Introduction

How superstitions got into science

Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
Decolonising math and science education How superstitions
got into science

Math

C. K. Raju The solution

School of Mathematical Sciences

Universiti Sains Malaysia
web:ckraju.net

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The basic question and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

The solution
I Science and math are believed to be universal.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The basic question and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

The solution
I Science and math are believed to be universal.
I So, is there anything to decolonise?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The thesis and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Present-day (Western) science and math are not Math

The solution
universal.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The thesis and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Present-day (Western) science and math are not Math

The solution
universal.
I We need to

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The thesis and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Present-day (Western) science and math are not Math

The solution
universal.
I We need to
I eliminate the superstitions from Western math and
science.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I superstitions in science and Math

math? The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Making knowledge theologically correct and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Western society was dominated by the church for over a Math
thousand years. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Making knowledge theologically correct and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Western society was dominated by the church for over a Math
thousand years. The solution

I All knowledge had to be made theologically correct.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Making knowledge theologically correct and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Western society was dominated by the church for over a Math
thousand years. The solution

I All knowledge had to be made theologically correct.

I Western universities started for that reason.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Making knowledge theologically correct and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Western society was dominated by the church for over a Math
thousand years. The solution

I All knowledge had to be made theologically correct.

I Western universities started for that reason.
I Bologna was to make the knowledge from Toledo
theologically correct.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Putting superstition into Western science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Superstitions in Western science and math arose from a got into science

Math
systematic process of making knowledge theologically
The solution
correct.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Putting superstition into Western science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Superstitions in Western science and math arose from a got into science

Math
systematic process of making knowledge theologically
The solution
correct.
I This was done in two ways, through

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Putting superstition into Western science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Superstitions in Western science and math arose from a got into science

Math
systematic process of making knowledge theologically
The solution
correct.
I This was done in two ways, through
I false history (making origins theologically correct), and

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Putting superstition into Western science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Superstitions in Western science and math arose from a got into science

Math
systematic process of making knowledge theologically
The solution
correct.
I This was done in two ways, through
I false history (making origins theologically correct), and
I reinterpretation (of non-Western knowledge to align it
with theology)

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
A simpler case and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Understanding superstitions in Western science and Math

math is difficult. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
A simpler case and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Understanding superstitions in Western science and Math

math is difficult. The solution

I Let us start with an easy case.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
A simpler case and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Understanding superstitions in Western science and Math

math is difficult. The solution

I Let us start with an easy case.

I Is astrology science or superstition?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
A simpler case and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Understanding superstitions in Western science and Math

math is difficult. The solution

I Let us start with an easy case.

I Is astrology science or superstition?
I What is the difference between science and superstition?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Not what you believe, but why and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I (a) Refutability Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Not what you believe, but why and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I (a) Refutability Math

The solution
I Science refutable

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Not what you believe, but why and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I (a) Refutability Math

The solution
I Science refutable
I superstition involves blind trust.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Not what you believe, but why and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I (a) Refutability Math

The solution
I Science refutable
I superstition involves blind trust.

I (b) piling on hypotheses

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Not what you believe, but why and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I (a) Refutability Math

The solution
I Science refutable
I superstition involves blind trust.

I (b) piling on hypotheses

I Any lie can be defended by telling a thousand more.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
An example and science
education
The myth of Einstein
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I Everyone knows the equation The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
An example and science
education
The myth of Einstein
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I Everyone knows the equation The solution

I E = mc 2

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
An example and science
education
The myth of Einstein
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I Everyone knows the equation The solution

I E = mc 2
I meaning

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
An example and science
education
The myth of Einstein
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I Everyone knows the equation The solution

I E = mc 2
I meaning
I Einstein = male chauvinist (squared)!

