Handbook on Pulp and Paper Processing

Author: NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers

Format: Hardcover
ISBN: 9788178331140
Code: NI212
Pages: 704
Price: Rs. 1,875.00 US$ 150.00
Publisher: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.
Usually ships within 5 days

The pulp and paper industry comprises companies that use wood as raw material and produce pulp, paper,
board and other cellulose based products. The pulp and paper sector presents one of the energy intensive
and highly polluting sectors within the Indian economy and is therefore of particular interest in the context of
both local and global environmental discussions. Increases in productivity through the adoption of more
efficient and cleaner technologies in the manufacturing sector will be most effective in merging economic,
environmental, and social development objectives. Papers are mostly used product starting from writing to
packaging. It plays an important role in commercial field as well as in academic field also. Without paper
nothing is expressible and reliable, so paper is part and parcel of our life. Adequate amount of raw materials
for processing paper and pulp is available. Bamboo is the main raw material for Indian paper industry. New
bamboo areas even at high cost are being trapped. Some of the examples of high yield pulping process are
mechanical process, semi chemical process, alkaline chemical process, sulfite process, etc. Physical
strength properties of paper depend on the quality of raw material, its pulping, bleaching and subsequent
paper making processes. Technology has made it easy to process these raw materials in an economic and
lucrative way to meet the global demand. Raw materials like, straw, bagasse, wood, bamboo is almost
available in most of the places. So it is great opportunity for the entrepreneurs to start up such kind of
industry. Paper Industry has tremendously increased in India in the last 20 to 30 yrs. The Paper industry is a
priority sector for foreign collaboration and foreign equity participation up to 100% receives automatic
approval by Reserve Bank of India. Several fiscal incentives have also been provided to the paper industry,
particularly to those mills which are based on non conventional raw material.
Some of the fundamentals of the book are bleaching of bamboo cold, high yield semi chemical pulping of
mixture of bamboo and mixed hardwoods, sulphate semi chemical process, kraft green liquor semi chemical
process, neutral sulphite semi chemical process, thermo mechanical pulps for newsprint, zeta potential
concept in paper sizing, sodium carbonate in alkali extraction during bleaching bamboo , maintenance
engineering in pulp and paper industry, design and application of refiners in stock preparation, paper machine
effluent etc.
This book explains about the various raw material, their processing and utilizations and also the possible
waste treatment of such paper and pulp making industry. To draw attention for manufacturing quality product
with all possible latest technologies is the main purpose of this book. The book is very resourceful for new
entrepreneurs, technocrats, existing units and research scholars.

Contents
1. BLEACHING OF BAMBOO COLD
SODA PULPS
Results and Discussions

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Constant Conditions
Pretreatment with Acid
Pretreatment with Alkali
Bleaching Conditions in Different Stages
Effect of Peroxide in Alkali Pretreatment
Pretreatment with Dye
Bleaching Conditions in Different Stages
Conclusions
Experimental
Raw Materials
Bleaching
2. HIGH YIELD SEMI-CHEMICAL PULPING OF
MIXTURE OF BAMBOO AND
MIXED HARDWOODS
Raw Material
Experimental and Results
Sulphate Semi-Chemical Process
Kraft Green Liquor-Semi-Chemical Process
Neutral Sulphite Semi-Chemical Process
Discussion
Sulphate Semi-Chemical Process
Green Liquor Semi-Chemical Process
Neutral Sulphite Semi-Chemical Process
Conclusion
3. DEVELOPMENT IN HIGH YIELD PULPING PROCESS
Mechanical Process
Semichemical Process
Chemical Process
Alkaline Chemical Process
Sulfite process
Organic Catalyst to High Yield Pulping
AQ Pulping Technology
Polysulfide-AQ Process
Alkaline Sulfite-AQ Pulping
Experimental
4. THERMO-MECHANICAL PULPS FOR NEWSPRINT
MANUFACTURE FROM TROPICAL PINES
Raw Materials
Experimental
Preparation of Thermo-Mechanical Pulps
Results and Discussions
5. A STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF SODIUM
SULPHATE BY AQ-LARGE SCALE TRIAL
Anthraquinone an Aid to Pulping
Laboratory Scale Investigations at Central Research Laboratory, Dalmianagar
Plant Trial with AQ
Evaluation of Mill Pulp
Discussion and Results
Conclusions
6. ZETA POTENTIAL CONCEPT IN PAPER SIZING
Electro Kinetic (Zeta) Potential-A Concept
The Theory of Electrical Double Layer
Stern’s Modified Double Layer

