1. Repression and the lac Operon - Answer (click here)
2. Role of Inducer Analogs in the Study of the lac Operon - Answer (click
here)
3. Proving lac Repressor is a Protein - Answer (click here)
4. An Assay for lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
5. Difficulty of Detecting Wild Type lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
6. Detection and Purification of lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
7. Repressor Binds to DNA: The Operator is DNA - Answer (click here)
8. Migration Retardation Assay and DNA Looping - Repression and the lac
Operon - Answer (click here)
9. Isolation and Structure of Operator - Repression and the lac Operon -
Answer (click here)
10. In vivo Affinity of Repressor for Operator - Answer (click here)
11. DNA-binding Domain of lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
12. A Mechanism for Induction - Repression and the lac Operon - Answer
(click here)

Induction Repression and the araBAD Operon


1. Sugar Arabinose and Arabinose Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Genetics of the Arabinose System - Answer (click here)
3. Detection and Isolation of AraC Protein - Answer (click here)
4. Repression by AraC - Answer (click here)
5. Regulating AraC Synthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Binding Sites of the ara Regulatory Proteins - Answer (click here)
7. DNA Looping and Repression of araBAD - Answer (click here)
8. In vivo Footprinting Demonstration of Looping - Answer (click here)
9. How AraC Protein Loops and Unloops - Answer (click here)
10. Why Looping is Biologically Sensible - Answer (click here)
11. Why Positive Regulators are a Good Idea - Answer (click here)

Attenuation and the trp Operon


1. Attenuation and the trp Operon - Answer (click here)
2. Rapid Induction Capabilities of the trp Operon - Answer (click here)
3. Serendipitous Discovery of trp Enzyme Hypersynthesis - Answer (click
here)
4. Early Explorations of the Hypersynthesis - Answer (click here)
5. trp Multiple Secondary Structures in trp Leader RNA - Answer (click here)
6. Coupling Translation to Termination - Answer (click here)
7. RNA Secondary Structure and the Attenuation Mechanism - Answer (click
here)
8. Other Attenuated Systems: Operons, Bacillus subtilis and HIV - Answer
(click here)

Lambda Phage Genes and Regulatory Circuitry


1. Physical Structure of Lambda - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Structure of Lambda - Answer (click here)
3. Lysogeny and Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Lambda’s Relatives and Lambda Hybrids - Answer (click here)
5. Lambda Adsorption to Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Early Transcription of Genes N and Cro - Answer (click here)
7. N Protein and Antitermination of Early Gene Transcription - Answer (click
here)
8. Role of Cro Protein - Answer (click here)
9. Initiating DNA Synthesis with the O and P Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Proteins Kil, γ, β, and Exo - Answer (click here)
11. Q Protein and Late Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
12. Lysis - Answer (click here)
13. Chronology of Becoming a Lysogen - Answer (click here)
14. Site for Cro Repression and CI Activation - Answer (click here)
15. Cooperativity in Repressor Binding and its Measurement - Answer (click
here)
16. Need for and the Realization of Hair-Trigger Induction - Answer (click
here)
17. Induction from the Lysogenic State - Answer (click here)
18. Entropy, a Basis for Lambda Repressor Inactivation - Answer (click here)

Xenopus 5S RNA Synthesis


1. Biology of 5S RNA Synthesis in Xenopus - Answer (click here)
2. In vitro 5S RNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. TFIIIA Binding to the Middle of its Gene as Well as to RNA - Answer
(click here)
4. Switching from Oocyte to Somatic 5S Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Function of TFIIIA - Answer (click here)

Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast


1. Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast - Answer (click here)
2. Yeast Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. Mating Type Conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Answer (click here)
4. Cloning the Mating Type Loci in Yeast - Answer (click here)
5. Transfer of Mating Type Gene Copies to an Expression Site - Answer
(click here)
6. Structure of the Mating Type Loci - Answer (click here)
7. Expression and Recombination Paradoxes - Answer (click here)
8. Silencing HML and HMR - Answer (click here)
9. Isolation of α2 Protein - Answer (click here)
10. α2 and MCM1 - Answer (click here)
11. Sterile Mutants, Membrane Receptors and G Factors - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Cleavage at the MAT Locus - Answer (click here)
13. DNA Strand Inheritance and Switching in Fission Yeast - Answer (click
here)

Genes Regulating Development


1. General Considerations on Signaling - Answer (click here)
2. Outline of Early Drosophila Development - Answer (click here)
3. Classical Embryology - Answer (click here)
4. Using Genetics to Begin Study of Developmental Systems - Answer (click
here)
5. Cloning Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
6. Enhancer Traps for Detecting and Cloning Developmental Genes -
Answer (click here)
7. Expression Patterns of Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
8. Similarities Among Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
9. Overall Model of Drosophila Early Development - Answer (click here)

Lambda Phage Integration and Excision


1. Mapping Integrated Lambda - Answer (click here)
2. Simultaneous Deletion of Chromosomal and Lambda DNA - Answer (click
here)
3. DNA Heteroduplexes Prove that Lambda Integrates - Answer (click here)
4. Gene Order Permutation and the Campbell Model - Answer (click here)
5. Isolation of Integration-Defective Mutants - Answer (click here)
6. Isolation of Excision-Deficient Mutants - Answer (click here)
7. Properties of the int and xis Gene Products - Answer (click here)
8. Incorrect Excision and gal and bio Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
9. Transducing Phage Carrying Genes Other than gal and bio - Answer (click
here)
10. Use of Transducing Phage to Study Integration and Excision - Answer
(click here)
11. The Double att Phage, att.squ - Answer (click here)
12. Demonstrating Xis is Unstable - Answer (click here)
13. Inhibition By a Downstream Element - Answer (click here)
14. In vitro Assay of Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
15. Host Proteins Involved in Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
16. Structure of the att Regions - Answer (click here)
17. Structure of the Intasome - Answer (click here)
18. Holliday Structures and Branch Migration in Integration - Answer (click
here)

Transposable Genetic Elements


1. Transposable Genetic Elements - Answer (click here)
2. IS Elements in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and Properties of IS Elements - Answer (click here)
4. Discovery of Tn Elements - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Properties of Tn Elements - Answer (click here)
6. Inverting DNA Segments by Recombination, Flagellin Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
7. Mu Phage As a Giant Transposable Element - Answer (click here)
8. An Invertible Segment of Mu Phage - Answer (click here)
9. In vitro Transposition, Threading or Global Topology? - Answer (click here)
10. Hopping by Tn10 - Answer (click here)
11. Retrotransposons in Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
12. An RNA Transposition Intermediate - Answer (click here)
13. P Elements and Transformation - Answer (click here)
14. P Element Hopping by Chromosome Rescue - Answer (click here)

Generating Genetic Diversity


1. Generating Genetic Diversity: Antibodies - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Adaptive Immune Response - Answer (click here)
3. Telling the Difference Between Foreign and Self - Answer (click here)
4. Number of Different Antibodies Produced - Answer (click here)
5. Myelomas and Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
6. Structure of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
7. Many Copies of V Genes and Only a Few C Genes - Answer (click here)
8. J Regions - Generating Genetic Diversity: Antibodies - Answer (click here)
9. D Regions in H Chains - Answer (click here)
10. Induced Mutations and Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here)
11. Class Switching of Heavy Chains - Answer (click here)
12. Enhancers and Expression of Immunoglobulin Genes - Answer (click here)
13. AIDS Virus - Answer (click here)
14. Engineering Antibody Synthesis in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
15. Assaying for Sequence Requirements of Gene Rearrangements - Answer
(click here)
16. Cloning the Recombinase - Answer (click here)

Biological Assembly Ribosomes and Lambda Phage


1. Biological Assembly, Ribosomes and Lambda Phage - Answer (click here)
2. RNAse and Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
3. Global Structure of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Assembly of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
5. Experiments with in vitro Ribosome Assembly - Answer (click here)
6. Determining Details of Local Ribosomal Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Lambda Phage Assembly: General Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Geometry of Capsids - Answer (click here)
9. Structure of the Lambda Particle - Answer (click here)
10. Head Assembly Sequence and Host Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Packaging the DNA and Formation of the cos Ends - Answer (click here)
12. Formation of the lambda Tail - Answer (click here)
13. In vitro Packaging - Answer (click here)

Chemotaxis
1. Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
2. Assaying Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
3. Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
4. Genetics of Motility and Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
5. How Cells Swim - Answer (click here)
6. Mechanism of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
7. Energy for Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
8. Adaptation - Answer (click here)
9. Methylation and Adaptation - Answer (click here)
10. Phosphorylation and the Rapid Response - Answer (click here)

Oncogenesis Molecular Aspects


1. Bacterially Induced Tumors in Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Transformation and Oncogenesis by Damaging the Chromosome -
Answer (click here)
3. Identifying a Nucleotide Change Causing Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Retroviruses and Cancer - Answer (click here)
5. Cellular Counterparts of Retroviral Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
6. Identification of the src and sis Gene Products - Answer (click here)
7. DNA Tumor Viruses - Answer (click here)
8. Recessive Oncogenic Mutations, Tumor Suppressors - Answer (click here)
9. ras-fos-jun Pathway - Answer (click here)
10. Directions for Future Research in Molecular Biology - Answer (click here)

Subject : Maternal and Child Health Nursing


Anatomy and physiology of female reproductive
1. Introduction - Anatomy and physiology of female reproductive system -
Answer (click here)
2. Bony Pelvis - Answer (click here)
3. Pelvic floor - Answer (click here)
4. Part of the fetal skull - Answer (click here)
5. Measurements of the fetal skull - Answer (click here)
6. Importance of the fetal skull to the midwife - Answer (click here)
7. The scalp - Answer (click here)
8. The intracranial membranes and sinuses - Fetal skull - Answer (click here)
9. Moulding - Fetal skull - Answer (click here)

The Female Reproductive System


1. The Vulva - Answer (click here)
2. The Vagina - Answer (click here)
3. The Uterus - Answer (click here)
4. The Fallopian Tubes - Answer (click here)
5. The Ovaries - Answer (click here)
6. The Menstrual Cycle - Answer (click here)
7. Minor Discomforts Associated With Menstruation - Answer (click here)
8. Menopause - Answer (click here)

The Male Reproductive System


1. The Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
2. External Organs - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
3. Internal Organs - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
4. The Male Hormones - Answer (click here)
5. Formation of the Spermatozoa: Spermatogenes (Spermatogenesis) -
Answer (click here)
6. Sperm - Answer (click here)
Fetal Development Placenta Development and Fetal Circulation
1. Fetal and Placental Development and Fetal Circulation - Answer (click here)
2. Formation of the Decidua - Answer (click here)
3. Growth and Development of the Fertilised Ovum - Answer (click here)
4. The Placenta Development - Answer (click here)
5. Functions of the Placenta - Answer (click here)
6. The Membranes - Placenta - Answer (click here)
7. The Umbilical Cord or Funis - Answer (click here)
8. Diseases of the Placenta - Answer (click here)
9. Fetal Circulation - Answer (click here)

Urinary System
1. Urinary System - Answer (click here)
2. Kidneys - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of the kidney - Answer (click here)
4. The ureters - Answer (click here)
5. The bladder - Answer (click here)
6. The urethra - Answer (click here)
7. Micturation - Answer (click here)
8. Psychological changes in pregnancy, labour and puerperium - Answer
(click here)
9. The breast - Answer (click here)
10. Physiology of Lactation - breast - Answer (click here)

Physiology of Pregnancy
1. Physiology of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Differential Diagnosis - Physiology of Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological changes due to pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Psychosocial care in pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Digestive system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Musculoskeletal system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer
(click here)
9. Genito-urinary system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
10. Circulatory system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
11. Nervous system - The minor disorders of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
Prenatal Care
1. Prenatal Care - Answer (click here)
2. Aim of antenatal care - Answer (click here)
3. Process of Antenatal care - Answer (click here)
4. Advice to the Pregnant Woman - Answer (click here)
5. General examination of the ante-natal patients - Answer (click here)
6. Investigations - General examination of the ante-natal patients - Answer
(click here)
7. Abdominal examination - General examination of the ante-natal patients
- Answer (click here)
8. Head fitting - General examination of the ante-natal patients - Answer
(click here)
9. Calculation of expected date of delivery (EDD) - Answer (click here)
10. Prenatal screening for hospital delivery - Answer (click here)

Labour
1. Labour - Answer (click here)
2. Stages of labour - Answer (click here)
3. Duration of labor - Answer (click here)
4. Physiology of labour - Answer (click here)
5. Methods of placental separation - Answer (click here)
6. Causes of onset of labor: Hormonal and Mechanical Theories - Answer
(click here)
7. Signs of Labour - Answer (click here)
8. Mechanism of normal labor - Answer (click here)
9. Pain relief in labour - Answer (click here)
10. Methods of Pain relief in labour - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs used in labour - Answer (click here)

Management of Labor
1. Management of patient in labour - Answer (click here)
2. Indications for vaginal examination - Answer (click here)
3. Subsequent management of labour - Answer (click here)
4. Second stage - Management of patient in labour - Answer (click here)
5. Methods of delivery - Management of patient in labour - Answer (click
here)
6. Left lateral position - Management of patient in labour - Answer (click here)
7. Management of third stage - Management of patient in labour - Answer
(click here)
8. Care after the delivery of the placenta - Answer (click here)
9. Episiotomy - Answer (click here)

Puerperium
1. Puerperium - Answer (click here)
2. Psychology of puerperium - Answer (click here)
3. Restoration of ovulation and menstruation - Answer (click here)
4. Management of puerperium - Answer (click here)
5. Birth control/family planning methods - Answer (click here)

Abnormal Conditions in Pregnancy and Labour


1. Abnormal Conditions in Pregnancy and Labour - Answer (click here)
2. Cephalopelvic Disproportion - (CPD) - Answer (click here)
3. Retroverted Gravid Uterus - Answer (click here)
4. Breast Conditions - Abnormal Conditions in Pregnancy and Labour -
Answer (click here)
5. Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Answer (click here)
6. Psychosis in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Harmful and Traditional Practices against Women and Children - Answer
(click here)
8. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
9. Non-venereal Vaginal Infections - Answer (click here)
10. Other Acute Infections - Abnormal Conditions in Pregnancy and Labour
- Answer (click here)

Obstetric Conditions that Complicate Pregnancy


1. Obstetric Conditions that Complicate Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Essential Hypertension - Answer (click here)
3. Intra Uterine Death of Fetus (IUD) - Answer (click here)
4. Polyhydraminios - Answer (click here)
5. Postmaturity (Prolonged Pregnancy) - Answer (click here)
6. Multiple Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Diagnosis of twins - Answer (click here)
8. The Effect of Twins on Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
9. The Effect of Twins on Labour - Answer (click here)

Medical Conditions in Pregnancy


1. Medical Conditions in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiac Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Anaemia in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Nutritional or Pathological Anaemia In Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Folic Acid Deficiency Anaemia - Answer (click here)
7. Sickle Cell (Disease Anaemia in Pregnancy) - Answer (click here)
8. Malaria in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

MalpresentationsPositions
1. Malpresentations/Positions - Answer (click here)
2. Breech Presentation - Answer (click here)
3. Occipito Posterior Position - Answer (click here)
4. Abnormal Uterine Action: Definition, Causes and Types - Answer (click
here)
5. Transverse Lie/ Shoulder Presentation: Causes, Diagnosis, Management
- Answer (click here)

Obstetric Emergencies
1. Obstetric Emergencies - Answer (click here)
2. Bleeding In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Abortion and Causes, Types of Abortion - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Mole - Bleeding In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Extra-uterine Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Abdominal Pregnancy - Bleeding In Early Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Hydatidiform Mole - Answer (click here)
8. Post Abortion Care (PAC) - Answer (click here)
9. Bleeding In Late Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
10. Management of Undiagnosed APH - Answer (click here)
11. Placental Praevia - Answer (click here)
12. Abruptio Placenta - Answer (click here)
13. Obstructed Labour - Answer (click here)
14. Rupture of Uterus - Answer (click here)
15. Cord Presentation - Answer (click here)
16. Cord Prolapse - Answer (click here)
17. Maternal and Fetal Distress - Answer (click here)
18. Obstetric Shock - Answer (click here)
19. Mendelson’s syndrome (Pulmonary acid Aspiration Syndrome) - Answer
(click here)
20. Amniotic Fluids Embolism - Answer (click here)
21. Endotoxic Shock - Answer (click here)

Abnormal Puerperium
1. Sub-Involution - Abnormal Puerperium - Answer (click here)
2. Post Partum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
3. Puerperal Pyrexia - Answer (click here)
4. Thrombotic Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Puerperal Psychosis - Answer (click here)

Obstetric Interventions
1. Obstetric Interventions - Answer (click here)
2. Episiotomy /Perineal Laceration - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Episiotomy /Perineal Laceration - Answer (click here)
4. Induction of Labour - Answer (click here)
5. Vacuum Extraction - Ventouse - Answer (click here)
6. Forceps Delivery - Answer (click here)
7. Symphysiotomy - Answer (click here)
8. Caesarean Section and Types of Caesarean Section - Answer (click here)
9. Amniocentesis - Answer (click here)
10. Cordocentesis - Answer (click here)
11. Destructive Operations (Embryotomy) - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biochemical Pharmacology


Introduction
1. What is `biochemical pharmacology'? - Answer (click here)
2. What are drugs? - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs and drug target molecules - Answer (click here)
4. Drug molecules may or may not have physiological counterparts - Answer
(click here)
5. Synthetic drugs may exceed the corresponding physiological agonists in
selectivity - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism of physiological mediators and of drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Strategies of drug development - Answer (click here)

Pharmacokinetics
1. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Drug application and uptake - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Drug distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Drug elimination: Kidneys - Answer (click here)
5. Drug elimination: Metabolism - Answer (click here)

Pharmacodynamics
1. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Classes of drug receptors - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms and kinetics of drug receptor interaction - Answer (click here)
4. Drug dose-effect relationships in biochemical cascades - Answer (click
here)
5. Spare receptors - Answer (click here)
6. Potency and efficacy - Answer (click here)
7. Partial agonism and the two-state model of receptor activation - Answer
(click here)
8. Toxic and beneficial drug effects - Answer (click here)

The ionic basis of cell excitation


1. The ionic basis of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
2. Ion gradients across the cell plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
3. The physics of membrane potentials - Answer (click here)
4. Voltage-gated cation channels and the action potential - Answer (click here)
5. The origin of cell excitation - Answer (click here)
6. Anion channels - Answer (click here)

Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels


1. Drugs that act on sodium and potassium channels - Answer (click here)
2. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
3. Sodium channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents - Answer (click here)
4. Sodium channel blockers in epilepsia - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
6. Potassium channel openers - Answer (click here)

Some aspects of calcium pharmacology


1. Some aspects of calcium pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium in muscle cell function - Answer (click here)
3. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
4. Digitalis (foxglove) glycosides - Answer (click here)
5. Calcium-dependent signaling by adrenergic receptors - Answer (click here)
Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology
1. Some aspects of neurophysiology relevant to pharmacology - Answer
(click here)
2. Structure and function of synapses - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of drug action on synapses - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacologically important neurotransmitters and their receptors -
Answer (click here)
5. Neurotransmitter receptors - Answer (click here)
6. Overview of the autonomic nervous system - Answer (click here)

G protein coupled receptors


1. G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
2. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors - Answer (click here)
3. The complexity of G protein signalling - Answer (click here)
4. Agonist-specific coupling - Answer (click here)
5. GPCR oligomerization - Answer (click here)
6. 'Allosteric' GPCR agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology of cholinergic synapses


1. Pharmacology of cholinergic synapses - Answer (click here)
2. Structure and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Answer
(click here)
3. Cholinergic agonists - Answer (click here)
4. Cholinergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
5. Cholinesterase antagonists - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology of catecholamines and of serotonin


1. Pharmacology of catecholamines and of serotonin - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacokinetic aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Drug targets in catecholaminergic synapses - Answer (click here)
5. Adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists - Answer (click here)
6. Inhibitors of presynaptic transmitter reuptake - Answer (click here)
7. Inhibition of vesicular storage - Answer (click here)
8. Indirect sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
9. L-DOPA and carbidopa in the therapy of Parkinson's disease - Answer
(click here)
10. False transmitters - Answer (click here)
11. Cytotoxic catecholamine analogs - Answer (click here)
12. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology of nitric oxide NO


1. Pharmacology of nitric oxide (NO) - Answer (click here)
2. Vascular effects of nitric oxide - Answer (click here)
3. Nitric oxide synthase and its isoforms - Answer (click here)
4. Biochemical mechanisms of NO signaling - Answer (click here)
5. Role of NO in macrophages - Answer (click here)
6. NO releasing drugs - Answer (click here)
7. NOS inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Pharmacology of Eicosanoids
1. Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis of eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
3. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Lipoxygenases and related drugs - Answer (click here)

Some principles of cancer pharmacotherapy


1. Some principles of cancer pharmacotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. Cell type-specific antitumor drugs - Answer (click here)
3. The cell cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Alkylating agents - Answer (click here)
5. Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
6. Antimetabolites - Answer (click here)
7. Inhibitors of mitosis - Answer (click here)
8. Monoclonal antibodies in tumour therapy - Answer (click here)

Subject : Sociology of Health


Sociology of Health
1. Sociology of Health: an introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Aim and Scope - Sociology of Health - Answer (click here)
3. The social basis of health, illness and medicine - Answer (click here)
4. Mental health - Answer (click here)
5. Theoretical approaches - Sociology of Health - Answer (click here)
6. Contribution of sociology to health - Answer (click here)
7. The Future of Medical Sociology - Answer (click here)
8. Definition of Health & Illness - Answer (click here)
9. Health: A Global Survey - Answer (click here)
10. Current inequalities in health - Answer (click here)
11. Sociological Perspective on Health - Answer (click here)
12. The determinants of health - Answer (click here)
13. Policies to improve health - Answer (click here)
14. Four Dimensions of Health - Answer (click here)
15. Evolution of Social medicine in India - Answer (click here)
16. What is Social Medicine? Meaning and scope - Answer (click here)
17. Genesis and evolution of social medicine - Answer (click here)
18. Development of preventive and social medicine - Answer (click here)
19. Challenges - Evolution of Social medicine in India - Answer (click here)

Hospital
1. Hospital as Social Organization - Answer (click here)
2. History of hospitals - Answer (click here)
3. Ownership and control - Hospital as Social Organization - Answer (click
here)
4. Financing - Hospital as Social Organization - Answer (click here)
5. Departments - Hospital as Social Organization - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Hospitals‐General Hospitals, Specializing Hospitals - Answer
(click here)
7. Functions of hospitals - Answer (click here)
8. Some critical points regarding functions of hospitals - Answer (click here)
9. What is Interpersonal relationship? - Answer (click here)
10. Types of communication in the care setting - Answer (click here)
11. Importance of Effective interpersonal Communication in Healthcare -
Answer (click here)
12. Effective Interpersonal Communication Practices in Health Care Settings
- Answer (click here)
13. Interpersonal theory in nursing practice - Answer (click here)
14. Nurse-client relationship - Answer (click here)
15. Nurse-client relationship some studies - Answer (click here)
16. Understanding culture and transcultural Nursing Care - Answer (click here)
17. Importance of Communication Skills for developing interpersonal
relationship in Nursing - Answer (click here)
18. Effective Interpersonal Communication Practices in Health Care Settings
- Answer (click here)
19. Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication - Answer (click here)
Community Health
1. Community Health - the concept - Answer (click here)
2. Scope of Community health - Answer (click here)
3. Interface between public health and primary healthcare - Answer (click
here)
4. Community health problems in India - Answer (click here)
5. Health in India - Community health problems in India - Answer (click here)
6. Major Health issues - Community health problems in India - Answer (click
here)
7. Schemes and plans for major community health problems in India -
Answer (click here)
8. Rural Healthcare Infrastructure - Answer (click here)
9. Central and state Government Role - Community health problems in
India - Answer (click here)
10. Concept of Integrated health service - Answer (click here)
11. Integrated Child Development Services in India - Answer (click here)

Health services
1. All Five year plan at a glance (India) - Answer (click here)
2. Alma Ata Declaration and the goal of “Health for all” - Answer (click here)
3. Introduction of “health for all” - Answer (click here)
4. Relevance of Alma‐ Ata to the primary health care system - Answer (click
here)
5. Four Assaults on Primary Health Care - Answer (click here)
6. Primary health care: 36 years since Alma‐Ata - Answer (click here)
7. Alma Ata and the primary health care in India - Answer (click here)
8. Challenges for Primary Healthcare System in India with few suggested
remedies - Answer (click here)
9. Role of government in public health: Current scenario in India - Answer
(click here)
10. Role of government within the health sector with few suggested majors -
Answer (click here)
11. Role of government in enabling intersectoral coordination towards
public health issues - Answer (click here)

Subject : Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing


CURRENT THEORIES AND PRACTICE
Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
1. Mental Health and Mental Illness - Answer (click here)
2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Historical Perspectives of the Treatment of Mental Illness - Answer (click
here)
4. Mental Illness in the 21st Century - Answer (click here)
5. Psychiatric Nursing Practice - Answer (click here)
6. Student Concerns - Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing -
Answer (click here)

Neurobiologic Theories and Psychopharmacology


1. Neurobiologic Theories and Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The Nervous System and How It Works - Answer (click here)
3. Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
5. Brain Imaging Techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Brain Imaging Techniques - Answer (click here)
7. Limitations of Brain Imaging Techniques - Answer (click here)
8. Neurobiologic Causes of Mental Illness - Answer (click here)
9. The Nurse’s Role in Research and Education - Answer (click here)
10. Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
11. Principles That Guide Pharmacologic Treatment - Answer (click here)
12. Antipsychotic Drugs - Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
13. Mechanism of Action - Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
14. Side Effects - Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
15. Client Teaching - Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
16. Antidepressant Drugs - Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
17. Mood-Stabilizing Drugs - Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
18. Antianxiety Drugs (Anxiolytics) - Psychopharmacology - Answer (click
here)
19. Stimulants - Psychopharmacology - Answer (click here)
20. Disulfiram (Antabuse) - Answer (click here)
21. Cultural Considerations - Answer (click here)

Psychosocial Theories and Therapy


1. Psychosocial Theories - Answer (click here)
2. Psychoanalytic Theories - Answer (click here)
3. Developmental Theories - Answer (click here)
4. Interpersonal Theories - Answer (click here)
5. Humanistic Theories - Answer (click here)
6. Behavioral Theories - Answer (click here)
7. Existential Theories - Answer (click here)
8. Crisis Intervention - Psychosocial Theories and Therapy - Answer (click
here)
9. Cultural Considerations - Psychosocial Theories and Therapy - Answer
(click here)
10. Benefits of Community Mental Health Treatment - Answer (click here)
11. Individual Psychotherapy - Answer (click here)
12. Groups - Treatment Modalities - Answer (click here)
13. Complementary and Alternative Therapies - Answer (click here)
14. Psychiatric Rehabilitation - Answer (click here)
15. The Nurse and Psychosocial Interventions - Answer (click here)

Treatment Settings and Therapeutic Programs


1. Treatment Settings and Therapeutic Programs - Answer (click here)
2. Inpatient Hospital Treatment - Answer (click here)
3. Partial Hospitalization Programs - Answer (click here)
4. Residential Settings - Answer (click here)
5. Transitional Care - Answer (click here)
6. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Programs - Answer (click here)
7. Clubhouse Model - Answer (click here)
8. Assertive Community Treatment (1973) - Answer (click here)
9. Special Populations of Clients with Mental Illness - Answer (click here)
10. Interdisciplinary Team - Answer (click here)
11. Psychosocial Nursing in Public Health and Home Care - Answer (click here)

BUILDING THE NURSE CLIENT RELATIONSHIP


Therapeutic Relationships
1. Components of a Therapeutic Relationship - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Relationships - Answer (click here)
3. Establishing the Therapeutic Relationship - Answer (click here)
4. Avoiding Behaviors That Diminish the Therapeutic Relationship -
Answer (click here)
5. Roles of the Nurse in a Therapeutic Relationship - Answer (click here)

Therapeutic Communication
1. Therapeutic Communication - Answer (click here)
2. What Is Therapeutic Communication? - Answer (click here)
3. Verbal Communication Skills - Answer (click here)
4. Nonverbal Communication Skills - Answer (click here)
5. Understanding the Meaning of Communication - Answer (click here)
6. Understanding Context - Answer (click here)
7. Understanding Spirituality - Answer (click here)
8. Cultural Considerations - Therapeutic Communication - Answer (click here)
9. The Therapeutic Communication Session - Answer (click here)
10. How to Phrase Questions - Answer (click here)
11. Guiding the Client in Problem-Solving and Empowering the Client to
Change - Answer (click here)
12. Assertive Communication - Answer (click here)
13. Community-Based Care - Answer (click here)

Clients Response to Illness


1. Client’s Response to Illness - Answer (click here)
2. Individual Factors - Client’s Response to Illness - Answer (click here)
3. Interpersonal Factors - Client’s Response to Illness - Answer (click here)
4. Cultural Factors - Client’s Response to Illness - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Patterns and Differences - Answer (click here)
6. Nurse's Role in Working with Clients of Various Cultures - Answer (click
here)

Assessment
1. Factors Influencing Assessment - Answer (click here)
2. How to Conduct the Interview - Answer (click here)
3. Content of the Assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Assessment of Suicide or Harm Toward Others - Answer (click here)
5. Data Analysis - Answer (click here)

CURRENT SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL CONCERNS


Legal and Ethical Issues
1. Rights of Clients and Related Issues - Answer (click here)
2. Insanity Defense - Answer (click here)
3. Nursing Liability - Answer (click here)
4. Ethical Issues - Answer (click here)

Anger Hostility and Aggression


1. Onset and Clinical Course - Answer (click here)
2. Related Disorders - Anger, Hostility, and Aggression - Answer (click here)
3. Etiology - Anger, Hostility, and Aggression - Answer (click here)
4. Cultural Considerations - Anger, Hostility, and Aggression - Answer (click
here)
5. Treatment - Anger, Hostility, and Aggression - Answer (click here)
6. Applying the Nursing Process - Anger, Hostility, and Aggression -
Answer (click here)
7. Workplace Hostility - Anger, Hostility, and Aggression - Answer (click
here)
8. Community-Based Care - Answer (click here)

Abuse and Violence


1. Clinical Picture of Abuse and Violence - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics of Violent Families - Answer (click here)
3. Cultural Considerations - Abuse and Violence - Answer (click here)
4. Intimate Partner Violence - Answer (click here)
5. Child Abuse - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Child Abuse - Answer (click here)
7. Elder Abuse - Answer (click here)
8. Rape and Sexual Assault - Answer (click here)
9. Community Violence - Answer (click here)
10. Psychiatric Disorders Related to Abuse and Violence - Answer (click here)
11. Assessment - Application of the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
12. Outcome Identification - Application of the Nursing Process - Answer
(click here)
13. Intervention - Application of the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)

Grief and Loss


1. Types of Losses - Answer (click here)
2. The Grieving Process - Answer (click here)
3. Theories of Grieving - Answer (click here)
4. Tasks of Grieving - Answer (click here)
5. Dimensions of Grieving - Answer (click here)
6. Cultural Considerations - Grief and Loss - Answer (click here)
7. Disenfranchised Grief - Answer (click here)
8. Complicated Grieving - Answer (click here)
9. Grief and Loss: Application of the Nursing Process - Answer (click here)
10. Assessment - Grief and Loss: Application of the Nursing Process -
Answer (click here)
11. Data Analysis and Planning - Grief and Loss: Application of the Nursing
Process - Answer (click here)
12. Outcome Identification - Grief and Loss: Application of the Nursing
Process - Answer (click here)
13. Interventions - Grief and Loss: Application of the Nursing Process -
Answer (click here)
14. Evaluation - Grief and Loss: Application of the Nursing Process - Answer
(click here)

NURSING PRACTICE FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS


Anxiety Anxiety Disorders and Stress Related Illness
1. Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, and Stress-Related Illness - Answer (click here)
2. Anxiety as a Response to Stress - Answer (click here)
3. Levels of Anxiety - Answer (click here)
4. Working with Anxious Clients - Answer (click here)
5. Overview of Anxiety Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Incidence - Answer (click here)
7. Related Disorders - Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, and Stress-Related
Illness - Answer (click here)
8. Etiology - Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, and Stress-Related Illness -
Answer (click here)
9. Cultural Considerations - Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, and Stress-
Related Illness - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment - Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, and Stress-Related Illness -
Answer (click here)
11. Elder Considerations - Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, and Stress-Related
Illness - Answer (click here)
12. Community-Based Care - Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, and Stress-
Related Illness - Answer (click here)
13. Mental Health Promotion - Answer (click here)
14. Panic Disorder - Answer (click here)
15. Application of the Nursing Process: Panic Disorder - Answer (click here)
16. Phobias - Answer (click here)
17. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Answer (click here)
18. Application of the Nursing Process: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder -
Answer (click here)
19. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Answer (click here)
20. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Answer (click here)
21. Acute Stress Disorder - Answer (click here)

Schizophrenia
1. Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
2. Clinical Course - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
3. Related Disorders - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
4. Etiology - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Considerations - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
7. Application of the Nursing Process: Assessment - Schizophrenia - Answer
(click here)
8. Application of the Nursing Process: Data Analysis - Schizophrenia -
Answer (click here)
9. Application of the Nursing Process: Outcome Identification -
Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
10. Application of the Nursing Process: Intervention - Schizophrenia -
Answer (click here)
11. Application of the Nursing Process: Evaluation - Schizophrenia - Answer
(click here)
12. Elder Considerations - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
13. Community-Based Care - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
14. Mental Health Promotion - Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)

Mood Disorders
1. Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Categories of Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Related Disorders - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Etiology - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Considerations - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Major Depressive Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Application of the Nursing Process: Depression - Answer (click here)
8. Bipolar Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Application of the Nursing Process: Bipolar Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Suicide - Answer (click here)
11. Community-Based Care - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Mental Health Promotion - Mood Disorders - Answer (click here)

Personality Disorders
1. Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Categories of Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Onset and Clinical Course - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Etiology - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Considerations - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Paranoid Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Schizoid Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Schizotypal Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
10. Antisocial Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
11. Application of the Nursing Process: Antisocial Personality Disorder -
Answer (click here)
12. Borderline Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
13. Application of the Nursing Process: Borderline Personality Disorder -
Answer (click here)
14. Histrionic Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
15. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
16. Avoidant Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
17. Dependent Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
18. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
19. Depressive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
20. Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - Answer (click here)
21. Elder Considerations - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Community-Based Care - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Mental Health Promotion - Personality Disorders - Answer (click here)

Substance Abuse
1. Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
3. Onset and Clinical Course - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
4. Etiology - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
5. Cultural Considerations - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Substances and Treatment - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment and Prognosis - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
8. Application of the Nursing Process - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
9. Elder Considerations - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
10. Community-Based Care - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
11. Mental Health Promotion - Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)
12. Substance Abuse in Health Professionals - Answer (click here)

Eating Disorders
1. Overview of Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Categories of Eating Disorders and Related Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Etiology - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. Cultural Considerations - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Anorexia Nervosa - Answer (click here)
6. Bulimia - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Application of the Nursing Process - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Community-Based Care - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Mental Health Promotion - Eating Disorders - Answer (click here)

Somatoform Disorders
1. Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Onset and Clinical Course - Somatoform Disorder - Answer (click here)
4. Related Disorders - Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Etiology - Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Application of the Nursing Process - Somatoform Disorders - Answer
(click here)
7. Community-Based Care - Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Mental Health Promotion - Somatoform Disorders - Answer (click here)

Child and Adolescent Disorders


1. Child and Adolescent Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Autistic Disorder - Answer (click here)
3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Answer (click here)
4. Application of the Nursing Process: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder - Answer (click here)
5. Conduct Disorder - Answer (click here)
6. Application of the Nursing Process: Conduct Disorder - Answer (click here)
7. Community-Based Care - Conduct Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Mental Health Promotion - Conduct Disorder - Answer (click here)
9. Cognitive Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Delirium - Answer (click here)
11. Application of the Nursing Process: Delirium - Answer (click here)
12. Community Based Care - Deliriu - Answer (click here)
13. Dementia - Answer (click here)
14. Application of the Nursing Process: Dementia - Answer (click here)
15. Community Based Care - Dementia - Answer (click here)
16. Mental Health Promotion - Dementia - Answer (click here)
17. Role of the Caregiver - Dementia - Answer (click here)
18. Related Disorders - Dementia - Answer (click here)
Subject : Modern Pharmacology with Clinical
Applications
Progress in Therapeutics
1. Progress in Therapeutics: Contributions of Many Cultures - Answer (click
here)
2. Drug Control And Development - Answer (click here)
3. Modern Drug Legislation - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Testing of Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Phases of Clinical Investigation - Answer (click here)
6. Special Populations - Answer (click here)
7. Adverse Reaction Surveillance - Answer (click here)