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Corrected understanding of relativity and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Correcting credits for relativity corrects the theory. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Corrected understanding of relativity and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Correcting credits for relativity corrects the theory. The solution
I FDE not ODE: One must use functional differential
equations (FDE) instead of ordinary differential
equations (ODE)

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
How do you decide? and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, how do you decide the truth of got into science

E=F (Einstein = Fraud)? Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
How do you decide? and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, how do you decide the truth of got into science

E=F (Einstein = Fraud)? Math

The solution
I What method do you use?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
How do you decide? and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, how do you decide the truth of got into science

E=F (Einstein = Fraud)? Math

The solution
I What method do you use?
I Correct method: read Einstein, Poincare, me. Test the
theory.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
How do you decide? and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, how do you decide the truth of got into science

E=F (Einstein = Fraud)? Math

The solution
I What method do you use?
I Correct method: read Einstein, Poincare, me. Test the
theory.
I Because math is made difficult, university education
keeps people scientifically illiterate.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
How do you decide? and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, how do you decide the truth of got into science

E=F (Einstein = Fraud)? Math

The solution
I What method do you use?
I Correct method: read Einstein, Poincare, me. Test the
theory.
I Because math is made difficult, university education
keeps people scientifically illiterate.
I Usual method: Guess whom to trust.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Actual process of acceptance and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I People first condemned me. (Physics Education).
How superstitions
got into science

Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Actual process of acceptance and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I People first condemned me. (Physics Education).
How superstitions
I Then they ignored it. (For 5 years, after book was got into science

published.) Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Actual process of acceptance and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I People first condemned me. (Physics Education).
How superstitions
I Then they ignored it. (For 5 years, after book was got into science

published.) Math

The solution
I Then they contested it fiercely. (Groningen debate
1999)

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Actual process of acceptance and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I People first condemned me. (Physics Education).
How superstitions
I Then they ignored it. (For 5 years, after book was got into science

published.) Math

The solution
I Then they contested it fiercely. (Groningen debate
1999)
I Then some began to see there is some new physics
(solution of FDEs 2004)

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Actual process of acceptance and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I People first condemned me. (Physics Education).
How superstitions
I Then they ignored it. (For 5 years, after book was got into science

published.) Math

The solution
I Then they contested it fiercely. (Groningen debate
1999)
I Then some began to see there is some new physics
(solution of FDEs 2004)
I Then a famous Westerner copied it (“Atiyah’s
hypothesis” 2005-2006).

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Actual process of acceptance and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I People first condemned me. (Physics Education).
How superstitions
I Then they ignored it. (For 5 years, after book was got into science

published.) Math

The solution
I Then they contested it fiercely. (Groningen debate
1999)
I Then some began to see there is some new physics
(solution of FDEs 2004)
I Then a famous Westerner copied it (“Atiyah’s
hypothesis” 2005-2006).
I Then I got an award (2010).

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
What was the process? and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Constant process: decide truth by Western Math

endorsement. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
What was the process? and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Constant process: decide truth by Western Math

endorsement. The solution

I (Scientific) illiterates deciding truth by trusting those

who have exploited them for centuries.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
What was the process? and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Constant process: decide truth by Western Math

endorsement. The solution

I (Scientific) illiterates deciding truth by trusting those

who have exploited them for centuries.
I Similar to those who believe in astrology.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
False gods of science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I There are many such false gods. Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
False gods of science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I There are many such false gods. Math

The solution
I E.g. “Euclid”, “Ptolemy”, Copernicus, Newton.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
False gods of science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I There are many such false gods. Math

The solution
I E.g. “Euclid”, “Ptolemy”, Copernicus, Newton.
I This false history used by Macaulay to change
education system.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
False gods of science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I There are many such false gods. Math

The solution
I E.g. “Euclid”, “Ptolemy”, Copernicus, Newton.
I This false history used by Macaulay to change
education system.
I Still used to maintain it.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Main thesis and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Reformed math and science curriculum should eliminate Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Main thesis and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Reformed math and science curriculum should eliminate Math

The solution
I the belief in these false gods of science

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Main thesis and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Reformed math and science curriculum should eliminate Math

The solution
I the belief in these false gods of science
I and the related superstitions.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Main thesis and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Reformed math and science curriculum should eliminate Math

The solution
I the belief in these false gods of science
I and the related superstitions.
I Trusting the West more dangerous than trusting
astrologers.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example of superstition in science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Everyone has heard of Newton’s laws. Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example of superstition in science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Everyone has heard of Newton’s laws. Math

The solution
I How do you know there are “laws” of physics?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example of superstition in science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Everyone has heard of Newton’s laws. Math