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The Meaning and Limitations in the Application of
Electro Kinetic Theory
to the Paper Sizing
Behaviour of Alum in Water
Electro Kinetic Properties of Alum-rosin
Size Precipitate and the Sized Fibre
Conclusion
Nomenclature
Greeks
7. ECONOMICS OF BAMBOO AND HARDWOOD PULPING
BY ANTHRAQUINONE CATALYSED-KRAFT-PROCESS
Experimental Design & Observations
Results & Discussions
Conclusion
8. EFFECT OF BLEACHED PULP VISCOSITY ON STRENGTH
PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO SULFATE PULP
Experimental
Pulping
Bleaching
Physical Strength Properties
Chemical Analysis
Observations and Discussions
Conclusion
9. ALKALI/OXYGEN DELIGNIFICATION AND
BLEACHING OF SODA BAMBOO PULP
Experimental
Discussions
Conclusions
10. ALKALI/OXYGEN DELIGNIFICATION AND BLEACHING
OF SODA BAMBOO PULP, BAMBOO + MIXED HARD
WOOD PULP (70 : 30) AND MIXED HARDWOOD PULP
Experimental and Results
Discussions
Conclusion
11. SODIUM CARBONATE IN ALKALI EXTRACTION DURING
BLEACHING BAMBOO (D. STRICTUS) PULP
Experimental
Study on Sequentially Chlorinated (H/C) Pulp
Study on Chlorinated Pulp
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
12. EFFECT OF HEMICELLULOSES ON
UNBLEACHED SOFTWOOD KRAFT PULP
Materials and Methods
Enzyme Treatments
Bleaching Experiments
Chemical Composition and Kappa Number Analyses
Microscopic Analysis
Numerical Measurement of Colour
Results and Discussion
Chemical Changes After Enzyme Treatment
Bleaching Experiments
Graff ‘C’ Stain

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Numerical Measurement of Colour
Accessibility Changes and Simons’ Stain
Deuterium Oxide Exchange
Simons’ Stain
Conclusions
13. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
REACTION BETWEEN LIGNIN AND
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE DURING BLEACHING
Experimental
Isolation of Thiolignin
Preparation of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution
Reaction of Thiolignin with Hydrogen Peroxide
Results and Discussion
Analysis of Kinetic Data
Order of the Reaction and Variation of Rate
Constant with Reaction Parameters
Validity of Arrhenius Equation (Reaction Rates and
Temperature Changes)
Estimation of various Thermodynamic Functions
Conclusions
14. SEQUENTIAL BLEACHING
Experimental Procedure
Discussions of the Results
Bleach Consumption
Physical and Chemical Properties
Pollution Load of the Filtrate
Conclusion
15. MANUFACTURE OF CORRUGATING MEDIUM PAPER
UTILIZING 100% BAGASSE FURNISH
Process Suggested for Making
Corrugating Medium from 100% Bagasse
Fibre Preparation
Depithing at Paper Mills
Digestion Cycle
Stock Preparation
16. EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF CHEMICALS IN
PULP AND PAPER MILLS
Digester House
Chemical Recovery Section
Bleach Plant
Chemical and Stock Preparation
Effluents
17. EFFECTIVE USE AND RECOVERY OF
CHEMICALS IN COLD SODA PULPING
Experimental
Chemical Treatment of E. Tereticornis
Eta Reed Sulphate Pulping
Evaporation and Burning Properties of Kraft and
Cold Soda Spent liquors
Results and Discussions
Chemical Consumption
Pulp Properties
Composition of Liquors

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Pollution Loads
Properties of Spent Liquors
Material Balances
Conclusions
18. EFFECTIVE USE AND RECOVERY OF CHEMICALS IN
COLD SODA PULPING WITH PARTIALLY CLOSED SYSTEM
Chemical Treatment of E. Tereticornis
Results and Discussions
Conclusions
19. MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING IN PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Inspection
Lubrication
Servicing
Maintenance Problems
20. LIMITATION TO SATISFACTORY OPERATION OF
WET END OF PAPER MACHINE
Basis Weight Profile
Head Box Pulsation
Drainage Formation and Sheet Structure
The Head Box
Rectifier Roll Head Boxes
Micro Turbulence Head Boxes
Web Formers
Twin Wire Forming
Schmidt Classification
Norman Classification
High Consistency Forming
Ancillary Equipments
Wet Web Strength
Limitations of Water Removal on Pressing
Conclusion
21. DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF REFINERS
IN STOCK PREPARATION
Conical Refiners
Shallow Angle Refiner
Steep Angle Refiners
Double Disc Refiners
Safety Devices
Influence of Machine Variables on Refining
Batch Refining
Machine Refiners
22. WET FELT DESIGNING TECHNIQUES
Pressing
Case Study
Recommendations
23. MODERNIZATION AND OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF
EVAPORATORS FOR HARDWOOD BLACK LIQUORS-MILL
EXPERIENCE
Hardwood Black Liquors
Recovery Boilers and Required Liquor
Solids
Original Evaporator Units