Mechanisms of Drug Action


1. Receptors - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Receptors and Biological Responses - Answer (click here)
3. Second-Messenger Systems - Answer (click here)
4. The Chemistry of Drug-Receptor Binding - Answer (click here)
5. Dynamics of Drug–Receptor Binding - Answer (click here)
6. Dose–Response Relationship - Answer (click here)
7. Equations Derived From Drug–Receptor Interactions - Answer (click here)
8. Drug Antagonism - Answer (click here)

Drug Absorption and Distribution


1. Properties of Biological Membranes that Influence Drug Passage -
Answer (click here)
2. Mechanisms of Solute Transport Across Membranes - Answer (click here)
3. Absorption of Drugs From the Alimentary Tract - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Affecting Rate of Gastrointestinal Absorption - Answer (click here)
5. Absorption of Drugs From the Lung - Answer (click here)
6. Absorption of Drugs Through the Skin - Answer (click here)
7. Absorption of Drugs After Parenteral Administration - Answer (click here)
8. Factors Influencing Drug Distribution - Answer (click here)
9. Human Available Distribution Volume - Answer (click here)
10. Binding of Drugs to Plasma Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Selective Accumulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Physiological Barriers to Drug Distribution - Answer (click here)
Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs
1. Oxidative and Reductive Enzymes: Phase I Reactions - Answer (click here)
2. Conjugative Enzymes: Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Tissue Specificity of Human Drug Metabolism Enzymes - Answer (click
here)
4. Pharmacogenetics of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes - Answer (click here)
5. Excretion of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Renal Excretion - Answer (click here)
7. Pulmonary Excretion - Answer (click here)
8. Excretion in Other Body Fluids - Answer (click here)

Pharmacokinetics
1. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Concentration-Time Profiles and Basic Pharmacokinetic
Parameters - Answer (click here)
3. Additional Pharmacokinetic Parameters - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics of Single Versus Multiple Dosing - Answer (click here)
5. Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)

Drug Metabolism and Disposition in Pediatric and Gerontological


Stages of Life
1. Drug Disposition in Pediatric Patients - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Disposition in Geriatric Patients - Answer (click here)

Principles of Toxicology
1. Principles of Toxicology - Answer (click here)
2. Manifestations of Toxicity - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Poisonings - Answer (click here)
4. Exposure to Nontherapeutic Toxicants - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Toxicological Principles - Answer (click here)

Contemporary Bioethical Issues in Pharmacology and


Pharmaceutical Research
1. Biomedical Ethics in Pharmacology: An Introduction and Framework -
Answer (click here)
2. Biomedical Ethics and Clinical Research - Answer (click here)
3. Conflicts of Interest and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
General Organization and Functions of the Nervous System
1. General Organization and Functions of the Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
2. Anatomic Differences Between the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous
Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Autonomic Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
5. Innervation of Various Organs by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Nervous Systems - Answer (click here)
6. The Adrenal Medulla - Answer (click here)
7. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse - Answer (click here)
8. Steps in Neurochemical Transmission - Answer (click here)
9. Receptors on the Autonomic Effector Cells - Answer (click here)

Adrenomimetic Drugs
1. Adrenomimetic Drugs: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Adrenomimetic Drugs: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacodynamic Actions of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and
Isoproterenol - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacological Actions of Dopamine - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Uses of Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
6. Other Adrenomimetic Agents - Answer (click here)

Adrenoceptor Antagonists
1. Adrenoceptors - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
4. beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Drugs With Combined and Βeta-and Αlpha Blocking Activity - Answer
(click here)

Directly and Indirectly Acting Cholinomimetics


1. Directly and Indirectly Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
2. Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)

Muscarinic Blocking Drugs


1. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
4. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion -
Answer (click here)
5. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Antimuscarinic Poisoning - Answer (click
here)
7. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Contraindications and Cautions - Answer
(click here)

Ganglionic Blocking Drugs and Nicotine


1. Ganglionic Transmission - Answer (click here)
2. Ganglionic Stimulants - Answer (click here)
3. Ganglionic Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Individual Agents - Answer (click here)

Pharmacological Management of Chronic Heart Failure


1. Chronic (Congestive) Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
2. Myocardial Excitation–Contraction Coupling - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiac Glycosides - Answer (click here)
4. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
5. Hydralazine and Nitrates - Answer (click here)
6. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
8. cAMP-Elevating Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Antiarrhythmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Transmembrane Potential - Answer (click here)
11. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Ionic Basis for the Membrane Action
Potential - Answer (click here)
12. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Automaticity - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Cardiac Conduction - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Refractory Period - Answer (click here)
15. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click
here)
16. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Enhanced Automaticity - Answer (click here)
17. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Triggered Activity - Answer (click here)
18. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Reentry - Answer (click here)
19. Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
20. Quinidine - Answer (click here)
21. Procainamide - Answer (click here)
22. Disopyramide - Answer (click here)
23. Moricizine - Answer (click here)
24. Lidocaine - Answer (click here)
25. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
26. Tocainide - Answer (click here)
27. Mexiletine - Answer (click here)
28. Flecainide - Answer (click here)
29. Propafenone - Answer (click here)
30. Propranolol - Answer (click here)
31. Acebutolol - Answer (click here)
32. Esmolol - Answer (click here)
33. Bretylium - Answer (click here)
34. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
35. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
36. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
37. Ibutilide Fumarate - Answer (click here)
38. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
39. Digitalis Glycosides and Vagomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
40. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
41. Magnesium Sulfate - Answer (click here)
42. Drug–Device Interactions - Answer (click here)

Antianginal Drugs
1. Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. The Therapeutic Objectives in the Use of Antianginal Drugs - Answer
(click here)
3. Organic Nitrates Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Calcium Entry or Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)

The ReninAngiotensin Aldosterone System and Other Vasoactive


Substances
1. The Renin–Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
2. Angiotensin Receptors - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
4. Antagonists of the Renin–Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
5. Aldosterone - Answer (click here)
6. Bradykinin - Answer (click here)
7. Endothelin - Answer (click here)
8. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
9. Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)

Calcium Channel Blockers


1. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium Antagonism - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacological Effects on the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click
here)
4. Therapeutic Applications - Answer (click here)
5. Calcium Channel Blockers: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
6. Calcium Channel Blockers: Toxicity - Answer (click here)

Antihypertensive Drugs
1. Antihypertensive Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
3. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
4. Vasodilators: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
5. Vasodilators: Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
6. Vasodilators: Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
7. Vasodilators: Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
8. Vasodilators: Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
9. Drugs That Impair Sympathetic Nervous System Functioning - Answer
(click here)
10. Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. Adrenergic Neuron Βeta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs that Interfere with Norepinephrine Storage - Answer (click here)
13. Drugs that Interfere with Norepinephrine Synthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Ganglionic Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Centrally Acting Hypotensive Drugs - Answer (click here)

Diuretic Drugs
1. Diuretic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Body Water and Electrolyte Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Thiazide Diuretics - Answer (click here)
5. Hypokalemia and Potassium-sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
6. High-Ceiling, or Loop, Diuretics - Answer (click here)
7. Osmotic Diuretics - Answer (click here)
8. Uses of Diuretics - Answer (click here)

Anticoagulant Antiplatelet and Fibrinolytic Thrombolytic Drugs


1. Hemostatic Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
2. Coagulation Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Anticoagulant Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Indications for Anticoagulant Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Antiplatelet Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Fibrinolytic System - Answer (click here)

Hypocholesterolemic Drugs and Coronary Heart Disease


1. Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease as the Goal - Answer (click here)
2. When to Treat Hypercholesterolemias? - Answer (click here)
3. Management of Hyperlipidemias With Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Management of Hyperlipidemias With Drugs: Other
Hypocholesterolemic Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. When to Treat Hypertriglyceridemias - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology


1. Review of Basic Neuroscience - Answer (click here)
2. Central Nervous System Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
3. Blood-Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)

General Anesthesia Intravenous and Inhalational Agents


1. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics Influencing the Clinical - Answer (click
here)
2. Intravenous Anesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
4. Etomidate - Answer (click here)
5. Propofol - Answer (click here)
6. Ketamine - Answer (click here)
7. Intravenous Anesthetic Techniques Managed with Opioids - Answer (click
here)
8. α2-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
9. Inhalational Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics - Answer (click here)
11. Development of the Partial Pressure of a Gas in Solution - Answer (click
here)
12. A Concept of Anesthetic Dose Based on Partial Pressure–Minimum
Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
13. Factors Affecting the Rate of Development of Anesthetic Concentration
in the Lung - Answer (click here)
14. Halogenated Hydrocarbon Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
15. Nonhalogenated Inhalational Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
16. Mechanism of Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)

Opioid and Nonopioid Analgesics


1. The Nature of Pain - Answer (click here)
2. Nonopioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
3. Salicylates - Answer (click here)
4. p-Aminophenol Derivatives - Answer (click here)
5. Indoles (indomethacin) and Related Compounds - Answer (click here)
6. Fenamates - Answer (click here)
7. Arylpropionic Acid Derivatives - Answer (click here)
8. Pyrazolone Derivatives - Answer (click here)
9. Oxicam Derivatives - Answer (click here)
10. Acetic Acid Derivatives - Answer (click here)
11. COX-2 Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
12. Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
13. Opioid Analgesics: Pharmacological Effects - Answer (click here)
14. Opioid Analgesics: Morphine - Answer (click here)
15. Opioid Analgesics: Codeine and Other Phenanthrene Derivatives -
Answer (click here)
16. Opioid Analgesics: Meperidine and Related Phenylpiperidine
Derivatives - Answer (click here)
17. Opioid Analgesics: Fentanyl, Sufentanil, and Alfentanil - Answer (click
here)
18. Opioid Analgesics: Levorphanol - Answer (click here)
19. Opioid Analgesics: Methadone - Answer (click here)
20. Opioid Analgesics: Propoxyphene - Answer (click here)
21. Opioid Analgesics: Opium-Containing Preparations - Answer (click here)
22. Opioid Analgesics: Heroin - Answer (click here)
23. Mixed Opioid Agonist–Antagonists or Partial Agonists - Answer (click
here)
24. Opioid Analgesics: Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
25. Opioid Analgesics: Drugs Used Predominantly as Antitussives - Answer
(click here)

Local Anesthetics
1. Properties of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Esters - Answer (click here)
3. Amides - Answer (click here)
4. Topical Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Agents Affecting Neuromuscular Transmission - Answer (click here)
6. Enhancement of Acetylcholine Release - Answer (click here)
7. Depression of Acetylcholine Release - Answer (click here)
8. Depression of Postjunctional Response to Acetylcholine - Answer (click
here)
9. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacology of Antispasticity Agents - Answer (click here)

Central Nervous System Stimulants


1. Central Nervous System Stimulants - Answer (click here)
2. Analeptic Stimulants - Answer (click here)
3. Psychomotor Stimulants - Answer (click here)
4. Xanthines - Answer (click here)

Sedative hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs


1. Sedative–hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Azapirones - Answer (click here)
3. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
4. Other Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
5. Sedatives and Anxiolytics With Other Major Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Older Sedative–Hypnotic and Anxiolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Nonprescription Drugs - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Neurodegenerative Disorders


1. Parkinson’s Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Therapy of Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
3. Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer (click here)

Antiepileptic Drugs
1. Antiepileptic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Clinically Useful Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Sodium Channel Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs That Primarily Enhance the Action of GABA - Answer (click here)
5. Agents That Block T-Calcium Channels - Answer (click here)
6. Agents Whose Mechanism of Action Is Not Known - Answer (click here)
7. Anticonvulsant Drugs and Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment of Febrile Seizures - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of Status Epilepticus - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Mood Disorders


1. Treatment of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
2. Treatment of Major Depression: The Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Major Depression: Miscellaneous Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
4. Treatment of Major Depression: Tricyclic Antidepressants - Answer (click
here)
5. Treatment of Major Depression: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer
(click here)
6. Treatment of Manic-Depressive Illness - Answer (click here)

Antipsychotic Drugs
1. The Disease of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
2. Antipsychotic Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Antipsychotic Drugs: Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
4. Antipsychotic Drugs: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
5. Antipsychotic Drugs: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
6. Antipsychotic Drugs: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)

Contemporary Drug Abuse


1. Contemporary Drug Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Opioids - Answer (click here)
3. Stimulants - Answer (click here)
4. Nicotine - Answer (click here)
5. Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
6. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Ethanol - Answer (click here)
7. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Marijuana - Answer (click here)
8. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Hallucinogens - Answer (click here)
9. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Inhalants - Answer (click here)
10. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Designer Drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Anabolic Steroids - Answer (click here)

Antiinflammatory and Antirheumatic Drugs


1. Antiinflammatory and Antirheumatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. The Inflammatory Process - Answer (click here)
3. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Methotrexate - Answer (click here)
7. Sulfasalazine - Answer (click here)
8. Antimalarials - Answer (click here)
9. Leflunomide - Answer (click here)
10. TNF-α : Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
11. Interleukin-1 Antagonists - Answer (click here)
12. Gold Compounds Drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Other Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy - Answer (click here)
14. New Approaches to the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click
here)

Drugs Used in Gout


1. Drugs Used in Gout - Answer (click here)
2. Chemistry of Uric Acid - Answer (click here)
3. Renal Urate Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
4. Relationship of Uric Acid Levels to Gout - Answer (click here)
5. Role of Phagocytosis in Acute Gouty Arthritis - Answer (click here)
6. Principles of Gout Management - Answer (click here)
7. Colchicine - Answer (click here)
8. Uricosuric Agents - Answer (click here)

Histamine and Histamine Antagonists


1. Histamine - Answer (click here)
2. Histamine Antagonism and Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Asthma


1. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs Used in Asthma: Treatment Strategy - Answer (click here)
3. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
4. Adrenomimetic Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Theophylline - Answer (click here)
6. Anticholinergics - Answer (click here)
7. Antiinflammatory Agents - Answer (click here)
8. Alternative Therapies - Answer (click here)
9. Status Asthmaticus - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Gastrointestinal Disorders


1. Introduction to Normal Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs That Increase GI Motility - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs That Decrease GI Motility - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacological Modulation of Diarrhea - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacological Modulation of Vomiting - Answer (click here)
6. Drugs that Decrease or Neutralize Gastric Acid Secretion - Answer (click
here)
7. Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Miscellaneous GI Drugs - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Dermatological Disorders


1. Skin Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Percutaneous Absorption - Answer (click here)
3. Practical Considerations in Topical Drug Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Topical Glucocorticosteroids - Answer (click here)
5. Retinoids - Answer (click here)
6. Photochemotherapy - Answer (click here)
7. Photodynamic Therapy - Answer (click here)
8. Aminolevulinic Acid - Answer (click here)
9. Dapsone - Answer (click here)
10. Thalidomide - Answer (click here)
11. Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
13. Drugs For Cutaneous Fungal Infections - Answer (click here)
14. Drugs For Cutaneous Viral Infections - Answer (click here)
15. Drugs Used To Treat Scabies and Lice - Answer (click here)
16. Cytotoxic and Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
17. Topical Immune-Modulating Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Antihistamines - Answer (click here)
19. Doxepin - Answer (click here)
20. Drugs Used to Treat Disorders of Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
21. Recombinant Proteins and Other Biologicals - Answer (click here)
22. Miscellaneous Topical Agents - Answer (click here)
23. Keratolytics - Answer (click here)
24. Sunscreens - Answer (click here)
Drugs for the Control of Supragingival Plaque
1. The Role of Supragingival Dental Plaque in the Initiation of Gingivitis -
Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics of the Oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
3. Antiplaque Agents - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Chemotherapy
1. Introduction to Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. The Patient–Drug–Pathogen Interaction - Answer (click here)
3. Managing Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

Synthetic Organic Antimicrobials Sulfonamides Trimethoprim


Nitrofurans Quinolones Methenamine
1. Sulfonamides - Answer (click here)
2. Trimethoprim - Answer (click here)
3. Quinolones: Nalidixic Acid and Fluoroquinolones - Answer (click here)
4. Urinary Antiseptics - Answer (click here)

Lactam Antibiotics
1. β-Lactam Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
2. β-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. β-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanisms of Resistance - Answer (click here)
4. Penicillins - Answer (click here)
5. Cephalosporins - Answer (click here)
6. Carbapenems and Carbacephems - Answer (click here)
7. Monobactams - Answer (click here)

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
1. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Mechanism of Antibacterial Action -
Answer (click here)
3. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Mechanism of Antibacterial Resistance -
Answer (click here)
4. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
5. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Single Daily Dosing - Answer (click here)
7. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Toxicity - Answer (click here)
Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Macrolides and Lincosamides
1. Tetracyclines - Answer (click here)
2. Chloramphenicol - Answer (click here)
3. Macrolide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
4. Lincosamides - Answer (click here)

Bacitracin Glycopeptide Antibiotics and the Polymyxins


1. Bacitracin - Answer (click here)
2. Glycopeptides: Vancomycin and Teicoplanin - Answer (click here)
3. The Polymyxins - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Tuberculosis and Leprosy


1. Key Concepts in the Treatment of Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
2. First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Second-Line Antituberculous Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Recommendation for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection -
Answer (click here)
5. Recommendations for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis - Answer (click
here)
6. Treatment of Leprosy - Answer (click here)

Antiviral Drugs
1. Viral Infection and Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Antiherpesvirus Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Acyclovir and Valacyclovir - Answer (click here)
4. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Cidofovir - Answer (click here)
5. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Docosanol - Answer (click here)
6. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Famciclovir and Penciclovir - Answer (click here)
7. Fomivirsen - Answer (click here)
8. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Foscarnet - Answer (click here)
9. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir - Answer (click
here)
10. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Idoxuridine - Answer (click here)
11. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Trifluridine - Answer (click here)
12. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Vidarabine - Answer (click here)
13. Antiinfluenza Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Antiinfluenza Agents: Amantadine and Rimantadine - Answer (click here)
15. Antiinfluenza Agents: Oseltamivir - Answer (click here)
16. Antiinfluenza Agents: Zanamivir - Answer (click here)
17. Antiviral Agents: Immune Globulin - Answer (click here)
18. Antiviral Agents: Interferons - Answer (click here)
19. Antiviral Agents: Ribavirin - Answer (click here)
20. Antiviral Agents: Lamivudine - Answer (click here)
21. Antiviral Agents: Palivizumab - Answer (click here)

Therapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus


1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
5. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Protease Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. The Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Antifungal Drugs
1. Antifungal Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Amphotericin B - Answer (click here)
3. Nystatin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
4. The Azoles Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
5. Fluconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
6. Itraconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
7. Ketoconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
8. Miconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
9. Clotrimazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
10. Voriconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
11. Flucytosine Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
12. Capsofungin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
13. Allylamines Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
14. Griseofulvin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
15. Miscellaneous Topical Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)

Antiprotozoal Drugs
1. Protozoal Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Antiprotozoal Drug: Metronidazole - Answer (click here)
3. Antiprotozoal Drug: Iodoquinol - Answer (click here)
4. Antiprotozoal Drug: Diloxanide Furoate - Answer (click here)
5. Antiprotozoal Drug: Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
6. Antiprotozoal Drug: Pentamidine - Answer (click here)
7. Antiprotozoal Drug: Suramin - Answer (click here)
8. Antiprotozoal Drug: Eflornithine - Answer (click here)
9. Antiprotozoal Drug: Arsenicals - Answer (click here)
10. Antiprotozoal Drug: Nifurtimox - Answer (click here)
11. Antiprotozoal Drug: Antimonials - Answer (click here)
12. Malaria - Answer (click here)
13. Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Antimalarial Drugs In Development - Answer (click here)
15. Selection of Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)

Anthelmintic Drugs
1. Anthelmintic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Treatment for Infections Caused by Nematodes - Answer (click here)
3. Benzimidazoles - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment for Infections Caused by Cestodes - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment for Infections Caused by Trematodes - Answer (click here)

The Rational Basis for Cancer Chemotherapy


1. Concepts in Tumor Cell Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs and the Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. Tumor Growth and Growth Fraction - Answer (click here)
4. The Log Cell Kill Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
5. Cancer Chemotherapy: Drug Resistance - Answer (click here)
6. Cancer Therapy and the Immune System - Answer (click here)
7. General Toxicological Properties of Anticancer Drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click
here)
9. Combination Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

Antineoplastic Agents
1. Alkylating Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Alkylating Agents: Nitrogen Mustards - Answer (click here)
3. Alkylating Agents: Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
4. Alkylating Agents: Alkyl Sulfonates - Answer (click here)
5. Alkylating Agents: Ethylenimines - Answer (click here)
6. Alkylating Agents: Triazenes - Answer (click here)
7. Antimetabolites: Folate Antagonists - Answer (click here)
8. Antimetabolites: Purine Analogues - Answer (click here)
9. Antimetabolites: Pyrimidine Analogues - Answer (click here)
10. Antineoplastic Agents: Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
11. Antineoplastic Agents: Plant-Derived Products - Answer (click here)
12. Antineoplastic Agents: Enzymes - Answer (click here)
13. Antineoplastic Agents: Hormone Derivatives - Answer (click here)
14. Antineoplastic Agents: Miscellaneous Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Immunomodulating Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Cellular Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
17. New Drug Therapies for Cancer - Answer (click here)

Immunomodulating Drugs
1. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Organ Transplantation - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. General Principles of Immunosuppressive Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Individual Drugs Used to Suppress the Immune System - Answer (click
here)
6. Individual Drugs Used to Stimulate the Immune System - Answer (click
here)

Gene Therapy
1. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Gene Therapy: Definition and Goals - Answer (click here)
3. Antisense - Answer (click here)
4. Gene Excision and Replacement - Answer (click here)
5. Gene Addition - Answer (click here)
6. Gene Therapy: Delivery Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Disease Application and Future Directions - Answer (click here)

Hypothalamic and Pituitary Gland Hormones


1. Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)

Adrenocortical Hormones and Drugs Affecting the Adrenal


Cortex
1. Steroid Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Actions of the Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
3. General Pharmacology of Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
4. Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
5. Therapeutic Uses of Steroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
6. Proposed Mechanism of Steroid Action - Answer (click here)
7. Drugs Used in the Diagnosis or Treatment of Adrenocortical
Abnormalities - Answer (click here)

Estrogens Progestins and Specific Estrogen Receptor Modulators


SERMs
1. Natural Estrogens and Progestins - Answer (click here)
2. Natural Estrogens and Progestins: Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click
here)
3. Actions of Estrogens and Progestins in Females - Answer (click here)
4. Synthetic Agents Acting Via Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors -
Answer (click here)
5. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) - Answer (click here)
6. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Clinical Uses -
Answer (click here)
7. Cancer - Answer (click here)
8. Other clinical uses of estrogens and progestins - Answer (click here)
9. Estrogens, Progestins: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
10. Contraindications and Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)

Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants


1. Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants - Answer (click here)
2. Uterine Stimulants - Answer (click here)
3. Uterine Relaxants - Answer (click here)

Androgens Antiandrogens and Anabolic Steroids


1. Characterization of Plasma Androgens - Answer (click here)
2. Sex Hormone–Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Steroidogenesis - Answer (click here)
4. Regulation of Plasma Testosterone - Answer (click here)
5. Androgen: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
6. Androgens: Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
7. Androgens: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
8. Androgens: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
9. Androgens: Antiandrogens - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction


1. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology of Penile Erection - Answer (click here)
3. Individual Agents - Answer (click here)

Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs


1. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis, Storage, Secretion, and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones
- Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Action of Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
5. Hypothyroid States - Answer (click here)
6. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
7. Adverse Effects of Treatment With Thyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
9. Thyrotoxicosis - Answer (click here)
10. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)

Parathyroid Hormone Calcitonin Vitamin D


1. Calcium Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
2. Parathyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
3. Calcitonin - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) - Answer (click here)
5. Bisphosphonates - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Uses of Parathyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
7. Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Vitamin D: Adverse Effects - Answer
(click here)

Insulin and Oral Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus


1. Glucose Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
2. Insulin - Answer (click here)
3. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolic Disturbances and Complications of the Diabetic State - Answer
(click here)
5. Clinical Management of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
6. Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
7. Sulfonylureas - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer
(click here)
8. Meglitinides - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click
here)
9. Biguanides - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click
here)
10. Thiazolidinediones - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus -
Answer (click here)
11. α-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus -
Answer (click here)

Vitamins
1. Dietary Reference Standards - Answer (click here)
2. Vitamins Deficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Vitamin Toxicity - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological Function and Dietary Sources - Vitamins - Answer (click
here)
5. Vitamins: Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin–Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Anemia - Answer (click here)

Herbal Medicine
1. Herbal Medicine - Answer (click here)
2. Herbal Medicine Traditions - Answer (click here)
3. Herbal Medicine: Potential Concerns - Answer (click here)
4. Herbal Medicine: Regulatory Issues - Answer (click here)
5. Herbal Preparations: Echinacea - Answer (click here)
6. Herbal Preparations: Feverfew - Answer (click here)
7. Herbal Preparations: Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract - Answer (click here)
8. Herbal Preparations: Ginseng - Answer (click here)
9. Herbal Preparations: Kava - Answer (click here)
10. Herbal Preparations: Milk Thistle - Answer (click here)
11. Herbal Preparations: Saw Palmetto - Answer (click here)
12. Herbal Preparations: St. John’s Wort - Answer (click here)
13. Herbal Preparations: Soy and Other Phytoestrogens - Answer (click here)

Subject : Modern Analytical Chemistry


Introduction
1. Modern Analytical Chemistry: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. What Is Analytical Chemistry? - Answer (click here)
3. The Analytical Perspective - Answer (click here)
4. Common Analytical Problems - Answer (click here)

Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry


1. Numbers in Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Units for Expressing Concentration - Answer (click here)
3. Stoichiometric Calculations - Answer (click here)
4. Basic Equipment and Instrumentation of Analytical Chemistry - Answer
(click here)
5. Preparing Solutions of Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click here)
6. Analytical Chemistry: The Laboratory Notebook - Answer (click here)

The Language of Analytical Chemistry


1. Language of Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Language of Analytical Chemistry: Analysis, Determination, and
Measurement - Answer (click here)
3. Language of Analytical Chemistry: Techniques, Methods, Procedures,
and Protocols - Answer (click here)
4. Classifying Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Selecting an Analytical Method - Answer (click here)
6. Language of Analytical Chemistry: Developing the Procedure - Answer
(click here)
7. Language of Analytical Chemistry: Protocols - Answer (click here)
8. The Importance of Analytical Methodology - Answer (click here)

Evaluating Analytical Data


1. Evaluating Analytical Data - Answer (click here)
2. Characterizing Measurements and Results - Answer (click here)
3. Analytical Data: Characterizing Experimental Errors - Answer (click here)
4. Propagation of Uncertainty - Answer (click here)
5. The Distribution of Measurements and Results - Answer (click here)
6. Statistical Analysis of Data - Answer (click here)
7. Statistical Methods for Normal Distributions - Answer (click here)
8. Detection Limits - Answer (click here)
Calibrations Standardizations and Blank Corrections
1. Calibrations, Standardizations, and Blank Corrections - Answer (click here)
2. Calibrating Signals - Answer (click here)
3. Standardizing Methods - Answer (click here)
4. Reagents Used as Standards - Answer (click here)
5. Standardizing Methods: Single-Point versus Multiple-Point
Standardizations - Answer (click here)
6. Standardizing Methods: External Standards - Answer (click here)
7. Standardizing Methods: Standard Additions - Answer (click here)
8. Standardizing Methods: Internal Standards - Answer (click here)
9. Linear Regression and Calibration Curves - Answer (click here)
10. Blank Corrections - Answer (click here)

Equilibrium Chemistry
1. Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria - Answer (click here)
3. Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)
4. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants - Answer (click here)
5. Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
6. Equilibrium Constants for Precipitation Reactions - Answer (click here)
7. Equilibrium Constants for Acid–Base Reactions - Answer (click here)
8. Equilibrium Constants for Complexation Reactions - Answer (click here)
9. Equilibrium Constants for Oxidation–Reduction Reactions - Answer (click
here)
10. Le Chatelier’s Principle - Answer (click here)
11. Ladder Diagrams - Answer (click here)
12. Ladder Diagrams for Acid–Base Equilibria - Answer (click here)
13. Ladder Diagrams for Complexation Equilibria - Answer (click here)
14. Ladder Diagram for Oxidation–Reduction Equilibria - Answer (click here)
15. Solving Equilibrium Problems - Answer (click here)
16. A Simple Problem: Solubility of Pb(IO3)2 in Water - Answer (click here)
17. A More Complex Problem: The Common Ion Effect - Answer (click here)
18. Systematic Approach to Solving Equilibrium Problems - Answer (click
here)
19. Solving Equilibrium Problems: pH of a Monoprotic Weak Acid - Answer
(click here)
20. Solving Equilibrium Problems: pH of a Polyprotic Acid or Base - Answer
(click here)
21. Effect of Complexation on Solubility - Answer (click here)
22. Buffer Solutions - Answer (click here)
23. Activity Effects - Answer (click here)
24. Two Final Thoughts About Equilibrium Chemistry - Answer (click here)

Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis


1. Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. The Importance of Sampling - Answer (click here)
3. Designing A Sampling Plan - Answer (click here)
4. Where to Sample the Target Population - Answer (click here)
5. What Type of Sample to Collect - Answer (click here)
6. How Much Sample to Collect - Answer (click here)
7. How Many Samples to Collect - Answer (click here)
8. Minimizing the Overall Variance - Answer (click here)
9. Implementing the Sampling Plan - Answer (click here)
10. Implementing the Sampling Plan: Solutions - Answer (click here)
11. Implementing the Sampling Plan: Gases - Answer (click here)
12. Implementing the Sampling Plan: Solids - Answer (click here)
13. Separating the Analyte from Interferents - Answer (click here)
14. General Theory of Separation Efficiency - Answer (click here)
15. Classifying Separation Techniques - Answer (click here)
16. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Size - Answer
(click here)
17. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Mass or
Density - Answer (click here)
18. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on Complexation
Reactions (Masking) - Answer (click here)
19. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on a Change of
State - Answer (click here)
20. Classifying Separation Techniques: Separations Based on a Partitioning
Between Phases - Answer (click here)
21. Liquid–Liquid Extractions - Answer (click here)
22. Separation Versus Preconcentration - Answer (click here)

Gravimetric Methods of Analysis


1. Overview of Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
2. Precipitation Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
3. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Solubility
Considerations - Answer (click here)
4. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Avoiding Impurities -
Answer (click here)
5. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Occlusions - Answer
(click here)
6. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Controlling Particle
Size - Answer (click here)
7. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Filtering the Precipitate
- Answer (click here)
8. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Rinsing the Precipitate
- Answer (click here)
9. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Drying the Precipitate -
Answer (click here)
10. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Composition of Final
Precipitate - Answer (click here)
11. Theory and Practice of Precipitation Gravimetry: Representative Method
- Answer (click here)
12. Precipitation Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
13. Precipitation Gravimetry: Qualitative Applications - Answer (click here)
14. Precipitation Gravimetry: Evaluating Precipitation Gravimetry - Answer
(click here)
15. Volatilization Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
16. Volatilization Gravimetry: Theory and Practice - Answer (click here)
17. Volatilization Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
18. Evaluating Volatilization Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
19. Particulate Gravimetry - Answer (click here)
20. Particulate Gravimetry: Theory and Practice - Answer (click here)
21. Particulate Gravimetry: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
22. Particulate Gravimetry: Evaluating Particulate Gravimetry - Answer (click
here)

Titrimetric Methods of Analysis


1. Titrimetric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Titrimetry - Answer (click here)
3. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Acid–Base Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
5. Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on Acid–Base
Reactions - Answer (click here)
6. Titrations in Nonaqueous Solvents - Answer (click here)
7. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Representative Method -
Answer (click here)
8. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Quantitative Applications -
Answer (click here)
9. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Qualitative Applications -
Answer (click here)
10. Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions: Characterization Applications
- Answer (click here)
11. Evaluation of Acid–Base Titrimetry - Answer (click here)
12. Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions - Answer (click here)
13. Chemistry and Properties of EDTA - Answer (click here)
14. Complexometric EDTA Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
15. Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on
Complexation Reactions - Answer (click here)
16. Representative Method - Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions -
Answer (click here)
17. Quantitative Applications - Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions
- Answer (click here)
18. Evaluation of Complexation Titrimetry - Answer (click here)
19. Titrations Based on Redox Reactions - Answer (click here)
20. Redox Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
21. Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Titrations Based on Redox
Reactions - Answer (click here)
22. Representative Method - Titrations Based on Redox Reactions - Answer
(click here)
23. Quantitative Applications - Titrations Based on Redox Reactions -
Answer (click here)
24. Evaluation of Redox Titrimetry - Answer (click here)
25. Precipitation Titrations - Answer (click here)
26. Precipitation Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
27. Selecting and Evaluating the End Point - Precipitation Titrations - Answer
(click here)
28. Quantitative Applications - Precipitation Titration - Answer (click here)
29. Evaluation of Precipitation Titrimetry - Precipitation Titration - Answer
(click here)

Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis


1. Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Components of Spectroscopic Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Spectroscopy Based on Absorption - Answer (click here)
5. Absorbance of Electromagnetic Radiation - Spectroscopy Based on
Absorption - Answer (click here)
6. Transmittance and Absorbance - Spectroscopy Based on Absorption -
Answer (click here)
7. Absorbance and Concentration: Beer’s Law - Answer (click here)
8. Limitations to Beer’s Law - Answer (click here)
9. Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
10. Instrument Designs for Molecular UV/Vis Absorption - Ultraviolet-
Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
11. Instrument Designs for Infrared Absorption - Ultraviolet-Visible and
Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
12. Quantitative Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared
Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
13. Qualitative Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared
Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
14. Characterization Applications - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared
Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
15. Evaluation - Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer
(click here)
16. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
17. Instrumentation - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
18. Quantitative Applications - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer
(click here)
19. Evaluation - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
20. Spectroscopy Based on Emission - Answer (click here)
21. Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
22. Molecular Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectra - Molecular
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
23. Instrumentation - Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy - Answer
(click here)
24. Quantitative Applications Using Molecular Luminescence - Answer (click
here)
25. Evaluation - Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy - Answer (click
here)
26. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
27. Atomic Emission Spectra - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click
here)
28. Equipment - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
29. Quantitative Applications - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click
here)
30. Evaluation - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
31. Spectroscopy Based on Scattering - Answer (click here)

Electrochemical Methods of Analysis


1. Classification of Electrochemical Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
3. Potentiometric Measurements - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
4. Reference Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click
here)
5. Metallic Indicator Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
6. Membrane Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
7. Membrane Potentials - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click
here)
8. Selectivity of Membranes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
9. Glass Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
10. Crystalline Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric
Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
11. Liquid-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of
Analysis - Answer (click here)
12. Gas-Sensing Electrodes - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
13. Potentiometric Biosensors - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
14. Quantitative Applications - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
15. Evaluation - Potentiometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
16. Coulometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
17. Controlled-Potential Coulometry - Answer (click here)
18. Controlled-Current Coulometry - Answer (click here)
19. Quantitative Applications - Coulometric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
20. Characterization Applications - Coulometric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
21. Evaluation - Coulometric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
22. Voltammetric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
23. Voltammetric Measurements - Answer (click here)
24. Current in Voltammetry - Answer (click here)
25. Shape of Voltammograms - Answer (click here)
26. Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Voltammetry - Answer (click here)
27. Voltammetric Techniques - Answer (click here)
28. Quantitative Applications - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis - Answer
(click here)
29. Characterization Applications - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis -
Answer (click here)
30. Evaluation - Voltammetric Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)

Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods


1. Overview of Analytical Separations - Answer (click here)
2. General Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
3. Chromatographic Resolution - Theory of Column Chromatography -
Answer (click here)
4. Capacity Factor - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
5. Column Selectivity - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click
here)
6. Column Efficiency - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click
here)
7. Peak Capacity - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
8. Nonideal Behavior - Theory of Column Chromatography - Answer (click
here)
9. Optimizing Chromatographic Separations - Answer (click here)
10. Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using the Capacity Factor to
Optimize Resolution - Answer (click here)
11. Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using Column Selectivity to
Optimize Resolution - Answer (click here)
12. Optimizing Chromatographic Separations Using Column Efficiency to
Optimize Resolution - Answer (click here)
13. Gas Chromatography: Mobile Phase - Answer (click here)
14. Gas Chromatography: Chromatographic Columns - Answer (click here)
15. Gas Chromatography: Stationary Phases - Answer (click here)
16. Gas Chromatography: Sample Introduction - Answer (click here)
17. Gas Chromatography: Temperature Control - Answer (click here)
18. Gas Chromatography: Detectors for Gas Chromatography - Answer (click
here)
19. Gas Chromatography: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
20. Gas Chromatography: Qualitative Applications - Answer (click here)
21. Gas Chromatography: Representative Method - Answer (click here)
22. Gas Chromatography: Evaluation - Answer (click here)
23. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) - Answer (click here)
24. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns - Answer (click here)
25. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Stationary Phases -
Answer (click here)
26. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Mobile Phases -
Answer (click here)
27. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Plumbing - Answer (click here)
28. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Sample
Introduction - Answer (click here)
29. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Detectors for
HPLC - Answer (click here)
30. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Quantitative
Applications and Representative Method - Answer (click here)
31. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Evaluation - Answer
(click here)
32. Liquid–Solid Adsorption Chromatography - Answer (click here)
33. Ion-Exchange Chromatography - Answer (click here)
34. Size-Exclusion Chromatography - Answer (click here)
35. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography - Answer (click here)
36. Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
37. Theory of Capillary Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
38. Electrophoresis: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
39. Capillary Electrophoresis Methods - Answer (click here)
40. Electrophoresis: Representative Method and Evaluation - Answer (click
here)

Kinetic Methods of Analysis


1. Kinetic Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Theory and Practice - Answer (click
here)
4. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Instrumentation - Answer (click
here)
5. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Quantitative Applications -
Answer (click here)
6. Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics: Characterization Applications -
Answer (click here)
7. Evaluation of Chemical Kinetic Methods - Answer (click here)
8. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis - Answer (click here)
9. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Theory and Practice - Answer (click
here)
10. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
11. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Quantitative Applications - Answer
(click here)
12. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Characterization Applications -
Answer (click here)
13. Radiochemical Methods of Analysis: Evaluation - Answer (click here)
14. Flow Injection Analysis - Answer (click here)
15. Flow Injection Analysis: Theory and Practice - Answer (click here)
16. Flow Injection Analysis: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
17. Flow Injection Analysis: Quantitative Applications - Answer (click here)
18. Flow Injection Analysis: Evaluation - Answer (click here)

Developing a Standard Method


1. Developing a Standard Method - Answer (click here)
2. Optimizing the Experimental Procedure - Answer (click here)
3. Optimizing the Experimental Procedure: Response Surfaces - Answer
(click here)
4. Searching Algorithms for Response Surfaces - Answer (click here)
5. Mathematical Models of Response Surfaces - Answer (click here)
6. Verifying the Method - Answer (click here)
7. Validating the Method as a Standard Method - Answer (click here)
8. Two-Sample Collaborative Testing - Answer (click here)
9. Collaborative Testing and Analysis of Variance - Answer (click here)
10. What Is a Reasonable Result for a Collaborative Study? - Answer (click
here)

Uality Assurance
1. Uality Assurance - Answer (click here)
2. Quality Control - Answer (click here)
3. Quality Assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Evaluating Quality Assurance Data: Prescriptive Approach - Answer (click
here)
5. Evaluating Quality Assurance Data: Performance-Based Approach -
Answer (click here)

Subject : Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis


GENERAL ASPECTS
Pharmaceutical Chemicals Purity and Management
1. Pharmaceutical Chemicals: Purity and Management - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmaceutical Chemicals: Purity - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmaceutical Chemicals: Management - Answer (click here)
4. Description of the Drug or Finished Product - Pharmaceutical
Chemicals: Management - Answer (click here)
5. Sampling Procedures and Errors - Pharmaceutical Chemicals:
Management - Answer (click here)
6. Bioavailability - Pharmaceutical Chemicals: Management - Answer (click
here)
7. Identification Tests - Pharmaceutical Chemicals: Management - Answer
(click here)
8. Physical Constants - Pharmaceutical Chemicals: Management - Answer
(click here)
9. Limit Tests Vis-A-Vis Quantitative Determinations - Answer (click here)
10. Various Types of Tests for Quantitative Determinations -
Pharmaceutical Chemicals: Management - Answer (click here)
11. Limit Tests for Metallic Impurities - Answer (click here)
12. Limit Tests for Lead - Answer (click here)
13. Limit Test for Arsenic - Answer (click here)
14. Limit Test’s for Acid Radical Impurities - Answer (click here)
15. Limit Tests for Non-Metallic Impurities - Answer (click here)

Theory and Technique of Quantitative Analysis


1. Theory and Technique of Quantitative Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click here)
3. Volumetric Apparatus - Answer (click here)
4. Volumetric Analysis: General Cosiderations - Answer (click here)
5. Technique of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click here)
6. Biomedical Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click here)
7. Biomedical Analytical Chemistry: Colorimetric Assays - Answer (click
here)
8. Biomedical Analytical Chemistry: Enzymatic Assays - Answer (click here)
9. Radioimmunoassays (RIAS) - Answer (click here)
10. Automated Methods of Clinical Analysis - Answer (click here)

Errors In Pharmaceutical Analysis and Statistical Validation


1. Errors in Pharmaceutical Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Errors in Pharmaceutical Analysis - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmaceutical Statistical Validation - Answer (click here)
4. Statistical Treatment of Finite Samples - Answer (click here)
5. Distribution of Random Numbers - Answer (click here)
6. Significant Figures - Answer (click here)
7. Comparison of Results - Answer (click here)
8. Method of Least Squares - Answer (click here)
9. Recommendations for Criteria of Rejecting an Observation - Answer (click
here)
10. Sampling Statistics - Answer (click here)
CHEMICAL METHODS
Aqueous Titrations
1. Aqueous Titrations - Answer (click here)
2. Theory of Acidimetry - Answer (click here)
3. Aqueous Titrations: Assay of Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Theory of Alkalimetry - Answer (click here)

Non Aqueous Titrations


1. Non-Aqueous Titrations - Answer (click here)
2. Non-Aqueous Titrations: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Non-Aqueous Titrations: Methodology - Answer (click here)
4. Assay by Non-Aqueous Titrations - Answer (click here)
5. Acidimetry in Non-Aqueous Titrations - Answer (click here)
6. Alkalimetry in Non-Aqueous Titrations - Answer (click here)

Permanganate Dichromate and Ceric Sulphate Titration Methods


1. Permanganate, Dichromate and Ceric Sulphate Titration Methods -
Answer (click here)
2. Theory - Permanganate, Dichromate and Ceric Sulphate Titration
Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Assay Methods - Permanganate, Dichromate and Ceric Sulphate
Titration Methods - Answer (click here)
4. Permanganate Titration Methods - Answer (click here)
5. Dichromate Titration Methods - Answer (click here)
6. Ceric Sulphate Titration Methods - Answer (click here)

Iodimetric and Iodometric Titrations


1. Iodimetric and Iodometric Titrations - Answer (click here)
2. Theory - Iodimetric and Iodometric Titrations - Answer (click here)
3. Assay Methods - Iodimetric and Iodometric Titrations - Answer (click here)
4. Iodimetric Assays - Answer (click here)
5. Iodometric Assays - Answer (click here)
6. Argentometric Precipitation Methods - Answer (click here)
7. Argentometric Precipitation Methods: Theory - Answer (click here)
8. Argentometric Precipitation Methods: Assay Methods - Answer (click here)

Complexometric Analysis
1. Complexometric Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Complexometric Analysis: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Complexometric Analysis: Assay Methods - Answer (click here)

Gravimetric Analysis
1. Gravimetric Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Gravimetric Analysis: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Gravimetric Analysis: Assay Methods - Answer (click here)
4. Substances Assayed Gravimetrically - Answer (click here)
5. Substances Assayed After Conversion - Gravimetric Analysis - Answer
(click here)

Thermoanalytical Analysis
1. Thermoanalytical Analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) - Answer (click here)
3. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) - Answer (click here)
4. Thermometric Titrations (TT) - Answer (click here)

Diazotization Sodium Nitrite Titration


1. Diazotization (Sodium Nitrite Titration) - Answer (click here)
2. Diazotization (Sodium Nitrite Titration): Assay Methods - Answer (click
here)

Estimation of Phenols and Related Compounds


1. Estimation of Phenols and Related Compounds - Answer (click here)
2. Estimation of Phenols and Related Compounds: Assay Methods - Answer
(click here)

Karl Fischer Method for Determination of Water


1. Karl Fischer Method for Determination of Water - Answer (click here)
2. Instrumentation - Karl Fischer Method for Determination of Water -
Answer (click here)
3. Applications of Karl Fischer Method for Determination of Water in
Pharmaceutical Analysis - Answer (click here)

Tetrazolium Assay of Steroids


1. Tetrazolium Assay of Steroids - Answer (click here)
2. Tetrazolium Assay of Steroids: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Assay of Pharmaceutical Substances - Tetrazolium Assay of Steroids -
Answer (click here)

ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
Potentiometric Methods
1. Potentiometric Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Potentiometric Methods: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Potentiometric Methods Instrumentation: Electrodes, Automatic Titrator
- Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Potentiometric Titrations in Pharmaceutical Analysis -
Answer (click here)

Amperometric Methods
1. Amperometric Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Amperometric Methods: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Amperometric Methods: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Amperometric Titrations in Pharmaceutical Substances -
Answer (click here)

OPTICAL METHODS
Refractometry
1. Refractometry - Answer (click here)
2. Refractometry: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Refractometry: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Determination of Refractive Index of Pharmaceutical Substances -
Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Refractivity - Answer (click here)

Polarimetry
1. Polarimetry - Answer (click here)
2. Polarimetry: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Polarimetry: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Determination of Optical Activity of Pharmaceutical Substances - Answer
(click here)
5. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry - Answer (click here)
6. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry: Theory - Answer (click here)
7. Instruments for Nephelometry and Turbidimetry - Answer (click here)
8. Turbidimetric Assay of Pharmaceutical Substances - Answer (click here)
9. Nephelometric Assay of Pharmaceutical Substances - Answer (click here)

Ultraviolet and Absorption Methods


1. Ultraviolet and Absorption Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Ultraviolet and Absorption Methods: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Ultraviolet and Absorption Methods: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Ultraviolet and Absorption Methods: Assay Methods - Answer (click here)

Infrared Spectrophotometry
1. Infrared Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
2. Infrared Spectrophotometry: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Infrared Spectrophotometry: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of IR-Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Assays - Answer (click
here)
5. Applications of IR-Spectroscopy in Analytical Chemistry - Answer (click
here)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy


1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Interpretation of a NMR-Spectrum - Answer (click here)
4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Instrumentation - Answer
(click here)
5. Applications of NMR-Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Analysis - Answer
(click here)

Emission Spectroscopy
1. Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Emission Spectroscopy: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Emission Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)

Flame Spectroscopy
1. Flame Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Flame Spectroscopy: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Flame Spectroscopy: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Flame Emission Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical
Analysis - Answer (click here)

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy


1. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Important Aspects of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy - Answer (click
here)
5. Application of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical
Analysis - Answer (click here)

ASSAY METHODS BASED ON SEPARATION TECHNIEQUES


Liquid Liquid Extraction
1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction - Answer (click here)
2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Factors Influencing Solvent Extraction - Answer (click here)
4. Emulsion Problem Encountered in Extractions - Answer (click here)
5. Assay Methods Based on Liquid-Liquid Extraction - Answer (click here)

Thin Layer Chromatography TLC


1. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) - Answer (click here)
2. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Preparation of Thin Layers on Plates - Thin Layer Chromatography
(TLC) - Answer (click here)
4. Choice of Adsorbents - Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) - Answer
(click here)
5. Choice Of Solvent System in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) -
Answer (click here)
6. Activation of Adsorbent - Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) - Answer
(click here)
7. Purification of Silica Gel-G Layers - Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- Answer (click here)
8. Spotting of the Components - Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) -
Answer (click here)
9. Development of Thin Layers - Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) -
Answer (click here)
10. Special Techniques in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) - Answer (click
here)
11. Chemical Reactions on Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Plates -
Answer (click here)
12. Combination of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) With other
Techniques - Answer (click here)
13. Detection of Components - Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) - Answer
(click here)
14. Evaluation of the Chromatogram - Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) -
Answer (click here)
15. Applications of TLC in Pharmaceutical Analysis - Answer (click here)

Gas Liquid Chromatography GLC


1. Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) - Answer (click here)
2. Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC): Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC): Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Working Techniques for Quantitative Analysis - Gas Liquid
Chromatography (GLC) - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of GLC in Pharmaceutical Analysis - Answer (click here)
6. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) - Answer (click here)
7. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Theory - Answer
(click here)
8. Instrumentation - High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -
Answer (click here)
9. Derivatization - High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -
Answer (click here)
10. Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in
Pharmaceutical Analysis - Answer (click here)

Size Exclusion Chromatography


1. Size Exclusion Chromatography - Answer (click here)
2. Size Exclusion Chromatography: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Size Exclusion Chromatography: Apparatus - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of Size Exclusion Chromatography in Pharmaceutical
Analysis - Answer (click here)

MISCELLANEOUS METHODS
Radioimmunoassay
1. Radioimmunoassay - Answer (click here)
2. Radioimmunoassay: Theory - Answer (click here)
3. Radioimmunoassay: Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
4. Radioimmunoassay: Methodology of the Assay - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) in Pharmaceutical Analysis -
Answer (click here)
6. Novel Applications of Radioimmunoassay(RIA)-Techniques - Answer
(click here)

Subject : Nutrition and Diet Therapy


FUNDAMENTALS OF NUTRITION
The Relationship of Nutrition and Health
1. The Relationship of Nutrition and Health - Answer (click here)
2. Nutrients and Their Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of Good Nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Malnutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Individuals at Risk from Poor Nutritional Intake - Answer (click here)
6. Cumulative Effects of Nutrition - Answer (click here)
7. Nutrition Assessment - Answer (click here)
8. Considerations for the Health Care Professional - Answer (click here)

Planning a Healthy Diet


1. Planning a Healthy Diet - Answer (click here)
2. Dietary Guidelines - Answer (click here)
3. MyPyramid - Answer (click here)
4. Food Labeling - Answer (click here)
5. Food Customs - Answer (click here)
6. U.S. Cultural Dietary Influences - Answer (click here)
7. Food Patterns Based on Religion or Philosophy - Answer (click here)

Digestion Absorption and Metabolism


1. Digestion - Answer (click here)
2. Absorption - Answer (click here)
3. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
4. Energy - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Food Sources of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism and Elimination of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
7. Dietary Requirements of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)

Lipids or Fats
1. Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
3. Food Sources of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
5. Cholesterol - Answer (click here)
6. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolism and Elimination of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)
8. Fats and the Consumer - Answer (click here)
9. Dietary Requirements of Lipids or Fats - Answer (click here)

Proteins
1. Proteins - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Food Sources of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Composition of Proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Digestion and Absorption of Proteins - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolism and Elimination of Proteins - Answer (click here)
8. Dietary Requirements of Proteins - Answer (click here)

Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Dietary Requirements of Vitamins - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Vitamins - Answer (click here)
4. Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Answer (click here)
5. Water-Soluble Vitamins - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin A - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
8. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
9. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
10. Vitamin B Complex - Answer (click here)
11. Thiamine - Answer (click here)
12. Riboflavin - Answer (click here)
13. Niacin - Answer (click here)
14. Vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
15. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
16. Folate - Answer (click here)
17. Biotin - Answer (click here)
18. Pantothenic Acid - Answer (click here)
19. Vitamin C - Answer (click here)
20. Vitamins: Supplements - Answer (click here)

Minerals
1. Minerals - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Minerals - Answer (click here)
3. Toxicity - Answer (click here)
4. Calcium (Ca) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
5. Phosphorus (P) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
6. Potassium (K) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
7. Sodium (Na) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
8. Chloride (Cl) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
9. Magnesium (Mg) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
10. Sulfur (S) - Nutrition Minerals - Answer (click here)
11. Iron (Fe) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
12. Iodine (I) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
13. Zinc (Zn) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
14. Selenium (Se) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
15. Copper (Cu) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
16. Manganese (Mn) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
17. Fluoride (F) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
18. Chromium (Cr) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)
19. Molybdenum (Mo) - Nutrition Trace Minerals - Answer (click here)

Water
1. Water - Nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance - Answer (click here)
3. Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)

MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH THROUGH GOOD


NUTRITION
Food Related Illnesses and Allergies
1. Food-Related Illnesses and Allergies - Answer (click here)
2. Bacteria That Cause Foodborne Illness - Answer (click here)
3. Other Substances That Cause Food Poisoning - Answer (click here)
4. Prevention of Foodborne Illnesses - Answer (click here)
5. Miscellaneous Food Poisonings - Answer (click here)
6. Food Allergies - Answer (click here)

Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation


1. Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation - Answer (click here)
2. Weight Gain during Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
3. Nutritional Needs during Prepregnancy - Answer (click here)
4. Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
5. Fulfillment of Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
6. Concerns during Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
7. Diet for the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes - Answer (click here)
8. Pregnancy during Adolescence - Answer (click here)
9. Lactation - Answer (click here)

Diet During Infancy


1. Diet During Infancy - Answer (click here)
2. Nutritional Requirements - Diet During Infancy - Answer (click here)
3. Breastfeeding - Answer (click here)
4. Bottle Feeding - Answer (click here)
5. Supplementary Foods - Diet During Infancy - Answer (click here)
6. Special Considerations for Infants with Altered Nutritional Needs -
Answer (click here)
7. Special Considerations for Infants with Metabolic Disorders - Answer
(click here)

Diet During Childhood and Adolescence


1. Diet During Childhood and Adolescence - Answer (click here)
2. Diet of Children Ages 1 to 12 - Answer (click here)
3. Diet of Adolescents - Answer (click here)
4. Special Considerations for the Adolescent Related to Nutrition Concerns
- Answer (click here)

Diet During Young and Middle Adulthood


1. Diet During Young and Middle Adulthood - Answer (click here)
2. Nutritional and Calorie Requirements - Diet During Young and Middle
Adulthood - Answer (click here)
3. Special Considerations Related to Nutrition Concerns - Answer (click here)
4. Weight Control - During Young and Middle Adulthood - Answer (click
here)

Diet During Late Adulthood


1. Diet During Late Adulthood - Answer (click here)
2. The Effects of Aging - Answer (click here)
3. Nutritional Requirements During Late Adulthood - Answer (click here)
4. Food Habits During Late Adulthood - Answer (click here)
5. Food Fads During Late Adulthood - Answer (click here)
6. Appropriate Diets During Late Adulthood - Answer (click here)
7. Special Considerations for the Chronically Ill Older Adult - Answer (click
here)

MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY


Diet and Weight Control
1. Diet and Weight Control - Answer (click here)
2. Overweight and Obesity - Answer (click here)
3. Dietary Treatment of Overweight and Obesity - Answer (click here)
4. Underweight - Answer (click here)

Diet and Diabetes Mellitus


1. Diet and Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
2. Symptoms and Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
5. Nutritional Management for Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
6. Special Considerations for the Diabetic Client - Answer (click here)

Diet and Cardiovascular Disease


1. Diet and Cardiovascular Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
3. Medical Nutrition Therapy for Hyperlipidemia - Answer (click here)
4. Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click here)
5. Congestive Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
6. Hypertension - Answer (click here)
7. Dietary Treatment for Hypertension - Answer (click here)

Diet and Renal Disease


1. Diet and Renal Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Renal Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Special Considerations for Clients with Renal Diseases - Answer (click
here)

Diet and Gastrointestinal Problems


1. Diet and Gastrointestinal Problems - Answer (click here)
2. Disorders of the Primary Organs - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of the Accessory Organs - Answer (click here)
4. Residue-Controlled Diets - Answer (click here)

Diet and Cancer


1. Diet and Cancer - Answer (click here)
2. The Causes of Cancer - Answer (click here)
3. Classifications of Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Relationships of Food and Cancer - Answer (click here)
5. The Effects of Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. The Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
7. Nutritional Care of the Cancer Client - Answer (click here)

Diet and Clients With Special Needs


1. Diet and Clients With Special Needs - Answer (click here)
2. Diet and The Surgical Client - Answer (click here)
3. Diet and Client Receiving Enteral Nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Diet: Client Receiving Parenteral Nutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Diet: Client with Burns - Answer (click here)
6. Diet: Client with Infection - Answer (click here)
7. Diet: Client with AIDS - Answer (click here)

Nutritional Care of Clients


1. Nutritional Care of Hospitalized Clients - Answer (click here)
2. Nutritional Care: Feeding the Client - Answer (click here)
3. Long-Term Nutritional Care of the Elderly - Answer (click here)

Subject : Human Nervous System and Sensory


Organs
The Nervous System
1. Development and Subdivision - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Functional Circuits - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
3. Position of the Nervous System in the Body - Answer (click here)

Development and Structure of the Human Brain


1. Development of the Brain - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Human Brain - Answer (click here)
3. Evolution of the Brain - Answer (click here)

Basic Elements of the Nervous System


1. The Nerve Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Methods in Neuroanatomy - The Nerve Cell - Answer (click here)
3. Ultrastructure of the Nerve Cell - Answer (click here)
4. The Synapse: Localization, Structure, Function - Answer (click here)
5. Types of Synapses - Answer (click here)
6. Neurotransmitters - The Synapse - Answer (click here)
7. Axonal Transport - The Synapse - Answer (click here)
8. Transmitter Receptors - The Synapse - Answer (click here)
9. Synaptic Transmission - The Synapse - Answer (click here)
10. Neuronal Systems - Answer (click here)
11. Neuronal Circuits - Neuronal Systems - Answer (click here)
12. The Nerve Fiber - Answer (click here)
13. Ultrastructure of the Myelin Sheath - The Nerve Fiber - Answer (click here)
14. Development of the Myelin Sheath in the PNS - Answer (click here)
15. Development of Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers - Answer (click here)
16. Structure of the Myelin Sheath in the CNS - The Nerve Fiber - Answer
(click here)
17. Peripheral Nerve - The Nerve Fiber - Answer (click here)
18. Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
19. Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves


1. Overview of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
3. Reflex Arcs - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
4. Gray Substance and Intrinsic System - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
5. Cross Sections of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
6. Ascending Pathways - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
7. Descending Pathways - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
8. Visualization of Pathways - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
9. Blood Vessels of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
10. Spinal Ganglion and Posterior Root - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
11. Spinal Meninges - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
12. Segmental Innervation - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
13. Spinal Cord Syndromes - Answer (click here)
14. Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
15. Nerve Plexusus - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
16. Cervical Plexus (C1 - C4) - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
17. Posterior Branches - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
18. Brachial Plexus - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
19. Supraclavicular Part - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
20. Infraclavicular Part - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
21. Lateral Fascicle - Infraclavicular Part - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click
here)
22. Medial Fascicle - Infraclavicular Part of Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click
here)
23. Posterior Fascicle - Infraclavicular Part of Peripheral Nerves - Answer
(click here)
24. Nerves of the Trunk - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
25. Posterior Branches - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
26. Anterior Branches - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
27. Lumbosacral Plexus and Lumbar Plexus - Peripheral Nerves - Answer
(click here)
28. Sacral Plexus - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
29. Sciatic Nerve - Answer (click here)
30. Pudendal Nerve - Answer (click here)
31. Sensory Innervation of Pelvis and Perineum - Answer (click here)

Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves


1. Overview of Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
2. Longitudinal Organization of Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves - Answer
(click here)
3. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
4. Base of the Skull - Answer (click here)
5. Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
6. Medulla Oblongata - Answer (click here)
7. Cross Section at the Level of the Hypoglossal Nerve - Medulla
Oblongata - Answer (click here)
8. Cross Section at the Level of the Vagus Nerve - Medulla Oblongata -
Answer (click here)
9. Pons - Answer (click here)
10. Cross Section at the Level of the Genu of the Facial Nerve - Answer (click
here)
11. Cross Section at the Level of the Trigeminal Nerve - Answer (click here)
12. Hypoglossal Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
13. Accessory Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
14. Vagus Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
15. Glossopharyngeal Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click
here)
16. Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click
here)
17. Facial Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
18. Facial Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
19. Parasympathetic Ganglia - Answer (click here)
20. Ciliary Ganglion - Answer (click here)
21. Pterygopalatine Ganglion - Answer (click here)
22. Otic Ganglion - Answer (click here)
23. Submandibular Ganglion - Answer (click here)
24. Structure of Midbrain - Answer (click here)
25. Cross Section Through the Inferior Colliculi of the Midbrain - Answer
(click here)
26. Cross Section Through the Superior Colliculi of the Midbrain - Answer
(click here)
27. Cross Section Through the Pretectal Region of the Midbrain - Answer
(click here)
28. Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra - Answer (click here)
29. Eye-Muscle Nerves (Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI) - Answer (click here)
30. Abducens Nerve - Eye Muscle Nerves - Answer (click here)
31. Trochlear Nerve - Eye Muscle Nerves - Answer (click here)
32. Oculomotor Nerve - Eye Muscle Nerves - Answer (click here)
33. Corticospinal Tract and Corticonuclear Fibers - Answer (click here)
34. Medial Lemniscus - Answer (click here)
35. Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus - Answer (click here)
36. Internuclear Connections of the Trigeminal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
37. Central Tegmental Tract - Answer (click here)
38. Posterior Longitudinal Fasciculus - Answer (click here)
39. Reticular Formation - Answer (click here)
40. Histochemistry of the Brain Stem - Answer (click here)

Cerebellum
1. Subdivision - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
2. Cerebellar Peduncles and Nuclei - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click
here)
3. Cerebellar Cortex - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
4. Neuronal Circuits - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
5. Functional Organization of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
6. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Restiform Body) - Answer (click here)
7. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium Pontis) - Answer (click here)
8. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium conjunctivum) - Answer (click
here)

Diencephalon
1. Development of the Prosencephalon - Answer (click here)
2. Telodiencephalic Boundary - Answer (click here)
3. Structure of Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
4. Subdivision of Diencephalon's Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Frontal Section at the Level of the Optic Chasm - Answer (click here)
6. Frontal Section Through the Tuber Cinereum - Answer (click here)
7. Frontal Section at the Level of the Mamillary Bodies - Answer (click here)
8. Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
9. Habenula - Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
10. Pineal Gland - Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
11. Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
12. Specific Thalamic Nuclei - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
13. Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
14. Anterior Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
15. Medial Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
16. Centromedian Nucleus - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
17. Lateral Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
18. Ventral Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
19. Lateral Geniculate Body - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
20. Medial Geniculate Body - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
21. Pulvinar - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
22. Frontal Section Through the Rostral Thalamus - Answer (click here)
23. Frontal Section Through the Caudal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
24. Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
25. Subdivision in Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
26. Responses to Stimulation of the Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
27. Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
28. Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
29. Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
30. Vascular Supply - Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
31. Fiber Connections of the Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click
here)
32. Fiber Connections of the Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click
here)
33. Functional Topography of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
34. Hypothalamus and Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
35. Development and Subdivision of the Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
36. Infundibulum - Answer (click here)
37. Blood Vessels of the Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
38. Neuroendocrine System - Answer (click here)

Telencephalon
1. Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
2. Subdivision of the Hemisphere - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
3. Rotation of the Hemisphere - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
4. Evolution - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
5. Cerebral Lobes - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
6. Frontal Sections of Brain Through the Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
7. Horizontal Sections of Brain Through the Telencephalon - Answer (click
here)
8. Paleocortex - Answer (click here)
9. Amygdaloid Body - Answer (click here)
10. Fiber Connections - Paleocortex and Amygdaloid Body - Answer (click
here)
11. Archicortex - Answer (click here)
12. Archicortex's Subdivision and Functional Significance - Answer (click here)
13. Ammon’s Horn - Answer (click here)
14. Fiber Connections in Archicortex - Answer (click here)
15. Hippocampal Cortex - Answer (click here)
16. Neostriatum - Answer (click here)
17. Insula - Answer (click here)
18. Neocortex: Cortical Layers - Answer (click here)
19. Neocortex: Vertical Columns - Answer (click here)
20. Cell Types of the Neocortex - Answer (click here)
21. Neocortex: The Module Concept - Answer (click here)
22. Neocortex: Cortical Areas - Answer (click here)
23. Neocortex: Frontal Lobe - Answer (click here)
24. Neocortex: Parietal Lobe - Answer (click here)
25. Neocortex: Temporal Lobe - Answer (click here)
26. Neocortex: Occipital Lobe - Answer (click here)
27. Neocortex: Fiber Tracts - Answer (click here)
28. Neocortex: Hemispheric Asymmetry - Answer (click here)
29. Imaging Procedures of Brain Telencephalon - Answer (click here)

Brains Cerebrovascular and Ventricular Systems


1. Arteries - Cerebrovascular Systems - Answer (click here)
2. Internal Carotid Artery - Cerebrovascular Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Areas of Blood Supply - Cerebrovascular Systems - Answer (click here)
4. Veins - Cerebrovascular and Ventricular Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Superficial Cerebral Veins - Answer (click here)
6. Deep Cerebral Veins - Answer (click here)
7. Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces - Answer (click here)
8. Choroid Plexus - Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces - Answer (click here)
9. Ependyma - Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces - Answer (click here)
10. Circumventricular Organs - Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces - Answer (click
here)
11. Meninges - Brain - Answer (click here)
12. Dura Mater - Brain's Meninges - Answer (click here)
13. Arachnoid Mater - Brain's Meninges - Answer (click here)
14. Pia Mater - Brain's Meninges - Answer (click here)

Autonomic Nervous System


1. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Central Autonomic System - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click
here)
3. Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Adrenergic and Cholinergic Systems - Autonomic Nervous System -
Answer (click here)
5. Neuronal Circuit - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
6. Sympathetic Trunk - Answer (click here)
7. Cervical and Upper Thoracic Segments - Answer (click here)
8. Lower Thoracic and Abdominal Segments - Answer (click here)
9. Innervation of the Skin - Answer (click here)
10. Autonomic Periphery of Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
11. Efferent and Afferent Fibers - Autonomic Periphery - Answer (click here)
12. Intramural Plexus - Answer (click here)
13. Autonomic Neurons: Structure and Signal Transmission - Answer (click
here)

Functional Systems
1. Brain Function - Answer (click here)
2. Corticospinal Tract - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Extrapyramidal Motor System - Answer (click here)
4. Motor End Plate - Answer (click here)
5. Tendon Organ - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Spindle - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Common Terminal Motor Pathway - Answer (click here)
8. Cutaneous Sensory Organs - Answer (click here)
9. Pathway of the Epicritic Sensibility - Answer (click here)
10. Pathway of the Protopathic Sensibility - Answer (click here)
11. Gustatory Organ: Taste Buds, Taste Fibers - Answer (click here)
12. Olfactory Organ - Answer (click here)
13. Limbic System - Answer (click here)
14. Cingulate Gyrus - Limbic System - Answer (click here)
15. Septal Area - Limbic System - Answer (click here)

The Eye
1. Eyelids - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
2. Lacrimal Apparatus - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
3. Orbital cavity (eye socket) - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
4. Muscles of the Eyeball - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
5. Eyeball: Development, Structure - Answer (click here)
6. Anterior Part of the Eye - Answer (click here)
7. Cornea - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
8. Anterior Chamber of the Eye - Answer (click here)
9. Iris - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
10. Ciliary Body - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
11. Lens of the Eye - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
12. Vascular Supply - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
13. Fundus of the Eye - Answer (click here)
14. Retina: Neural Layer, Structures, Neuronal Circuits - Structure of the
Eye - Answer (click here)
15. Optic Nerve - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
16. Photoreceptors - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
17. Visual Pathway - Eye - Answer (click here)
18. Topographic Organization of the Visual Pathway - Eye - Answer (click
here)
19. Ocular Reflexes - Eye - Answer (click here)

The Ear
1. Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
2. Outer Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
3. Middle Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
4. Tympanic Cavity - Structure of Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
5. Auditory Ossicles - Structure of Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
6. Medial Wall of the Tympanic Cavity - Answer (click here)
7. Muscles of the Tympanic Cavity - Answer (click here)
8. Inner Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
9. Cochlea - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
10. Organ of Corti - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
11. Vestibular Apperatus - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
12. Acoustic maculae and its function - Answer (click here)
13. Vestibular Sensory Cells - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
14. Auditory Pathway of The Ear - Answer (click here)
15. Vestibular Pathways of The Ear - Answer (click here)

Subject : Basic Concept of Biotechnology


Biomolecules
1. Biomolecules - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of Monosaccharide’s - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of Di Saccharides and Polysaccharides - Answer (click here)
6. Importance of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
7. Rare sugars - Answer (click here)
8. Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
9. Structure of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
10. Watson and Crick’s double helix structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
11. Tautomerism - Answer (click here)
12. Nucleosides and nucleotides - Answer (click here)
13. Proteins - Biomolecules - Answer (click here)
14. Amino Acids and Classification of Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
15. Non-proteinogenic amino acids and its role - Answer (click here)
16. Classification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
17. Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
18. Biological Importance of Proteins - Answer (click here)
19. Lipids and Classification of Lipids - Answer (click here)
20. Structure of lipids - Answer (click here)
21. Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
22. Triacylglycerols - Answer (click here)
23. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
24. Sterols and sterol esters - Answer (click here)

Computer Applications and Biostatistics


1. Computer Applications and Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
2. Information and computer technology - Answer (click here)
3. Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Data - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
5. Measures of Central Tendencies - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Distribution - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
7. Applications of Standard Error of Mean - Answer (click here)
8. Confidence Interval (CI) - Answer (click here)
9. Null Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
10. Level of Significance - Answer (click here)
11. Outliers - Answer (click here)
12. One tailed and two tailed Test - Answer (click here)
13. Importance of Sample Size Determination - Answer (click here)
14. Factors Influencing Sample Size Include - Answer (click here)
15. Sample Size Determination and Variance Estimate - Answer (click here)
16. How to Choose an Appropriate Statistical Test - Answer (click here)
17. Non-parametric tests used for analysis of different types of data - Answer
(click here)
18. Common problems faced by researcher in any trial and how to address
them - Answer (click here)
19. Biological data and its diversity - Answer (click here)
20. Application of computer and statistics in biology - Answer (click here)

Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques


1. Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
2. Macromolecules - Answer (click here)
3. Centrifugation - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
4. Chromatography: Types, Principle, Application - Analysis of
biomolecules - Answer (click here)
5. Electrophoresis - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
6. Spectroscopy - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
7. UV Visible spectroscopy - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
8. Infra Red Spectropscopy (IR spectroscopy) - Analysis of biomolecules -
Answer (click here)
9. Fluorometry - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
10. Mass Spectrometry - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
11. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy - Analysis of
biomolecules - Answer (click here)

Plant Molecular Farming A Promising Stratergy in Biotechnology


1. Plant Molecular Farming: A Promising Stratergy in Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
2. Plants as Expression Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Biomolecules and recent examples - Answer (click here)
4. Plant made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) - Answer (click here)
5. Plant made nutritional compounds (PMNs) - Answer (click here)
6. Plant made vaccines (PMVs) - Answer (click here)
7. Plant made plastics (PMPs) - Answer (click here)
8. Plant made industrial compounds (PMIs) - Answer (click here)
9. The plant endomembrane system - Answer (click here)
10. Subcellular Targeting of proteins in plants - Answer (click here)
11. Different plant species as platform for molecular farming - Answer (click
here)
12. Plant Transformation - Answer (click here)
13. Optimization of transgene expression in host plant - Answer (click here)
14. Downstream processing of recombinant proteins - Answer (click here)
15. Use of affinity tags for purification - Answer (click here)
16. Use of non-chromatographic methods - Answer (click here)
17. Biosafety and regulatory issues - Answer (click here)

Plant Transgenics Genetic Engineering Approch to Devlop Biotic


Stress Resistance Plants
1. Plant Transgenics: Genetic Engineering Approch to Devlop Biotic Stress
Resistance Plants - Answer (click here)
2. The Power of Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Strategies for Competitiveness - Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Tools of Genetic Engineering in Plants - Answer (click here)
5. DNA Delivery Systems - Plant Transgenics - Answer (click here)
6. The Selection and Analysis of Transformants - Plant Transgenics -
Answer (click here)
7. Modification of regulatory elements of marker genes - Plant Transgenics
- Answer (click here)
8. More ‘Friendly’ Selectable Markers: the Positive Selection Method -
Plant Transgenics - Answer (click here)
9. Biotic Stress - Answer (click here)
10. Virus Resistance - Answer (click here)
11. RNAi Technology - Answer (click here)
12. Fungal Resistance - Answer (click here)
13. Bacterial Resistance - Answer (click here)
14. Nematode Resistance - Answer (click here)

