Source (13) Design

Vameghi, 2014 (meta-analysis) Meta-analysis to nine studies

bademci & karadayi, 2013 (quali analysis)qualitative indepth analysis to 35 boys

and 12 workers

quantitative analysis to 1046 youth in

barman-adhikari, et al 2016 homeless drop in centers

single-sample cross-sectional study of

bhattacharjee et al 2016 159 children entering a treatment and
rehabilitation centeR
 analytical cross-sectional study to 399
cumber & tsoka-gwegweni, 2016
street children

rapid assessment and response to 289

Dejman, 2014 street children

pre and post test design to 17 street

hussain & khan 2013 children
maciel et al, 2013

hussain & ahmed, 2015 mixed method to 120 street children

 mixed method to 146 street children
and youth
embleton et al, 2013

chang et al 2017 quantitative study of 383 street

connected youth
 correlational design to 77 street boys

bashir & dasti, 2015

baratvand et al 2014

semistrutured interviews to 112

crombach et al 2014 children in residential care
kisirkoi & mse, 2016 survey to 33 street children and 20
residential care institutions

boholano 2013 descriptive-normative research design

to 68 street children
Reason To Streets (19) Government Interventions (10) Family Reunification (5)

According to nine, studies with

5064 participants, children
works as vendors, shoe-shiners,
scavenging, washing cars,
portaging and weighing people.
There are also begging, pilfering
and prostitution

importance of creating socially

safe environment through peer-
based interaction

volunteering students as role

model for boys and its effect on
boys behavior
effects of TCP on boys
psychosocial & cognitive dev't

suggesting youth are more

likely to have someone to
talk to or confide in, most
likely a home-based peer or instrumental support (tangible
family member, but are less resources) from professional
likely to have support service providers
systems that can provide
tangible resources such as
food, shelter, or money.

Analyses indicated that

youth who were literally
homeless, youth who were
homeless longer, and youth
who experienced physical
abuse prior to leaving home
were less likely to report
having emotional support
from family.
Youth who reported experience in
foster care
and youth who were street
victimized were
more likely to report having
emotional support from
professionals.

There was an increased risk

for
a longer duration of use
associated with lower family
income, some schooling on
the part of the father, no
schooling on the part of the
mother, father’s history
of substance use, and no
family history of substance
use.

Cannabis, opioids, and

solvents
were the primary
substances used, with
alcohol,
cocaine, and pharmaceutical
drugs used infrequently.
 Children reported that peer
pressure was the
predominant reason they began
using substances – with
few reporting a dysfunctional
family as a causal factor.
The children frequently resorted
to criminal activities as
a source of funds to support
their substance use.

. In the study population, the

type
of psychoactive substance was
as follows:
alcohol (45.9%) was the most
consumed
substance, followed by tobacco
(28.8%), then volatile liquids
(11.5%) and cannabis (10.3%)

Data showed that about 25.6%

of the street children had had
some history of
cigarette smoking, alcohol
abuse, and/or drug abuse.

the main reason for drug abuse

was curiosity
(56.6%), followed by mere
enjoyment (39.6%) and leisure
(35.8%)

street children‟s emotional

dysfunctions significantly
decreased, while their intellectual
functioning
and achievement level increased
after having availed rehabilitation
services.
Emotional and physical abuse
was reported by 33 %
of the sample, and emotional
and physical neglect by 52 %
approximately; 18 % reported
some sort of sexual abuse.
We also investigated child We found that the
victimization through the factors contributing to children’s On the other hand,
WorldSAFE questionnaire,
which asks which punishment psychopathology were (1) better family functioning
the caregiver’s psychopathology,
methods the caregivers use to (2) the absence of a contributed to better mental
discipline their children. In health status, conferring a
all, 62 % of the children suffered partner in the house, and (3) protective effect.
physical violence used by the
severe physical violence;
the main caregiver was the sole caregiver as a disciplinary method.
abuser for 66.7 % of
children, 30.7 % of children
were abused by both the
caregiver and the partner, and
2.6 % were only abused by
the partner.

Family disintegration has

already been pointed
out as a reason for the children
to go to the streets [24]; our
data show that, additionally, it
can be the main cause for
mental health problems in this
population.

53% were separated from family However, a negative correlation

bondage exists between whether parents
keep an eye on children’s activities Those, who even get opportunity to
and taking drugs regularly by the go to school, could not continue
children. It proves that, risk of due to frailty of social bonding,
children’s drug addiction increases which and thus ultimately lead
if parental supervision decreases. them to drug addiction.
Cannabis, cigarette and glue
were commonly used by
children
they do not have enough
facilitation of play and
recreation, passing time with
aprents

28% of them said that bad

companion causes drugs usage

Parents of 42% respondents

who were of 11 to 15 years did
not keep an eye on their
children.