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Installation of a Pump in Between First
Pass and Second Pass of Concentration Effects of
Both Units
Conversion of Concentration Effect of
First (OLD) Unit to a Finisher
Introduction of a New Finisher Effect
Utilization of Vent Vapour from Finisher
Changing the Liquor Entry from Tangential to Radial and
Modification of Flash Chamber
Utilization of Vapour from Improvised Finisher of
Old Street
Conclusions
24. PAPER MACHINE EFFLUENT
Experimental
Discussions
Mode of Treatment for Paper Machine Effluent
Results
Conclusion
25. CONICAL REFINERS AND WIDE-ANGLE REFINERS IN
CONTINUOUS AND BATCH REFINING SYSTEMS FOR
BAMBOO AND HARDWOOD FURNISH
Introduction
Types of Refining Systems in the Mill
Conical and Wide Angle Refiners Strength, Development and Power Consumption
26. USE OF ‘NO PICK’ ROLL IN PAPER MACHINE PRESS
SECTION BASED ON SHORT-FIBRED TROPICAL
HARDWOODS AND AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES
Theoretical Considerations
The Problem
Press Section Before Modification
Press Section After Modification
Discussion
Conclusions
27. CONSUMPTION OF FURNACE OIL IN
RECOVERY BOILERS
Storage
Viscosity
Velocity
Turbidity & Causticity
Silica
Inverse Solubility
Organic Content and Calorific Value
28. NECESSITY TO RENOVATE AND
MODERNIZE PAPER MACHINE
Fourdrinier Part
Press Part
Dryer Section
Calender Stacks
Pope Reel
Conclusion
29. WET END OPERATION OF A PAPER MACHINE
Approach Flow
Head Box

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The Slice
Approach System, Head Box and Slice at W.C.P.M.
Sheet Formation and Drainage on the Fourdrinier
Shake
Suction Boxes
Dandy Roll
The Couch
Conclusion
30. CLEANING SYSTEM-SHOWER FOR PAPER MACHINE
Mechanical Cleaning
Classification of Water Shower
Wire Cleaning Shower
Knock off Shower
Trim Knock-off Shower
Couch Roll Cleaning Shower
Return Roll Cleaning Shower
Dandy Cleaning Shower
Felt Shower
Special Features of Water Showers
Material of Construction
Insert Type Nozzle
Protective Shell
Programming
Filters
31. SUITABILITY OF KENAF CTMP FOR LINERBOARD
Experimental
Raw Material
Particle Size
Reduction and Washing
Injection Process
Fiberizing and Refining
Kraft Pulping
Pulp Testing and Handsheet Formation and Testing
Results and Discussion
Andritz Sprout-Bauer Pulping Trials
FPL Pulping Trials
Kenaf and Loblolly Pine Pulp Blends
Conclusions
32. NEWSPRINT FROM BLENDS OF KENAF CTMP
AND DEINKED RECYCLED NEWSPRINT
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
33. FEASIBILITY OF USING KENAF
CHEMITHERMOMECHANICAL PULP IN
PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER
Results and Discussion
Andritz Sprout-Bauer and FPL Pulping Trials
Postbrightened Kenaf Thermomechanical Pulp
Conclusions
Experimental
Raw Material, Particle Size Reduction, and Material Wash
Injection Process