Animal Biotechnology
1. Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Culture - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Criteria for Subculture - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Culture Conditions and Mammalian Cell - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
5. Aseptic Techniques - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Cryopreservation Medium - Answer (click here)
7. Protocol for Cryopreserving Cultured Cells - Answer (click here)
8. Protocol for Thawing Frozen Cells - Answer (click here)
9. Biological Contamination - Answer (click here)
10. Protocol for Microbial Decontamination - Answer (click here)
11. Protocol for Treating Mycoplasma contaminated Cell Cultures with BM
Cyclin - Answer (click here)
12. Cell Viability (quantitation and cytotoxicity) - Answer (click here)
13. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Cell Viability Assay - Answer (click
here)
14. Cell Viability Assays that Measure ATP and Metabolic Capacity -
Answer (click here)
15. Cytotoxicity Assays: Determining the Number of Live and Dead Cells -
Answer (click here)
16. Trypan Blue - Answer (click here)
17. Concentrating Cells - Answer (click here)
18. Cell Proliferation - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
19. Cell Cycle - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
20. Cytotoxicity - Answer (click here)
21. Applications of cell culture - Answer (click here)
22. What are stem cells, and why are they important? - Answer (click here)
23. What are the unique properties of all stem cells? - Answer (click here)
24. Embryonic stem cells grown in the laboratory - Answer (click here)
25. Similarities and Differences between Embryonic and Adult stem cells -
Answer (click here)
26. Potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles - Answer (click here)
27. Genetic manipulation of animals (animal models in research) - Answer
(click here)
28. Animal Breeding and Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
29. Methods of genetic manipulation in animals - Answer (click here)
30. A brief history of cloning - Answer (click here)
31. Cloning - Answer (click here)
32. Use of Animals in Research - Answer (click here)
33. Improving Agricultural Products with Transgenics - Answer (click here)
34. Genetically Engineered Insulin - Answer (click here)
35. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
36. Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
37. Economic impact in developing countries - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
38. Ethical Issues(biosafety and regulatory issues) - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)

Medical Biotechnology
1. Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. History of Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Human Genome Project and its influence on medical biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
4. Detecting Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Biotech in the Hospital - Answer (click here)
6. Role of biotechnology in diagnostics and Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
7. Role of biotechnology in developing vaccines - Answer (click here)
8. Treatments developed with the aid of biotechnology - Answer (click here)
9. Other Applications of Biotechnology in Medical field - Answer (click here)
10. Designer Babies - Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
11. New Biotech Breakthroughs about to change Medicine - Answer (click
here)
Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology
1. Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Tools in the Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Measurement of Volume - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
4. Measurement of Weight - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
5. Measurement of pH - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Measurement of light - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
7. Solution Preparation - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
8. Microbiological techniques - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
9. Preparation of biological samples for analysis - Tools used in
Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
10. Separation of macromolecules - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer
(click here)
11. Manipulation of Nucleic Acids - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer
(click here)
12. Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
13. Isolation of Nucleic Acid (DNA) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
14. Plasmid Isolation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
15. RNA Isolation and mRNA Purification - Techniques of Biotechnology
and Innovations - Answer (click here)
16. Gene Isolation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer
(click here)
17. Molecular Mapping - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
18. Genomic DNA Library Construction - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
19. Transformation Techniques - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
20. Direct Gene Transformation - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
21. Labeling Methods - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
22. Southern Blotting Technique - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
23. In Situ Hybridization (ISH) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
24. Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
25. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) - Techniques of
Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
26. DNA Sequencing Techniques - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
27. Microarray - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click
here)
28. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)

Antibiotics Microbial Sources Production and Optimization


1. Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
2. Antibacterial agents - Answer (click here)
3. Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
4. Marine actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
5. Streptomyces - Answer (click here)
6. Identification of actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolite production by marine Streptomyces - Answer (click here)
8. Antagonistic marine actinomycetes in Indian peninsula - Answer (click
here)
9. Optimization of fermentation conditions - Answer (click here)

Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences


1. History of Forensic Genetic Typing - Answer (click here)
2. Introduction - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences - Answer (click here)
3. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) - Answer (click here)
4. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AMP-FLP) - Answer (click
here)
5. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences
- Answer (click here)
6. Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences -
Answer (click here)
7. Y-Short Tandem Repeats - Answer (click here)
8. X-chromosomal short tandem repeats (ChrX STRs) - Answer (click here)
9. mtDNA in forensic science - Answer (click here)
10. Microbial Forensics - Answer (click here)
11. Non-human DNA Forensics - Answer (click here)

Subject : Pharmaceutical Biotechnology:


Fundamentals and Applications
Molecular Biotechnology
1. Molecular Biotechnology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. The Cells: Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
4. DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
5. Gene Transcription - Answer (click here)
6. Gene Translation - Answer (click here)
7. Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
8. DNA Transfer - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
9. DNA Sources - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
10. Production by Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
11. DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
12. Genome Sequencing - Answer (click here)
13. DNA Hybridization - Answer (click here)
14. PCR Technology - Answer (click here)
15. Cell Cultures: Cultivation of Microbes, Animal and Plant Cell Cultures -
Answer (click here)

Biophysical and Biochemical Analysis of Recombinant Proteins


1. Biophysical and Biochemical Analysis of Recombinant Proteins - Answer
(click here)
2. Protein Structure: Primary Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Protein Structure: Secondary Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Protein Structure: Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Protein Structure: Forces - Answer (click here)
6. Protein Structure: Hydration - Answer (click here)
7. Protein Folding - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Stability - Answer (click here)
9. Blotting Techniques - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
10. Immunoassays ELISA - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click
here)
11. Electrophoresis - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
12. Chromatography - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
13. Bioassays - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
14. Mass Spectrometry - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)

Production and Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds


1. Production and Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer
(click here)
2. Expression Systems - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click
here)
3. Cultivation Systems - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click
here)
4. Cultivation Medium - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click
here)
5. Contaminants - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
6. Cellular DNA - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
7. Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
8. Filtration/Centrifugation - Downstream Processing of Biotech
Compounds - Answer (click here)
9. Precipitation - Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer
(click here)
10. Chromatography - Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds -
Answer (click here)
11. Issues to Consider in Production And purification of Proteins - Answer
(click here)

Formulation of Biotech Products Including Biopharmaceutical


Considerations
1. Microbiological Considerations - Answer (click here)
2. Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer
(click here)
3. Solubility Enhancers - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of
biotech Products - Answer (click here)
4. Anti Adsorption and Anti Aggregation Agents - Excipients Used in
Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
5. Buffer Components - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of
biotech Products - Answer (click here)
6. Preservatives and Antioxidants - Excipients Used in Parenteral
Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
7. Osmotic Agents - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech
Products - Answer (click here)
8. Shelf Life of Protein Based Pharmaceuticals - Excipients Used in
Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
9. Freeze Drying of Proteins - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations
of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
10. Freezing - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech
Products - Answer (click here)
11. Primary Drying - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech
Products - Answer (click here)
12. Secondary Drying - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of
biotech Products - Answer (click here)
13. Delivery of Proteins: Routes of Administration and Absorption
Enhancement - Answer (click here)
14. Delivery of Proteins: By The Parenteral Route - Answer (click here)
15. Delivery of Proteins: Approaches For Rate Controlled Delivery - Answer
(click here)
16. Delivery of Proteins: Site Specific Delivery (Targeting) of Protein Drugs
- Answer (click here)
17. Anatomical, Physiological, and Pathological Considerations Relevant for
Protein Targeting - Answer (click here)
18. Soluble Carrier Systems for Targeted Delivery of Proteins - Answer (click
here)
19. Potential Pitfalls in Tumor Targeting - Answer (click here)
20. Colloidal Particulate Carrier Systems for TargetedDelivery of Proteins:
Nanotechnology at Work - Answer (click here)
21. Perspectives for Targeted Protein Delivery - Answer (click here)

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Peptide and Protein


Drugs
1. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Peptide and Protein Drugs -
Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
3. Absorption of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein
Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
4. Distribution of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein
Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
5. Elimination of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein
Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
6. Target Mediated Drug Disposition - Pharmacokinetics of Protein
Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
7. Immunogenicity and Protein Pharmacokinetics - Pharmacokinetics of
Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
8. Species Specificity and Allometric Scaling - Pharmacokinetics of
Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
9. Chemical Modifications for Optimizing the Pharmacokinetics of Protein
Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click
here)
10. Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
11. Direct Link PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics
- Answer (click here)
12. Indirect Link PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein
Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
13. Indirect Response PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein
Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
14. Cell Life Span Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics -
Answer (click here)
15. Complex Response Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein
Therapeutics - Answer (click here)

Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins


1. Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins - Answer (click here)
2. The New Paradigm - Answer (click here)
3. The Immunological Response - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Influencing Antibody Formation Totherapeutic Proteins - Answer
(click here)
5. Assays for Antibodies - Answer (click here)
6. Issues Specifically Related Tomonoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Effects of Induced Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Predicting and Reducing Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)

Genomics Other Omics Technologies Personalized Medicine and


Additional Biotechnology Related Techniques
1. Genomics, “Omics” Technologies, Personalized Medicine - Answer (click
here)
2. An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer (click here)
3. Genomics - An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer (click here)
4. “Omics” Enabling Technology: Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
5. Transcriptomics - An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer
(click here)
6. Proteomics, Structural Proteomics, and Functional Proteomics - “Omics”
Technologies - Answer (click here)
7. “Omics” Enabling Technology: Microarrays - Answer (click here)
8. “Omics” Enabled Technology: BriefIntroduction to Biomarkers - Answer
(click here)
9. Metabonomics and Metabolomics - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics - Answer (click here)
11. Toxicogenomics - Answer (click here)
12. Glycomics and Glycobiology - Answer (click here)
13. “Omics” Integrating Technology: Systems Biology - Answer (click here)
14. Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
15. Transgenic Plants - Answer (click here)
16. Xenotransplantation: Transplantable Transgenic Animal Organs - Answer
(click here)
17. Knockout Mice - Answer (click here)
18. Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
19. 3D Structures of Engineered Proteins - Answer (click here)
20. Peptide Chemistry and Peptidomimetics - Answer (click here)
21. Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
22. Stem Cells - Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
23. Tissue Engineering and Some Products of Tissue Engineering - Cell
Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
24. Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
25. Screening and Synthesis - Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer
(click here)
26. Chemical Genomics - Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer (click
here)

Gene Therapy
1. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Ex Vivo Versus In Vivo Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Therapy in The Clinic: Disease Targets - Answer (click here)
4. General Considerations - Vectors For Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
5. General Anatomy and Production of a Gene Transfer Vector - Answer
(click here)
6. Retroviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
7. Adenoviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
8. Adeno Associated Virus Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer -
Answer (click here)
9. Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
10. Construction of Non Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
11. Delivery Methods for Non-Viral Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
12. The Immune Response Against Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
13. Clinical Use of Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
14. Production and Processing of Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
15. The Role of Drug Metabolism in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
16. Gene Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (GDEPT) - Answer (click here)
17. Systems for Pharmacological Regulation of Gene Expression - Answer
(click here)
18. Regulation and Oversight of Gene Therapy Products - Answer (click here)

Oligonucleotides
1. Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
2. Interfering With Gene Expression - Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
3. Triple Helix-Forming Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
4. Transcription Factor Decoys - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene
Expression - Answer (click here)
5. Antisense/Ribozymes/EGS - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene
Expression - Answer (click here)
6. siRNA/miRNA - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene Expression -
Answer (click here)
7. Direct Binding to Non-Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
8. Gene Repair - Answer (click here)
9. Stimulating Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacokinetics of Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics - Answer (click
here)
11. Improving Oligonucleotide Stability - Answer (click here)
12. Improving Cellular Uptake - Answer (click here)
13. Diagnostic Applications - Answer (click here)

Hematopoietic Growth Factors


1. Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
2. Hematopoiesis - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Description of Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click
here)
4. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for the Myeloid Factors,
G-CSF and GM-CSF - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for SCF - Answer (click
here)
6. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for TPOs - Answer (click
here)
7. Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmaceutical Issues - Answer (click here)
9. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Established Uses - Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
12. AIDS - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. Toxicities - Answer (click here)
Interferons and Interleukins
1. Interferons and Interleukins - Answer (click here)
2. Interferons: Nomenclature and Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Interleukins: Nomenclature and Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Rapeutic Use of Recombinant Interferons - Answer (click here)
5. Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click here)
6. Aldesleukin - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer
(click here)
7. Oprelvekin - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click
here)
8. Anakinra - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click
here)
9. Pegylated Interferons and Interleukins: The Next Generation - Answer
(click here)

Insulin
1. Insulin - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical Description of Insulin - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology and Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
4. Regular and Rapid Acting Soluble Formulations - Pharmacology and
Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
5. Intermediate Acting Insulin Formulations - Pharmacology and
Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
6. Long Acting Insulin Formulations - Pharmacology and Formulations of
Insulin - Answer (click here)
7. Chemical Stability of Insulin Formulations - Answer (click here)
8. Physical Stability of Insulin Formulations - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical and Practice Aspects of Insulin - Answer (click here)

Growth Hormones
1. Human growth hormone (hGH): Structure and Isohormones - Answer
(click here)
2. Growth Hormone Secretion and Regulation - Answer (click here)
3. Growth Hormone Biologic Actions - Answer (click here)
4. hGH Receptor and Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Molecular Endocrinology and Signal Transduction - Answer (click here)
6. Dosing Schedules and Routes of Human growth hormone (hGH) -
Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Manufacture, Formulation and Stability- Growth Hormones -
Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Usage of Human growth hormone (hGH) - Answer (click here)

Recombinant Coagulation Factors and Thrombolytic Agents


1. Recombinant Coagulation Factors and Thrombolytic Agents - Answer
(click here)
2. Recombinant Coagulation Factors VIII - Answer (click here)
3. Recombinant Coagulation Factor VIIA - Answer (click here)
4. Recombinant Coagulation Factor IX - Answer (click here)
5. Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator - Recombinant Thrombolytic
Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Recombinant t-PA (rt-PA; Alteplase) - First Generation Recombinant
Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Second Generation Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click
here)
8. Reteplase - Second Generation Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents -
Answer (click here)
9. Tenecteplase - Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Lanoteplase - Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)

Monoclonal Antibodies From Structure to Therapeutic


Application
1. Monoclonal Antibodies: From Structure to Therapeutic Application -
Answer (click here)
2. Antibody Structure and Classes - Answer (click here)
3. Murine, Chimeric, Humanized and Fully Humanized mAbs - Antibody
Structure and Classes - Answer (click here)
4. Antibody Derivatives [F(ab0)2, Fab, Antibody DrugConjugates (ADC)]
and Fusion Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. How Antibodies Function as Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
6. Translational Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
7. Preclinical Safety Assessment of mAbs - Translational
Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Translational Medicine/Development Process -
Answer (click here)
9. Prediction of Human PK/PD Based on Preclinical Information - Answer
(click here)
10. PK/PD in Clinical Development of Antibody Therapeutics - Answer (click
here)
11. Mechanistic Modeling Approaches - Translational
Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
12. Population PK of Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)

Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer


1. Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Alemtuzumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: CD Antigens -
Answer (click here)
3. Gemtuzumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Rituximab, Yttrium-90 (90Y) Ibritumomab Tiuxetan, Iodine-131 (131I)
Tositumomab - Answer (click here)
5. Bevacizumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Vascular Endothelial
Growth Factor Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Trastuzumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth
Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Cetuximab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth
Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Panitumumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth
Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Monoclonal Antibodies in Solid Organ Transplantation


1. Monoclonal Antibodies in Solid Organ Transplantation - Answer (click
here)
2. Immunologic Targets: Rational Development/ Use of Monoclonal
Antibodies in Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)
3. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered Pre-Transplant - Answer (click here)
4. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered at the Time of Transplant - Answer
(click here)
5. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered Following Transplant - Answer
(click here)
6. Muromonab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant - Answer
(click here)
7. Interleukin 2 Receptor Antagonists - Specific Agents Used In Solid
Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)
8. Alemtuzumab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant -
Answer (click here)
9. Rituximab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant - Answer
(click here)

Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy


1. Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy -
Answer (click here)
3. Infliximab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory
Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Etanercept - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory
Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Adalimumab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti
inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Abatacept - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory
Therapy - Answer (click here)
7. Rituximab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory
Therapy - Answer (click here)
8. Psoriasis: Efalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
9. Multiple Sclerosis: Natalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti
inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
10. Allergic Asthma: Omalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti
inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)

Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I


1. Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
2. Protein Chemistry, Enzymology, and Structure - Answer (click here)
3. In Vitro Activity in CF Sputum - Pharmacology - Recombinant Human
Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
4. In Vivo Activity in CF Sputum - Pharmacology - Recombinant Human
Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism - Pharmacology - Recombinant
Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
6. Protein Manufacturing and Formulation - Answer (click here)
7. Drug Delivery- Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click
here)
8. Clinical Use- Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click
here)

Follicle
1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
2. Biological Role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Description of Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click
here)
4. Production of Recombinant FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) - Answer
(click here)
5. Structural Characteristics of Isohormones - Follicle Stimulating
Hormone - Answer (click here)
6. Biological Properties of Recombinant FSH Isohormones - Answer (click
here)
7. Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Recombinant FSH Isohormones - Answer
(click here)
8. Pharmaceutical Formulations of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) -
Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Aspects of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) - Answer (click
here)

Vaccines
1. Vaccines - Answer (click here)
2. Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
3. Active Immunization: Generation of an Immune Response - Answer (click
here)
4. Uptake - Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
5. Activation and Migration - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
6. Antigen Presentation and Lymphocyte Activation - Answer (click here)
7. Adaptive Immune System - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
8. Vaccine Design in Relation with the Immune Response - Answer (click
here)
9. Route of Administration - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
10. Conventional Vaccines: Classification - Answer (click here)
11. Live Attenuated Vaccines - Answer (click here)
12. Non-Living Vaccines: Whole Organisms, Subunit Vaccines - Answer
(click here)
13. Genetically Improved Live Vaccines - Answer (click here)
14. Genetically Improved Subunit Vaccines - Answer (click here)
15. Reverse Vaccinology - Answer (click here)
16. Therapeutic Vaccines - Answer (click here)
17. Pharmaceutical Aspects of Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Dispensing Biotechnology Products Handling Professional


Education and Product Information
1. Dispensing Biotechnology Products: Handling, Professional Education,
and Product Information - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Information Needed by Pharmacists - Pharmacist Reluctance -
Answer (click here)
4. Sources of Information for Pharmacists - Answer (click here)
5. The Pharmacist and Handling of Biotech Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Temperature Requirements - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
7. Storage in Dosing and Administration Devices - Pharmacist Reluctance -
Answer (click here)
8. Storage in IV Solutions and Light Protection - Pharmacist Reluctance -
Answer (click here)
9. Mixing and Shaking - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
10. Travel Requirements - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
11. Preparation of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click here)
12. Administration of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click here)
13. Biogenerics - A Future Consideration? - Answer (click here)
14. Outpatient/Home Care Issues of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click
here)

Economic Considerations in Medical Biotechnology


1. Economic Considerations in Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. The Value of a New Medical Technology - Answer (click here)
3. An Overview of Economic Analysis for New Technologies - Answer (click
here)

Regulatory Issues and Drug Product Approval for


Biopharmaceuticals
1. Regulatory Issues and Drug Product Approval for Biopharmaceuticals -
Answer (click here)
2. Background Regulatory Issues for Biopharmaceuticals - Answer (click here)
3. Biosimilar and Follow-On Biologics - Answer (click here)
4. Regulatory Routes - Biopharmaceuticals - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biotechnology Applying the Genetic


Revolution
Basics of biotechnology
1. Advent of the Biotechnology Revolution - Answer (click here)
2. Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884): Founder of Modern Genetics -
Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
4. Packaging of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
5. Bacteria as the Workhorses of Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Escherichia coli Is the Model Bacterium - Answer (click here)
7. Arabidopsis thaliana , a Model Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
8. Viruses Used in Genetics Research - Answer (click here)
9. Subviral Infectious Agents and Other Gene Creatures - Answer (click here)

DNA RNA and Protein


1. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Transcription Expresses Genes - Answer (click here)
3. Making the RNA - Answer (click here)
4. Transcription Stop Signals - Answer (click here)
5. The Number of Genes on an mRNA Varies - Answer (click here)
6. Eukaryotic Transcription Is More Complex - Answer (click here)
7. Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
9. Eukaryotic mRNA Is Processed before Making Protein - Answer (click
here)
10. Translating the Genetic Code into Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation - Answer
(click here)
12. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Synthesize Their Own Proteins - Answer
(click here)

Recombinant DNA Technology


1. DNA Isolation and Purification - Answer (click here)
2. Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments by Size - Answer (click here)
3. Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA; Ligase Joins DNA - Answer (click here)
4. Methods of Detection for Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
5. Complementary Strands Melt Apart and Reanneal - Answer (click here)
6. Hybridization of DNA or RNA in Southern and Northern Blots - Answer
(click here)
7. Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) - Answer (click here)
8. General Properties of Cloning Vectors - Answer (click here)
9. Specific Types of Cloning Vectors - Answer (click here)
10. Getting Cloned Genes into Bacteria by Transformation - Answer (click
here)
11. Constructing a Library of Genes - Answer (click here)
12. Screening the Library of Genes by Hybridization - Answer (click here)
13. Eukaryotic Expression Libraries - Answer (click here)
14. Features of Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
15. Subtractive Hybridization - Answer (click here)

DNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro


1. Introduction of DNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro - Answer (click here)
2. Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Comparing Replication in Gene Creatures, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes
- Answer (click here)
4. In Vitro DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical Synthesis of DNA - Answer (click here)
6. Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes - Answer (click here)
7. In Vitro Synthesis of DNA Can Determine the Sequence of Bases -
Answer (click here)
8. Polymerase Chain Reaction Uses In Vitro Synthesis to Amplify Small
Amounts of DNA - Answer (click here)
9. Automated DNA Cycle Sequencing Combines PCR and Sequencing -
Answer (click here)
10. Modifications of Basic PCR - Answer (click here)
11. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Answer (click here)
12. Reverse Transcriptase PCR - Answer (click here)
13. PCR in Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)

RNA Based Technologies


1. RNA Based Technologies - Answer (click here)
2. Antisense RNA Modulates mRNA Expression - Answer (click here)
3. Antisense Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
4. Expression of Antisense RNA Constructs - Answer (click here)
5. Delivery of Antisense Therapies - Answer (click here)
6. RNA Interference Uses Antisense Sequences to Inhibit Gene Expression
- Answer (click here)
7. RNAi in Plants and Fungi - Answer (click here)
8. MicroRNAs Are Antisense RNAs That Modulate Gene Expression -
Answer (click here)
9. Applications of RNAi for Studying Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
10. RNAi for Studying Mammalian Genes - Answer (click here)
11. Functional Screening with RNAi Libraries - Answer (click here)
12. Ribozymes Catalyze Cleavage and Ligation Reactions - Answer (click here)
13. Small Naturally Occurring Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
14. Engineering Ribozymes for Medical and Biotechnology Applications -
Answer (click here)
15. RNA SELEX Identifies New Binding Partners for Ribozymes - Answer
(click here)
16. In Vitro Evolution and in Vitro Selection of Ribozymes - Answer (click
here)
17. Synthetic Ribozymes Used in Medicine - Answer (click here)
18. Allosteric Deoxyribozymes Catalyze Specific Reactions - Answer (click
here)
19. Riboswitches Are Controlled by Effector Molecules - Answer (click here)
20. Engineering Allosteric Riboswitches and Ribozymes - Answer (click here)

Immune Technology
1. Antibody Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
2. Antibodies, Antigens, and Epitopes - Answer (click here)
3. The Great Diversity of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
4. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
6. Monoclonal Antibodies for Clinical Use - Answer (click here)
7. Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Humanized Antibodies in Clinical Applications - Answer (click here)
9. Antibody Engineering - Answer (click here)
10. Diabodies and Bispecific Antibody Constructs - Answer (click here)
11. ELISA Assay - Answer (click here)
12. The ELISA as a Diagnostic Tool - Answer (click here)
13. Visualizing Cell Components Using Antibodies - Answer (click here)
14. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting - Answer (click here)
15. Immune Memory and Vaccination - Answer (click here)
16. Creating a Vaccine - Answer (click here)
17. Making Vector Vaccines Using Homologous Recombination - Answer
(click here)
18. Reverse Vaccinology - Answer (click here)
19. Identifying New Antigens for Vaccines - Answer (click here)
20. DNA Vaccines Bypass the Need to Purify Antigens - Answer (click here)
21. Edible Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Nanobiotechnology
1. Nanobiotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Visualization at the Nanoscale - Answer (click here)
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy - Answer (click here)
4. Atomic Force Microscopy - Answer (click here)
5. Virus Detection via AFM - Answer (click here)
6. Weighing Single Bacteria and Virus Particles - Answer (click here)
7. Nanoparticles and Their Uses - Answer (click here)
8. Nanoparticles for Labeling - Answer (click here)
9. Quantum Size Effect and Nanocrystal Colors - Answer (click here)
10. Nanoparticles for Delivery of Drugs, DNA, or RNA - Answer (click here)
11. Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Assembly of Nanocrystals by Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
13. Nanotubes - Answer (click here)
14. Antibacterial Nanocarpets - Answer (click here)
15. Detection of Viruses by Nanowires - Answer (click here)
16. Ion Channel Nanosensors - Answer (click here)
17. Nanoengineering of DNA - Answer (click here)
18. DNA Mechanical Nanodevices - Answer (click here)
19. Controlled Denaturation of DNA by Gold Nanoparticles - Answer (click
here)
20. Controlled Change of Protein Shape by DNA - Answer (click here)
21. Biomolecular Motors - Answer (click here)

Genomics and Gene Expression


1. Genomics and Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Mapping Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Physical Maps Use Sequence Data - Answer (click here)
4. Radiation Hybrid and Cytogenetic Mapping - Answer (click here)
5. Sequencing Entire Genomes - Answer (click here)
6. Race for the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
7. Gaps Remain in the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
8. Survey of the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
9. Noncoding Components of the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
10. Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis - Answer (click here)
11. Medicine and Genomics - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Accumulates Mutations over Time - Answer (click here)
13. Genetic Evolution - Answer (click here)
14. From Pharmacology to Pharmacogenetics - Answer (click here)
15. Gene Expression and Microarrays - Answer (click here)
16. Making DNA Microarrays - Answer (click here)
17. Hybridization on DNA Microarrays - Answer (click here)
18. Monitoring Gene Expression Using Whole-Genome Tiling Arrays -
Answer (click here)
19. Monitoring Gene Expression of Single Genes - Answer (click here)
Proteomics
1. Proteomics - Answer (click here)
2. Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Western Blotting of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Separates Protein Mixtures -
Answer (click here)
5. Digestion of Proteins by Proteases - Answer (click here)
6. Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification - Answer (click here)
7. Peptide Sequencing Using Mass Spectrometry - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Quantification Using Mass Spectrometry - Answer (click here)
9. Protein Tagging Systems - Answer (click here)
10. Phage Display Library Screening - Answer (click here)
11. Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two Hybrid System - Answer (click here)
12. Protein Interactions by Co-immunoprecipitation - Answer (click here)
13. Protein Arrays - Answer (click here)
14. Metabolomics - Answer (click here)

Recombinant Proteins
1. Proteins and Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
2. Expression of Eukaryotic Proteins in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Translation Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
4. Codon Usage Effects - Answer (click here)
5. Avoiding Toxic Effects of Protein Overproduction - Answer (click here)
6. Increasing Protein Stability - Answer (click here)
7. Improving Protein Secretion - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Fusion Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
9. Expression of Proteins by Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Expression of Proteins by Yeast - Answer (click here)
11. Expression of Proteins by Insect Cells - Answer (click here)
12. Protein Glycosylation - Answer (click here)
13. Expression of Proteins by Mammalian Cells - Answer (click here)
14. Expression of Multiple Subunits in Mammalian Cells - Answer (click here)
15. Comparing Expression Systems - Answer (click here)

Protein Engineering
1. Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Engineering Disulfide Bonds - Answer (click here)
3. Improving Stability in Other Ways - Answer (click here)
4. Changing Binding Site Specificity - Answer (click here)
5. Structural Scaffolds - Answer (click here)
6. Directed Evolution - Answer (click here)
7. Adding New Functional Groups Using Nonnatural Amino Acids - Answer
(click here)
8. Recombining Domains - Answer (click here)
9. DNA Shuffling - Answer (click here)
10. Combinatorial Protein Libraries - Answer (click here)
11. Biomaterials Design Relies on Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
12. Engineered Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)

Environmental Biotechnology
1. Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Identifying New Genes with Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
3. Culture Enrichment for Environmental Samples - Answer (click here)
4. Sequence Dependent Techniques for Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
5. Function or Activity Based Evaluation of the Environment - Answer (click
here)
6. Ecology and Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
7. Natural Attenuation of Pollutants - Answer (click here)

Pathway Engineering
1. Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Ethanol, Elephants, and Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
3. Degradation of Starch - Answer (click here)
4. Degradation of Cellulose - Answer (click here)
5. Ice Forming Bacteria and Frost - Answer (click here)
6. Degradation of Aromatic Ring Compounds - Answer (click here)
7. Indigo and Related Natural Pigments - Answer (click here)
8. The Toluene/Xylene Pathway - Answer (click here)
9. Removal of Halogen, Nitro, and Sulfonate Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Biorefining of Fossil Fuels - Answer (click here)
11. Biosynthesis of Medium-Sized Molecules - Answer (click here)
12. Sterol Synthesis and Modification - Answer (click here)
13. Biosynthesis of beta Lactam Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
14. Polyketides and Polyketide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
15. Biosynthetic Plastics Are Also Biodegradable - Answer (click here)

Transgenic Plants and Plant Biotechnology


1. History of Plant Breeding - Answer (click here)
2. Plant Tissue Culture - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Engineering of Plants - Answer (click here)
4. Getting Genes into Plants Using the Ti Plasmid - Answer (click here)
5. Particle Bombardment Technology - Answer (click here)
6. Detection of Inserted DNA - Answer (click here)
7. Using the Cre/loxP System - Answer (click here)
8. Plant Breeding and Testing - Answer (click here)
9. Transgenic Plants with Herbicide Resistance - Answer (click here)
10. Transgenic Plants with Insect Resistance - Answer (click here)
11. Trehalose in Transgenic Plants Increase Stress Tolerance - Answer (click
here)
12. Functional Genomics in Plants - Answer (click here)
13. Food Safety Assessment and Starlink Corn - Answer (click here)
14. Bt Toxin and Butterflies - Answer (click here)

Transgenic Animals
1. New and Improved Animals - Answer (click here)
2. Creating Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
3. Larger Mice Illustrate Transgenic Technology - Answer (click here)
4. Recombinant Protein Production Using Transgenic Livestock - Answer
(click here)
5. Knockout Mice for Medical Research - Answer (click here)
6. Alternative Approaches to Making Transgenic Animals - Answer (click
here)
7. Location Effects on Expression of the Transgene - Answer (click here)
8. Combating Location Effects on Transgene Expression - Answer (click here)
9. Targeting the Transgene to a Specific Location - Answer (click here)
10. Deliberate Control of Transgene Expression - Answer (click here)
11. Control by Site-Specific Recombination Using Cre or Flp - Answer (click
here)
12. Transgenic Insects - Answer (click here)
13. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes - Answer (click here)
14. Cloning Animals by Nuclear Transplantation - Answer (click here)
15. Dolly the Cloned Sheep - Answer (click here)
16. Practical Reasons for Cloning Animals - Answer (click here)
17. Improving Livestock by Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
18. Problems and Ethics of Nuclear Transplantation - Answer (click here)
19. Imprinting and Developmental Problems in Cloned Animals - Answer
(click here)
20. Transgenic People, Primates, and Pets - Answer (click here)
21. Applications of RNA Technology in Transgenics - Answer (click here)
22. Applications of RNA Interference in Transgenics - Answer (click here)
23. Natural Transgenics and DNA Ingestion - Answer (click here)

Inherited Defects
1. Inherited Defects - Answer (click here)
2. Hereditary Defects in Higher Organisms - Answer (click here)
3. Hereditary Defects Due to Multiple Genes - Answer (click here)
4. Defects Due to Haploinsufficiency - Answer (click here)
5. Dominant Mutations May Be Positive or Negative - Answer (click here)
6. Deleterious Tandem Repeats and Dynamic Mutations - Answer (click here)
7. Defects in Imprinting and Methylation - Answer (click here)
8. Mitochondrial Defects - Answer (click here)
9. Identification, Location, and Cloning of Defective Genes - Answer (click
here)
10. Cystic Fibrosis - Answer (click here)
11. Muscular Dystrophy - Answer (click here)
12. Genetic Screening and Counseling - Answer (click here)

Gene Therapy
1. Gene Therapy or Genetic Engineering? - Answer (click here)
2. General Principles of Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Patching by Oligonucleotide Crossover - Answer (click here)
4. Aggressive Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Adenovirus Vectors in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy by Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Adeno Associated Virus - Answer (click here)
8. Retrovirus Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
9. Retrovirus Gene Therapy for SCID - Answer (click here)
10. Nonviral Delivery in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
11. Liposomes and Lipofection in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Aggressive Gene Therapy for Cancer - Answer (click here)
13. Antisense RNA and Other Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
14. Aptamers-Blocking Proteins with RNA - Answer (click here)
15. Ribozymes in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)

Molecular Biology of Cancer


1. Cancer Is Genetic in Origin - Answer (click here)
2. Environmental Factors and Cancer - Answer (click here)
3. Normal Cell Division: The Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Division Responds to External Signals - Answer (click here)
5. Genes That Affect Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. Oncogenes and Proto oncogenes - Answer (click here)
7. Detection of Oncogenes by Transformation - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Mutations That Generate Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
9. The Ras Oncogene-Hyperactive Protein - Answer (click here)
10. The Myc Oncogene-Overproduction of Protein - Answer (click here)
11. Tumor Suppressor Genes or Anti oncogenes - Answer (click here)
12. The p16, p21, and p53 Anti oncogenes - Answer (click here)
13. Formation of a Tumor - Answer (click here)
14. Inherited Susceptibility to Cancer - Answer (click here)
15. Cancer Causing Viruses - Answer (click here)
16. Engineered Cancer Killing Viruses - Answer (click here)

Noninfectious Diseases
1. Noninfectious Diseases: Cellular Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Noninfectious Diseases: Receptors and Signal Transmission - Answer
(click here)
3. Steroids and Other Lipophilic Hormones - Answer (click here)
4. Cyclic AMP as Second Messenger - Answer (click here)
5. Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP - Answer (click here)
6. Cyclic Phosphodiesterase and Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
7. Insulin and Diabetes - Answer (click here)
8. The Insulin Receptor - Answer (click here)
9. Cloning and Genetic Engineering of Insulin - Answer (click here)
10. Obesity and Leptin - Answer (click here)
11. A Multitude of Genes Affect Obesity - Answer (click here)
12. Fat Degradation - Answer (click here)
13. Monoamine Oxidase and Violent Crime - Answer (click here)

Aging and Apoptosis


1. Aging and Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
2. Aging and Apoptosis: Cellular Senescence - Answer (click here)
3. Factors That Activate Senescence - Answer (click here)
4. Links between Cancer and Aging - Answer (click here)
5. Telomeres Shorten during Aging - Answer (click here)
6. Mitochondria and Aging - Answer (click here)
7. Life Span and Metabolism in Worms - Answer (click here)
8. Sirtuins, Histone Acetylation, and Life Span in Yeast - Answer (click here)
9. Apoptosis Is Programmed Cell Death - Answer (click here)
10. Apoptosis Involves a Proteolytic Cascade - Answer (click here)
11. Mammalian Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
12. Execution Phase of Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
13. Corpse Clearance in Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
14. Control of Apoptotic Pathways in Development - Answer (click here)
15. Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Using Apoptosis to Treat Cancer - Answer (click here)

Bacterial Infections
1. Bacterial Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Molecular Approaches to Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
3. Virulence Genes Are Often Found on Mobile Segments of DNA - Answer
(click here)
4. Attachment and Entry of Pathogenic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Iron Acquisition by Pathogenic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Toxins - Answer (click here)
7. ADP Ribosylating Toxins - Answer (click here)
8. Cholera Toxin - Answer (click here)
9. Anthrax Toxin - Answer (click here)
10. Antitoxin Therapy - Answer (click here)