A small percentage of street

children are, as reported by key
informants, involved in theft,
snatching, pick pocketing, sex
work, drug business, informer
etc.

These families cannot continue

strong social bonding and
absence of it causes drug
addiction.

desire to quit, positive peer

Many suggested returning to
school, being repatriated home, influence and programs & policies
being taught a skilled trade, and
setting up rehabilitation centres.
Proposed interventions include
restructuring income assistance,
providing low-threshold
employment, and reducing
barriers to traditional employment Our study contributes to the
by addressing stigma and other
harms of criminalization
influence, self caring, positive family
understanding that stable
and safe income sources are critical
for the health and
well-being of street-involved youth
[18, 20, 21]. In particular,
our findings suggest that stable
income support
could facilitate cessation of
injection drug use in this
population. This is consistent with
the concept of “recovery
capital” [22], which highlights the
importance of
internal and external resources to
achieve and sustain
cessation from risky substance use.
Similarly, integrating youth into
their communities is important for
increasing
their social capital and prospects for
economic security
It was found
that poly-victimization
significantly predicts the
anxiety,
depression, and loss of
behavioral and emotional
control,
general positive affect,
emotional ties and life
satisfaction.
Conventional crime strongly
predicted mental health, and
witnessing or indirect
victimization was weak
predictor of
mental health conditions

h the psychological distress and

psychological wellbeing, the
results indicated that poly-
victimization positively
predicted the psychological
distress and negatively predict
the psychological wellbeing of
street children.

In the present study, although

family instability contributed to
the children leaving home, the
family’s effect was not entirely
negative: the correlation of r =
-0.038 for the relationship between
the length of detention and the
frequency of contact with the family
implied that the time spent in
detention
decreased slightly with an increase
in frequency of contact with the
family.
 Different learning centres offered
different curricula. Some of them
taught; Dental Hygiene, Basic
Hygiene, Religious Education,
Environmental Science, positive
behaviour management and
discipline without
caning. Simple Arithmetic, English,
Kiswahili and Religious Education
were part of some other centres’
curriculum. Music, Drama, Art and
Craft, Sports and Games were
enjoyed by street children in the
learning
centres. Other centres offered hair
dressing, dress-making,
housekeeping, masonry, knitting,
crocheting, sewing,
and weaving, while others offered
English, Mathematics, Kiswahili
53 children interviewed the and Guidance and Counseling.
reason for leaving home was as Many centres
follows: Lack of food/ money offered Cookery, Carpentry,
(poverty) 14(27%), Parent’s Welding, Business Education,
separation and domestic Agriculture, Auto Mechanics,
violence 7(13.3%) Boredom, Tailoring, Metalwork
adventure and peer influence and Apprenticeship. All centres
13(25%), Parents negligence offered games and sports which
16(30%), Born on the streets1 children enjoyed playing. They
(2.3%), Harsh teachers 1(2.3%). were also taught
Parents negligence with dangers of HIV/ Aids and Drug
16(30%) played the greatest role Abuse.
in sending children to the
streets

Some of the children who had

been rescued from the streets by
the government following the
introduction of free primary
education programme, returned
to the streets even at the time of
the survey

About half of theme revealed

that their parents
or guardian hurt them and that
was the reason why they live in
the street.
Therefore, about 52.94% of the Unlike most children who are fun of
children were 10 years and reading and sharing their hobbies to
above. their playmates, most children do
not like to read.
They earn money mainly by
selling cigarettes and candies,
collecting
empty bottles, washing cars and
begging from people passing in
the area.
These children may even work
more than 12 hours per day
looking for
money to sustain their daily
needs.

In this study, it is revealed that

the street children do not play
but instead, they look for food
and struggle for survival.
Recidivism (6)

youth exposed to physical abuse prior

to
leaving home were more likely to
report having emotional support from
home-based peers
and street-based peers, but were less
likely to report having emotional
support from family

Peer pressure was the primary reason

reported for substance use initiation.
Duration of use
of any psychoactive substance for more
than 1 year
was reported by 77%; all children
indicated that they
had engaged in criminal activity, with 82%
reporting
using criminal activity to support their
substance use,
with mean age of first crime at 13.3 years
(SD = 2.5)
The children’s
CTQ scores showed high levels of
maltreatment, particularly neglect—
half of the children scored above the
respective cutoffs for physical and
emotional neglect.
barrier to stop is addiction, peer
influence & social network, coping &
survival on streets, availability of
drugs, poverty and negative family
influence
it was found that as conventional
crime increases the symptoms of
anxiety also increase. Loss of
behavioral control was positively
correlated with all types of
victimization except sexual
victimization.

The results indicated that

psychological wellbeing was negatively
predicted by conventional crime