V1G / V2G EXPERIENCES IN MAUI

Shinichi Kasai
Department Manager, IoT Business Promotion Division
Hitachi, Ltd.
V1G / V2G Demonstrations in Maui

Hawaii’s Unique Environment for V1G / V2G

• 100% renewables in electricity generation by 2045
– Action plans in Hawaiian Electric’s Power Supply Improvement Plans (December, 2016)
• Maximize distributed energy resources
• Make high use of demand response programs

• 100% renewables in ground transportation by 2045

– Ranks second in the nation behind CA in the number of EVs registered per capita
– 4 county mayors in Hawaii signed proclamation in December
– Honolulu and Maui to transition all of their fleet vehicles to clean energy by 2035

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V1G / V2G Demonstrations in Maui

JUMPSmartMaui Project* (2011~2016)

• Install / operate infrastructure to help the Island transition to clean energy transportation
• Help electrical grid introduce more renewables by utilizing distributed energy resources
especially electric vehicles (EVs)

*The project was

supported by Japanese
government
(METI / NEDO)

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EV Charging Infrastructure

DC Fast Charging Stations being operated by Hitachi

• 13 stations with 44 ports are installed in JUMPSmartMaui

*1
EV charger ports in Maui County
(Sep.,2016)
DCFC (Hitachi)

78
44
Public
Level 2
Chargers *2
DCFC (Maui Electric)

*1) Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures (May, 2017) / State Energy Office
*2) based on HECO website as of Oct.,2017

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EV Charging Infrastructure

Charging Behavior at DC Fast Charging Stations

• Currently in commercial operation with ~300 users
• Even DCFC users charge at home often

Registered EVs in Maui Island

Our DCFC
users
306
583
(incl. carts)

Total 889 (as of Nov.,2017) Q. Where do you most often charge your EV?
(June 2017)
Source : Hawaii State Energy Office

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EV Charging Infrastructure

Charging Behavior at DC Fast Charging Stations

• Usage peaks at 5~6pm in weekdays
• Unless DCFC ports are enough, increase in charging at home after 6pm is expected

[kWh]
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Monday - Friday Saturday, Sunday

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V1G / V2G Demonstrations in Maui

V1G / V2G Demonstrations Overview

• V1G Demonstration
– 200 houses participated
with 3rd party’s level-2 charger 1,000 Registered
900 Passenger
– Peak home charging period 800 Electric Vehicles
overlaps that of grid demands 700 in Maui
600
– Managed charging based on 500
utility’s and the participants’ needs 400
300
200
100
• V2G Demonstration -

Jan-11
Jun-11
Nov-11
Apr-12

Feb-13
Jul-13
Dec-13
May-14
Oct-14
Mar-15

Jan-16
Jun-16
Nov-16
Apr-17
Sep-12

Aug-15

Sep-17
– Additional 80 houses participated
with Hitachi bi-directional charger
– Managed charging / discharging
Source: Hawaii State Energy Office
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Electrical Grid in Maui

Renewable energy percentage in Maui was already 36.9% in 2016

• Curtailed renewables in 2016 was equivalent to full charging of 1,000 EVs with
40kWh battery every day
• Highly populated customer-sited solar generation causes issues on grid
operations
Estimated Curtailed Energy as a Percent of Available IPP Curtailable Energy
Maui Electric - Maui Division
2007-2016 Annual
450,000 100%
400,000 90%

350,000 MWh curtailed from renewable resources 80%

MWh Taken/Curtailed

70%
300,000

% C curtailed
60%
250,000

200,000
50% PV
40%
150,000
19.12% 30%
100,000
16.70%
9.65% 20%
50,000
0.01% 0.07% 2.80% 2.35%
7.47% 7.33% 5.85%
10% Wind
0 0%
Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

2. MWh taken from curtailable renewable resources 1. MWh curtailed from curtailable renewable resources

1/(1+2) = % Curtailed of curtailable renewable resources

Source: Maui Electric

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Electrical Grid in Maui

EVs can both cause and mitigate issues

• Loads in peak period (7~8pm) are expected to shift either during daytime or
midnight

Net
System
Load

Source: Maui Electric

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Home Charging and Utility Grid