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Fiberizing and Refining Process
Testing of Pulp and Forming and Testing of Handsheets
Postbrightening of Kenaf TMP
Brightness Reversion
34. MESTA/KENAF AS RAW MATERIAL FOR KRAFT PULPING
Raw Material
Experimental
Chemical Constituents of Mesta
Pulping and Sheet Making
Discussion
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Constituents
Pulping Bleaching and Black Liquor Characteristics
Morphological Studies
Properties of Pulp Sheets
Fibre Classification Results
Conclusions
35. RESPONSE OF KENAF VARIETY, HC-583
TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Plant Height
Basal Diameter of Stalk
Dry Yield of Stalk
Increase in Dry Yield of Stalk per Kg. N Applied
Conclusion
36. PREHYDROLYSED KRAFT COOKING OF
JUTE STICK (EFFECT OF PREHYDROLYSIS CONDITION)
Experiments
Raw Materials
Digestion
Bleaching
Chlorine Water Bleaching
Analysis of the Pulp
Results & Discussion
A. Effect of Prehydrolysis Treatment on the Chemical Composition of Jute Stick
B. Loss of ï•¡-Cellulose and Lignin after Prehydrolysis and Kraft Cooking of Jute Stick
Results of Bleached Pulps
Conclusions
37. HIGH YIELD PULP FROM JUTE STICKS
38. GREASE PROOF PAPERS FROM SULPHITE JUTE STICK PULP
Raw Material
Pulping
Conclusion
39. CHEMICAL RECOVERY BOILERS FOR PULP MILLS
USING AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES AS RAW MATERIALS
Present and Future Prospects of Agricultural Residue Usage in India
Advantages of Use of Agricultural Residues
Special Shelter Type Design for Smaller Units
40. PROBLEMS IN BL EVAPORATION IN INDIAN RAW MATERIALS
Black Liquor Screening
Black Liquor Soap Problem
Carbonaceous Deposits

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Scale Formation and its Removal
Results Achieved
Technical
Vapour Side Scale
Method of Feeding Black Liquor
Mixed Feed
Quintuple Effect & Forced Circulation Evaporator
Forced Circulation Evaporator
41. UTILIZATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL RAW MATERIALS
Advantages at a Glance—for New Process
Cooking Liquor and Position of pH (Cold) during Pulping
Pulping Conditions and Delignification
Yield and General Properties of Pulp
Chemical Composition of Unbleached Pulp
Bleaching of Pulp
Paper Making Properties
Black Liquor and Recovery
Environmental Protection
Air Protection
Water Protection
Future Looks
Sulfite Shuttles into Space
42. UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES USING
MECHANO-CHEMICAL PULPING PROCESS
Pilot Plant Trials at Cellulose and Paper Branch,
Forest Research institute and colleges, Dehradun
Production of Rice Straw Pulp
Production of Wheat Straw Pulp
Production of Bagasse Pulp
Production of Paper
Mechano Chemical Pulping on Industrial Scale
Chemical Preparation
Cooking
Search for Alternative Raw Material
Variables in the Process
Modification of Bagasse Pulping by Partial Replacement of
Sodium Hydroxide by Sodium Carbonate
Addition of Sodium Sulphide in Cooking Liquor in
Bagasse Pulping
Conclusion
43. FEASIBILITY OF RECYCLED NEWSPAPERS HARDBOARDS
Experimental Design and Analysis
Materials
Processing
Acetylation
Adhesive Application
Board Manufacture
Testing
Results and Discussion
Static Bending Properties
Tensile Strength Properties
Water Absorption and Thickness Swell
Linear Expansion

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Concluding Remarks
44. RESTORING BONDING STRENGTH TO RECYCLED FIBERS
Dry-Fiberized Fiber Characteristics
Mechanical Treatment
Fractionation
Strength Additives
Chemical Treatments
Blending with Virgin Fiber
Papermaking Variables
Wet-Formed Papers
Pressing
Air-Formed Papers
Conclusions
Methods and Materials
45. CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF AGRO-FIBER FOR THERMOPLASTICIZATION
Experimental Procedures
Esterification Procedure
Thermal Analysis
Pressing of Esterified Fiber
Electron Microscopy of Pressed Fiber
Swelling of Pressed Fiber in Water
Results and Discussion
Esterification of Lignocellulosics
Thermal Analysis
Swelling of Pressed Fiber Pellets in Water
Conclusions
46. POTENTIALS FOR COMPOSITES FROM JUTE AND
ALLIED FIBERS
Plant Utilization for Composites
Potential Composites for Agro-Resources
Geotextiles
Filters
Sorbents
Structural Composites
Non-structural Composites
Molded Products
Packaging
Combinations with Other Resources
Chemical Modification for Property Improvement
Conclusions
47. AN APPROACH TO ‘INPLANT COLOUR REDUCTION’ OF
BLEACH PLANT EFFLUENT USING CALCIUM
HYPOCHLORITE
Experimental
Discussion
48. DESILICATION OF SULPHATE WEAK BLACK
LIQUOR BY THE ADDITION OF LIME
Experimental
Procedure of Desilication
Results & Discussion
49. TREATMENT OF PULP & PAPER MILL WASTES
Pulp and Paper Industry Water
Consumption

