Crew Resource Management

Human Factors for Pilots

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Introduction
Module 1 – Information
Processing
Module 2 – Human
Error, Reliability and
Error Management
Module 3 – Fatigue and
Workload Management
Introduction
Crew (or Cockpit) Resource Management (CRM) training
originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on
improving air safety. The NASA research presented at this
meeting found that the primary cause of the majority of aviation
accidents was human error, and that the main problems were
failures of interpersonal communication, leadership, and
decision making in the cockpit. CRM training encompasses a
wide range of knowledge, skills and attitudes including
communications, situational awareness, problem solving,
decision making, and teamwork; together with all the attendant
sub-disciplines which each of these areas entails.

Module 4 – Situational
Awareness CRM can be defined as a management
Module 5 – system which makes optimum use of all
Communication &
available resources – equipment, procedures
Management
and people – to promote safety and enhance
Module 6 – Automation
the efficiency of flight operations.
Module 7 – CRM for
Single Pilots

CRM is concerned not so much with the technical knowledge

and skills required to fly and operate an aircraft but rather with
the cognitive and interpersonal skills needed to manage the
Flight flight within an organised aviation system. In this context,
cognitive skills are defined as the mental processes used for
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gaining and maintaining situational awareness, for solving
problems and for making decisions. Interpersonal skills are
regarded as communications and a range of behavioural
activities associated with teamwork. In aviation, as in other
walks of life, these skill areas often overlap with each other, and
they also overlap with the required technical skills. Furthermore,
they are not confined to multi-crew aircraft, but also relate to
single pilot operations, which invariably need to interface with
other aircraft and with various ground support agencies in order
to complete their missions successfully.

CRM training for crew has been introduced and developed by

aviation organisations including major airlines and military
aviation worldwide. CRM training is now a mandated
requirement for commercial pilots working under most regulatory
bodies worldwide.

Temporary
This CRM tutorial is presented as a temporary measure while
we further develop CrewResourceManagement.net into a more
robust and usable resource. The primary focus of the site will be
a blog contributed to by an array of industry professionals.

To adequately learn CRM principles it is best to have a dynamic

group environment so that various principles can be
demonstrated in a live environment. Ideally, it requires an array
of personalities and professions so that the dynamics of human
behaviour and social interaction can be effectively
demonstrated. To this end, when conducing aviation exercises
to demonstrate CRM principles it is also highly appropriate to
have other stakeholders that might contribute towards the
exercise; this might include ATC, dispatch and loaders.

The reality is, it’s unlikely that all or any of these groups will be
rostered to complete the exercises together. It’s generally
inappropriate to conduct CRM training online (single pilot) since
the whole topic is based around the involvement of multiple
people.

The following CRM course is made up of 7 modules, with each

module broken up into a number of further sections (or
chapters). New areas will be added in the future so ensure you
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