HES2125: Design of Concrete Structures

Lectures 11 &12
Concrete Beams

• Stresses in Elastic Beams

• Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
• Design of RC Beams for Bending
• Design for Durability
• Design for Fire Resistance

b Stresses in Elastic Beams

w
d
L

Mmax=wL2/8
b σc
σc
yt C
d 2/3(yt+yb)
Neutral C =2/3 d
axis yb
T
σt T
σt

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 Stresses in Elastic Beams
• For equilibrium b
C=T
• The forces are the volumes of the triangular yt
stress blocks d
½ ytbσc= ½ ybbσt yb
yt= yb = d/2 (ie., neutral axis is at half the depth)

• For equilibrium σc
external moment M = internal couple
C
M = 2/3d C = 2/3d T
2/3 d
σt = σc =6M/bd2
T
Note: for non-symmetric sections σt
yt= yb & σ t= σ c

Stresses in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Consider a concrete block with an P
embedded steel bar under axial force P ε
with: Unit
fc= concrete stress length
fs= steel stress P
Ec= concrete modulus of elasticity
Es= steel modulus of elasticity
Both concrete and steel have the same strain ε
As= area
ε = fc/Ec = fs/Es Ac= area
of steel
of concrete
fs = Es × fc/Ec = nfc
The factor n= Es/Ec is called the modular ratio
Steel area As is equivalent to
By equilibrium concrete area of nAs. This
P = Acfc +Asfs = Acfc + nfcAs = fc(Ac+nAs) equivalent area is called the
transformed area

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 Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
Uncracked State

b
εc fc
C

d
(n-1)Ast
Tc
εs fs
Ts

cross section transformed strain stress force

area block

C=Ts+Tc

Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams

In the elastic analysis of RC beams, the concrete in the tensile zone
does not resist any tensile force, ie., that it is cracked completely to
the neutral axis (NA)
b
εc fc
C
kd
d
jd
nAst
T
εs fs/n
cross section transformed strain linear force
section stress
block
Stress in the imaginary concrete
equivalent of the steel area. Note fs=nfc

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 Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
1. Determine the neutral axis position,
concrete stresses at the top and
bottom fibers and steel stress
produced by a moment of 10kNm for
the uncracked state 250

2. Find the cracking moment

500
4N24
3. Determine the neutral axis position,
concrete stresses at the top and
50
bottom fibers and steel stress
produced by a moment of 60kNm for
f´c= 32MPa
the cracked state

Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams

1. Uncracked State
(a) Replace tensile steel by concrete area
(n-1)Ast 500
4N24
(b) Find dg (position of NA of equivalent
concrete section)
(c) Find moment of inertia It about NA
of equivalent concrete section
f´c= 32MPa
Ec= ρ 1.5 0.043 f c′ = 28602MPa (cl6.1.2 p.38) dg
Es= 200000 MPa NA
n = Es/Ec~ 7
Ast= 1810mm2 (4N24)
(n-1) Ast = 10860 mm2
(n-1) Ast

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 Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
1. Uncracked State
Ag = 250x550 = 137500 mm2
Total area = Ag + (n-1)Ast = 137500+10860
= 148360mm2
dg=291 500
Find dg
NA 550
148360dg = (137500x275)+(10860x500) 209

dg = 291mm
I for concrete
Stress σ = My/I I for steel

250 × 5503
IT = + 137500 × (291 − 275) 2 + 10860 × 209 2
12
=3.98x109 mm4

Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams

1. Uncracked State
Concrete stress at the top 291 500

10 ×106 × 291 209

σct = = 0.73MPa 259
3.98 ×109
Concrete stress at the bottom
10 ×10 6 × 259
σcb = = 0.65MPa
3.98 ×109
Steel stress n

7 ×10 ×10 6 × 209

σs = = 3.68MPa
3.98 ×109

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 Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
2. Cracking Moment
(a) Find tensile strength of concrete
(b) Cracking will occur when concrete stress reaches its tensile
strength
f´c= 32MPa
f´t= 0 . 6 f c′ = 3.39MPa (cl 6.1.1.2 p.38)

