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Plaguicidas en el ambiente

Editores:
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© 2017, Ediciones INTA


Libro de edición argentina
Todos los derechos reservados. No se permite la reproducción total o parcial, la distribución o la transformación de este
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Dr. Pedro Carriquiriborde
Profesor Adjunto UNLP - Investigador Independiente CONICET
Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata

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