The solution
I How do you know there are “laws” of physics?
I Is this a refutable belief?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example of superstition in science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Everyone has heard of Newton’s laws. Math

The solution
I How do you know there are “laws” of physics?
I Is this a refutable belief?
I Not refutable, hence not a scientific belief.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example of superstition in science and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Everyone has heard of Newton’s laws. Math

The solution
I How do you know there are “laws” of physics?
I Is this a refutable belief?
I Not refutable, hence not a scientific belief.
I Yet taught as the first lesson in science to children.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
A theological belief and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Belief in laws of physics is a religious belief. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
A theological belief and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Belief in laws of physics is a religious belief. The solution
I Aquinas said, God rules the world with eternal laws.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
A theological belief and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Belief in laws of physics is a religious belief. The solution
I Aquinas said, God rules the world with eternal laws.
I Newton thought he was a prophet and those laws were
revealed to him.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Why this belief is harmful and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I This belief in “laws” of physics contrary to Islamic Math

The solution
beliefs

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Why this belief is harmful and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I This belief in “laws” of physics contrary to Islamic Math

The solution
beliefs
I (whether or not you accept al Ghazali)

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Why this belief is harmful and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I This belief in “laws” of physics contrary to Islamic Math

The solution
beliefs
I (whether or not you accept al Ghazali)
I Hence, used to attack Islam as unscientific, e.g.
Guardian on Islam.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
“Eurocentrism” or a strategy for soft power and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I There are regularities, there are physical models, but no How superstitions
got into science
laws. Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
“Eurocentrism” or a strategy for soft power and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I There are regularities, there are physical models, but no How superstitions
got into science
laws. Math

I Stop teaching this harmful belief to children. Can we The solution

actually stop it?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
“Eurocentrism” or a strategy for soft power and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I There are regularities, there are physical models, but no How superstitions
got into science
laws. Math

I Stop teaching this harmful belief to children. Can we The solution

actually stop it?

I What the pope said to Gregorios.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
“Eurocentrism” or a strategy for soft power and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I There are regularities, there are physical models, but no How superstitions
got into science
laws. Math

I Stop teaching this harmful belief to children. Can we The solution

actually stop it?

I What the pope said to Gregorios.
I Asians are too stupid and illiterate to understand
Augustine and Aquinas.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
“Eurocentrism” or a strategy for soft power and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I There are regularities, there are physical models, but no How superstitions
got into science
laws. Math

I Stop teaching this harmful belief to children. Can we The solution

actually stop it?

I What the pope said to Gregorios.
I Asians are too stupid and illiterate to understand
Augustine and Aquinas.
I E.g. Stephen Hawking.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example 2 and science
education
Content of Newtonian physics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I That was about the word “laws” The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example 2 and science
education
Content of Newtonian physics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I That was about the word “laws” The solution

I What about the content of Newtonian physics?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example 2 and science
education
Content of Newtonian physics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I That was about the word “laws” The solution

I What about the content of Newtonian physics?

I People say science is about experiment.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Example 2 and science
education
Content of Newtonian physics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I That was about the word “laws” The solution

I What about the content of Newtonian physics?

I People say science is about experiment.
I But when the theory fails, they tell stories!

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Newtonian physics vs everyday experience and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Newtonian physics is (a) reversible, (b) mechanistic.
The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Newtonian physics vs everyday experience and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Newtonian physics is (a) reversible, (b) mechanistic.
The solution
I contrary to everyday experience.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Newtonian physics vs everyday experience and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Newtonian physics is (a) reversible, (b) mechanistic.
The solution
I contrary to everyday experience.
I of irreversibility, and