Viral and Prion Infections


1. Viral Infections and Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Interferons Coordinate the Antiviral Response - Answer (click here)
3. Influenza Is a Negative-Strand RNA Virus - Answer (click here)
4. The AIDS Retrovirus - Answer (click here)
5. Chemokine Receptors Act as Co-receptors for HIV - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment of the AIDS Retrovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Infectious Prion Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Detection of Pathogenic Prions - Answer (click here)
9. Approaches to Treating Prion Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Using Yeast Prions as Models - Answer (click here)

Biowarfare and Bioterrorism


1. Biowarfare and Bioterrorism - Answer (click here)
2. Bacteria Make Lethal Proteins to Kill Other Organisms - Answer (click
here)
3. Germ Warfare among the Lower Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
4. History of Human Biological Warfare - Answer (click here)
5. Biowarfare Expectancy and Expense - Answer (click here)
6. Important Factors in Biological Warfare - Answer (click here)
7. Which Disease Agents Are Suitable for Biological Warfare? - Answer
(click here)
8. Anthrax - Answer (click here)
9. The 2001 Anthrax Attack in the United States - Answer (click here)
10. Other Bacterial Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Smallpox Virus - Answer (click here)
12. Other Viral Agents - Answer (click here)
13. Purified Toxins as Biowarfare Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Botox-Botulinum Toxin - Answer (click here)
15. Ribosome Inactivating Proteins - Answer (click here)
16. Agricultural Biowarfare - Answer (click here)
17. Genetic Engineering of Infectious Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Creation of Camouflaged Viruses - Answer (click here)
19. Biosensors and Detection of Biowarfare Agents - Answer (click here)

Forensic Molecular Biology


1. The Genetic Basis of Identity - Answer (click here)
2. Blood, Sweat, and Tears - Answer (click here)
3. Forensic DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
4. DNA Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
5. Using Repeated Sequences in Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
6. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Answer (click here)
7. Probability and DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
8. Use of DNA Evidence - Answer (click here)
9. Tracing Genealogies by Mitochondrial DNA and the Y Chromosome -
Answer (click here)
10. Identifying the Remains of the Russian Imperial Family - Answer (click
here)

Bioethics in Biotechnology
1. Approach to Bioethics - Answer (click here)
2. Power, Profit, Poverty, and Access - Answer (click here)
3. Ignorance, Novelty, and Cultural Viewpoint - Answer (click here)
4. Possible Dangers to Individuals, Society, or Nature - Answer (click here)
5. Health Care and Related Issues - Answer (click here)
6. Interference with the Natural World - Answer (click here)
7. Altering the Human Germline - Answer (click here)
8. Knowledge, Identity, and Ideology - Answer (click here)
9. Long Term Biological Problems - Answer (click here)

Subject : Genetics and Molecular Biology


An Overview of Cell Structure and Function
1. Cell’s Need for Immense Amounts of Information - Answer (click here)
2. Rudiments of Prokaryotic Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Rudiments of Eukaryotic Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Packing DNA into Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Moving Molecules into or out of Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Diffusion within the Small Volume of a Cell - Answer (click here)
7. Exponentially Growing Populations - Answer (click here)
8. Composition Change in Growing Cells - Answer (click here)
9. Age Distribution in Populations of Growing Cell - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid and Chromosome Structure


1. The Regular Backbone of DNA - Answer (click here)
2. Grooves in DNA and Helical Forms of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Dissociation and Reassociation of Base-paired Strands - Answer (click here)
4. Reading Sequence Without Dissociating Strands - Answer (click here)
5. Electrophoretic Fragment Separation - Answer (click here)
6. Bent DNA Sequences - Answer (click here)
7. Measurement of Helical Pitch - Answer (click here)
8. Topological Considerations in DNA Structure - Answer (click here)
9. Generating DNA with Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
10. Measuring Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
11. Determining Lk, Tw, and Wr in Hypothetical Structures - Answer (click
here)
12. Altering Linking Number - Answer (click here)
13. Biological Significance of Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
14. The Linking Number Paradox of Nucleosomes - Answer (click here)
15. General Chromosome Structure - Answer (click here)
16. Southern Transfers to Locate Nucleosomes on Genes - Answer (click here)
17. ARS Elements, Centromeres, and Telomeres - Answer (click here)

DNA Synthesis
1. DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Proofreading, Okazaki Fragments, and DNA Ligase - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
3. Detection and Basic Properties of DNA Polymerases - Enzymology -
Answer (click here)
4. In vitro DNA Replication - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
5. Error and Damage Correction - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
6. DNA Replication Areas In Chromosomes - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
7. Bidirectional Replication from E. coli Origins - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
8. The DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Constancy of the E. coli DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects -
Answer (click here)
10. Regulating Initiations - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Gel Electrophoresis Assay of Eukaryotic Replication Origins -
Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. How Fast Could DNA Be Replicated? - Physiological Aspects - Answer
(click here)

RNA Polymerase and RNA Initiation


1. Measuring the Activity of RNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)
2. Concentration of Free RNA Polymerase in Cells - Answer (click here)
3. The RNA Polymerase in Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
4. Three RNA Polymerases in Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Multiple but Related Subunits in Polymerases - Answer (click here)
6. Multiple Sigma Subunits - Answer (click here)
7. Structure of Promoters - Answer (click here)
8. Enhancers - Answer (click here)
9. Enhancer-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. DNA Looping in Regulating Promoter Activities - Answer (click here)
11. Steps of the Initiation Process - Answer (click here)
12. Measurement of Binding and Initiation Rates - Answer (click here)
13. Relating Abortive Initiations to Binding and Initiating - Answer (click here)
14. Roles of Auxiliary Transcription Factors - Answer (click here)
15. Melted DNA Under RNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)

TranscriptionTermination and RNA Processing


1. Polymerase Elongation Rate - Answer (click here)
2. Transcription Termination at Specific Sites - Answer (click here)
3. RNA Termination - Answer (click here)
4. Processing Prokaryotic RNAs After Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. S1 Mapping to Locate 5’ and 3’ Ends of Transcripts - Answer (click here)
6. Caps, Splices, Edits, and Poly-A Tails on Eukaryotic RNAs - Answer
(click here)
7. The Discovery and Assay of RNA Splicing - Answer (click here)
8. Involvement of the U1 snRNP Particle in Splicing - Answer (click here)
9. Splicing Reactions and Complexes - Answer (click here)
10. The Discovery of Self-Splicing RNAs - Answer (click here)
11. A Common Mechanism for Splicing Reactions - Answer (click here)
12. Other RNA Processing Reactions - Answer (click here)

Protein Structure
1. Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
2. The Amino Acids - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Peptide Bond - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Electrostatic Forces that Determine Protein Structure - Protein Structure
- Answer (click here)
5. Hydrogen Bonds and the Chelate Effect - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
6. Hydrophobic Forces - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Thermodynamic Considerations of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
8. Structures within Proteins - Answer (click here)
9. Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet, and Beta Turn - Protein Structure - Answer (click
here)
10. Calculation of Protein Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
11. Secondary Structure Predictions - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
12. Structures of DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
13. Salt Effects on Protein-DNA Interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Locating Specific Residue-Base Interactions - Protein Structure - Answer
(click here)

Protein Synthesis
1. Activation of Amino Acids During Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Fidelity of Aminoacylation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. How Synthetases Identify the Correct tRNA Molecule - Answer (click here)
4. Decoding the Message - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Base Pairing between Ribosomal RNA and Messenger - Answer (click here)
6. Experimental Support for the Shine-Dalgarno Hypothesis - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Eukaryotic Translation and the First AUG - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
8. Tricking the Translation Machinery into Initiating - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
9. Protein Elongation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Peptide Bond Formation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Translocation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
12. Termination, Nonsense, and Suppression - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
13. Chaperones and Catalyzed Protein Folding - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
14. Resolution of a Paradox - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Messenger Instability - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
16. Protein Elongation Rates - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
17. Directing Proteins to Specific Cellular Sites - Protein Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
18. Verifying the Signal Peptide Model - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
19. The Signal Recognition Particle and Translocation - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
20. Expectations for Ribosome Regulation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click
here)
21. Proportionality of Ribosome Levels and Growth Rates - Protein
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
22. Regulation of Ribosome Synthesis - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
23. Balancing Synthesis of Ribosomal Components - Protein Synthesis -
Answer (click here)

Genetics
1. Genetics Mutations - Answer (click here)
2. Point Mutations, Deletions, Insertions, and Damage - Answer (click here)
3. Classical Genetics of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Complementation, Cis, Trans, Dominant, and Recessive - Answer (click
here)
5. Mechanism of a trans Dominant Negative Mutation - Answer (click here)
6. Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
7. Genetics Mapping by Recombination Frequencies - Answer (click here)
8. Genetics: Mapping by Deletions - Answer (click here)
9. Heteroduplexes and Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
10. Genetics: Branch Migration and Isomerization - Answer (click here)
11. Elements of Recombination in E. coli, RecA, RecBCD, and Chi - Answer
(click here)
12. Genetic Systems - Answer (click here)
13. Growing Cells for Genetics Experiments - Answer (click here)
14. Testing Purified Cultures, Scoring - Answer (click here)
15. Isolating Auxotrophs, Use of Mutagens and Replica Plating - Answer
(click here)
16. Genetic Selections - Answer (click here)
17. Mapping with Generalized Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
18. Principles of Bacterial Sex - Answer (click here)
19. Elements of Yeast Genetics - Answer (click here)
20. Elements of Drosophila Genetics - Answer (click here)
21. Isolating Mutations in Muscle or Nerve in Drosophila - Answer (click here)
22. Fate Mapping and Study of Tissue-Specific Gene Expression - Answer
(click here)

Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA


1. Isolation of DNA - Answer (click here)
2. Biology of Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Cutting DNA with Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Isolation of DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
5. Joining DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
6. Vectors: Selection and Autonomous DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
7. Plasmid Vectors - Answer (click here)
8. A Phage Vector for Bacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Vectors for Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Putting DNA Back into Cells - Answer (click here)
11. Cloning from RNA - Answer (click here)
12. Plaque and Colony Hybridization for Clone Identification - Answer (click
here)
13. Walking Along a Chromosome to Clone a Gene - Answer (click here)
14. Arrest of Translation to Assay for DNA of a Gene - Answer (click here)
15. Chemical DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
16. Enzymatic DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)

Advanced Genetic Engineering


1. Finding Clones from a Known Amino Acid Sequence - Answer (click here)
2. Finding Clones Using Antibodies Against a Protein - Answer (click here)
3. Southern, Northern, and Western Transfers - Genetic Engineering -
Answer (click here)
4. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
5. Isolation of Rare Sequences Utilizing PCR - Answer (click here)
6. Physical and Genetic Maps of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
7. Chromosome Mapping - Answer (click here)
8. DNA Fingerprinting - Forensics - Answer (click here)
9. Megabase Sequencing - Answer (click here)
10. Footprinting, Premodification and Missing Contact Probing - Answer (click
here)
11. Antisense RNA: Selective Gene Inactivation - Answer (click here)
12. Hypersynthesis of Proteins - Answer (click here)
13. Altering Cloned DNA by in vitro Mutagenesis - Answer (click here)
14. Mutagenesis with Chemically Synthesized DNA - Answer (click here)

Repression and the lac Operon


1. Repression and the lac Operon - Answer (click here)
2. Role of Inducer Analogs in the Study of the lac Operon - Answer (click
here)
3. Proving lac Repressor is a Protein - Answer (click here)
4. An Assay for lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
5. Difficulty of Detecting Wild Type lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
6. Detection and Purification of lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
7. Repressor Binds to DNA: The Operator is DNA - Answer (click here)
8. Migration Retardation Assay and DNA Looping - Repression and the lac
Operon - Answer (click here)
9. Isolation and Structure of Operator - Repression and the lac Operon -
Answer (click here)
10. In vivo Affinity of Repressor for Operator - Answer (click here)
11. DNA-binding Domain of lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
12. A Mechanism for Induction - Repression and the lac Operon - Answer
(click here)

Induction Repression and the araBAD Operon


1. Sugar Arabinose and Arabinose Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Genetics of the Arabinose System - Answer (click here)
3. Detection and Isolation of AraC Protein - Answer (click here)
4. Repression by AraC - Answer (click here)
5. Regulating AraC Synthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Binding Sites of the ara Regulatory Proteins - Answer (click here)
7. DNA Looping and Repression of araBAD - Answer (click here)
8. In vivo Footprinting Demonstration of Looping - Answer (click here)
9. How AraC Protein Loops and Unloops - Answer (click here)
10. Why Looping is Biologically Sensible - Answer (click here)
11. Why Positive Regulators are a Good Idea - Answer (click here)

Attenuation and the trp Operon


1. Attenuation and the trp Operon - Answer (click here)
2. Rapid Induction Capabilities of the trp Operon - Answer (click here)
3. Serendipitous Discovery of trp Enzyme Hypersynthesis - Answer (click
here)
4. Early Explorations of the Hypersynthesis - Answer (click here)
5. trp Multiple Secondary Structures in trp Leader RNA - Answer (click here)
6. Coupling Translation to Termination - Answer (click here)
7. RNA Secondary Structure and the Attenuation Mechanism - Answer (click
here)
8. Other Attenuated Systems: Operons, Bacillus subtilis and HIV - Answer
(click here)

Lambda Phage Genes and Regulatory Circuitry


1. Physical Structure of Lambda - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Structure of Lambda - Answer (click here)
3. Lysogeny and Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Lambda’s Relatives and Lambda Hybrids - Answer (click here)
5. Lambda Adsorption to Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Early Transcription of Genes N and Cro - Answer (click here)
7. N Protein and Antitermination of Early Gene Transcription - Answer (click
here)
8. Role of Cro Protein - Answer (click here)
9. Initiating DNA Synthesis with the O and P Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Proteins Kil, γ, β, and Exo - Answer (click here)
11. Q Protein and Late Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
12. Lysis - Answer (click here)
13. Chronology of Becoming a Lysogen - Answer (click here)
14. Site for Cro Repression and CI Activation - Answer (click here)
15. Cooperativity in Repressor Binding and its Measurement - Answer (click
here)
16. Need for and the Realization of Hair-Trigger Induction - Answer (click
here)
17. Induction from the Lysogenic State - Answer (click here)
18. Entropy, a Basis for Lambda Repressor Inactivation - Answer (click here)

Xenopus 5S RNA Synthesis


1. Biology of 5S RNA Synthesis in Xenopus - Answer (click here)
2. In vitro 5S RNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. TFIIIA Binding to the Middle of its Gene as Well as to RNA - Answer
(click here)
4. Switching from Oocyte to Somatic 5S Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Function of TFIIIA - Answer (click here)

Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast


1. Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast - Answer (click here)
2. Yeast Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. Mating Type Conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Answer (click here)
4. Cloning the Mating Type Loci in Yeast - Answer (click here)
5. Transfer of Mating Type Gene Copies to an Expression Site - Answer
(click here)
6. Structure of the Mating Type Loci - Answer (click here)
7. Expression and Recombination Paradoxes - Answer (click here)
8. Silencing HML and HMR - Answer (click here)
9. Isolation of α2 Protein - Answer (click here)
10. α2 and MCM1 - Answer (click here)
11. Sterile Mutants, Membrane Receptors and G Factors - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Cleavage at the MAT Locus - Answer (click here)
13. DNA Strand Inheritance and Switching in Fission Yeast - Answer (click
here)

Genes Regulating Development


1. General Considerations on Signaling - Answer (click here)
2. Outline of Early Drosophila Development - Answer (click here)
3. Classical Embryology - Answer (click here)
4. Using Genetics to Begin Study of Developmental Systems - Answer (click
here)
5. Cloning Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
6. Enhancer Traps for Detecting and Cloning Developmental Genes -
Answer (click here)
7. Expression Patterns of Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
8. Similarities Among Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
9. Overall Model of Drosophila Early Development - Answer (click here)

Lambda Phage Integration and Excision


1. Mapping Integrated Lambda - Answer (click here)
2. Simultaneous Deletion of Chromosomal and Lambda DNA - Answer (click
here)
3. DNA Heteroduplexes Prove that Lambda Integrates - Answer (click here)
4. Gene Order Permutation and the Campbell Model - Answer (click here)
5. Isolation of Integration-Defective Mutants - Answer (click here)
6. Isolation of Excision-Deficient Mutants - Answer (click here)
7. Properties of the int and xis Gene Products - Answer (click here)
8. Incorrect Excision and gal and bio Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
9. Transducing Phage Carrying Genes Other than gal and bio - Answer (click
here)
10. Use of Transducing Phage to Study Integration and Excision - Answer
(click here)
11. The Double att Phage, att.squ - Answer (click here)
12. Demonstrating Xis is Unstable - Answer (click here)
13. Inhibition By a Downstream Element - Answer (click here)
14. In vitro Assay of Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
15. Host Proteins Involved in Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
16. Structure of the att Regions - Answer (click here)
17. Structure of the Intasome - Answer (click here)
18. Holliday Structures and Branch Migration in Integration - Answer (click
here)

Transposable Genetic Elements


1. Transposable Genetic Elements - Answer (click here)
2. IS Elements in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and Properties of IS Elements - Answer (click here)
4. Discovery of Tn Elements - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Properties of Tn Elements - Answer (click here)
6. Inverting DNA Segments by Recombination, Flagellin Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
7. Mu Phage As a Giant Transposable Element - Answer (click here)
8. An Invertible Segment of Mu Phage - Answer (click here)
9. In vitro Transposition, Threading or Global Topology? - Answer (click here)
10. Hopping by Tn10 - Answer (click here)
11. Retrotransposons in Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
12. An RNA Transposition Intermediate - Answer (click here)
13. P Elements and Transformation - Answer (click here)
14. P Element Hopping by Chromosome Rescue - Answer (click here)

Generating Genetic Diversity


1. Generating Genetic Diversity: Antibodies - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Adaptive Immune Response - Answer (click here)
3. Telling the Difference Between Foreign and Self - Answer (click here)
4. Number of Different Antibodies Produced - Answer (click here)
5. Myelomas and Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
6. Structure of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
7. Many Copies of V Genes and Only a Few C Genes - Answer (click here)
8. J Regions - Generating Genetic Diversity: Antibodies - Answer (click here)
9. D Regions in H Chains - Answer (click here)
10. Induced Mutations and Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here)
11. Class Switching of Heavy Chains - Answer (click here)
12. Enhancers and Expression of Immunoglobulin Genes - Answer (click here)
13. AIDS Virus - Answer (click here)
14. Engineering Antibody Synthesis in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
15. Assaying for Sequence Requirements of Gene Rearrangements - Answer
(click here)
16. Cloning the Recombinase - Answer (click here)

Biological Assembly Ribosomes and Lambda Phage


1. Biological Assembly, Ribosomes and Lambda Phage - Answer (click here)
2. RNAse and Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
3. Global Structure of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Assembly of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
5. Experiments with in vitro Ribosome Assembly - Answer (click here)
6. Determining Details of Local Ribosomal Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Lambda Phage Assembly: General Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Geometry of Capsids - Answer (click here)
9. Structure of the Lambda Particle - Answer (click here)
10. Head Assembly Sequence and Host Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Packaging the DNA and Formation of the cos Ends - Answer (click here)
12. Formation of the lambda Tail - Answer (click here)
13. In vitro Packaging - Answer (click here)

Chemotaxis
1. Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
2. Assaying Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
3. Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
4. Genetics of Motility and Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
5. How Cells Swim - Answer (click here)
6. Mechanism of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
7. Energy for Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
8. Adaptation - Answer (click here)
9. Methylation and Adaptation - Answer (click here)
10. Phosphorylation and the Rapid Response - Answer (click here)

Oncogenesis Molecular Aspects


1. Bacterially Induced Tumors in Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Transformation and Oncogenesis by Damaging the Chromosome -
Answer (click here)
3. Identifying a Nucleotide Change Causing Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Retroviruses and Cancer - Answer (click here)
5. Cellular Counterparts of Retroviral Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
6. Identification of the src and sis Gene Products - Answer (click here)
7. DNA Tumor Viruses - Answer (click here)
8. Recessive Oncogenic Mutations, Tumor Suppressors - Answer (click here)
9. ras-fos-jun Pathway - Answer (click here)
10. Directions for Future Research in Molecular Biology - Answer (click here)

Subject : Environmental Biotechnology


Theory and Application
1. Introduction to Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Role of Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Scope for Use of Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Market for Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
5. Modalities and local influences - Environmental Biotechnology - Answer
(click here)

Microbes and Metabolism


1. Microbes and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Immobilisation, Degradation or Monitoring of Pollutants from a
Biological Origin - Answer (click here)
3. players - Microbes and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
5. Genetic blueprint for metabolic capability - Answer (click here)
6. Microbial diversity - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolic Pathways of Particular Relevance to Environmental
Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
8. Glycolysis: TCA and Glyoxalate cycle - Answer (click here)
9. Macromolecules - description and degradation - Answer (click here)
10. Production of Cellular Energy - Answer (click here)
11. Fermentation and respiration - Answer (click here)
12. Photosynthesis and the Basis of Phytotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. The light reactions - Answer (click here)
14. The dark reactions - Answer (click here)
15. The Nitrogen Cycle - Answer (click here)

Fundamentals of Biological Intervention


1. Using Biological Systems - Biological Intervention - Answer (click here)
2. Extremophiles - Answer (click here)
3. Xenobiotics and Other Problematic Chemicals - Answer (click here)
4. Endocrine disrupters - Biological Intervention - Answer (click here)
5. New discoveries - Biological Intervention - Answer (click here)
6. Mobility of DNA - Answer (click here)

Pollution and Pollution Control


1. Classifying Pollution - Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Pollution Environment - Answer (click here)
3. Dilution and dispersal - Pollution Control Strategies - Answer (click here)
4. Concentration and containment - Pollution Control Strategies - Answer
(click here)
5. Pollution Control Strategies - Answer (click here)
6. Practical Toxicity Issues - Answer (click here)
7. Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click here)
8. Biofilters - Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click here)
9. Biotrickling filters - Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer
(click here)
10. Bioscrubbers - Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click
here)
11. Other options - Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click
here)
12. ‘Clean’ Technology - Answer (click here)
13. process changes - Clean Technology - Answer (click here)
14. Biological Control - Clean Technology - Answer (click here)
15. Biosubstitutions - Clean Technology - Answer (click here)

Contaminated Land and Bioremediation


1. Contaminated Land and Bioremediation - Answer (click here)
2. Soil Remediation Methods - Answer (click here)
3. In Situ and Ex Situ Techniques - Answer (click here)
4. Intensive and Extensive Technologies - Answer (click here)
5. Process Integration - Answer (click here)
6. Suitability of Bioremediation - Answer (click here)
7. Factors Affecting the use of Bioremediation - Answer (click here)
8. Biotechnology Selection - Answer (click here)
9. Essential Features of Biological Treatment Systems - Answer (click here)
10. In situ techniques - Answer (click here)
11. Site monitoring for biotechnological applications - Answer (click here)
12. Ex situ techniques - Answer (click here)
13. Process selection and integration - Contaminated Land and
Bioremediation - Answer (click here)
14. Use of remediation techniques - Answer (click here)

Aerobes and Effluents


1. Aerobes and Effluents - Answer (click here)
2. Sewage Treatment - Answer (click here)
3. Process Issues - Aerobes and Effluents - Answer (click here)
4. Land Spread - Sewage Treatment - Answer (click here)
5. Septic tank - Sewage Treatment - Answer (click here)
6. Limits to land application - Sewage Treatment - Answer (click here)
7. Nitrogenous Wastes - Answer (click here)
8. Aeration: Diffused air systems, Mechanical aeration - Answer (click here)
9. Trickling Filters - Answer (click here)
10. Activated Sludge Systems - Answer (click here)
11. Process disruption - Answer (click here)
12. Organic loadings - Aerobes and Effluents - Answer (click here)
13. Deep Shaft Process - Aerobes and Effluents - Answer (click here)
14. Pure Oxygen Systems - Answer (click here)
15. The Oxidation Ditch - Answer (click here)
16. Rotating Biological Contactor - Answer (click here)
17. Membrane Bioreactors - Answer (click here)
18. Cellulose Ion-Exchange Media - Answer (click here)
19. Sludge Disposal - Answer (click here)

Phytotechnology and Photosynthesis


1. Phytotechnology and Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Terrestrial Phyto Systems (TPS) - Answer (click here)
3. Phytoextraction - Metal Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
4. Hyperaccumulation - Metal Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
5. Rhizofiltration - Metal Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
6. Phytostabilisation - Metal Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
7. Phytodegradation - Organic Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
8. Rhizodegradation - Organic Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
9. Phytovolatilisation - Organic Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
10. Hydraulic Containment - Answer (click here)
11. Plant Selection - Hydraulic Containment - Answer (click here)
12. Applications of Phytotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. Aquatic Phyto-Systems (APS) - Answer (click here)
14. Macrophyte Treatment Systems (MaTS) - Answer (click here)
15. Nutrient Film Techniques (NFT) - Answer (click here)
16. Algal Treatment Systems (ATS) - Answer (click here)
17. Effluent treatment - Answer (click here)
18. Carbon sequestration - Answer (click here)
19. Pollution Detection - Answer (click here)

Biotechnology and Waste


1. Biotechnology and Waste - Answer (click here)
2. Nature of Biowaste - Answer (click here)
3. Composition of biowaste - Answer (click here)
4. Biological Waste Treatment - Answer (click here)
5. Composting - Answer (click here)
6. Applying Composting to Waste Management - Answer (click here)
7. Anaerobic Digestion and digestion process - Answer (click here)
8. Applying Anaerobic Digestion(AD) to Waste Management - Answer (click
here)
9. Process parameters - Anaerobic Digestion - Answer (click here)
10. Biogas - Answer (click here)
11. Other Biotechnologies - Answer (click here)
12. Annelidic conversion (AC) - Answer (click here)
13. Biowaste to ethanol - Answer (click here)
14. Eutrophic fermentation (EF) - Answer (click here)

Genetic Manipulation
1. Genetic Manipulation - Answer (click here)
2. Training: Manipulation of Bacteria Without Genetic Engineering -
Answer (click here)
3. Manipulation of Bacteria by Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
4. Enzymes, solutions and equipment - Basic Principles of Genetic
Engineering - Answer (click here)
5. DNA for transfer - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click
here)
6. Cloning vectors - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click
here)
7. Expression vectors - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer
(click here)
8. Reporter genes - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click
here)
9. Analysis of Recombinants: Bacteria, Yeast, Viruses - Answer (click here)
10. Transgenic Plants - Answer (click here)
11. Examples of developments in plant GE(Genetic Engineering) - Answer
(click here)
12. Integrated Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. Bioenergy - Answer (click here)
14. Methane biogas - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
15. Ethanol fermentation - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
16. Short rotation coppicing - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
17. Biodiesel - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
18. The carbon sink or energy crop question - Answer (click here)
19. Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural Applications - Answer (click here)
20. Plant disease suppression - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural
Applications - Answer (click here)
21. Microbial pesticides - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural
Applications - Answer (click here)
22. Plant/microbe interactions - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural
Applications - Answer (click here)
23. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural
Applications - Answer (click here)
24. Endomycorrhizae - Answer (click here)
25. Plant pathogens: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Cauliflower mosaic virus -
Answer (click here)

Subject : Essential Clinical Immunology


Basic Components of the Immune System
1. Basic Components of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
2. Antigens - Answer (click here)
3. Antibody - Answer (click here)
4. T Cells and their Receptors - Answer (click here)
5. Major Histocompatibility Complex - Answer (click here)
6. Adhesion Molecules - Answer (click here)
7. Cytokines - Answer (click here)
8. Initiation of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
9. Antibody Production - Answer (click here)
10. Functional Components of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
11. Tissue Damage Pathways: Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)

Immunological Techniques
1. Antibody Production - Answer (click here)
2. Immunological Assays - Answer (click here)
3. Lymphocytic Assays - Answer (click here)
4. Fluorescein-Activated Cell Sorter - Answer (click here)
5. Lymphocyte Proliferation Assays - Answer (click here)
6. DNA Technology Assays - Answer (click here)

Immune Regulation
1. Immuno suppression: Immunosuppressive Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Antibodies and Other Immunosuppressive Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Immunopotentiation - Answer (click here)
4. Cytokine Immunomodulation - Answer (click here)
5. Cellular Vaccines and Modulations There of Dendritic Cell Vaccines -
Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Infection


1. Non Specific Resistance - Immunological Aspects of Infection - Answer
(click here)
2. Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
3. Bacterial Infection - Answer (click here)
4. Bacterial Superantigens - Answer (click here)
5. Bacterial Evasion of Immune Defense - Answer (click here)
6. Viral Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Fungal Infection - Answer (click here)
8. Parasitic Infection - Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Immunodeficiency Diseases


1. Immunological Aspects of Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click
here)
2. Defects in Anatomical or Physiological Barriers to Infection - Answer
(click here)
3. Disorders Characterized By Antibody Deficiency - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Manifestations of Antibody Deficiency - Answer (click here)
5. Major Categories of Antibody Deficiency - Answer (click here)
6. Defects in Cell-Mediated Immunity (T-Cell Dependent Immunity) -
Answer (click here)
7. Manifestations of T-Cell Deficiency - Answer (click here)
8. Major Categories of Combined Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
9. Immunological and Molecular Classification of SCID - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment of SCID - Answer (click here)
11. DiGeorge’s Syndrome (Thymic Aplasia) - Answer (click here)
12. Phagocyte Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
13. Neutropenia - Phagocyte Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
14. Defects in Leucocyte Migration - Phagocyte Deficiencies - Answer (click
here)
15. Defects in Bacterial Killing - Phagocyte Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
16. Defects in Killing of Intracellular Bacteria by Activated Macrophages -
Answer (click here)
17. Complex Immunodeficiencies Due to Miscellaneous Defects - Answer
(click here)
18. Immunodeficiencies Resulting in Defective Homeostasis of the Immune
System - Answer (click here)
19. Defects in the Cytolytic Pathway - Answer (click here)
20. Inherited Deficiency of the Complement System - Answer (click here)
21. Defects in Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)

Autoimmunity
1. Definitions and Types of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
2. Type II Autoimmune Reactions - Mechanisms of Autoimmune Tissue
Injury and Examples - Answer (click here)
3. Type IIA Autoimmune Reaction: Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia -
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Tissue Injury and Examples - Answer (click
here)
4. Type IIB Hypersensitivity: Graves’ Disease - Mechanisms of
Autoimmune Tissue Injury and Examples - Answer (click here)
5. Type IIB Hypersensitivity: Myasthenia Gravis - Mechanisms of
Autoimmune Tissue Injury and Examples - Answer (click here)
6. Type III Autoimmune Reactions (Immune Complex Disease) -
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Tissue Injury - Answer (click here)
7. Type IV Autoimmune Reactions (T-Cell Mediated) - Mechanisms of
Autoimmune Tissue Injury and Examples - Answer (click here)
8. Epidemiology of Autoimmune Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Animal Models of Autoimmune Disease - Answer (click here)
10. SLE (NZB X NZW F1, MRL, BXSB, TMPD) - Answer (click here)
11. Rheumatoid Arthritis (Collagen-Induced Arthritis, TTP Deficiency,
K/BxN Model) - Answer (click here)
12. Multiple Sclerosis (Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis) -
Answer (click here)
13. Type I Diabetes (Nonobese Diabetic Mouse Model) - Answer (click here)
14. Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis) -
Answer (click here)
15. Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Treatment of Autoimmune Disease - Answer (click here)

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia


1. B-Cell Activation and Maturation - Answer (click here)
2. Characterizing the Heterogeneity of B-CLL by Molecular and Clinical
Subtypes - Answer (click here)
3. Development of B-CLL From Normal B Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
4. Correlations Between the Cellular and Molecular Features of the Disease
With the Clinical Course of B-CLL - Answer (click here)
5. Summary Remarks on the Development, Growth, and Evolution of B-
CLL - Answer (click here)
6. Animal Models of B-CLL - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Implications and the Development of Novel Therapeutics -
Answer (click here)

Immunology of HIV Infections


1. Immunological and Biological Parameters of Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Animal Models of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Vaccines to Prevent HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
4. Vaccine Candidates - Immunology of HIV Infections - Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Allergy and Anaphylaxis


1. Immunological Aspects of Allergy and Anaphylaxis - Answer (click here)
2. Allergic Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
3. Atopy - Answer (click here)
4. Systemic Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactoid Reactions - Answer (click here)
5. Allergic Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
6. Allergic Disease of the Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
7. Allergic Rhinitis: Overview, Clinical Disease States, Experimental
Models - Answer (click here)
8. Allergic Asthma: Overview, Immunology, Experimental Models -
Answer (click here)
9. Food Allergy and Intolerance: Diagnosis, Food Intolerance - Answer (click
here)
10. Skin Diseases and Allergy - Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Skin Diseases


1. Immunological Aspects of Skin Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Psoriasis - Skin Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Alopecia Areata - Answer (click here)
4. Antibody Induced Bullous Skin Lesions - Answer (click here)

Experimental Approaches to the Study of Autoimmune Rheumatic


Diseases
1. Experimental Approaches to the Study of Autoimmune Rheumatic
Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Animal Models - Answer (click here)
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features,
Treatment - Answer (click here)
4. Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
5. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Features, Treatment - Answer (click here)
6. Animal Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE) - Answer (click
here)
7. Sjogren’s Syndrome: Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Features, Treatment, Animal Models - Answer (click here)
8. Progressive Systemic Sclerosis: Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Features, Treatment, Animal Models - Answer (click here)
9. Polymyositis: Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features,
Treatment, Animal Models - Answer (click here)
10. Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy: Epidemiology, Etiology,
Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Treatment, Animal Models - Answer (click
here)

Immunological Aspects of Cardiac Disease


1. Rheumatic Fever - Answer (click here)
2. Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Rheumatic Fever - Answer (click here)
3. Rheumatic Fever: Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Etiologic Considerations of Rheumatic Fever - Answer (click here)
5. Animal Models of Rheumatic Fever - Answer (click here)
6. Streptococcal Vaccine Candidate - Answer (click here)
7. Chagas’ Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Host-Parasite Interaction and Host Susceptibility of Chagas’ Disease -
Answer (click here)
9. Pathogenesis and Modulation of Immune Function - Chagas’ Disease -
Answer (click here)
10. Autoimmunity and Pathogenesis of Chagas’ Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Molecular Mimicry in Chagas’ Disease - Answer (click here)
12. Parasite-Directed Pathogenesis of Chagas’ Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Myocarditis - Immune-Mediated Myocardial Diseases - Answer (click here)
14. Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Immune Mediated Myocardial Diseases -
Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Chest Diseases


1. Immunological Aspects of Chest Diseases: The Case of Tuberculosis -
Answer (click here)
2. Epidemiology - Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
3. TB and AIDS - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
5. Experimental Studies of Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
6. The Mouse Model of Chronic Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
7. Host-Pathogen Interactions in TB - Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease


1. Mucosal Immunity - Answer (click here)
2. Pernicious Anemia - Immune Mediated Diseases of the Gastrointestinal
Tract - Answer (click here)
3. Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy - Immune Mediated Diseases of the
Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Immune Mediated Diseases of the
Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
5. Liver Immunology - Answer (click here)
6. Hepatitis B - Diseases of the Liver - Answer (click here)
7. Hepatitis C - Diseases of the Liver - Answer (click here)
8. Other Hepatitis Viruses - Diseases of the Liver - Answer (click here)
9. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Diseases of the Liver - Answer (click here)
10. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - Diseases of the Liver - Answer (click here)
11. Autoimmune Hepatitis - Diseases of the Liver - Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Endocrine Disease


1. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
2. Animal Models of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click
here)
3. Β-Cell Lesion: Nature of Effector Cells - Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus - Answer (click here)
4. Rupture of Tolerance to Β-Cell Antigens - Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus - Answer (click here)
5. Etiology of Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Considerations of Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus - Answer
(click here)

Immune Mediated Neurological Syndromes


1. Multiple Sclerosis - Answer (click here)
2. Guillain-Barré Syndrome - Answer (click here)
3. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
4. Central Nervous System Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click
here)
5. Animal Models of Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Renal Disease


1. Immunological Aspects of Renal Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanisms of Immune Injury to the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
3. Specific Immune-Related Renal Diseases: IgA Nephropathy - Answer
(click here)
4. Minimal Change Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Focal Sclerosing Glomerulosclerosis - Answer (click here)
6. Membranous Nephropathy - Answer (click here)
7. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
8. Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
9. Lupus Nephritis - Answer (click here)
10. Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis - Answer (click here)
11. Mixed Cryoglobulinemia - Answer (click here)

Immunological Aspects of Transplantation


1. Immunological Aspects of Transplantation - Answer (click here)
2. Immunological Considerations of Transplantation - Answer (click here)
3. Laboratory Testing for Compatibility in Transplantation - Answer (click
here)
4. Types of Solid Organ Allograft Rejection - Answer (click here)
5. Prevention and Management of Solid Organ Allograft Rejection - Answer
(click here)
6. Solid Organ Transplantation Outcomes - Answer (click here)
7. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - Answer (click here)