Stress σ = My/I
If σ= f´t, then M=Mcr
Mcr = f´t IT/y

Mcr = 3.39 × 3.98 ×10

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= 52.1 kNm
259 ×106

Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams

250
3. Cracked State
Note: concrete below the NA is cracked
500
and does not contribute to the beam 4N24
strength

nAst= 7*1810 = 12670 mm2

2
(250d cr + 12670)d cr = 250d cr + 12670 * 500 dcr
2 NA
dcr2 + 101dcr - 50680 = 0 500

dcr= − 101 + 101 + 4 × 50680 = 180 mm

2

2
n Ast

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 Singly-Reinforced Concrete Beams
250
3. Cracked State
Icr = 250 ×180 + 250 ×180 × 90 2 + 12670 × 320 2
3
180
12 NA

= 1.78 mm4 320

60 × 106 × 180 nAst =12670

σct = = 6.07MPa
1.78 ×109

7 × 60 ×106 × 320
σs = = 75.5MPa
1.78 ×109

Doubly-Reinforced
Concrete Beam
Similar to singly-reinforced concrete beam
b nAsc εc fc
Cs
kd Cc
dsc Asc εsc fsc/n
d
Ast nAst
T
εs fs/n
cross section transformed strain linear force
section stress
block
T=Cs+Cc
Cs=Ascfsc Cc=b kd fc/2 T=Astfs

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 Design of RC Beams
The Concrete Standard AS3600 follows the Limit
States Design approach, i.e.
The structure must simultaneously satisfy a variety
of different design requirements concerning both
strength and serviceability

Design of RC Beams
P

Uncracked

Bending Moment
Diagram
Load M = PL/4
P
Ultimate Load

Strength Limit State

Cracked
Cracking Load
Working Stress (Serviceability)

Deflection

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 Design of RC Beams

Serviceability limit state

i. Deflection
ii. Cracking
iii. Fire resistance
iv. Durability
v. Watertightness

Design of RC Beams
Strength limit state (Ultimate strength method)
e.g. bending, shear and torsion of beams.
S* ≤ φ Ru
- φ is the capacity reduction factor given in Table 2.3 (AS 3600),
e.g. for bending 0.8.
- Ru is the resistance of a section or region of a member.
- Calculations to determine the design resistance are based on the
f 'c for concrete and fsy for reinforcing bars (500MPa).
- S* may for example be a bending moment or a shear force and
derived from the most critical load case (e.g. 1.2G + 1.5Q)

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 Design of RC Beams for Bending
Basic Assumptions
1. Strains vary linearly across the depth of the section.

NA
Cross- Strain
section diagram

2. The stress-strain curve for reinforcing steel is linear up to yield; but

with increasing strains, the stress remains constant at the yield stress.

Stress Strain hardening

is neglected

Strain

3. The tensile strength of concrete is neglected.

Design of RC Beams for Bending

The stress-strain curve for concrete is non-linear, and is
generally approximated by a rectangle called the “Whitney
stress block”.
f’c f’c f’c 0.85f’c

NA

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Straight line Simple Curvilinear Equivalent
Working Stress Parobola Rectangle

Some Distributions of Compressive Stress

Assumed For Analysis

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 Design of RC Beams for Bending
NA
d D

ρ f´c 0.85f´c
b

β kud

kud γ kud
C C =0.85f’c γ kud b

NA

Actual stress block Equivalent rectangular stress

block
Properties of Real and Rectangular Stress Blocks at
Ultimate Moment for Concrete

Design of RC Beams for Bending

0 .8 5 f'c
ε =ε
c cu
C
k ud γ kud
d j d
u
A st

ε ≥ε fy fy T
s sy
Cross Strain Stress Equivalent Forces
sectio Stress
n
Analysis of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Section at Ultimate Moment
ε ε
sy = steel yield strain cu= concrete ultimate strain

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 Design of RC Beams for Bending
C = 0.85 f’c γ ku db T=Ast fy
C=T 0.85 f’c γ ku db = Ast fy 0.85 f'c
Astfy p fy C
ku = =
0.85f’c γ db 0.85f’c γ γ kud
NA
The ultimate moment capacity of the section,
j d
Mu, is d u
Mu = Cjud = Tjud = Ast fy jud
now γkud fy T
jud = d -
2 Ast
so that Astfy p=
Mu = Ast fy d [1 - ] db
1.7bdf’c = reinforcement
ratio
ΦMu =Φ{Ast fy d [1 -0.6Astfy }
bdf’c

Design of RC Beams for Bending

Refer to Section 8.1 of the Concrete Standard AS3600
(Chapter 1 in your H2.2)

