1.1.

Introduction

Voltage regulator is that circuit which gives constant DC output voltage (Vo) without change in
load current and input voltage (Vin).

Although voltage regulators can be designed using op-amps, but it is easier and quicker
to use IC voltage regulators.

Furthermost, IC voltage regulators are versatile and relatively inexpensive and are
available with features such as programmable output, current or voltage boosting, interval short
circuit, current limiting, thermal shutdown and floating operation for high voltage applications.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power

supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the
output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed
at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent
of how much power is drawn from the line.

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2.1. Motivation

Regulator is that circuit which keeps the DC output voltage ripple free but also keep it constant ,
so electronic devices in which constant DC power supply is required , there voltage regulator is
used.

Rectifier-filter combination provides ordinary DC power

supply. The DC voltage obtain from this is constant until the load is constant. Whereas it is
significant for some electronic applications that DC voltage should constant, then voltage
regulator is needed.

If DC voltage continuously changing then the operation of

all electronic devices are affected. For example- frequency shifting in oscillator, change in value
of instrument, distortion in power amplifier. To avoid the above problems voltage regulator is
needed.

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3.1. Basic theory

These ICS are designing as fixed voltage regulators & with adequate heat sinking can deliver
output current in excess of 1A.

Although these devises do not require external components, such components can be used to
obtain adjustable voltages and currents. These ICS also have internal thermal overload protection
and internal short circuit current limiting.

7805 IC is useful in a wide range of circuits. The major ones being:

3.1.1 Fixed-Output Regulator

3.1.2 Positive Regulator in Negative Configuration

3.1.3 Adjustable Output Regulator

3.1.4 Current Regulator

3.1.5 Adjustable DC voltage Regulator

3.1.6 Regulated Dual Supply

3.1.7 Output Polarity-Reversal-Protection Circuit

3.1.8 Reverse bias projection Circuit

Fig.3.1. Block diagram of power supply

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4.1. Methodology

4.1 Circuit Component of IC based Voltage Regulator

4.1.1 Hardware Requirement

4.1.1 A 7805 Integrated Circuit (IC)

4.1.1.2 A Resistor

4.1.1.3 Capacitors

4.1.1.4 Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

4.1.1.5 Power supply

4.1.1.6 Digital Multimeter

4.2 Description of Hardware Component

4.2.1 Resistors: A resistor is two terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric
current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in
accordance with Ohm’s law: V=IR.

Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely
commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire.

Fig.:4.1 Diagram of resistors

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4.2.2 Capacitor: A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores
electrical energy in a field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While capacitance
exists between any two electrical conductors of a circuit in sufficiently close proximity, a
capacitor is specifically designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety of practical
applications by consideration of size, shape, and positioning of closely spaced conductors, and
the intervening dielectric material. A capacitor was therefore historically first known as an
electric condenser.

Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. The unit of capacitance in the International System of Units (SI) is
the farad (F), defined as one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Capacitance values of typical capacitors
for use in general electronics range from about 1 pF (10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3 F).

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking DC while allowing AC to pass.
In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant circuits they
tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems, they stabilize
voltage and power flow. The property of energy storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic
memory in early digital computers.

Fig.:4.2 Diagram of Capacitor

4.2.3 7805 IC: Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not giving fixed
voltage outputs. Voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC,
a voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC) is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage
regulator ICs used to maintain such fluctuations. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output
voltage it provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power supply with provisions to add
heat sink as well.

 Input voltage range 7V- 35V

 Current rating Ic = 1A
 Output voltage range VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V

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PIN
PIN Function DESCRIPTION
NO

In this pin of the IC positive unregulated

1 INPUT Input voltage (7V-35V)
voltage is given in regulation.

In this pin where the ground is given. This

2 GROUND Ground (0V) pin is neutral for equally the input and
output.

The output of the regulated 5V volt is

3 OUTPUT Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)
taken out at this pin of the IC regulator.

Fig.:4.3 Diagram of 7805 IC

4.2.4 PCB (printed circuit board): A PCB is used to mechanically support and electrically
connect electronic components using conductive path ways, tracks or signal traces etched from
copper sheets laminated on to a non conductivity subtract. It is also referred to us printed wiring
board (PWB) or etched wiring board.

A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as
a PCB assembly.

They required much more layout effort and higher initial coast than either wire wrap or point to
point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high volume production the production
and soldering of PCB can be done by automated equipment.

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 Fig.:4.4 Diagram of PCB

4.3 Circuit Diagram of IC based Voltage Regulator

For proper operation of voltage regulators require a common ground between input and output
voltages. In addition, the difference between input and output voltages (Vin –V0), called dropout
voltage, must be typically 2.0 volt even during the low point on the input ripple voltage

Furthermore, the capacitor Ci is required if the voltage

regulator is located an appreciable distance from a power supply filter. Even though C 0 is not
needed, it may be used to improve the transient response of the regulator.

Fig.4.5 Circuit Diagram of IC based voltage regulator

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4.4 Hardware Diagram

Fig.:4.6 Diagram of PCB

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5.1. Result

RESULT: - From the 7805 voltage regulator it is observed that after a certain value of input
voltage, the output voltage of 7805 IC voltage regulator remains constant. The output voltage of
7805 voltage regulator is more than 5.0 Volts (i.e., 5.2volts or more) to avoid the heat sink
problem in regulator. The observed values of output voltage of voltage regulators are as follows-

S. No. Supply\Input voltage (Vin) Output voltage(V0 )

1. 0.0 0.0
2. 0.1 0.7
3. 1.5 0.9
4. 2.0 1.3
5. 3.2 2.6
6. 4.0 3.4
7. 5.6 5.2
8. 6.0 5.2
9. 8.0 5.2

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6.1. Conclusion

7805 IC also finds usage in building circuits for inductance meter, phone charger, portable CD
player, infrared remote control extension and UPS power supply circuits. Other applications of
7805 IC based voltage regulator are as follows:-

6.1.1 Laboratory type power supply.

6.1.2. In mobile charging adapters.

6.1.3. On – Card regulation.

6.1.4. Switching type voltage regulators are used as:

6.1.5. Control circuit in Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

6.1.6. PUSH – PULL Bridges.

6.1.7. Series type Switch mode supply.

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7.1. Bibliography

7.1 Website: (www.electronicsforu.com)

7.2 Website: (www.extremecircuit.net)

7.3 Website: (www.electronichub.com)

7.4 Website: (www.circuitstoday.com)

7.5 A book of “Electronics project work”

7.6 A book of “Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”

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