Subject : Medical Immunology


Introduction
1. Historical Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. General Concepts - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
3. Cells of the Immune System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
4. Antigens and Antibodies - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
5. Lymphocytes and Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Self Versus Nonself Discrimination - Medical Immunology - Answer (click
here)
7. General Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
8. Immunology and Medicine - Answer (click here)

Cells and Tissues Involved in the Immune Response


1. Cells of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
2. Lymphoid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)
3. Lymphocyte Traffic - Answer (click here)

Major Histocompatibility Complex


1. Major Histocompatibility Complex - Medical Immunology - Answer (click
here)
2. Classification, Structure, and Detection of HLA Genes and Gene
Products - Answer (click here)
3. Cellular Distribution of the MHC Antigens - Answer (click here)
4. Chromosomal Localization and Arrangement of the MHC Genes -
Answer (click here)
5. Genetics of the MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) - Answer (click
here)
6. MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) Complex and the Immune
Response - Answer (click here)
7. MHC-Disease Associations - Answer (click here)

The Induction of an Immune Response Antigens Lymphocytes and


Accessory Cells
1. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
2. Antigenic Determinants - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Associated With the Induction of an Immune Response - Answer
(click here)
5. Exogenous and Endogenous Antigens - Answer (click here)
6. T-B Cell Cooperation in Antibody Responses - Answer (click here)
7. T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens - Answer (click here)
8. Induction of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
9. Activation of Helper T Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
10. Antigen Presentation and Activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes -
Answer (click here)
11. Stimulation of a B-Lymphocyte Response by a T-Dependent Antigen -
Answer (click here)

Immunoglobulin Structure
1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): The Prototype Immunoglobulin Molecule -
Answer (click here)
2. Structural and Antigenic Heterogeneity of Heavy and Light Chains -
Answer (click here)
3. Immunoglobulin Regions and Domains - Answer (click here)
4. The Immunoglobulin Superfamily of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. The Antibody-Combining Site - Answer (click here)
6. Immunoglobulin M: A Polymeric Molecule - Answer (click here)
7. Immunoglobulin A: A Molecularly Heterogeneous Immunoglobulin -
Answer (click here)
8. The Minor Immunoglobulin Classes: IgD And IgE - Answer (click here)

Biosynthesis Metabolism and Biological Properties of


Immunoglobulins
1. Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Immunoglobulin Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Biological Properties of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
Genetics of Immunoglobulins
1. Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Basis of Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here)
3. Antigenic Determinants of Immunoglobulin Molecules - Answer (click
here)
4. DNA Polymorphisms: RFLPS - Answer (click here)
5. Allelic Exclusion - Answer (click here)
6. GM Allotypes and IGG Subclass Concentrations - Answer (click here)
7. Immunoglobulin Allotypes, Immune Response, and Diseases - Answer
(click here)

Antigen Antibody Reactions


1. General Characteristics of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click
here)
2. Specific Types of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Biological Consequences of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer
(click here)

The Complement System


1. The Complement System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. The Classical Complement Pathway - Medical Immunology - Answer
(click here)
3. The Alternative Complement Pathway - Answer (click here)
4. Activation and Inactivation of C3 - Answer (click here)
5. Few Complement-Activation Pathways - Answer (click here)
6. Complement Receptors in Human Cell Membranes - Answer (click here)
7. Pathological Situations Associated With Exaggerated Complement
Activation - Answer (click here)
8. Complement Levels in Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Microbial Anticomplementary Mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers


1. Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers - Answer (click here)
2. Approaches to the Study of Lymphocyte Diversity and Ontogeny -
Answer (click here)
3. Major Steps in the Differentiation of T And B Lymphocytes - Answer
(click here)
4. B Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
5. T-Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
6. Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here)
7. Dendritic Cells - Answer (click here)

Cell Mediated Immunity


1. T-Cell Activation - Answer (click here)
2. Inactivation of T-Cell Responses - Answer (click here)
3. T-Helper-Cell Subsets and their Regulatory Roles - Answer (click here)
4. The Role of Helper T Cells in Inflammatory Responses - Answer (click
here)
5. T-Cell Help and the Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here)
6. Activation and Differentiation of Cd8+ Cytotoxic T Cells - Answer (click
here)
7. Activation and Function of Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here)
8. Regulatory Cells and the Immune Response - Answer (click here)

The Humoral Immune Response and Its Induction by Active


Immunization
1. Overview of the Induction of a Humoral Immune Response to an
Immunogen - Answer (click here)
2. The Primary Immune Response - Answer (click here)
3. The Secondary or Anamnestic Response - Answer (click here)
4. The Fate of Antigens on the Primary and Secondary Responses - Answer
(click here)
5. The Mucosal Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here)
6. Immunization - Answer (click here)
7. Types of Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Phagocytic Cells
1. Physiology of the Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology of the Monocyte/Macrophage - Answer (click here)
3. Laboratory Evaluation of Phagocytic Function - Answer (click here)

Infections and Immunity


1. Nonspecific Anti-Infectious Defense Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
2. Natural Antibodies - Answer (click here)
3. The Protective Role of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
4. The Protective Role of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Immune Deficiency Syndromes as Models For Study Of Immune
Defenses Against Infections in Humans - Answer (click here)
6. Escape From the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
7. Abnormal Consequences of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
8. Epilogue - Answer (click here)

Diagnostic Immunology
1. General Principles of Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
2. Precipitation Assays - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
3. Assay Methods Based on Agglutination - Immunoserology - Answer (click
here)
4. Tests Based on Complement Fixation - Immunoserology - Answer (click
here)
5. Tests Based on Immunofluorescence - Answer (click here)
6. Radioimmunoassay - Answer (click here)
7. Enzyme Immunoassay - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Tests for Assessment of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer
(click here)
9. Laboratory Tests For Assessment of Lymphocyte Function - Answer (click
here)

Tolerance and Autoimmunity


1. Historical Introduction - Tolerance and Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
2. Definition and General Characteristics of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
3. Acquired Tolerance; Tolerogenic Conditions - Answer (click here)
4. Experimental Approaches to the Definition of the Mechanisms of
Lymphocyte Tolerance - Answer (click here)
5. T-Lymphocyte Tolerance Models - Answer (click here)
6. Downregulation of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
7. Termination of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
8. Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
9. Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
10. Pathogenic Factors Involved in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases -
Answer (click here)
11. Animal Models of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)

Organ Specific Autoimmune Diseases


1. Autoimmune Diseases of the Thyroid Gland - Answer (click here)
2. Addison’s Disease (Chronic Primary Hypoadrenalism) - Answer (click here)
3. Autoimmune Diseases of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
4. Autoimmune Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver - Answer
(click here)
5. Autoimmune Diseases of the Neuromuscular Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Autoimmune Diseases of the Blood Cells - Answer (click here)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus


1. Clinical Manifestations - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click
here)
2. Immunological Abnormalities in SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) -
Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis of SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click here)

Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click
here)
2. Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
3. Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-immunoglobulin Antibodies - Answer (click
here)
4. Genetic Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
5. Cell-Mediated Immunity Abnormalities in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer
(click here)
6. Overview of Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
7. Therapy - Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)

Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions (IGE-Mediated Hypersensitivity,
Immediate Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
3. Cytotoxic Reactions (Type Ii Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
4. Immune Complex–Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type III
Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
5. Delayed (Type IV) Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)

IgE Mediated Immediate Hypersensitivity


1. Major Clinical Expressions - IgE-Mediated (Immediate)
Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
2. Pathogenesis - IgE Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click
here)
3. IgE Antibodies - Answer (click here)
4. The IgE Antibody Response - Answer (click here)
5. Genetic Control of IgE Synthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Interaction of IgE with Cell Surface Receptors - Answer (click here)
7. Early and Late Phases in Type I Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
8. Prevention and Therapy - IgE-Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity -
Answer (click here)

Immunohematology
1. Introduction: Blood Groups - Immunohematology - Answer (click here)
2. Serological Principles of Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Transfusion Reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer
(click here)
5. Immune Hemolytic Anemias - Answer (click here)

Immune Complex Diseases


1. Immune Complex Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Physiopathology of Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Host Factors that Influence the Development of Immune Complex
Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Detection of Soluble Immune Complexes - Answer (click here)
5. The Role of Immune Complexes in Human Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Therapeutic Approaches to Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)

Immune System Modulators


1. Immune System Modulators: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Immunosuppression: Introduction - Answer (click here)
3. Immunosuppressive Drugs: Pharmacological and Immunological
Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune
Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Adverse Consequences of Prolonged Immunosuppression - Answer (click
here)
6. Cytokine Modifiers - Answer (click here)
7. Immunopotentiation - Answer (click here)

Transplantation Immunology
1. Transplantation Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Donor-Recipient Matching - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click
here)
3. Graft Rejection - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
4. Immunosuppression - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
5. Graft-Versus-Host Reaction - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click
here)

Tumor Immunology
1. Tumor Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Immunogenicity of Tumors - Answer (click here)
3. Effector Mechanisms in Cancer Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Affecting Tumor Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
5. Immunotherapy - Answer (click here)

Malignancies of the Immune System


1. B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
2. Physiopathology of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Presentations of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
4. Leukemias and Lymphomas - Answer (click here)
5. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Answer (click here)
6. Hairy Cell Leukemia - Answer (click here)
7. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemias - Answer (click here)

Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases


1. Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases: Introduction - Answer (click
here)
2. Diagnostic Studies - Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer
(click here)
3. Diagnostic Evaluation of Humoral Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnostic Evaluation of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnostic Evaluation of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnostic Evaluation of Complement Function - Answer (click here)

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases


1. Humoral Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
2. Infantile Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton-Janeway Syndrome) - Answer
(click here)
3. Common, Variable, Unclassified Immunodeficiency (“Acquired”
Hypogammaglobulinemia) - Answer (click here)
4. Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency - Answer (click here)
5. X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome - Answer (click here)
6. Antigen-Selective Immune Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
7. Cellular Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
8. Severe, Combined Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
9. Other Forms of Combined Immune Deficiency - Answer (click here)
10. Phagocytic Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
11. Complement Deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases -
Answer (click here)

AIDS and Other Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases


1. Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
2. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
3. General Characteristics of HIV - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS - Answer (click here)
5. HIV and the Immune System - Answer (click here)
6. Natural History of an HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Stages of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
8. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
9. Serological Diagnosis of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
10. Therapy - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
11. Immunoprophylaxis - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer
(click here)

Subject : Human Neuroanatomy(Fundamental


and Clinical)
Introduction to Neuroanatomy
1. Introduction to Neuroanatomy - Answer (click here)
2. What is Neuroanatomy? - Answer (click here)
3. Divisions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Tissues constituting the nervous system - Answer (click here)
5. How the Nervous system can be affected by disease - Answer (click here)
6. Neuron Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Elementary Structure of a Typical Neuron - Answer (click here)
8. Grey and White Matter - Answer (click here)
9. Variability in Neuron Structure - Answer (click here)
10. Role of axoplasmic transport in spread of disease - Answer (click here)
11. Some features of dendrites - Answer (click here)
12. Sex chromatin in neurons - Answer (click here)
13. The Synapse - Human Neuroanatomy - Answer (click here)
14. Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
15. Classification of Synapses - Answer (click here)
16. Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
17. Basic Structure of Peripheral Nerve Fibres - Answer (click here)
18. Classification of Fibres in Peripheral Nerves according to Diameter and
Velocity of Conduction - Answer (click here)
19. Incisures of Schmidt Lanterman - Answer (click here)
20. Nodes of Ranvier - Answer (click here)
21. Some facts about myelination - Answer (click here)
22. Degeneration and Regeneration of Neurons - Answer (click here)
23. Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
24. Astrocytes - Answer (click here)
25. Oligodendrocytes - Answer (click here)
26. Microglia - Answer (click here)
27. Functions of Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
28. Tumours of Nervous Tissue - Answer (click here)
29. A Brief Review of Techniques used in the Study of Neuroanatomy -
Answer (click here)
30. Early Development of Nervous system - Answer (click here)
31. Faulty formation of neural tube - Answer (click here)
32. Formation of neurons and neuroglial cells - Answer (click here)
33. Neural Crest - Answer (click here)

The Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy and Some features of Internal


Structure
1. The Spinal Cord : Gross Anatomy and Some features of Internal
Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Spinal Nerves & Spinal Segments - Answer (click here)
3. Segmental Innervation: Dermatomes - Answer (click here)
4. Segmental Innervation of Muscles - Answer (click here)

Basic Neuronal Arrangements


1. Classification of neurons and of nerve fibres in peripheral nerves
according to function - Answer (click here)
2. Somatic Efferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
3. Special Visceral Efferent Neurons (Branchiomotor Neurons) - Answer
(click here)
4. General Visceral Efferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Afferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
6. Arrangement of Neurons within the Central Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
7. Projection, Association and Commissural Fibres - Answer (click here)

Sensory Receptors and Neuromuscular Junctions


1. Sensory Receptors - Answer (click here)
2. Exteroceptive Receptors - Answer (click here)
3. Proprioceptive Receptors - Answer (click here)
4. Neuromuscular Junctions - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of a Typical Motor End Plate - Answer (click here)
6. Some Facts about Muscle Action - Answer (click here)
7. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)

Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord


1. Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
2. Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
3. Subdivisions of Grey Matter - Answer (click here)
4. Significance of Neurons in Grey Matter of Spinal Cord - Answer (click
here)
5. Spinal Reflexes - Answer (click here)
6. Myotatic or Stretch Reflexes - Answer (click here)
7. Superficial Reflexes - Answer (click here)
8. Development of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
9. Preliminary Review of the Brainstem - Answer (click here)
10. The Medulla: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)
11. The Pons: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)
12. The Midbrain: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)

Preliminary Review of the Brainstem


1. Preliminary Review of the Internal Structure of the Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
2. Subdivisions of Neural Tube - Answer (click here)

Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum


1. Subdivisions of the Cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
2. Grey matter of the cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
3. White matter of the cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
4. Cerebellar Peduncles - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum - Answer (click
here)
5. Development of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)

Gross Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres


1. Exterior of the Cerebral Hemispheres - Gross Anatomy of The Cerebral
Hemispheres - Answer (click here)
2. Inferior Surface of Cerebrum - Gross Anatomy of The Cerebral
Hemispheres - Answer (click here)
3. An Introduction to Some Structures within the Cerebral Hemispheres -
Answer (click here)
4. Development of the Cerebral Hemisphere - Answer (click here)
5. Important Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
6. White Matter of Cerebral Hemispheres - Answer (click here)
7. Anomalies of the Brain and the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)

Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem


1. Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer (click here)
2. Descending Tracts ending in the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
3. Descending Tracts ending in the Brainstem - Answer (click here)
4. Disorders of Motor Function - Answer (click here)
5. Ascending Tracts - Answer (click here)
6. Pathways connecting the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex - Answer (click
here)
7. Ascending pathways ending in the brainstem - Answer (click here)
8. Sensory Disorders - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer (click
here)
9. Spinocerebellar Pathways - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
10. Disorders of Equilibrium - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
11. Involvement of Spinal Cord in Disease - Answer (click here)

Cranial Nerve Nuclei


1. Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
2. Somatic Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
3. Special Visceral Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
4. General Visceral Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
5. General and Special Visceral Afferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei -
Answer (click here)
6. General and Special Somatic Afferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei -
Answer (click here)
7. Other Connections of Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
8. Pathway of Hearing & Connections of Cochlear Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
9. Connections of Vestibular Nuclei - Answer (click here)
10. Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus - Answer (click here)
11. Functional Components of Individual Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
12. Olfactory nerve and Optic nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing
- Answer (click here)
13. Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducent Nerves - Damage to Cranial
Nerves and Testing - Answer (click here)
14. Trigeminal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer (click
here)
15. Facial nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer (click here)
16. Vestibulocochlear nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
17. Glossopharyngeal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
18. Vagus nerve (and cranial part of accessory) - Damage to Cranial Nerves
and Testing - Answer (click here)
19. Accessory nerve (spinal part) - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
20. Hypoglossal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer
(click here)

Internal Structure of Brainstem


1. Medulla - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
2. Pons - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
3. The Midbrain - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
4. Reticular Formation of the Brainstem - Internal Structure of Brainstem -
Answer (click here)
5. Control of Eye Movements - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
6. Development of the Medulla Oblongata - Answer (click here)
7. Development of Pons - Answer (click here)
8. Development of the Midbrain - Answer (click here)

Internal Structure of Cerebellum


1. Basic Structure of the Cerebellar Cortex - Answer (click here)
2. Main Connections of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
3. Connections between Cerebellum and Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
4. Connections between Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
5. Functions of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
6. Few Details about the Cerebellar Cortex - Answer (click here)
7. Few Details of Cerebellar Connections - Answer (click here)
8. Connections of Cerebellar Nuclei: Afferents and Efferents - Answer (click
here)
9. Disorders of Equilibrium - Cerebellum - Answer (click here)

The Diencephalon
1. The Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
2. Internal Structure of the Thalamus - Answer (click here)
3. Connections of the Thalamus - Answer (click here)
4. Connections of Ventral Group of nuclei - Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) -
Answer (click here)
5. Medial & Lateral Geniculate Bodies - Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) -
Answer (click here)
6. The Hypothalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
7. Subdivisions of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
8. Hypothalamic nuclei - Answer (click here)
9. Connections of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
10. Control of hypophysis cerebri by the hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
11. Functions of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
12. Epithalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
13. Ventral Thalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
14. Subthalamic Nucleus - Answer (click here)
15. Development of the Diencephalon - Answer (click here)

The Basal Nuclei


1. The Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
2. Caudate Nucleus - Answer (click here)
3. The Lentiform Nucleus - Answer (click here)
4. Connections of the Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
5. Ventral striatum and pallidum - Answer (click here)
6. Abnormal Movements - The Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
7. Development of the Corpus Striatum - Answer (click here)

Further Consideration of the Cerebral Cortex


1. Structure of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
2. Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
3. Laminae of Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
4. Further Consideration of Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex -
Answer (click here)
5. Motor and Premotor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
6. Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
7. Visual Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
8. Auditory (acoustic) Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
9. Prefrontal Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of Memory and Behaviour - Answer (click here)
11. Some Features of Cortical Connections - Answer (click here)

The Olfactory and Limbic Regions


1. The Olfactory Region - Answer (click here)
2. The Olfactory Pathway - Answer (click here)
3. The Limbic Region - Answer (click here)
4. Connections of the Amygdaloid Nuclei - Answer (click here)
5. Septal Region - Answer (click here)
6. Hippocampal Formation - Answer (click here)
7. Fibre bundles of limbic region - Answer (click here)

Internal Capsule and Commissures of the Brain


1. The Internal Capsule of the Brain - Answer (click here)
2. Commissures of the Brain - Answer (click here)

The Visual Pathway


1. The Visual Pathway of the Brain - Answer (click here)
2. The Retina - Visual Pathway of the Brain - Answer (click here)
3. The Visual Field and Retinal Quadrants - Answer (click here)
4. Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasma & Optic Tract - Answer (click here)
5. The Lateral Geniculate Body - Answer (click here)
6. Geniculocalcarine Tract and Visual Cortex - Answer (click here)
7. Reflexes related to the Eyeball: Pupillary and Corneal Reflex - Answer
(click here)

Autonomic Nervous System


1. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. The Sympathetic Trunks - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click
here)
3. Autonomic Plexuses - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Some Further Details of Autonomic Neurons - Answer (click here)
6. Afferent autonomic pathways - Answer (click here)
7. Some Further Comments on Autonomic Afferents - Answer (click here)
8. Autonomic Nerve Supply of some Important Organs - Answer (click here)
9. Some Recent Developments about the Autonomic Nervous System -
Answer (click here)

Ventricles of the Brain


1. Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
2. The Lateral Ventricles - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
3. The Third Ventricle - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
4. The Fourth Ventricle - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
5. The Cerebrospinal Fluid - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)

Blood Supply of Central Nervous System


1. Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
System - Answer (click here)
2. Arteries Supplying the Brain - Blood Supply of Central Nervous System
- Answer (click here)
3. Arterial Supply of the Cerebral Cortex - Blood Supply of Central
Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Arteries Supplying the Interior of the Cerebral Hemisphere - Blood
Supply of Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
5. Arterial Supply of the Brainstem - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
System - Answer (click here)
6. Venous Drainage of the Brain - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
System - Answer (click here)
7. Blood-Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)
8. Control of Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)

Some Investigative Procedures


1. Some Investigative Procedures - Human Neuroanatomy - Answer (click
here)

Subject : Introduction to Human Nutrition


A Global Perspective on Food and Nutrition
1. Orientation to human nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. An integrated approach of Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. A conceptional framework for the study of nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Relationship between nutrition and health - Answer (click here)
5. Nutrients: the basics - Answer (click here)
6. Global malnutrition - Answer (click here)
7. Relationship between nutrition science and practice - Answer (click here)
8. Nutrition milestones: the development of nutrition as a science - Answer
(click here)
9. Future challenges for nutrition research and practice - Answer (click here)

Body Composition
1. Body Composition - Answer (click here)
2. Five levels of body composition - Answer (click here)
3. Relationships between different levels of body composition - Answer
(click here)
4. Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Direct methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Indirect methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
7. Doubly indirect methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
8. Carcass analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
9. In vivo neutron activation analysis - Direct methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
10. Densitometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
11. Dilution techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
12. Total body potassium - Indirect methods in Body composition
techniques - Answer (click here)
13. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - Indirect methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
14. Imaging techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
15. Weight/height indices - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition
techniques - Answer (click here)
16. Skinfold thickness measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
17. Anthropometric variables - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
18. Infrared interactance - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
19. Ultrasound measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
20. Bioelectrical impedance - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
21. Total body electrical conductivity - Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
22. Creatinine excretion and N-methyl-histidine excretion - Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
23. Use and misuse of body composition data - Answer (click here)

Energy Metabolism
1. Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Components of energy balance - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism -
Answer (click here)
3. Energy intake - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
4. Factors influencing food intake - Answer (click here)
5. Energy expenditure: Concept, Measurement, Historical aspects - Answer
(click here)
6. Factors that influence energy expenditure - Answer (click here)
7. Energy expenditure related to physical activity - Energy Metabolism -
Answer (click here)
8. Energy requirements - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer
(click here)
9. Energy balance(Human Nutrition) in various conditions - Answer (click
here)
10. Energy requirements in disease and trauma - Answer (click here)
11. Obesity: Basic metabolic principles - Answer (click here)
12. Definition of obesity - Answer (click here)
13. Etiology of obesity: excess intake or decreased physical activity - Answer
(click here)
14. Role of physical activity and energy expenditure in the development of
obesity - Answer (click here)
Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids
1. Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids - Answer (click
here)
2. A historical perspective - Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins - Answer
(click here)
3. Structure and chemistry of amino acids - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
5. Biology of protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
6. Body protein mass - Answer (click here)
7. Turnover of proteins and amino acid metabolism: Protein synthesis,
degradation, and turnover - Answer (click here)
8. Amino acids as precursors of physiologically important nitrogen
compounds - Answer (click here)
9. Urea cycle enzymes and urea production - Answer (click here)
10. Estimation of protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
11. Nitrogen balance and definition of requirement - Answer (click here)
12. Protein requirements for various age and physiological groups - Answer
(click here)
13. Definition and determination of indispensable amino acid requirements -
Answer (click here)
14. Meeting protein and amino acid needs - Answer (click here)
15. Factors other than diet affecting protein and amino acid requirements -
Answer (click here)

Digestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates


1. Carbohydrates in foods - Answer (click here)
2. Digestive fate of dietary carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Glycemic carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolic utilization of carbohydrate - Answer (click here)
5. Regulation of blood glucose concentration - Answer (click here)
6. Dietary management of blood glucose concentration - Answer (click here)
7. Nonglycemic carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
8. Physiological classification of carbohydrates entering the colon - Answer
(click here)
9. Chemical classification of carbohydrates entering the colon - Answer (click
here)
10. Amount of carbohydrate entering the human colon - Answer (click here)
11. Resistant starch - Answer (click here)
12. Dietary fiber - Answer (click here)
13. Intakes of dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and other indigestible sugars -
Answer (click here)
14. Fermentation in the colon - Answer (click here)
15. Fate of short-chain fatty acids - Answer (click here)
16. Carbohydrates and dental caries - Answer (click here)

Nutrition and Metabolism of Lipids


1. History of lipids in human nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. Terminology of dietary fats - Answer (click here)
3. Lipids as components of the diet - Answer (click here)
4. Digestion, absorption, and transport of dietary fat - Answer (click here)
5. Reception, emulsification, lipolysis, solubilization, and absorption -
Answer (click here)
6. Solubilization of emulsified fat - Answer (click here)
7. Absorption of solubilized fat - Answer (click here)
8. Enterohepatic circulation - Answer (click here)
9. Re-esterification of triacylglycerols in the enterocyte - Answer (click here)
10. Lipoprotein assembly and secretion - Answer (click here)
11. Postprandial lipemia - Answer (click here)
12. Postprandial lipemia: relevance to atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
13. Lipoprotein structure: a shopping bag and groceries - Answer (click here)
14. Lipoprotein transport pathways - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein
structures and metabolism - Answer (click here)
15. Metabolic determinants of lipoprotein metabolism - Answer (click here)
16. Low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway - Answer (click here)
17. Reverse cholesterol transport (high-density lipoprotein pathway) - Answer
(click here)
18. Interrelationships among serum triacylglycerols and low- and high-
density lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
19. Endocrine control of lipoprotein metabolism - Answer (click here)
20. Sex hormones on lipoprotein - Answer (click here)
21. The triacylglycerol hypothesis - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein structures
and metabolism - Answer (click here)
22. Body lipid pools - Answer (click here)
23. Long-chain fatty acid metabolism - Answer (click here)
24. Nutritional regulation of long-chain fatty acid profiles and metabolism -
Answer (click here)
25. Nutritional and metabolic effects of dietary fatty acids - Answer (click here)
26. Cholesterol synthesis and regulation: Cholesterol and the brain - Answer
(click here)
27. Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
28. Diet and serum cholesterol - Answer (click here)
29. Trans fatty acids - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins -
Answer (click here)
30. Plant sterols and soluble nonstarch polysaccharides - Effect of diet on
serum lipids and lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
31. Dietary cholesterol - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins -
Answer (click here)
32. Fat quantity versus quality: importance of the ratio of n-6:n-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids - Answer (click here)
33. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plants and fish - Answer
(click here)
34. Saturated fatty acids and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - Answer
(click here)
35. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and serum triacylglycerols -
Answer (click here)

Dietary Reference Standards


1. Dietary Reference Standards - Answer (click here)
2. Terminology and conceptual approaches to setting nutrient
recommendations - Answer (click here)
3. Interpretation and uses of dietary recommendations - Answer (click here)
4. The use of reference values to assess the adequacy of the nutrient intakes
of population groups - Answer (click here)
5. Methods used to determine requirements and set dietary
recommendations - Answer (click here)
6. Methods used to determine requirements - Answer (click here)

The Vitamins
1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Vitamins: Introduction - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. Vitamin A - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamers and international units - Answer (click here)
5. Metabolism and storage of vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids -
Answer (click here)
6. Metabolic functions of vitamin A and carotenes - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin A deficiency: night blindness and xerophthalmia - Answer (click
here)
8. Vitamin A requirements and reference intakes - Answer (click here)
9. Toxicity of vitamin A - Answer (click here)
10. Interactions of vitamin A with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click
here)
11. Vitamin D - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
12. Vitamers and international units - Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin D Absorption and metabolism - Answer (click here)
14. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism - Answer (click here)
15. Metabolic functions of vitamin D - Answer (click here)
16. Vitamin D deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia - Answer (click here)
17. Vitamin D requirements and reference intakes - Answer (click here)
18. Vitamin D toxicity - Answer (click here)
19. Interactions of Vitamin D with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click
here)
20. Vitamin E - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
21. Vitamers and units of activity - Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
22. Vitamin E Absorption and metabolism - Answer (click here)
23. Metabolic functions of vitamin E - Answer (click here)
24. Vitamin E deficiency - Answer (click here)
25. Vitamin E requirements - Answer (click here)
26. Interactions of Vitamin E with other nutrients - Answer (click here)
27. Vitamin K - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
28. Vitamers - Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
29. Dietary sources, bacterial synthesis and metabolism - Vitamin K - Answer
(click here)
30. Metabolic functions of vitamin K - Answer (click here)
31. Vitamin K deficiency and requirements - Answer (click here)
32. Toxicity and drug interactions of Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
33. Vitamin B1 (thiamin) - Answer (click here)
34. Absorption and metabolism of thiamin(Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
35. Metabolic functions of thiamin(Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
36. Absorption and metabolism of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
37. Metabolic functions of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
38. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency - Answer (click here)
39. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) requirements - Answer (click here)
40. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
41. Absorption and metabolism of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Answer (click
here)
42. Metabolic functions of the flavin coenzymes - Answer (click here)
43. Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) deficiency - Answer (click here)
44. Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) requirements - Answer (click here)
45. Interactions of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) with drugs and other nutrients -
Answer (click here)
46. Niacin - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
47. Vitamers and niacin equivalents - Answer (click here)
48. Absorption and metabolism of Niacin - Answer (click here)
49. Metabolic functions of niacin - Answer (click here)
50. Pellagra: a disease of tryptophan and niacin deficiency - Answer (click here)
51. Niacin requirements - Answer (click here)
52. Niacin toxicity - Answer (click here)
53. Vitamin B6 - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
54. Vitamers - vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
55. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
56. Metabolic functions of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
57. Vitamin B6 deficiency - Answer (click here)
58. Vitamin B6 requirements - Answer (click here)
59. Assessment of vitamin B6 status - Answer (click here)
60. Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
61. Vitamin B6 toxicity - Answer (click here)
62. Vitamin B12 - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
63. Structure and vitamers - vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
64. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
65. Vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia - Answer (click here)
66. Vitamin B12 requirements - Answer (click here)
67. Assessment of vitamin B12 status - Answer (click here)
68. Folic acid - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
69. Vitamers and dietary equivalence - Folic acid - Answer (click here)
70. Absorption and metabolism of folate - Answer (click here)
71. Metabolic functions of folate - Answer (click here)
72. Folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia - Answer (click here)
73. Folate requirements - Answer (click here)
74. Assessment of folate status - Answer (click here)
75. Drug-nutrient interactions of folate - Answer (click here)
76. Folate toxicity - Answer (click here)
77. Biotin - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
78. Absorption and metabolism of biotin - Answer (click here)
79. Metabolic functions of biotin - Answer (click here)
80. Biotin deficiency and requirements - Answer (click here)
81. Pantothenic acid - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
82. Absorption, metabolism, and metabolic functions of pantothenic acid -
Answer (click here)
83. Pantothenic acid deficiency and safe and adequate levels of intake -
Answer (click here)
84. Non-nutritional uses of pantothenic acid - Answer (click here)
85. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
86. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
87. Metabolic functions of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
88. Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy - Answer (click here)
89. Vitamin C requirements - Answer (click here)
90. Assessment of vitamin C status - Answer (click here)
91. Possible benefits of high intakes of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
92. Toxicity of vitamin C - Answer (click here)

Minerals and Trace Elements


1. Minerals and Trace Elements - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Calcium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
4. Magnesium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Magnesium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
6. Phosphorus: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
7. Phosphorus: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
8. Sodium and chloride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution,
Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
9. Sodium and chloride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary
sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
10. Potassium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
11. Potassium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
12. Iron: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
13. Iron: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Zinc: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
15. Zinc: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
16. Copper: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
17. Copper: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
18. Selenium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
19. Selenium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
20. Iodine: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
21. Iodine: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
22. Manganese: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
23. Manganese: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
24. Molybdenum: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
25. Molybdenum: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary
sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
26. Fluoride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
27. Fluoride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
28. Chromium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
29. Chromium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)

Measuring Food Intake


1. Measuring Food Intake - Answer (click here)
2. Indirect measurement of food intake - Answer (click here)
3. Household-based surveys - Answer (click here)
4. Direct measures of food intake - Answer (click here)
5. Methods for measuring intake on specified days - Answer (click here)
6. Methods for measuring intake over the longer term - Answer (click here)
7. Sources of error in dietary studies - Answer (click here)
8. Choosing a dietary assessment method - Answer (click here)
9. Repeatability and Validity of dietary methods - Answer (click here)
10. Biological measures to validate energy and nutrient intake - Answer (click
here)
11. Evaluation of food intake data - Answer (click here)
12. Assessment of dietary adequacy - Answer (click here)
13. Assessing food intake - Answer (click here)
14. Food safety assessments - Answer (click here)

Food Composition
1. Food Composition - Answer (click here)
2. Foods - Food Composition - Answer (click here)
3. Nutrients, nonnutrients and energy - Answer (click here)
4. Information required on sources of data in tables - Answer (click here)
5. Overcoming the inadequacies of food composition tables - Answer (click
here)
6. Nutrient losses and gains during food processing and preparation -
Answer (click here)
7. Bioavailability and glycemic index - Answer (click here)
8. How to calculate a recipe not included in the database - Answer (click here)
9. Description of food composition tables and databases and how to
retrieve data - Answer (click here)
10. Converting foods to nutrients - Answer (click here)

Food and Nutrition


1. Reference points in human nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. Exploration of dietary patterns - Answer (click here)
3. Options to change food and nutrient intakes - Answer (click here)
4. Global players in food and nutrition regulation - Answer (click here)
5. FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius - Answer (click here)
6. WTO: Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to
trade - Answer (click here)
7. European Food Safety Authority - Answer (click here)
8. EU nutrition and public health - Answer (click here)

Nutrition Research Methodology


1. Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
2. Statistical analysis and experimental design - Nutrition Research
Methodology - Answer (click here)
3. In vitro studies - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
4. Animal models in nutrition research - Nutrition Research Methodology -
Answer (click here)
5. Human studies - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiological designs - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer
(click here)
Food Safety
1. Factors contributing to food safety concerns - Answer (click here)
2. Food-borne bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Food-borne viruses - Answer (click here)
4. Food-borne parasites - Answer (click here)
5. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and food - Answer (click here)
6. Chemicals affecting food safety - Answer (click here)
7. Food safety control programs - Answer (click here)

Food and Nutrition Related Diseases


1. Food and Nutrition-Related Diseases: The Global Challenge - Answer
(click here)
2. Nutrition-related diseases in developed countries - Answer (click here)
3. Nutrition-related diseases in developing countries - Answer (click here)
4. HIV/AIDS - Food and Nutrition Related Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Global challenge to address malnutrition - Answer (click here)