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Newtonian physics vs everyday experience and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Newtonian physics is (a) reversible, (b) mechanistic.
The solution
I contrary to everyday experience.
I of irreversibility, and
I creativity.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Use a different physics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I So, Newtonian physics cannot be reconciled with the How superstitions
got into science
simplest experience.
Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Use a different physics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I So, Newtonian physics cannot be reconciled with the How superstitions
got into science
simplest experience.
Math
I But the contradiction is explained by piling on The solution
hypotheses.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Use a different physics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I So, Newtonian physics cannot be reconciled with the How superstitions
got into science
simplest experience.
Math
I But the contradiction is explained by piling on The solution
hypotheses.
I stories about thermodynamics and “free will”.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Use a different physics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I So, Newtonian physics cannot be reconciled with the How superstitions
got into science
simplest experience.
Math
I But the contradiction is explained by piling on The solution
hypotheses.
I stories about thermodynamics and “free will”.
I Theology comes in at even this level of reconciling
science with experience.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Use a different physics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction
I So, Newtonian physics cannot be reconciled with the How superstitions
got into science
simplest experience.
Math
I But the contradiction is explained by piling on The solution
hypotheses.
I stories about thermodynamics and “free will”.
I Theology comes in at even this level of reconciling
science with experience.
I Alternative: eliminate the theology from physics.
(FDEs).

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Waiting for Western endorsement and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

The solution

I So, shall we wait for Western endorsement of this?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Why Newton’s “laws” failed and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Newton’s physics failed because Newton did not got into science

understand the calculus. Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Why Newton’s “laws” failed and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Newton’s physics failed because Newton did not got into science

understand the calculus. Math

The solution
I The calculus developed in India with one epistemology.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Why Newton’s “laws” failed and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Newton’s physics failed because Newton did not got into science

understand the calculus. Math

The solution
I The calculus developed in India with one epistemology.
I It was imported in Europe in 16th c. for its practical
value for navigation.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Why Newton’s “laws” failed and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Newton’s physics failed because Newton did not got into science

understand the calculus. Math

The solution
I The calculus developed in India with one epistemology.
I It was imported in Europe in 16th c. for its practical
value for navigation.
I Newton imposed his religious beliefs on it (fluxions).

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Why Newton’s “laws” failed and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I Newton’s physics failed because Newton did not got into science

understand the calculus. Math

The solution
I The calculus developed in India with one epistemology.
I It was imported in Europe in 16th c. for its practical
value for navigation.
I Newton imposed his religious beliefs on it (fluxions).
I Hence made time metaphysical.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Mathematics as eternal truth and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I On Western theology
The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Mathematics as eternal truth and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I On Western theology
The solution
I God rules the world with eternal laws

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Mathematics as eternal truth and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I On Western theology
The solution
I God rules the world with eternal laws
I which he wrote in the language of math
I just because math contains eternal truths.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Math and mathesis and science
education
The origin of mathematics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Word “mathematics” originates from mathesis. Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Math and mathesis and science
education
The origin of mathematics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Word “mathematics” originates from mathesis. Math

The solution
I mathesis means learning.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Math and mathesis and science
education
The origin of mathematics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Word “mathematics” originates from mathesis. Math

The solution
I mathesis means learning.
I Plato explains: all learning is recollection

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Math and mathesis and science
education
The origin of mathematics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Word “mathematics” originates from mathesis. Math

The solution
I mathesis means learning.
I Plato explains: all learning is recollection
I of eternal ideas in the eternal soul, and

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Math and mathesis and science
education
The origin of mathematics
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Word “mathematics” originates from mathesis. Math

The solution
I mathesis means learning.
I Plato explains: all learning is recollection
I of eternal ideas in the eternal soul, and
I mathematics best suited to it, since it contains eternal
truths.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Infinity, metaphysics and set theory and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I Calculus involved infinite series How superstitions

got into science

Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Infinity, metaphysics and set theory and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I Calculus involved infinite series How superstitions

got into science
I which could not be physically summed (it would take Math

infinite time). The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Infinity, metaphysics and set theory and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I Calculus involved infinite series How superstitions

got into science
I which could not be physically summed (it would take Math

infinite time). The solution

I The Western solution was to handle infinity

metaphysically.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Infinity, metaphysics and set theory and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I Calculus involved infinite series How superstitions

got into science
I which could not be physically summed (it would take Math

infinite time). The solution

I The Western solution was to handle infinity

metaphysically.
I That is what set theory enables.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Infinity, metaphysics and set theory and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I Calculus involved infinite series How superstitions

got into science
I which could not be physically summed (it would take Math

infinite time). The solution

I The Western solution was to handle infinity

metaphysically.
I That is what set theory enables.
I Set theory comes at the beginning of math teaching
today.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Formal math as metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Present-day mathematics is formal: pure syntax, no Math

semantics. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Formal math as metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Present-day mathematics is formal: pure syntax, no Math

semantics. The solution

I It focuses on proof, and

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Formal math as metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Present-day mathematics is formal: pure syntax, no Math

semantics. The solution

I It focuses on proof, and

I and does not allow empirical methods of proof.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Formal math as metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