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Nature and Effect of Impurities
Primary Treatment
Sedimentation Units
Sludge Handling & Disposal
Secondary Treatment
50. DECOLOURIZATION OF WASTE WATER
FROM BLEACHED-KRAFT PULP & PAPER
MILL USING ALUM AND CLAY
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Sludge Blanket
Effluent Quality
Colour Removal
Removal of Suspended Solids
COD Reduction
Conclusion
¬51. REMOVAL OF SOLUBLE SILICA FROM
SULPHATE GREEN LIQUOR
Experimental
Carbonation
Green Liquor Analysis
Results & Discussion
52. TRENDS IN ASH CONTENT OF STRAW
PULPS-AN EXPLANATION
Experimental
53. MINI LIME TREATMENT OF DISSOLVING
PULP MILL COLOURED EFFLUENT
Sources of Colour in the Pulp Mill
Effluent
Present Work
Chlorination of Lime Treated Effluent
Calcining of Effluent Sludge
Causticization Using Lime Obtained from Effluent Sludge
Conclusion
54. COLOUR AND COD REDUCTION OF
BLEACH EFFLUENTS
Experimental
Results and Discussions
Colour of the Effluents
Phenolic Compounds
Rate of Colour Reduction
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Conclusions
55. EFFECT OF pH ON SULPHITE PULPING OF
HOLOCELLULOSE OF E. TERETICORNIS
Experimental
Preparation of Cooking Liquor
Titration of Cooking Liquor
Sulphite Pulping
Neutral Sulphite Pulping
Preparation of Cooking Liquor
Chemical Analysis of Sulphite and
Neutral Sulphite Cooked Holocellulose

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Results and Discussion Effect of pH and
Cooking Time on Yield
Effect of pH and Cooking Time on Klason Lignin
Effect of pH and Cooking Time on Alpha-Cellulose
Effect of pH and Cooking Time on
Pentosans
Effect of pH and Cooking Time on
Acidic Sugar
Effect of pH and Cooking Time
On Methoxyl and Acetyl Groups
56. UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES
FOR PULP, PAPER AND BOARD
Rice Straw
Writing and Prints Paper
Grease Proof Paper
Wrapping Paper
Straw Board
Fibre Boards
Wheat Straw
Writing & Printing Paper
Greaseproof Paper
Straw Board
Jute Sticks
Writing and Printing Paper
Wrapping Paper Pulp Yield and Sheet Characteristics
Straw Board
Newsprint Grade Refiner Groundwood Pulp
Constitution of Hemicellulose
Greaseproof Paper, Strength Properties of Standard Sheet
Building Board
Bagasse
Writing and Printing Paper
Wrapping Papers
Rayon Grade Pulps
Greaseproof paper
Straw Board
Fiber Board
Newsprint
Cotton Stem
Writing and Printing Paper
Miscellaneous Raw Materials
Arecanut Husk
Ground Nut Shells
Tea Stem
Caster Stems (Ricinus Communis, linn)
Sun Flower Stalk
Arhar Sticks (Cajanus SP) and Jawar Stalk (Sorghum SP)
Sugar Cane Leaves
Paddy Husk
57. PROVISION OF CAPTIVE POWER GENERATION IN
A 30 TPD AGRO-BASED PAPER PLANT AS A MEANS OF
IMPROVING CAPACITY UTILIZATION
Capacity Utilization

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Power Availability
Captive Power Plant
Recommended Scheme
Features of the Scheme
Fixed Costs
Variable Costs
Average Cost of Power Generation
Economics and Discussion
Conclusion
58. ENERGY CONSERVATION IN PULP AND
PAPER INDUSTRY—SOME THOUGHTS
Paper Industry
Deliberations
Total Energy Concept
In-Plant Power Generation
Energy Distribution and Utilization
Overdesign and Capacity Utilization of the Equipment
Energy Aduit
Short Term-Long Term Action Programme
Short Term Schemes
Long Term Schemes
Generation
Short Term
Long Term
Transmission
Short Term
Long Term
Utilization
Short Term
Long Term
Waste Streams
Energy Conservation Approaches
Factor Affecting Energy Efficiency
Research and Development
National Energy Programme
Summary and Conclusions

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