Subject : Medicine and surgery: Principles and


practice of medicine and surgery
Principles and practice of medicine and surgery
1. Water and sodium balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click
here)
2. Assessing fluid balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
3. Hypernatraemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
4. Hyponatraemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
6. Hyperkalaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
7. Hypokalaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
8. Intravenous fluids - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
9. Acid-base balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
10. Hypercalcaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
11. Hypocalcaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
12. The preoperative assessment - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
13. Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
14. Nutritional support in surgical patients - Perioperative care - Answer (click
here)
15. Postoperative complications - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
16. Surgical site infection - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
17. Pain control - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
18. Nosocomial infections - Infections - Answer (click here)
19. Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) - Infections - Answer (click here)
20. Septicaemia and septic shock - Infections - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular system
1. Cardiovascular chest pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Dyspnoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Palpitations - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Syncope - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Intermittent claudication - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
6. Signs of Oedema - Answer (click here)
7. Signs of Cyanosis - Answer (click here)
8. Signs of The arterial pulse - Answer (click here)
9. Signs of Jugular venous pressure - Answer (click here)
10. Signs of Precordial heaves, thrills and pulsation - Answer (click here)
11. Signs of Heart murmurs - Answer (click here)
12. Coronary angioplasty: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Coronary artery bypass surgery: Investigations and procedures - Answer
(click here)
14. Valve surgery: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
15. Permanent pacemakers: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
16. Echocardiography: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
17. Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
18. Chronic stable angina - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
19. Acute coronary syndrome - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
20. Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
- Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
21. Acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer
(click here)
22. Variant/Prinzmetal’s angina - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
23. Rheumatic fever - Answer (click here)
24. Mitral regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
25. Mitral valve prolase - valve disease - Answer (click here)
26. Mitral stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
27. Aortic regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
28. Aortic stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
29. Pulmonary stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
30. Tricuspid regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
31. Cardiac arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
32. Sinus bradycardia - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
33. Sinus tachycardia - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
34. Sinus node disease - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
35. Atrial ectopic beats - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
36. Atrial flutter - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
37. Atrial fibrillation - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
38. Junctional tachycardia - Junctional arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
39. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Junctional arrhythmias - Answer (click
here)
40. Ventricular ectopic beats - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
41. Ventricular tachycardia - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
42. Torsades de pointes - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
43. Ventricular fibrillation - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
44. Atrioventricular block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
45. First degree atrioventricular block - Conduction disturbances - Answer
(click here)
46. Second degree atrioventricular block - Mobitz type I (Wenckebach
phenomenon) - Answer (click here)
47. Second degree atrioventricular block - Mobitz type II - Answer (click here)
48. Third degree atrioventricular block (complete heart block) - Answer (click
here)
49. Left bundle branch block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
50. Right bundle branch block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
51. Heart failure - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
52. Acute pulmonary oedema - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
53. Cardiogenic shock - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
54. Chronic cor pulmonale - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
55. Acute pericarditis - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
56. Constrictive pericarditis - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
57. Pericardial effusion - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
58. Cardiac tamponade - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
59. Myocarditis - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click here)
60. Cardiomyopathies - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click here)
61. Dilated cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click
here)
62. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer
(click here)
63. Restrictive cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click
here)
64. Infective endocarditis - Disorders of the endocardium - Answer (click here)
65. Systemic hypertension - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
66. Peripheral arterial disease - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
67. Aneurysms - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
68. Abdominal aortic aneurysm - Hypertension and vascular diseases -
Answer (click here)
69. Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection - Hypertension and
vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
70. Acute peripheral arterial occlusion - Hypertension and vascular diseases
- Answer (click here)
71. Deep vein thrombosis - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click
here)
72. Varicose veins - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
73. Superficial thrombophlebitis - Hypertension and vascular diseases -
Answer (click here)
74. Chronic venous ulceration - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
75. Introduction to congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
76. Ventricular septal defects - congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
77. Atrial septal defects - congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
78. Coarctation of the aorta - Congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
79. Fallot’s tetralogy - Congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
80. Atrial myxoma - Cardiovascular oncology - Answer (click here)
81. Carotid body tumours - Cardiovascular oncology - Answer (click here)

Respiratory system
1. Cough and sputum - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Dyspnoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Wheeze and stridor - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Respiratory chest pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Clubbing - Signs - Answer (click here)
6. Breath sounds - Signs - Answer (click here)
7. Lung function testing - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
8. Bronchoscopy - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
9. Thoracic surgery - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
10. Acute bronchitis - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
11. Pneumonia - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
12. Tuberculosis - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
13. Influenza - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
14. Lung abscess - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
15. Aspergillus fumigatus - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
16. Asthma - Obstructive lung disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema - Respiratory infections - Answer
(click here)
18. Sleep apnoea/Pickwickian syndrome - Respiratory infections - Answer
(click here)
19. Pulmonary fibrosis and honeycomb lung - Restrictive lung disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - usual interstitial pneumonia - Restrictive
lung disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Restrictive lung disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - Answer (click here)
23. Cystic fibrosis - Suppurative lung disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Bronchiectasis - Suppurative lung disorders - Answer (click here)
25. Sarcoidosis - Granulomatous/vasculitic lung disorders - Answer (click here)
26. Wegener’s granulomatosis - Granulomatous/vasculitic lung disorders -
Answer (click here)
27. Pleural effusion - Answer (click here)
28. Empyema - Answer (click here)
29. Pneumothorax - Answer (click here)
30. Pleurisy - Answer (click here)
31. Respiratory failure - Answer (click here)
32. Pulmonary embolism - Answer (click here)
33. Pulmonary hypertension - Answer (click here)
34. Occupational lung disease - Answer (click here)
35. Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis - Occupational lung disease - Answer (click
here)
36. Silicosis - Occupational lung disease - Answer (click here)
37. Bronchial carcinoma - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
38. Bronchial carcinoid tumours - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
39. Secondary lung tumours - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)

Gastrointestinal system
1. Abdominal pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Nausea and vomiting - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Dysphagia - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Diarrhoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Rectal bleeding - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
6. Constipation - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
7. Weight loss - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
8. The acute abdomen introduction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
9. Dyspepsia - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
10. Peritonitis - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
11. Intestinal obstruction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
12. Paralytic ileus - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
13. Pseudo obstruction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
14. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleed - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
15. Pruritus ani - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
16. Barium (contrast) studies - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
17. Endoscopy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
18. Gastric surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
19. Small bowel surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
20. Large bowel surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
21. Food poisoning - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
22. Bacilliary dysentery - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
23. Enteric Escherichia Coli infections - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer
(click here)
24. Pseudomembranous colitis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click
here)
25. Giardiasis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
26. Amoebiasis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
27. Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) - Gastrointestinal infections -
Answer (click here)
28. Botulism - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
29. Cholera - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
30. Tuberculosis and the GI tract - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click
here)
31. Abdominal hernias - Disorders of the abdominal wall - Answer (click here)
32. Gastrooesophageal reflux disease - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer
(click here)
33. Hiatus hernia - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
34. Pharyngeal pouch - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
35. Plummer Vinson syndrome - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
36. Achalasia - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
37. Diffuse oesophageal spasm - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
38. Mallory Weiss tear - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
39. Oesophageal perforation - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
40. Gastritis - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
41. Acute erosive gastritis - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
42. Peptic ulcer disease - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
43. Helicobacter pylori - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
44. Zollinger Ellinson syndrome - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click
here)
45. Acute appendicitis - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
46. Meckel’s diverticulum - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix -
Answer (click here)
47. Malabsorption syndromes - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix -
Answer (click here)
48. Coeliac disease - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
49. Whipple’s disease - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
50. Tropical sprue - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer (click
here)
51. Diverticular disease - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory
bowel disease - Answer (click here)
52. Irritable bowel syndrome - Disorders of the large bowel and
inflammatory bowel disease - Answer (click here)
53. Ulcerative colitis - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory bowel
disease - Answer (click here)
54. Crohn’s disease - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory bowel
disease - Answer (click here)
55. Haemorrhoids (piles) - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click
here)
56. Rectal prolapse - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
57. Fissure-in-ano - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
58. Fistula-in-ano - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
59. Pilonidal sinus - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
60. Anorectal abscess - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
61. Intestinal ischaemia - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
62. Focal ischaemia of the bowel - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer
(click here)
63. Ischaemic colitis - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
64. Chronic intestinal ischaemia - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer
(click here)
65. Acute intestinal failure - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
66. Oesophageal carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
67. Benign gastric tumours - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
68. Gastric adenocarcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
69. Gastric lymphoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
70. Small intestine lymphoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
71. Carcinoid tumours of the intestine - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer
(click here)
72. Large bowel neoplastic polyps - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click
here)
73. Large bowel carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
74. Anal squamous cell carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click
here)
75. Familial adenomatous polyposis - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer
(click here)
76. Peutz-Jegher syndrome - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)

Hepatic biliary and pancreatic systems


1. Pain from the liver, biliary and pancreatic systems - Clinical Symptoms -
Answer (click here)
2. Jaundice - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Signs: Hepatomegaly - Answer (click here)
4. Signs of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
5. Signs: Ascites - Answer (click here)
6. Liver function testing - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Pancreatic function tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
8. Imaging of the liver, biliary system and pancreas - Investigations and
procedures - Answer (click here)
9. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) -
Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
10. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) - Investigations and
procedures - Answer (click here)
11. Liver biopsy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
12. Liver resection - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Cholecystectomy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
14. Introduction to the liver and liver disease - Disorders of the liver - Answer
(click here)
15. Acute hepatitis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
16. Chronic hepatitis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
17. Cirrhosis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
18. Fulminant hepatic failure - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
19. Portal hypertension - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer
(click here)
20. Bleeding oesophageal varices - Complications of chronic liver disease -
Answer (click here)
21. Viral hepatitis - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
22. Hepatitis A - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
23. Hepatitis B - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
24. Hepatitis C - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
25. Hepatitis D - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
26. Hepatitis E - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
27. Alcohol-induced liver disease - Answer (click here)
28. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Answer (click here)
29. Drug-induced liver disease - Answer (click here)
30. Autoimmune chronic hepatitis - liver disease - Answer (click here)
31. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) - liver disease - Answer (click here)
32. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) - liver disease - Answer (click here)
33. α1 Antitrypsin deficiency - liver disease - Answer (click here)
34. Hereditary haemochromatosis - liver disease - Answer (click here)
35. Wilson’s disease - liver disease - Answer (click here)
36. Pyogenic liver abscess - liver disease - Answer (click here)
37. Amoebic liver abscess - liver disease - Answer (click here)
38. Hydatid disease - liver disease - Answer (click here)
39. Benign tumours of the liver - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click here)
40. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click
here)
41. Metastatic liver tumours - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click here)
42. Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer
(click here)
43. Carcinoma of the gallbladder - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer (click
here)
44. Carcinoma of the bile ducts - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer (click
here)
45. Introduction to the pancreas Disorders - Answer (click here)
46. Acute pancreatitis - Disorders of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
47. Chronic pancreatitis - Disorders of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
48. Carcinoma of the pancreas - Tumours of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
49. Islet cell tumours - Tumours of the pancreas - Answer (click here)

Genitourinary system
1. Loin pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Dysuria - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Change in urinary frequency, flow and volume - Clinical Symptoms -
Answer (click here)
4. Haematuria and discoloured urine - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click
here)
5. Urine tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Proteinuria - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Imaging of the urinary tract - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
8. Cystoscopy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
9. Measuring renal function - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
10. Anion gap - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
11. Renal biopsy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
12. Dialysis - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
14. Acute renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
15. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click
here)
16. Chronic renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
17. Renal osteodystrophy - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
18. Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
19. Nephrotic syndrome - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
20. Nephritic syndrome - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
21. Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease -
Answer (click here)
22. Focal segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease -
Answer (click here)
23. IgA nephropathy - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
24. Goodpasture’s disease (anti-GBM disease) - Glomerular disease - Answer
(click here)
25. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative GN) -
Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
26. Minimal change disease - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
27. Membranous glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
28. Focal (segmental) glomerulosclerosis - Glomerular disease - Answer (click
here)
29. Tubulointerstitial disease - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
30. Renal tubular syndromes - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
31. Renal tubular acidosis - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
32. Hyperuricaemic (gouty) nephropathy - Tubular and interstitial diseases -
Answer (click here)
33. Adult polycystic kidney disease - Renal cystic disease - Answer (click here)
34. Simple renal cysts - Renal cystic disease - Answer (click here)
35. Urinary tract obstruction - Renal tract obstruction - Answer (click here)
36. Pelviureteric junction obstruction (idiopathic hydronephrosis) - Renal
tract obstruction - Answer (click here)
37. The kidney in sytemic disease - Answer (click here)
38. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - haemolytic uraemic syndrome -
Answer (click here)
39. Congenital malformations of the kidney - Congenital disorders of the
kidney - Answer (click here)
40. Congenital malformations of the ureter - Congenital disorders of the
kidney - Answer (click here)
41. Bladder outflow obstruction - Disorders of the bladder and prostate -
Answer (click here)
42. Benign prostatic hyperplasia - Disorders of the bladder and prostate -
Answer (click here)
43. Urinary incontinence - Disorders of the bladder and prostate - Answer
(click here)
44. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click
here)
45. Acute pyelonephritis - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
46. Renal or perinephric abscess - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
47. Chronic pyelonephritis (reflux nephropathy) - Urinary tract infections -
Answer (click here)
48. Urinary schistosomiasis (bilharzia) - Urinary tract infections - Answer
(click here)
49. Acute epididymo orchitis - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
50. Urinary stones - Answer (click here)
51. Stag horn calculus - Urinary stones - Answer (click here)
52. Torsion of the testis - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click
here)
53. Hydrocele - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
54. Varicocele - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
55. Phimosis - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
56. Epididymal cysts - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click
here)
57. Impotence - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
58. Kidney tumours - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
59. Renal cell carcinoma - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
60. Bladder cancer - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
61. Prostate cancer - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
62. Introduction to testicular tumours - Genitourinary oncology - Answer
(click here)
63. Seminoma - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
64. Teratoma (non-seminomatous germ cell tumours) - Genitourinary
oncology - Answer (click here)
65. Leydig cell tumour - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
66. Sertoli cell tumour - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)

Nervous system
1. Headache - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Fits and faints - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Dizziness and vertigo - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Altered sensation or weakness in the limbs - Clinical Symptoms - Answer
(click here)
5. Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Upper motor neurone signs - Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer
(click here)
7. Lower motor neurone signs - Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer
(click here)
8. Cerebellar signs - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer (click here)
9. Extrapyramidal signs (Parkinsonism) - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer
(click here)
10. Gait - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer (click here)
11. Electroencephalography - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
12. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) -
Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
13. Lumbar puncture - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
14. CT head - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
15. MRI brain and spinal cord - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
16. Stroke - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
17. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
18. Hypoxic ischaemic brain injury - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
19. Intracerebral haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
20. Sub/extradural haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
21. Subarachnoid haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
22. Intracranial venous thrombosis - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
23. Bacterial meningitis - Infections of the nervous system: Meningitis and
encephalitis - Answer (click here)
24. Viral meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
25. Tuberculous meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click
here)
26. Other causes of meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer
(click here)
27. Acute viral encephalitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click
here)
28. Tetanus - Miscellaneous infective or post infective CNS disorders -
Answer (click here)
29. Poliomyelitis - Miscellaneous infective or post infective CNS disorders -
Answer (click here)
30. Cerebritis and cerebral abscess - Abscesses of the nervous system -
Answer (click here)
31. Tuberculoma - Abscesses of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
32. Epilepsy - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
33. Acute confusional state (delirium) - Disorders of consciousness and
memory - Answer (click here)
34. Coma - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
35. Head Injury - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
36. Dementia - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
37. Alzheimer’s disease - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer
(click here)
38. Creutzfeld Jakob disease - Disorders of consciousness and memory -
Answer (click here)
39. Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome - Disorders of consciousness and
memory - Answer (click here)
40. Brain death - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
41. Parkinson’s disease - Answer (click here)
42. Other causes of Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
43. Benign essential tremor - Answer (click here)
44. Huntington’s disease - Answer (click here)
45. Multiple sclerosis - Answer (click here)
46. Hydrocephalus - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
47. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - CNS causes of headache - Answer
(click here)
48. Migraine - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
49. Tension headache - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
50. Trigeminal neuralgia - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
51. Motor neurone disease - Answer (click here)
52. Spinal cord lesions - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
53. Spinal cord compression - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
54. Syringomyelia and syringobulbia - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer
(click here)
55. Transverse myelitis - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
56. Myotonic dystrophy - Muscular dystrophies - Answer (click here)
57. Myasthenia gravis - Neuromuscular junction disorders - Answer (click here)
58. Eaton-Lambert syndrome - Neuromuscular junction disorders - Answer
(click here)
59. Olfactory nerve (I) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
60. The optic nerve - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
61. Abnormalities of the optic disc - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer
(click here)
62. Horner’s syndrome - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
63. Oculomotor nerve (III) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
64. Trochlear nerve (IV) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
65. Abducent nerve (VI) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
66. Trigeminal nerve (V) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
67. Facial nerve (VII) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
68. Bell’s palsy - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
69. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves -
Answer (click here)
70. Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) lesions - Disorders of cranial
nerves - Answer (click here)
71. Accessory nerve (XI) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
72. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer
(click here)
73. Lesions of peripheral nerves - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer
(click here)
74. Guillain Barre syndrome - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
75. Brachial plexus injuries - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
76. Median nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
77. Carpal tunnel syndrome - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
78. Ulnar nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
79. Radial nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
80. Sciatic nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
81. Femoral nerve injuries - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
82. Peroneal nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
83. Cerebral palsy - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click here)
84. Neurofibromatosis type 1 - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer
(click here)
85. Neurofibromatosis type 2 - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer
(click here)
86. Tuberose sclerosis - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click
here)
87. Friedreich’s ataxia - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click
here)
88. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth
disease) - Answer (click here)
89. Primary intracranial tumours - Tumours of the nervous system - Answer
(click here)
90. Meningioma - Tumours of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
91. Gliomas (astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas) - Tumours of the
nervous system - Answer (click here)

Musculoskeletal system
1. Joint pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Joint swelling - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Joint stiffness - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Laboratory investigations - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
5. Joint aspiration - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnostic imaging - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Acute osteomyelitis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
8. Chronic osteomyelitis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
9. Tuberculous bone infection - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
10. Septic arthritis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
11. Osteoarthritis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
12. Rheumatoid arthritis - Seropositive arthritis - Answer (click here)
13. Ankylosing spondylitis - Seronegative arthritides
(spondyloarthropathies) - Answer (click here)
14. Psoriatic arthritis - Seronegative arthritides (spondyloarthropathies) -
Answer (click here)
15. Reactive arthritis - Seronegative arthritides (spondyloarthropathies) -
Answer (click here)
16. Inflammatory bowel disease related arthritis - Seronegative arthritides
(spondyloarthropathies) - Answer (click here)
17. Systemic lupus erythematosus - Connective tissue disorders - Answer
(click here)
18. Antiphospholipid syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click
here)
19. Systemic sclerosis and scleroderma - Connective tissue disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. Sjogren’s syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis - Connective tissue disorders - Answer
(click here)
22. Marfan’s syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
23. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
24. Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
25. Gout - Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
26. Pseudogout - Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
27. Osteoporosis - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
28. Osteomalacia - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
29. Paget’s disease - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
30. Achondroplasia - Genetic musculoskeletal disorders - Answer (click here)
31. Osteogenesis imperfecta - Genetic musculoskeletal disorders - Answer
(click here)
32. Metastatic bone tumours - Bone tumours - Answer (click here)
33. Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
34. Polymyalgia rheumatica - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
35. Temporal (giant cell) arteritis - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
36. Takayasu’s syndrome - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
37. Polyarteritis nodosa - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
38. Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis) - Answer (click here)
39. Buerger’s disease - Answer (click here)
40. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura - Answer (click here)
41. Raynaud’s disease and phenomenon - Answer (click here)
42. Behc¸et’s syndrome - Answer (click here)

Dermatology and soft tissues


1. Clinical - Dermatology and soft tissues - Answer (click here)
2. Atopic eczema - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
3. Contact dermatitis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
4. Seborrhoeic dermatitis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
5. Psoriasis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
6. Pityriasis rosea - Pityriases - Answer (click here)
7. Pityriasis versicolor and Ichthyoses - Pityriases - Answer (click here)
8. Erythema multiforme - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
9. Erythema nodosum - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
10. Urticaria - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
11. Lichen planus - Lichenoid lesions - Answer (click here)
12. Lichen sclerosus - Lichenoid lesions - Answer (click here)
13. Lichen simplex chronicus (neurodermatitis) - Lichenoid lesions - Answer
(click here)
14. Pemphigus - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Pemphigoid - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Dermatitis herpetiformis - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Acne vulgaris - Facial dermatoses - Answer (click here)
18. Rosacea - Facial dermatoses - Answer (click here)
19. Alopecia - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
20. Hirsutism - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
21. Hypertrichosis - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
22. Impetigo - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
23. Cellulitis - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
24. Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) - Bacterial infections - Answer
(click here)
25. Leprosy - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
26. Herpes simplex - Viral skin infections - Answer (click here)
27. Herpes zoster (shingles) - Viral skin infections - Answer (click here)
28. Human papillomavirus (viral warts) - Viral skin infections - Answer (click
here)
29. Candida albicans - Fungal skin infections - Answer (click here)
30. Dermatophyte (ring worm) fungi - Fungal skin infections - Answer (click
here)
31. Head lice - Parasitic skin infections - Answer (click here)
32. Scabies - Parasitic skin infections - Answer (click here)
33. Seborrhoeic keratoses - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
34. Solar keratoses - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
35. Dermatofibromas - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
36. Benign naevi - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
37. Haemangiomas - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
38. Lipoma - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
39. Epidermoid cysts - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
40. Dermoid cysts - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
41. Ganglion - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
42. Basal cell carcinoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)
43. Squamous cell carcinoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)
44. Malignant melanoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)

Breast disorders
1. Breast lumps - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
2. Breast pain (mastalgia) - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Nipple discharge - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
4. Imaging in breast disease - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
5. Breast tissue sampling - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Breast reconstruction - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Benign breast disease - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
8. Fibroadenoma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
9. Breast cysts - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
10. Duct ectasia - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
11. Duct papilloma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
12. Fat necrosis - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
13. Acute mastitis - Infections of the breast - Answer (click here)
14. Breast cancer - Answer (click here)
15. UK programme - Breast cancer screening - Answer (click here)

Endocrine system
1. Principles of endocrine testing - Answer (click here)
2. Introduction to the hypothalamus and pituitary - Answer (click here)
3. Pituitary adenomas - Answer (click here)
4. Hypopituitarism - Answer (click here)
5. Dopamine and prolactin axis - Answer (click here)
6. Hyperprolactinaemia - Dopamine and prolactin axis - Answer (click here)
7. Growth axis - Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
9. Multinodular goitre - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
10. Solitary thyroid nodule - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
11. Graves’ disease (primary thyrotoxicosis) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click
here)
12. Thyrotoxic crisis (storm) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
13. Hypothyroidism (myxoedema) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
14. Hashimoto’s disease (autoimmune thyroiditis) - Thyroid axis - Answer
(click here)
15. Myxoedema coma - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
16. Papillary adenocarcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer
(click here)
17. Follicular adenocarcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer
(click here)
18. Medullary carcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click
here)
19. Anaplastic carcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click
here)
20. Thyroidectomy - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click here)
21. Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
22. Cushing’s syndrome - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
23. Cushing’s disease - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
24. Addison’s disease - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
25. Addisonian crisis - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
26. Conn’s syndrome - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
27. Phaeochromocytoma - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
28. Adrenalectomy - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
29. Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) -
Thirst axis - Answer (click here)
30. Diabetes insipidus - Thirst axis - Answer (click here)
31. Hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click here)
32. Primary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
33. Secondary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
34. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
35. Hypoparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click here)
36. Pseudohypoparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click
here)
37. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) - Multiple endocrine neoplasia
syndrome - Answer (click here)
38. Diabetes mellitus type 1 - Answer (click here)
39. Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Answer (click here)
40. Secondary diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
41. Insulin therapy - Diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
42. Diabetic microvascular disease - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
43. Diabetic microvascular disease - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
44. Diabetic nephropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
45. Diabetic neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
46. Symmetrical peripheral neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer
(click here)
47. Focal and multifocal neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer
(click here)
48. Autonomic neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
49. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
50. Hyperosmolar, non-ketotic coma (HONK) - Complications of diabetes -
Answer (click here)
51. Hypoglycaemia - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)

Haematology and clinical Immunology


1. Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly - Clinical Signs - Answer (click here)
2. Bleeding tendency - Clinical Signs - Answer (click here)
3. Full blood count - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
4. Coagulation screening tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
5. Bone marrow sampling - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
6. Haemopoeitic progenitor cell transplantation - Investigations and
procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Allergy testing - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
8. Anaemia - Answer (click here)
9. Iron deficiency anaemia - Microcytic hypchromic anaemia - Answer (click
here)
10. Sideroblastic anaemia - Microcytic hypchromic anaemia - Answer (click
here)
11. Anaemia of chronic disease - Normocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
12. Macrocytic normoblastic anaemia - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click
here)
13. Megaloblastic anaemia - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
14. Vitamin B12 deficiency - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
15. Pernicious anaemia - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
16. Folate deficiency - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
17. Haemolytic anaemia - Macrocytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
18. Hereditary spherocytosis - Inherited haemolytic anaemia - Answer (click
here)
19. Haemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
20. Sickle cell anaemia - Answer (click here)
21. α-Thalassaemia - Answer (click here)
22. β-Thalassaemia - Answer (click here)
23. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency - Metabolic
defects - Answer (click here)
24. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia - Acquired haemolytic anaemia -
Answer (click here)
25. Aplastic anaemia - Acquired haemolytic anaemia - Answer (click here)
26. Malaria - Answer (click here)
27. Myelodysplastic syndromes - Answer (click here)
28. Myeloproliferative diseases - Answer (click here)
29. Chronic myelogenous leukaemia - Answer (click here)
30. Polycythaemia vera - Answer (click here)
31. Myelofibrosis - Answer (click here)
32. Essential thrombocythaemia - Answer (click here)
33. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) - Acute leukaemia - Answer (click
here)
34. Acute myeloid leukaemia - Acute leukaemia - Answer (click here)
35. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - Chronic leukaemia - Answer (click here)
36. Hodgkin’s disease - Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
37. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma - Answer (click here)
38. Multiple myeloma - Paraproteinaemias - Answer (click here)
39. Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia - Paraproteinaemias - Answer (click
here)
40. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) -
Paraproteinaemias - Answer (click here)
41. Haemophilia A - Clotting disorders - Answer (click here)
42. von Willebrand disease - Clotting disorders - Answer (click here)
43. Haemophilia B - Clotting disorders - Answer (click here)
44. Disseminated intravascular coagulation - Clotting disorders - Answer (click
here)
45. Vitamin K deficiency - Clotting disorders - Answer (click here)
46. Acute immune thrombocytopenia purpura - Clotting disorders - Answer
(click here)
47. Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura - Clotting disorders -
Answer (click here)
48. Thrombophilia - Thrombotic disorders - Answer (click here)
49. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia - Vascular causes of bleeding -
Answer (click here)
50. Transfusion medicine - Answer (click here)
51. Hypersensitivity reactions - Allergy - Answer (click here)
52. Urticaria Anaphylaxis - Allergy - Answer (click here)
53. Hereditary angioedema - Allergy - Answer (click here)
54. Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS - HIV - Answer (click here)
55. Kaposi’s sarcoma - HIV - Answer (click here)
56. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - HIV - Answer (click here)

Nutritional and metabolic disorders


1. Obesity - Nutritional disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Malnutrition (including kwashiorkor and marasmus) - Answer (click here)
3. Hyperlipidaemia - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin A deficiency - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency - Answer (click here)
6. Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency (pellagra) - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency - Answer (click here)
8. Vitamin C deficiency - Answer (click here)
9. Amyloidosis - Metabolic disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Porphyria - Metabolic disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Hyperhomocysteinaemia - Metabolic disorders - Answer (click here)

Genetic syndromes
1. Patterns of inheritance - Genetic syndromes - Answer (click here)
2. Down syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance - Answer
(click here)
3. Klinefelter syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance -
Answer (click here)
4. Turner syndrome - Genetic syndromes: Patterns of inheritance - Answer
(click here)

Overdose poisoning and addiction


1. Alcohol abuse and dependence - Answer (click here)
2. Opiate abuse and dependence - Answer (click here)
3. Cocaine abuse and dependence - Answer (click here)
4. Amphetamine abuse - Answer (click here)
5. Ecstasy abuse - Answer (click here)
6. Overview of acute poisoning - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click
here)
7. Paracetamol poisoning - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click here)
8. Salicylate poisoning - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click here)
9. Iron overdose - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click here)
10. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose - Overdose and poisoning - Answer
(click here)
11. Lithium overdose - Overdose and poisoning - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biology of Disease


The Nature and Investigation of Diseases
1. Nature and Investigation of Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristic Features of Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology of Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Investigating Diseases - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Pathology Laboratories - Answer (click here)
7. Role of Hospital Laboratory Tests - Answer (click here)
8. Hospital Laboratory Tests - Answer (click here)
9. Evaluation of Laboratory Tests - Answer (click here)
10. Reference Ranges of Diseases - Answer (click here)
11. Quality of Test Results and Clinical Auditing - Answer (click here)

Pathogens and Virulence


1. Pathogens and Virulence: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Pathogens - Answer (click here)
3. Virulence Factors: Defensive, Offensive - Answer (click here)
4. Course of Infection - Answer (click here)

Infectious Diseases and Treatments


1. Infectious Diseases and Treatments: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Infections of the Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Infections of the Eyes, Ears and Central Nervous System - Answer (click
here)
4. Infections of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
6. Infections of the Urogenital System - Answer (click here)
7. Sepsis and Systemic Infections - Answer (click here)
8. Investigating Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
9. Preventing Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
10. Controlling the Spread of Pathogens - Answer (click here)
11. Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
12. Antiviral Drugs - Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
13. Antibacterial Drugs - Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
14. Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Drugs - Treatment of
Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
15. Combination Therapy - Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click
here)
16. Surgery - Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)

The Immune System


1. Types of Immune Defense - Answer (click here)
2. Nonspecific Defenses - Answer (click here)
3. Specific Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
4. Small Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
5. Production of a Specific Immune Response - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Immune System


1. Disorders of the Immune System: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Combined T and B deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease -
Answer (click here)
5. Antibody deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer
(click here)
6. The DiGeorge anomaly and the Wiskott Aldridge syndrome - Primary
Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer (click here)
7. The Chediak Higashi syndrome - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease -
Answer (click here)
8. Phagocytic defects - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer (click
here)
9. Complement deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Disease - Answer
(click here)
10. Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Classification of Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Autoimmune Disorders Affecting Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
13. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Myasthenia Gravis - Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click here)
15. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Autoimmune Disorders - Answer (click
here)
17. Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
18. Type I Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
19. Type II Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
20. Type III Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
21. Type IV Delayed Type Immunological Hypersensitivity - Answer (click
here)

Transfusion and Transplantation


1. Transfusion and Transplantation: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Blood and Blood Products for Transfusion - Answer (click here)
3. The Discovery of the Blood Group Systems - Answer (click here)
4. The ABO Blood Group System (ISBT 001) - Answer (click here)
5. The Rh Blood Group System (ISBT 004) - Answer (click here)
6. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn - Answer (click here)
7. Other Blood Group Systems - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Determination of Blood Groups - Answer (click here)
9. Role of Complement in Transfusion Reactions - Answer (click here)
10. Hazards of Transfusion - Answer (click here)
11. Screening of Blood Donors - Answer (click here)
12. Transplantation of Solid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)
13. HLA System and Typing - Answer (click here)
14. Immunosuppression - Answer (click here)
15. Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Endocrine System


1. Disorders of the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
2. Hormone Production - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Hormonal Action - Answer (click here)
4. Causes of Endocrine Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
6. Disorders of Pituitary Function - Answer (click here)
7. Growth Hormone Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone Disorders - Answer (click
here)
9. Thyroid Hormone Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Regulation of Blood Glucose - Answer (click here)
12. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
13. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
14. Hypoglycemia - Regulation of Blood Glucose - Answer (click here)
15. Diagnosis and treatment of hypoglycemia - Answer (click here)
16. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click here)
17. Addison’s Disease - Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click here)
18. Diagnosis and treatment of Addison’s disease - Answer (click here)
19. Cushing’s Syndrome - Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click
here)
20. Diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome - Answer (click here)
21. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Diagnosis and treatment - Disorders of
the Adrenal Cortex - Answer (click here)
22. Conn’s Syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment - Answer (click here)
23. Reproductive Hormones - Answer (click here)
24. Disorders of Sex Hormones - Answer (click here)
Disorders of Water Electrolytes and Urate Balances
1. Disorders of Water, Electrolytes and Urate Balances - Answer (click here)
2. Kidneys - Answer (click here)
3. Renal Function Tests - Answer (click here)
4. Renal Failure: Acute and Chronic renal failure - Answer (click here)
5. Disorders of Water Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
6. Disorders of Na+ Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
7. Disorders of K+ Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
8. Disorders of Ca2+ Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
9. Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of Mg2+ Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
11. Disorders of Urate Metabolism - Answer (click here)

Disorders of Acid Base Balance


1. Disorders of Acid Base Balance - Answer (click here)
2. The Production and Transport of Carbon Dioxide - Answer (click here)
3. Buffering and the Excretion of H+ - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Acid–Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
5. Metabolic Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Respiratory Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Mixed Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Investigating Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)

Diet and Disease


1. Diet and Disease: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. Nutrients and Energy - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Carbohydrates - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Lipids and fatty acids - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
6. Proteins - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
7. Water - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Vitamins - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
9. Minerals and Trace Elements - Diet and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
10. Protein Energy Malnutrition - Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
11. Obesity - Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa - Nutritional Disorders - Answer
(click here)
13. Hypovitaminoses and Hypervitaminoses - Disorders of Vitamin
Nutrition - Answer (click here)
14. Nutritional Disorders of Minerals and Trace Elements - Answer (click here)
15. Investigating Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
16. Protein-Energy Malnutrition - Investigating Nutritional Disorders -
Answer (click here)
17. Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa - Investigating
Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
18. Vitamins - Investigating Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Minerals and Trace Elements - Investigating Nutritional Disorders -
Answer (click here)
20. General Management of Nutritional Disorders - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract Pancreas Liver and Gall


Bladder
1. Gastrointestinal Tract and its Accessory Organs - Answer (click here)
2. Digestion: Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
3. Absorption of the Products of Digestion - Answer (click here)
4. Activities of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)
5. Small Intestine and Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
6. Hormonal Control of GIT Secretions - Answer (click here)
7. Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas - Answer (click here)
8. Disorders of the Liver, Gall Bladder and Bile Duct - Answer (click here)
9. Disorders of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
11. Disorders of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)

Toxicology
1. Toxicology - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Action, Metabolism, Distribution and Excretion - Answer (click here)
3. Physiological Detoxification Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
4. Symptomatic Poisoning - Answer (click here)
5. Paracetamol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
6. Aspirin - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
7. Ethanol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
8. Methanol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
9. Ethylene Glycol - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
10. Barbiturates - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
11. Carbon Monoxide - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
12. Paraquat - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)
13. Metals - Toxicology Poisons - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Blood


1. Disorders of the Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Blood Cells and Platelets - Answer (click here)
3. Hemoglobins - Answer (click here)
4. Hemostasis and Blood Clotting - Answer (click here)
5. Anemias: Microcytic and Macrocytic Anemia - Answer (click here)
6. Microcytic Anemias - Answer (click here)
7. Macrocytic Anemia - Answer (click here)
8. Hemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
9. Sickle Cell Anemia - Hemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
10. Thalassemias - Hemoglobinopathies - Answer (click here)
11. Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD) Favism -
Answer (click here)
12. Clinical Aspects of Clotting - Answer (click here)
13. Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis - Answer (click here)

Disorders of the Cardiovascular System


1. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Heart and Circulatory Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
5. Investigating Cardiac Function in Health and Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Electrocardiogram (ECG) - Investigating Cardiac Function in Health and
Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Endocarditis - Answer (click here)
8. Abnormal Heart Rhythms - Answer (click here)
9. Cardic Failure: Investigation, Treatment, Chronic and Acute Heart
Failure - Answer (click here)
10. Ischemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Cardiomyopathies - Answer (click here)
12. Heart Valve Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Heart Tumors - Answer (click here)
14. Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis - Answer (click here)
15. Angina - Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis - Answer (click here)
16. Cholesterol and Lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
17. Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click here)
18. Pericardial Diseases - Answer (click here)
19. Disorders of Arteries and Veins - Answer (click here)
20. Clinical Problems Associated with Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)

Genetic Diseases
1. Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Genetics and DNA - Answer (click here)
3. DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Genotype and Phenotype - Answer (click here)
5. Inheritance and Mutations - Answer (click here)
6. Sex linked Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
7. Inherited Gene Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Consequences of an Enzyme Deficiency - Answer (click here)
9. National Screening Programs for Inherited Diseases - Answer (click here)
10. Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype - Answer (click here)
11. Fragile Sites - Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype - Answer (click
here)
12. Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations - Answer (click here)
13. Aneuploidy - Variations in Chromosome Numbers - Answer (click here)
14. Euploidy - Variations in Chromosome Numbers - Answer (click here)
15. Detecting, Diagnosing and Screening Human Genetics Diseases - Answer
(click here)

Membrane Organelle and Cytoskeletal Disorders


1. Nucleus and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport - Answer (click here)
2. Plasma Membrane Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Cystic Fibrosis: Diagnosis and treatment - Plasma Membrane Disorders -
Answer (click here)
4. Mitochondrial Disorders: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment - Answer (click
here)
5. Causes of Mitochondrial Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Peroxisomal Disorders - Answer (click here)
8. Diagnosis and Treatment of Peroxisomal Disorders - Answer (click here)
9. Lysosomal Disorders - Answer (click here)
10. Diagnosis and Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disorders - Answer (click
here)
11. Cytoskeletal Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Muscular Dystrophies: Diagnosis and treatment - Answer (click here)
13. Hereditary Elliptocytosis and Spherocytosis: Diagnosis and treatment -
Answer (click here)
Cancer
1. Cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Cancer Types - Answer (click here)
3. Epidemiology of Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Molecular Biology of Cancer - Answer (click here)
5. Causes of Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Tests for Cancer - General Diagnosis of Cancer - Answer (click
here)
7. General Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
8. Chemotherapy - General Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
9. Radiation Therapy - General Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
10. Immunotherapy - General Treatment of Cancer - Answer (click here)
11. Lung Cancer: Classification, Treatment, Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and
staging - Answer (click here)
12. Breast Cancer: Treatment, Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and staging -
Answer (click here)
13. Prostate Cancer: Treatment, Signs, symptoms and staging - Answer (click
here)
14. Colorectal Cancer: Treatment, Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and staging -
Answer (click here)
15. Leukemias: Chronic myelogenous, Acute myeloid, Acute lymphoblastic
leukemia - Answer (click here)