I Present-day mathematics is formal: pure syntax, no Math

semantics. The solution

I It focuses on proof, and

I and does not allow empirical methods of proof.
I Hence, it is metaphysical.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Biased metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I This metaphysics is religiously biased. How superstitions

got into science

Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Biased metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I This metaphysics is religiously biased. How superstitions

got into science
I E.g. all systems of Indian philosophy accept empirical Math

as a means of proof. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Biased metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I This metaphysics is religiously biased. How superstitions

got into science
I E.g. all systems of Indian philosophy accept empirical Math

as a means of proof. The solution

I (Pratyaks.a is the first pramān.a).

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Biased metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I This metaphysics is religiously biased. How superstitions

got into science
I E.g. all systems of Indian philosophy accept empirical Math

as a means of proof. The solution

I (Pratyaks.a is the first pramān.a).

I If formal math is universal, all Indian philosophy must
be discarded

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Biased metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

I This metaphysics is religiously biased. How superstitions

got into science
I E.g. all systems of Indian philosophy accept empirical Math

as a means of proof. The solution

I (Pratyaks.a is the first pramān.a).

I If formal math is universal, all Indian philosophy must
be discarded
I (includes Advaita Vedānta, Nyāya-Vaiśes.ika,
Sāmkhya-Yoga, Cārvaka/Lokāyata, Buddhist, Jain.)

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Formal math not universal and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Formal math based on proof. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Formal math not universal and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Formal math based on proof. The solution

I Proof based on logic.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Formal math not universal and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Formal math based on proof. The solution

I Proof based on logic.

I (Deductive) logic not universal.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Logic not universal and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I 2-valued logic not universal. E.g.
The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Logic not universal and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I 2-valued logic not universal. E.g.
The solution
I Buddhist catus.kot.i (logic of 4-alternatives)

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Logic not universal and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I 2-valued logic not universal. E.g.
The solution
I Buddhist catus.kot.i (logic of 4-alternatives)
I Jain syādavāda.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Logic not universal and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I 2-valued logic not universal. E.g.
The solution
I Buddhist catus.kot.i (logic of 4-alternatives)
I Jain syādavāda.
I Quantum logic.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Math as religiously biased metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I Thus, formal math is religiously biased metaphysics. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Math as religiously biased metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I Thus, formal math is religiously biased metaphysics. The solution

I Biased against all Indian systems of philosophy, and

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Math as religiously biased metaphysics and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I Thus, formal math is religiously biased metaphysics. The solution

I Biased against all Indian systems of philosophy, and

I also biased against Islam, as I have explained elsewhere.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
A doubt and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

The solution

I So, where is the religious belief in 2+2 =4?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Normal math vs formal math and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I First, there are two types of math. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Normal math vs formal math and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I First, there are two types of math. The solution

I Normal math, and

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Normal math vs formal math and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I First, there are two types of math. The solution

I Normal math, and

I formal math.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Normal math vs formal math and science
education
continued
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Normal math is what you use for everyday practical The solution
purposes

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Normal math vs formal math and science
education
continued
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Normal math is what you use for everyday practical The solution
purposes
I such as commercial transactions.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Normal math vs formal math and science
education
continued
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Normal math is what you use for everyday practical The solution
purposes
I such as commercial transactions.
I I have no problems with it. I advocate practical math.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Normal math vs formal math and science
education
continued
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I Normal math is what you use for everyday practical The solution
purposes
I such as commercial transactions.
I I have no problems with it. I advocate practical math.
I Formal math is what is taught in university. I reject it.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I 2+ 2 = 4 not universal. Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I 2+ 2 = 4 not universal. Math
I On a computer chip 1+1 = 0. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I 2+ 2 = 4 not universal. Math
I On a computer chip 1+1 = 0. The solution