Natural Charging Behavior of the Participants

• Charging in peak at 7 ~ 8pm, when grid demand is also in peak
• Few charging at midnight, when grid demand gets minimum in a day

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Home Charging and Utility Grid

Managed Charging Results

• Schedule charging based on hourly grid needs and requirement of each
participant (e.g. full by 4am)
• Charging peaked 3 hours later and continued to midnight

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Home Charging and Utility Grid

State-of-Charge (SoC)
• SoC of the EVs gets minimum ~7pm but still half of them have > 70% left
• Enough to support grid’s peak demand period (and to be fully charged
afterwards)
100% SoC
90% 90-100%
80% 80-90%
70% 70-80%
60% 60-70%
50% 50-60%
40-50%
40%
30-40%
30%
20-30%
20%
10-20%
10%
0-10%
0%
12 AM 3 AM 6 AM 9 AM 12 PM 3 PM 6 PM 9 PM

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Home Charging and Utility Grid

Hitachi Bi-directional Charger - Maui Demonstration Model

• Charging and discharging in CHAdeMO protocol at 6kW
• Remotely controlled by IEEE2030.5 (SEP2.0) interface
• Volt-Var control capability
• Vehicle-to-Load available when disconnected from the grid

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Home Charging and Utility Grid

Managed Charging / Discharging Results

• Charging shifted to midnight (same as V1G demonstration)
• Discharging occurred during system load peak period
4

kW 2
(Discharge) 1
Discharging
0
0AM 3AM 6AM 9AM 12PM 3PM 6PM 9PM 0AM
0
-5
-10 Charging
-15 after the project
kW -20
Shifted charging started
-25
(Charge)
-30
Avoided
-35
charging
-40 Charging before the project started
-45
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User Acceptance

Communication with Community

• Using EVs as energy resources is quite new for users and can be complicated
• Having EV charging infrastructure and interactions with grid are local interests
• Information sessions have been helpful to receive acceptance from community

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Summary of V1G / V2G Demonstrations in Maui

Charging behavior at home can impact on grid operation with more EVs
•Natural charging peak at home overlaps system peak.

Charging EVs can be controlled without losing user’s convenience

•Charging EVs during period with fewer system load is beneficial both for utilities
and users.
•EVs avoided being charged during system peak can still be charged enough to
be driven in the morning

Many EVs at home have energy left to power loads during system peak
•EVs can not only be avoided being charged during system peak and also export
power to home then.

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Commercialization of V1G / V2G

Estimated Capacity of Aggregated EV Batteries

• with 200 Level2 chargers and 80 bi-directional chargers
• Based on what percentage of EVs can actually be under control

250

Discharging by 80 of bi-directional
200
chargers (6kW per charger)
[kw]

150
Avoided charging by 80 of bi-directional
100 chargers (6kW per charger)
50 Avoided charging by 200 of level-2
0
chargers (3kW per charger)
5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30
PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM

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Commercialization of V1G / V2G

Frequency Control Demonstration by Hawaiian Electric (2017)

• 40 (out of 80 already installed) used to evaluate performance for Regulating Reserve
• Chargers controlled according to AGC signal in several second interval
• Evaluated high (> .97) in PJM scoring
Source : Hawaiian Electric “Implementation Phase I Status Report #5” (July 10, 2017)

MECO
AGC signal
Aggregator

© 2017 Used with Permission of OATI

Bi-directional charger
(EV-PCS)

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Commercialization of V1G / V2G

Hitachi Bi-directional Charger - Hybrid-PCS (Commercial Model)

• EV, PV and battery support with single PCS (power conditioning system)
• Efficient DC-DC EV charging from PV
• Available in mass production in 1Q / 2018
Grid

Hybrid-PCS

Photovoltaic
Battery

EV

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V2X Use Cases

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V1G / V2G experiences in Maui

For more information on Maui demonstrations :

•NEDO Case Study Report
http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/reports_20130222.html#hawaii
•EPRI Smart Grid Demonstration Assessment Report
https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002007129/

Thank you

Shinichi Kasai
Hitachi,Ltd.
shinichi.kasai.nv@hitachi.com

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