Astfy p fy
ku = neutral axis parameter ku = =
0.85f’c γ db 0.85f’c γ

γ = ratio for determining the depth of the rectangular compressive

stress block
γ = 0.85−0.007(f'c − 28) (Cl 8.1.2.2)
For design:
M* ≤ φ Mu
M* = Design bending moment
φ Mu = φ{Ast fy d [1 -0.6Astfy }
φ Mu = Design bending moment
bdf’c
capacity

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 Design of RC Beams for Bending
AS3600

φ =0.8

Astfy p fy
ku = neutral axis depth factor ku = =
0.85f’c γ db 0.85f’c γ

Design of RC Beams for Bending

If ku ≤ 0.4 Beam is ductile

Beam is under-reinforced
Steel yields before concrete crushes
Always design for this case.

If ku > 0.4 Beam is brittle

Beam is over-reinforced
concrete crushes before steel yield
Avoid.

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 Design of RC Beams for Bending
Minimum Reinforcement
To ensure ductility of RC beams, a minimum amount
for reinforcing steel (reinforcing ratio) must be
provided …(refer to Cl 8.1.4.1)
' 2
A st  D  f cf
p= ≥ 0.22 
bd  d  f sy

f′cf = flexural tensile strength = 0 . 6 f c′

Approximate Bending Moment Capacity

For steel ratios P (Ast/bd) <
C
0.2%, the distance between
the compression force in the
concrete (C) and the tension NA
j d
force in the steel (T) can be d u
taken as 0.9d, where d is the
effective depth. fy T

Since C = T & T = Ast fsy &

M = T * lever arm
Thus, nominal bending moment capacity (Mu) = 0.9 d T = 0.9 d Ast fsy
Design bending moment capacity (φMu) = 0.8* 0.9 d Ast fsy
Note, this approximate formula overestimates the capacity of RC beams with steel
ratios higher than about 0.2%

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 Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams
εcu=0.003 0 .8 5 f'c
C1
k ud ε
sc
Compression
reinforcement j d
u
A ht

A sc
εsy fy T1

+ Ast=Aht+Ahc
f’sc C2 Mu=M1+M2
dsc
A sc
A st
d-dsc=dh M2=C2x dh
Tension
reinforcement A hc

fy
T2

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams

Asc= 2-
2-N24 Asc= 4-
4-N24

Ast= 4-
4-N24 Ast= 4-
4-N24 Ast= 4-
4-N24

a) Mu = 171 kNm b) Mu = 179 kNm c) Mu = 180 kNm

ku = 0.37 ku = 0.26 ku = 0.22

1. Additional compression steel has little effect on the

ultimate capacity
2. ku (neutral axis depth factor) is significantly reduced
and the ductility will be much greater
3. You may ignore Asc when calculating Mu

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 Design for Durability
Refer to Section 4 of AS3600
Concrete cover
• Minimum cover to reinforcement is the larger of
- bar diameter derivation
- value from Tables 4.10.3.2 (for standard formwork &
compaction) 250

N10 Ligatures

2-N28

Cover Cover to
to ligatures main bars
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Design for Durability

Concrete cover

32

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 Design for Durability
Assume a beam
inside a typical
building

Exposure
classification = A1

33

Design for Durability

Concrete cover
Ligatures Main bars
• Diameter 10mm 28mm
• Cover from Table 20mm 20mm

• Minimum cover 20mm 28mm

• Cover to ligatures = 20mm

• Cover to main bars is the larger of
28mm
& 20 + ligature diameter = 30mm
Hence, cover to main bars = 30mm
34

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 Design for Durability
Concrete cover
250
• Minimum Spacing between bars
= 3 x bar diameter (28)
= 84mm

• Minimum width of beam

= 84 + 28 + 30 x 2 =172 mm
20 20
< 250mm OK

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Design for Fire Resistance

Refer to Section 5 of AS3600
Concrete cover 250

• Provide cover to the main

reinforcement only N10
Ligatures

• Use charts provided in AS3600 2-N28

Figure 5.4.2(A) Simply supported beams 400
Figure 5.4.2(B) Continuous beams Cover to
main bars
• Example:
- Assume fire rating of 2hrs required
- Simply supported beam

36

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 Design for Fire Resistance
Concrete cover
• bw = 250mm

• Required cover ~ 45mm

• This required cover is

larger than that needed for
durability (only 30mm)

• Hence, final design cover

=45mm (governed by fire
requirements)

37

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