I Or 1+1 =1.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
2+2 = 4 and science
education
in daily life
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I 2 stones + 2 stones (+ break stone) = 5 stones The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
2+2 = 4 and science
education
in daily life
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I 2 stones + 2 stones (+ break stone) = 5 stones The solution
I 2 big fish + 2 small fish = 4 big fish?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
2+2 = 4 and science
education
in daily life
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I 2 stones + 2 stones (+ break stone) = 5 stones The solution
I 2 big fish + 2 small fish = 4 big fish?
I Solution: weigh the fish. 2 big fish + 2 small fish =
3.67 kg fish

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
2+2 = 4 and science
education
in daily life
C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math
I 2 stones + 2 stones (+ break stone) = 5 stones The solution
I 2 big fish + 2 small fish = 4 big fish?
I Solution: weigh the fish. 2 big fish + 2 small fish =
3.67 kg fish
I 2 gold bars + 2 gold bars = 3.960 kg = 4 kg?

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, we cannot just talk of 2, for it might be 2.0. got into science

Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, we cannot just talk of 2, for it might be 2.0. got into science

Math
I In normal math we stop with some precision.
The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, we cannot just talk of 2, for it might be 2.0. got into science

Math
I In normal math we stop with some precision.
The solution
I A few grams OK for fish.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I So, we cannot just talk of 2, for it might be 2.0. got into science

Math
I In normal math we stop with some precision.
The solution
I A few grams OK for fish.
I A few micrograms OK for gold, etc.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Formal math demands infinite precision. Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Formal math demands infinite precision. Math
I Since West thought math is eternal truth, perfect, etc. The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Formal math demands infinite precision. Math
I Since West thought math is eternal truth, perfect, etc. The solution

I Infinite precision only possible metaphysically.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I If you accept finite precision got into science

Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I If you accept finite precision got into science

Math
I as in computer arithmetic
The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I If you accept finite precision got into science

Math
I as in computer arithmetic
The solution
I the rules of arithmetic will change:

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I If you accept finite precision got into science

Math
I as in computer arithmetic
The solution
I the rules of arithmetic will change:
I E.g. associative “law” will fail.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The solution and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

The solution
I Eliminate the superstitions and religious bias

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The solution and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

The solution
I Eliminate the superstitions and religious bias
I in university mathematics and physics.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Calculus without limits and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Calculus is at the base of hard science. Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Calculus without limits and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Calculus is at the base of hard science. Math

The solution
I Today taught using “limits”.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Calculus without limits and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Calculus is at the base of hard science. Math

The solution
I Today taught using “limits”.
I ”Limits” are a Western metaphysical impositions.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Calculus without limits and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Calculus is at the base of hard science. Math

The solution
I Today taught using “limits”.
I ”Limits” are a Western metaphysical impositions.
I So, calculus should be taught without limits

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Calculus without limits and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science
I Calculus is at the base of hard science. Math

The solution
I Today taught using “limits”.
I ”Limits” are a Western metaphysical impositions.
I So, calculus should be taught without limits
I using the epistemology with which it developed.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The experiment and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I This solution has been tried out The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The experiment and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I This solution has been tried out The solution

I on 1 group in CUTS, Sarnath

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
The experiment and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
got into science

Math

I This solution has been tried out The solution

I on 1 group in CUTS, Sarnath

I and 4 groups in USM, Penang.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Advantages and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I It makes math easy, got into science

Math

The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Advantages and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I It makes math easy, got into science

Math
I by eliminating the religious bias in it
The solution

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Advantages and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I It makes math easy, got into science

Math
I by eliminating the religious bias in it
The solution
I gives a better math

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Advantages and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I It makes math easy, got into science

Math
I by eliminating the religious bias in it
The solution
I gives a better math
I physics

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Advantages and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I It makes math easy, got into science

Math
I by eliminating the religious bias in it
The solution
I gives a better math
I physics
I and history.

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education

 Introduction
How superstitions got into science
Math
The solution

Decolonising math
Advantages and science
education

C. K. Raju

Introduction

How superstitions
I It makes math easy, got into science

Math
I by eliminating the religious bias in it
The solution
I gives a better math
I physics
I and history.
I Details in my books, papers, and blog.
(http://ckraju.net/blog)

C. K. Raju Decolonising math and science education