Aging and Disease


1. Aging and Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Aging of Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Causes of Aging: Wear and Tear, Genome Based Theories - Answer (click
here)
4. Age Related Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Calorie Restriction and Aging - Answer (click here)
6. Investigations and Management of the Elderly - Answer (click here)

Subject : Diseases of The Brain and Nervous


System(A Health Education Guide)
An overview of the Nervous System
1. An overview of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Basic unit - a neuron & neural organisation - Answer (click here)
3. Common diseases of the brain and nervous system - Answer (click here)

Neuroradiology Theimaging of The Brain


1. Neuroradiology - Theimaging of The Brain - Answer (click here)
2. X-Ray - Neuroradiology - Theimaging of The Brain - Answer (click here)
3. C T Scan : (Computed Axial Tomography) - Answer (click here)
4. CT Scan Machine - Answer (click here)
5. MRI Machine - Answer (click here)

Coma Unconscious state


1. Coma - Unconscious Tate: Causes, Treatment, General tips - Answer (click
here)
2. Causes of Coma - Unconscious Tate - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Coma(Unconscious Tate) - Answer (click here)
4. Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
5. Main causes of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
6. Three types of epilepsy - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
8. Refractory Epilepsy - Answer (click here)

Epilepsy
1. Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
2. Main causes of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
3. Three types of epilepsy - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
5. Refractory Epilepsy - Answer (click here)

Paralysis Stroke
1. Paralysis - Stroke - Answer (click here)
2. Risk factors responsible for occurrence of a stroke - Answer (click here)
3. The warning signals of an impending stroke (T.I.A.) - Answer (click here)
4. Prevention of a stroke - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnosis of a Paralysis or stroke - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment of Paralysis(stroke) : Six Major Aspects - Answer (click here)

Brain Hemorrhage
1. Brain Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
2. Intra Cerebral Hemorrhage: Symptoms, Diagnosis and emergency
treatment - Answer (click here)
3. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Symptoms, Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Investigation of Blood Vessels of the Brain - Brain Hemorrhage - Answer
(click here)
5. Complications - Brain Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)

Migraine Headaches and Vertigo


1. Introduction of Migraine, Headaches and Vertigo - Answer (click here)
2. Migraine: Types, Important Medicines - Answer (click here)
3. Spastic Headache - Answer (click here)
4. Vertigo - Answer (click here)

Movement Disorders And Dystonia


1. Movement Disorders And Dystonia - Answer (click here)
2. Neurons & tracts on Movements of the human body - Answer (click here)
3. Dystonia - Answer (click here)
4. Chorea - Answer (click here)
5. Tremors and Tics - Answer (click here)

Parkinsonism
1. Parkinsonism: Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery - Answer (click here)

Dementia and tips to improve memory


1. Dementia - Answer (click here)
2. Alzheimer’s Dementia: Symptoms, Causes, treatments, Diagnosis and
Recent developments - Answer (click here)
3. Multi infarct Dementia: patient's Special Care and Drugs - Answer (click
here)
4. Prevention of Dementia and Improving Brain Power - Answer (click here)
5. Tips to improve working of the brain - Answer (click here)
6. Few tips for students to improve memory - Answer (click here)
7. Ribosomal Memory - Answer (click here)

Infectious diseases of the brain


1. Tuberculosis of the Brain and its Diagnosis, Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Pyogenic Meningitis and its Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Fungal Meningitis - Answer (click here)
4. Viral Encephalitis and its Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
5. Falciparum Malaria: Symptoms of Malaria, Blood Test Diagnosis -
Answer (click here)
6. Neurocysticercosis - Answer (click here)
7. Tetanus: disease, Treatment, Vaccination - Answer (click here)
8. Poliomyelitis - Answer (click here)
9. Rabies viral disease on brain - Answer (click here)

AIDS and the Nervous system


1. AIDS and the Nervous system - Answer (click here)
2. How the AIDS spreads? - Answer (click here)
3. Tips for prevention of AIDS - Answer (click here)
4. Symptoms of AIDS - Answer (click here)
5. The diseases of the brain and the nervous system related to AIDS are
divided into five parts - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment of AIDS - Answer (click here)
7. Brain Tumours: Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment - Answer (click
here)
8. Symptoms of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
9. Diagnosis of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
10. Types of Brain tumors - Answer (click here)
11. Treatment of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)

Brain Tumours
1. Brain Tumours: Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment - Answer (click
here)
2. Symptoms of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
3. Diagnosis of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Brain tumors - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment of Brain Tumors - Answer (click here)

Cerebral Palsy
1. Cerebral Palsy: Causes, Types, Treatment, Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of Cerebral Palsy - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Cerebral Palsy - Answer (click here)

Diseases of the Spinal Cord Myelopathy


1. Diseases of the Spinal Cord - Myelopathy - Answer (click here)
2. Symptoms of the diseases of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
3. Syndromes (symptom complex) of spinal cord disorders - Answer (click
here)
4. Treatment for Diseases of the Spinal Cord - Myelopathy - Answer (click
here)

Multiple Sclerosis
1. Multiple Sclerosis: disease General Information, Symptoms, Diagnosis,
Treatment - Answer (click here)
2. ADEM (Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis) and its Symptoms -
Answer (click here)

Motor Neuron Disease


1. Motor Neuron Disease: Types, Diagnosis, Treatment - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Motor Neuron Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Motor Neuron Disease - Answer (click here)

Neuropathy ALDP
1. Neuropathy - A.LD.P.: types, Diagnosis and Treatment of the disease -
Answer (click here)
2. C.I.D.P.: Treatment and Symptoms - Answer (click here)

Myasthenia Gravis
1. Myasthenia Gravis: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment - Answer (click
here)

Diseases of the Muscles


1. Diseases of the Muscles - Answer (click here)
2. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Diagnosis, Treatment - Diseases of the
Muscles - Answer (click here)
3. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis,
Treatment - Answer (click here)

Stress and its Management


1. Stress and its Management - Answer (click here)
2. The immediate effects of stress on our brain and body - Answer (click here)
3. Causes of Stress - Answer (click here)
4. How to cope with the existing situations - Answer (click here)
5. Coping with Mental and Physical Stress - Answer (click here)
6. Self treatment for Human Stress - Answer (click here)

Neurosurgery
1. Neurosurgery - Answer (click here)

Neurological Medicines to be used for longer duration


1. Steroids and Side Effects of Long Term Use - Answer (click here)
2. Epilepsy (Fit / Seizure) Diphenyl Hydantoin - Answer (click here)
3. Side-effects caused by medicines of Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
4. Some Neurological Medicines to be used for longer duration - Answer
(click here)

Tips for a hospitalised patient


1. Tips for a hospitalised patient - Answer (click here)
2. Special Duties of the Family Members - Tips for a hospitalised patient -
Answer (click here)

Subject : Biology
Introduction to Biology
1. Introduction to Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Principal Branches of Biology - Answer (click here)
3. Great scientists in Biology - Answer (click here)
4. Characteristics of Plants and Animals - Answer (click here)
5. Role of Biology in Social, Economic and Environmental Development -
Answer (click here)
6. Nature and Origin of Life - Answer (click here)

Structure and Nature of Living Cell


1. Structure and Nature of Living Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Plasma membrane or Cell membrane: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click
here)
3. Cytoplasm: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleus: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Functions of Chloroplast - Answer (click here)
6. Structure and Functions of Golgi bodies/Golgi apparatus - Answer (click
here)

Cell Division
1. Types of cell division - Answer (click here)
2. Stages of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
3. Significance of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
4. Abnormal cell division - Answer (click here)
5. Male-Female determining chromosome - Answer (click here)

Division of Labour In Multicellular Plants


1. Types of Tissue - Answer (click here)
2. Characrteristics of Meristamatic tissues - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of Permanent tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Types of permanent tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Laticiferous tissues and Glandular tissues - Answer (click here)
6. Tissue System and types of Tissue System - Answer (click here)
7. Types of Simple permanent tissue and its Functions - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Complex permanent tissue and its Functions - Answer (click here)

Animal Tissue Organ and Organ System


1. Animal Tissue, Organ and Organ System - Answer (click here)
2. Differences between Tissue and Cell - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Tissues - Answer (click here)
4. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of Epithelial Tissue -
Answer (click here)
5. Structural Characteristics, Functions and Location of Connective Tissue
- Answer (click here)
6. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of The Muscular
Tissue - Answer (click here)
7. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of The Nerve Tissue -
Answer (click here)
8. Necessary Organs of Human Body - Answer (click here)
9. Co-ordination between Organs and Systems to keep the body fit - Answer
(click here)

Classification of Plants
1. Classification of Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Unit of Plants classification and Taxa - Answer (click here)
3. Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Algae - Answer (click here)
6. Fungi: Structure and Reproduction - Answer (click here)
7. Bryophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
8. Pteridophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
9. Gymnosperm: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
10. Monocotyledonous or Monocot plants:: Characteristics and Importance -
Answer (click here)
11. Dicotyledonous or Dicot Plants: Characteristics and Importance - Answer
(click here)

Animal Diversity and Classification


1. Animal Diversiy - Answer (click here)
2. Short Description of Diversification or Bio-Diversity - Answer (click here)
3. Animal Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
4. Necessity of Animal Classification - Answer (click here)
5. Rules for Modern or Natural Classification in Animal Diversity - Answer
(click here)
6. Plylum - Sarcomastigophorea Kingdom - Protista - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum - Cnidaria - Answer (click here)
8. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
9. Phylum Nematoda - Answer (click here)
10. Plylum Annelida - Answer (click here)
11. Phylum Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
12. Phylum Mollusca - Answer (click here)
13. Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
14. Phylum chordata - Answer (click here)

Structural Organization and Acquaintance of Animals


1. Amoeba: Habit and Habitat - Answer (click here)
2. Body structure of Amoeba and its functions - Answer (click here)
3. Amoeba Locomotion - Answer (click here)
4. Amoeba: Process of intake of food or Nutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Amoeba: Digestion, Absorption and Egestion - Answer (click here)
6. Amoeba: Respiration, Excretion - Answer (click here)
7. Reproduction of Amoeba: Binary fission and Sporulation - Answer (click
here)
8. Round Worm: External morphology and Habitat - Answer (click here)
9. Round Worm: Digestive system - Answer (click here)
10. Round Worm: Parasite and its Characteristics - Answer (click here)
11. Round Worm: Excretory System - Answer (click here)
12. Round Worm: Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
13. Round Worm: Ascariasis disease and its symptoms, Prevention - Answer
(click here)
14. Toad: Habit, Habitat - Answer (click here)
15. External morphology of Toad - Answer (click here)
16. Skeletal system of Toad - Answer (click here)
17. Toad: Axial skeleton and its functions - Answer (click here)
18. Toad: Vertebral column and its functions - Answer (click here)
19. Toad: Appendicular skeleton(Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle) and its
functions - Answer (click here)
20. Toad: Digestive system - Answer (click here)
21. Toad: Nutrition and Digestion - Answer (click here)
22. Toad: Circulatory system - Answer (click here)
23. Toad: Blood(Plasma and Blood corpuscles) - Answer (click here)
24. Toad: Heart - Answer (click here)
25. Toad: Blood vessels(Artery, Vein and Capillary) - Answer (click here)
26. Toad: Venous system - Answer (click here)
27. Toad: Respiratory system - Answer (click here)
28. Toad: Glucose oxidation and energy production, Glycolysis and Kreb's
cycle - Answer (click here)
29. Toad: Nervous system - Answer (click here)
30. Toad: Structure of brain - Answer (click here)
31. Toad: Cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
32. Toad: Excretory system - Answer (click here)
33. Toad: Reproductives system - Answer (click here)

Physiological Activities in Plants Nutrition


1. Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Elements - Answer (click here)
2. Imbibition - Answer (click here)
3. Osmosis: Two types, Condition, Experiment, Absorption - Answer (click
here)
4. Ascent of Sap - Answer (click here)
5. Transpiration and Types of Transpiration - Answer (click here)
6. Stomata: Process of Stomatal Tranpiration and Factors affecting - Answer
(click here)
7. Photosynthesis: Process, Organ, Factors Affecting, Importance - Answer
(click here)
8. Importance of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
9. Some Experiments on Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Experiment to demonstrate that Oxygen is evolved during
Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Experiment to show that photosynthesis do not occur without
chlorophyll - Answer (click here)
12. Experiment to show that light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer
(click here)
13. Experiment to show that photosynthesis cannot occur without CO2 -
Answer (click here)
14. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Respiration: Respiratory substrate, Types of respiration - Answer (click
here)
16. Importance of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration - Answer (click here)
17. Factors Affecting Respiration - Answer (click here)
18. Experiment to prove that Heat is evolved during Respiration - Answer
(click here)
19. Experiment of Anaerobic Respiration - Answer (click here)
20. Growth and Development of Plant - Answer (click here)
21. Tropism - Answer (click here)
22. Effect of Light and Temperature on Plant Growth and Yield - Answer
(click here)
23. Importance of photoperiodism and Vernalization - Answer (click here)

Flower
1. Different Parts of a Flower(Datura Flower) - Answer (click here)
2. Different kinds of Flower - Answer (click here)

Pollination Fertilization And Dispersal of Fruits and seeds


1. Pollination: Two types, Significance, Merits, Demerits - Answer (click here)
2. Pollinating Agents: Types and Characteristics - Answer (click here)
3. Fertilization in Plant - Answer (click here)
4. Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds - Answer (click here)

Reproduction of Plants
1. Reproduction of Plants and itsTypes - Answer (click here)

Organism and Environment


1. Organism and Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Components of Ecology - Answer (click here)
3. Food chain - Answer (click here)
4. Food web - Answer (click here)
5. Nutrient flow in Eco system - Answer (click here)
6. Energy flow in Ecosystem - Answer (click here)
7. Major Eco systems - Answer (click here)
8. Responsibility of man in maintaining balance of an environment - Answer
(click here)

Pollution and Conservation of Environment


1. Pollution and Conservation of Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Green House Effect - Answer (click here)
3. Role of Human beings in conservation of Environment - Answer (click
here)
4. Effect of Urbanization and Industrialisation on Environment - Answer
(click here)
5. Industrialisation is mainly of two types - Answer (click here)

Natural Diversities of Bangladesh Distribution of Plants and


Animals
1. Natural Diversities of Bangladesh-Distribution of Plants and Animals -
Answer (click here)
2. Recent flood plain - Answer (click here)
3. Haor and other Marshy lands - Answer (click here)
4. Pleistocene uplands - Answer (click here)
5. Tertiary hilly region - Answer (click here)
6. Coastal Forest or Mangrove forest - Answer (click here)
7. Saint Martin's Island - Answer (click here)

Economic Biology Botany


1. Food producing plants - Answer (click here)
2. Cloth producing plants - Answer (click here)
3. Plants used for house building purposes - Answer (click here)
4. Medicinal Plants - Answer (click here)
5. Beverage yielding plants - Answer (click here)

Economic Biology
1. Prawn Culture: Economic importance and Kinds of prawn - Answer (click
here)
2. Method of culture of fresh water prawn or Galda prawn - Answer (click
here)
3. Method of culture of saline water prawn or Bagda prawn - Answer (click
here)
4. Introduction of fishes - Answer (click here)
5. Importance of fish cultivation - Answer (click here)
6. Method of fish culture - Answer (click here)
7. Culture of silk worms or sericulture - Answer (click here)
8. Characteristics of silk fibers and economic importance of silk worms -
Answer (click here)
9. Life cycle and silk cultivation - Answer (click here)
10. Bee keeping: Castes, life cycle, economic importance, artificial bee
culture - Answer (click here)
11. Castes(various types) of bees - Answer (click here)
12. Life cycle of bees - Answer (click here)
13. Some harmful insects or pests of paddy and jute - Answer (click here)

Practical Botany
1. Microscope: Structure, Uses, Functioning Processes of Simple ,
Compound Microscope - Answer (click here)
2. Study of the Structure of a Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
3. Study of the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells - Answer (click here)
4. Study of the Stages of Mitosis from Permanent Slides - Answer (click here)
5. Study of Distribution of Tissue System in Dicot Stem - Answer (click here)
6. Study of the Structural Features of Different Plant Groups - Answer (click
here)
7. Experiment to Demonstrate the Process of Osmosis with the help of
Raisin - Answer (click here)
8. Demonstration of cell-to-cell osmosis by Potato Osmoscope - Answer
(click here)
9. Demonstration of Ascent of sap from root to stem and leaves with the
help of Peperomia plant - Answer (click here)
10. Experiment to show that Light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer
(click here)
11. Experiment to prove that Heat is evolved during Respiration - Answer
(click here)
12. Experiment to show the germination of pollen grains to form pollen tube
- Answer (click here)
13. Experiment to show that CO2 is evolved during respiration - Answer (click
here)

Practical Zoology
1. Earthworm: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method
of Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Prawn: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of
Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Grasshopper: Classification, External Features, Digestive System,
Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Toad: External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection,
Skeleton - Answer (click here)
5. Digestive system of Toad - Answer (click here)
6. Skeleton of toad - Answer (click here)
7. Channa punctatus (Lata/Taki Fish): External Features, Digestive System,
Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
8. Examples of Animals taken from each of the major Phyla, their
identifying Characters, Observations and Figures - Answer (click here)

Subject : zoology
BIODIVERSITY
1. Biodiversity Explanation and Biodiversity in India - Answer (click here)
2. Taxonomic systems - Answer (click here)
3. Introduction to taxa and species - Answer (click here)
4. Phenetic method or Numerical taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy and
Chemotaxonomy and Palaeotaxonomy Explaination - Answer (click here)
5. Nomenclature methods and Basic principles of nomenclature and
Identification keys - Answer (click here)
6. Methods of grouping animals - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum : Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata or Cnidaria - Answer (click
here)
8. Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
9. Phylum : Nematoda and Annelida - Answer (click here)
10. Phylum : Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
11. Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
12. Phylum Chordata and Diversity and General Characters of Chordates -
Answer (click here)
13. Classification of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here)
14. Sub phylum : Vertebrata (Craniata) and Classification of Vertebrata -
Class : Pisces and Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
15. Class : Amphibia - sub phylum Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
16. Class : Amniota - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
17. Class : Aves - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
18. Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
19. Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia -Classification of Class :
Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
20. Scientific Names of Animals - Answer (click here)
21. Plasmodium - Answer (click here)
22. Life cycle in the mosquito - sporogony - Answer (click here)
23. Control of Malaria - Answer (click here)
24. Types of Malaria - Answer (click here)
25. Earthworm : External features , External apertures - Answer (click here)
26. Earthworm - Body wall ,Body Cavity,Locomotion - Answer (click here)
27. Earthworm - Digestive System, Feeding - Answer (click here)
28. Earthworm - Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
29. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
30. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
31. Earthworm : Nervous System - Answer (click here)
32. Earthworm : Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
33. Pigeon : External features - Answer (click here)
34. Pigeon : The wings - Answer (click here)
35. Pigeon : Exoskeleton , Quill feather - Answer (click here)
36. Pigeon : Endoskeleton : Flight muscles, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis
minor or subclavius, Coracobrachialis - Answer (click here)
37. Pigeon - Digestive system - Answer (click here)
38. Pigeon - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
39. Pigeon - Circulatory system and Venous system - Answer (click here)
40. Nervous system and Sense organ of Pigeon - Answer (click here)
41. Pigeon - Urinogenital system and Male, Female reproductive organs -
Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY
1. Cell Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Microscopy and Anton van Leeuwenhoek simple microscope - Answer
(click here)
3. Compound light, Dark field, Phase contrast, Oil - immersion and
Electron microscope - Answer (click here)
4. Cytological Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Plasma Membrane - Answer (click here)
6. Mitochondria - Answer (click here)
7. Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
8. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum -
Answer (click here)
9. Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here)
10. Lysosomes - Answer (click here)
11. Centrioles - Answer (click here)
12. Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
13. Chromosomes of Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
14. Cancer biology - Answer (click here)
15. Molecular biology of cancer - Answer (click here)
16. Types of cancer and factor causes cancer - Answer (click here)
17. Cancer and death - Answer (click here)
18. Management of cancer : Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy - Answer (click
here)

HUMAN ANATOMY
1. History of Human anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. The Integumentary System - Skin and hypodermis - Answer (click here)
3. The Integumentary System - hypodermis, Epidermis, Callus, Skin color,
Hair, glands, Nails - Answer (click here)
4. Human Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of a typical long bone - Answer (click here)
6. Skull - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
7. Vertebrae - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
8. Rib cage - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
9. Appendicular skeleton - Pectoral girdle, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle or
pelvis, Wrist, Hand, Leg, Ankle, Foot, Kinds of joints, Fibrous joints,
Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints - Answer (click here)
10. Human Muscular System and Types of Muscular System - Answer (click
here)
11. Skeletal muscles - Human Muscular System - Answer (click here)
12. Shapes of muscles and Naming of muscles - Human Muscular System -
Answer (click here)
13. Distribution of human muscles - Muscles of the human head, Muscles of
the Neck region, Muscles of the Trunk region, Muscles of the upper
limb, Muscles of the lower limb - Answer (click here)
14. Human Entire Digestive system process with diagram - Mouth or Buccal
cavity, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Stomach, Small
intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas,
Caecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal - Answer (click here)
15. Human Respiratory system with diagram - Nasal cavity, Pharynx,
Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Thoracic wall and muscles of respirations -
Answer (click here)
16. The Human Circulatory System - Systemic and Pulmonary circulations -
Pulmonary circulation, Systemic circulation, Portal circulation - Answer
(click here)
17. Components of Human Circulatory system : Blood vessels, Types of
blood vessels, The Heart - Answer (click here)
18. The Human Heart structure with diagram - Answer (click here)
19. Human Lymphatic system - Lymphoid cells and tissues, Thymus,
Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, The lymphatic circulation - Answer (click
here)
20. The structure of a peripheral nerve : Central nervous system (C N S)
Peripheral nervous system Autonomous nervous system , brain - Answer
(click here)
21. Human Brain : Prosencephalon (Fore brain), Mesencephalon (mid
brain), Rhombencephalon (hind brain), Brain stem, Pachymenix,
Leptomeninges - Answer (click here)
22. The Eye - Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
23. Ears (The organs of hearing) - The Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
24. Endocrine system and glands : Pituitary gland (or) Hypophysis, thyroid,
parathy roids, pancreas, adrenals, testes and ovaries - Answer (click here)
25. Urinary system : kidneys (renes), ureters, the uri-nary bladder (vesica
urinaria) and the urethra - Answer (click here)
26. Male reproductive organs - Answer (click here)
27. Female reproductive organs - Answer (click here)

GENETICS
1. GENETICS - Answer (click here)
2. Quantitive inheritance - GENETICS - Answer (click here)
3. Genetics : Sex determination in Human beings - Answer (click here)
4. Male haploidy or Haplo-diploidy mechanism - Answer (click here)
5. Genetics : Sex - linked Inheritance - Answer (click here)
6. Genetics : Pleiotropy - Answer (click here)

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1. Developmental Biology - Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis,
Fertilization - Answer (click here)
2. Types of eggs - Answer (click here)
3. Cleavage and types - Frog's egg - Answer (click here)
4. Gastrulation in frog embryo - Answer (click here)
5. Organogenesis of Frog - Answer (click here)
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
1. Corals - reef builders - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click here)
2. Earthworm - Vermiculture - Answer (click here)
3. Uses and types of Beneficial Insects : Productive Insects - Honey bee,
Silk worms, Lac insects. Helpful Insects : Insect - Predators - Answer
(click here)
4. Prawns, Lobsters and Crabs - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click
here)
5. Pearl Oyster - Answer (click here)
6. Fishes - Nutritive value - Answer (click here)
7. Guano (Bird excreta) - Answer (click here)
8. Aquarium - Setting up an aquarium tank - Answer (click here)
9. Vivarium ( Zoo ) and List of important Zoos - Answer (click here)
10. Disease causing organisms - Vectors : Housefly - Musca domestica,
Sand flies - Phlebotomus papatasi, Rat fleas - Xenopsylla cheopis, The
human louse - Pediculus humanus, Mosquitoes : Anopheles, Culex,
Aedes sp - Answer (click here)
11. Poisonous Organisms : Physalia, Scorpion, Centipede, Honey bees and
Wasps, Poisonous fishes, Poisonous snakes - Answer (click here)
12. Poisonous snakes : Cobra, Krait, Vipers, Sea Snakes and Poison
Apparatus of a Snake - Answer (click here)
13. Fouling Organisms - Answer (click here)
14. Pests - Pests of Crops : Cotton, Paddy, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Coconut
palm, Stored grains, household goods - Answer (click here)

ORIGIN OF LIFE
1. ORIGIN OF LIFE - Theories - Answer (click here)
2. Geological time scale : Palaeozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era -
Answer (click here)
3. Fossils : Fossilization, Evolutionary significance of fossils, List of
Important fossils - Answer (click here)
4. Extinct animals-mass extinction : Causes and Pattern of extiniction -
Answer (click here)

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Nutrition : Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.),
Proteins(Polypeptides), Lipids, Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.) - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins(Polypeptides) - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamins : functions of vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency Ailments -
Answer (click here)
6. Minerals, Water, Balanced diet, Calorie values, Obesity - Answer (click
here)
7. The digestive system and The process of digestion - Answer (click here)
8. Dental Caries (Tooth decay) : Symptoms, Root Canal Treatment - Answer
(click here)
9. Peptic ulcer and Hernia : Causes of Peptic ulcer and Types of Hernia -
Answer (click here)
10. Appendicitis, Gall Stones, Hepatitis, Hernia, Peptic ulcer - Answer (click
here)
11. Types of fractures, Mechanism of fracture, Healing of Bones in fracture,
Dislocation of joints, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation, Arthiritis ,
Orthopedics, Rickets and steomalacia - Answer (click here)
12. Structure of a skeletal muscle, sarcomere - Answer (click here)
13. Mechanism and Types of muscle contraction - Answer (click here)
14. Benefits of aerobic exercise - Answer (click here)
15. Myasthenia Gravis Muscle Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Process of pulmonary respiration - Answer (click here)
17. Mechanism of Human Breathing : Expiration , Inspiration - Answer (click
here)
18. Gaseous exchange in the alveoli - Answer (click here)
19. Herring - Breuer reflex - Answer (click here)
20. Lungs Disease : Tuberculosis (TB), Herring - Breuer reflex, Acute and
Chronic Bronchitis - Answer (click here)
21. Human Circulatory System : Functioning of Human heart - Answer (click
here)
22. Myocardial infarction : Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors - Answer (click
here)
23. Angina pectoris - Answer (click here)
24. Angiogram : Coronary Angiography and Coronary Angioplasty - Answer
(click here)
25. Atherosclerosis, Heart block, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) - Answer
(click here)
26. ICCU - (Intensive Coronary Care Unit) - Answer (click here)
27. Blood Pressure : Intensive of hypertension - Answer (click here)
28. Composition of plasma : Components with Functions - Answer (click here)
29. Types of blood cells or corpuscles - Answer (click here)
30. Human Nervous system - Answer (click here)
31. Human brain - Answer (click here)
32. Types of memory - Answer (click here)
33. Types of sleep - Answer (click here)
34. Human Brain Stroke and Brain haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
35. Alzheimer's Disease, Meningitis (Brain fever), Conditioned reflex -
Answer (click here)
36. Right and Left Human brain concept - Answer (click here)
37. Spinal cord functioning - Answer (click here)
38. Functions of Endocrine glands - Answer (click here)
39. Pituitary gland and The hormones of anterior pituitary - Answer (click here)
40. Thyroid gland and thyroxine - Answer (click here)
41. Human Insulin - Answer (click here)
42. Human Glucagon - Answer (click here)
43. Gonads : Testis and Overies - Answer (click here)
44. Focusing Mechanism in the Human Eye - Answer (click here)
45. Human eye : Errors of refraction - Answer (click here)
46. Retinopathy - Human Eye Disease - Answer (click here)
47. Human Eye : Cataract, Lens Replacement - Answer (click here)
48. Human Eye : Glaucoma, Nyctalopia Disorder, Infections, Symptoms,
Treatment - Answer (click here)
49. EAR - Some Information - Answer (click here)
50. Mechanism of hearing - Human Ear - Answer (click here)
51. Defects of the Human ear - Answer (click here)
52. Human Hearing Aid - Answer (click here)
53. Noise pollution - Answer (click here)
54. Human Skin and Functions of skin - Answer (click here)
55. Functions of Human Skin Melanin - Answer (click here)
56. Human Skin grafting and Dermatitis - Answer (click here)
57. Human Tongue and Mechanism of Stimulation - Answer (click here)
58. Human Excretion - Answer (click here)
59. Mechanism of urine formation - Answer (click here)
60. Renal Failure, Dialysis and Kidney Machines - Answer (click here)
61. Human Kidney stone (Calculus) And Kidney transplantation - Answer
(click here)
62. Diabetes mellitus : Symptoms, Causes, prevention - Answer (click here)
63. Functioning of male reproductive system - Answer (click here)
64. Functioning of female reproductive system - Answer (click here)
65. Female Menstrual cycle - 28 days - Answer (click here)
66. In vitro fertilization (Test tube babies) and Birth control - Answer (click
here)
67. Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy - Answer (click here)

MICROBIOLOGY
1. History of Medical microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Viruses And Viral genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Cultivation (culture) of Animal viruses - Answer (click here)
5. Bacterial structure And Culture - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
7. Bacterial Diseases - Answer (click here)
8. Protozoan microbiology - Answer (click here)
9. Larval microbiology - Answer (click here)
10. AIDS (HIV) Structure, its control, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnosis,
Control and Management - Answer (click here)

IMMUNOLOGY
1. IMMUNOLOGY : Innate Immunity (Non-specific) And Acquired
Immunity (Specific immunity) - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Lymphoid Organ Thymus - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral Lymphoid Organs : Lymph nodes, Spleen - Answer (click here)
4. Secondary Lymphoid Organs : Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
(MALT) - Answer (click here)
5. Antibodies - Immunoglobulins, Region of polypeptide chains,
Transplantation immunology - Answer (click here)
6. Classification of grafts - Answer (click here)
7. Immune system disorders - Answer (click here)

MODERN GENETICS
1. Human Genetics - Karyotyping - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Human Genome Project (HGP) - Answer (click here)
5. Cloning : Differentiation, Cloning of Sheep (Mechanism), Ethical
Issues, Merits and Demerits of cloning - Answer (click here)
6. Transgenic organisms : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -
Answer (click here)
7. Gene therapy - Answer (click here)
8. Bioinformatics : Definition, History, Applications - Answer (click here)
9. Scope of Genetic Engineering And Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
10. Nucleic acid, Protein sequence databases And Genome sequencing,
DNA library - Answer (click here)
11. Protein Structure, Protein Model And Uses - Answer (click here)
12. Human population and explosion - Issues - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1. Reasons for the Explosion. Impacts Of Growing Population and
Environmental - Answer (click here)
2. Global warming : Green house effect - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Greenhouse Gases - Answer (click here)
4. Effects of Global warming - Answer (click here)
5. Ozone layer depletion : Ozone hole, Preventing And Effect of Ozone
depletions - Answer (click here)
6. Waste management - Answer (click here)
7. Waste management : Classification of wastes - Answer (click here)
8. Management of hazardous wastes - Answer (click here)
9. Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management -
Answer (click here)
10. Biodiversity conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and non
Governmental organizations - Answer (click here)
11. Energy crisis and its environmental impact - Answer (click here)
12. Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis - Answer (click here)
13. Environmental impacts : Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power, Solar energy,
Fossil fuels - Answer (click here)
14. Poverty and Environmental : issues, alleviation - Answer (click here)
15. Fresh water crisis and management - Answer (click here)
16. Freshwater resources - Answer (click here)
17. Freshwater shortages - Answer (click here)
18. Freshwater Management - Answer (click here)

APPLIED BIOLOGY
1. Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds,
Draught breeds - Answer (click here)
3. Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red
Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Answer (click here)
4. Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Answer (click here)
5. Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Answer (click here)
6. Common diseases and control for Cattle - Answer (click here)
7. Poultry Breeds - Answer (click here)
8. Poultry Farming methods - Answer (click here)
9. Factors involved in brooding - Answer (click here)
10. Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Answer (click here)
11. Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and Feeding -
Answer (click here)
12. Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Answer (click here)
13. Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Answer (click here)
14. Sphygmomanometer - Answer (click here)
15. Haemocytometer - Answer (click here)
16. Urine - Sugar analysis - Answer (click here)
17. ECG-Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
18. Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial tomography
(CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Answer (click here)
19. Types of Endoscopy - Answer (click here)
20. Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Answer (click here)

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
1. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism - Answer (click here)
2. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism - Answer (click here)
3. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism - Answer (click here)
4. Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory of
Evolution - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biology laboratory Practicals


Laboratory Equipment
1. Laboratory Equipment - Biology Practicals - Answer (click here)
2. List of Chemicals - Biology Laboratory Practicals - Answer (click here)
3. Making Biology Solutions - Biology Laboratory Practicals - Answer (click
here)

Collecting Biology Specimens


1. Kingdom Fungi - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
2. Kingdom Plantae - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
3. Kingdom Animalia - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
4. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click
here)
5. Phylum Nematoda or Ascehelminthyes - Collecting Biology Specimens
- Answer (click here)
6. Phylum Annelida: Earthworms (Chambo) and Leeches (Ruba) -
Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum Arthropoda - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
8. Phylum Chordata - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)

Biology Activities with Specimens


1. Characteristics of Living Things - Answer (click here)
2. Introduction to Classification - Biology Activities with Specimens -
Answer (click here)
3. Classification System - Biology Activities with Specimens - Answer (click
here)
4. Investigation of Kingdom Fungi - Answer (click here)
5. Investigation of Division Coniferophyta - Answer (click here)
6. Investigation of Division Angiospermophyta - Answer (click here)
7. Investigation of Phylum Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
8. Investigation of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here)
9. Dissection of a Rat - Answer (click here)

Biology Activities
1. Introduction to Biology: Measuring and Recording Mass, Temperature,
Pulse Rate, and Volume - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Structure and Organization: Examining Animal and Plant Cells -
Answer (click here)
3. Nutrition - Biology Activities - Answer (click here)
4. Food Test for Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Food Test for Proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Food Test for Starch - Answer (click here)
7. Food Test for Reducing Sugars - Answer (click here)
8. Food Test for Non-Reducing Sugars - Answer (click here)
9. Investigating the Structures of a Leaf - Answer (click here)
10. Test for Starch in Leaves - Answer (click here)
11. The Importance of Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
12. The Importance of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
13. The Importance of Light in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Oxygen as a By-product of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Essential Minerals in Plants - Answer (click here)
16. Investigation of Abiotic and Biotic Components in the Environment -
Answer (click here)
17. Construction of Food Webs and Food Chains - Answer (click here)
18. Demonstration of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
19. Osmosis - Demonstration - Answer (click here)
20. Demonstration of Capillarity - Answer (click here)
21. Demonstration of Mass Flow - Answer (click here)
22. Demonstration of Transpiration Pull - Answer (click here)
23. Examination of the Vascular System in Plants - Answer (click here)
24. Examination of Root Hair in Germinated Seeds - Answer (click here)
25. Determination of Pulse Rate - Answer (click here)
26. Identification of Carbon Dioxide in Exhaled Air - Answer (click here)
27. Identify the products of anaerobic respiration - Answer (click here)
28. Investigate the Effects of Phototropism - Answer (click here)
29. Investigation of the Effects of Hydrotropism - Answer (click here)
30. Investigation of Effects of Geotropism - Answer (click here)
31. Using Sense Organs to Make Observations - Answer (click here)
32. Investigating Conditions Necessary for Seed Germination - Answer (click
here)
33. Demonstration of Epigeal and Hypogeal Germination - Answer (click here)

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