Hello!

I am Gino A. Alvarado
You can find me at
galvarado@ups.edu.ec
 Academic Training
Magister in Telecommunications
University: ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DEL LITORAL
Register Number Senescyt: 1021-14-86045257

Engineer in Telecommunications with Mention in Telecommunication Management.

University: UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL
Register Number Senescyt: 1028-10-1014444
ü O&M Experience.
ü Control, Design and Project Management.
ü Equipment configuration CISCO, ALCATEL.
ü DWDM, SDH, PDH Systems.
ü
ü
ü
ü
Structured Cabling.
OS Microsoft, Centos, MAC.
Computers Audit.
VOIP technology.
Skills
ü IPRAN technology.
ü Networks IP/MPLS.
ü Audit Equipment Installations in cellular RBS.
ü Site Surveys.
ü knowledge of equipment installation generally standards based on ISO 11801, ANSI TIA-568C, ANSI TIA 942-A,
ü ANSI TIA 569C, ANSI TIA 606-B, ANSI TIA 607-B
ü Digital communications systems.
ü LAN, WAN, WLAN, WSN.
ü LTE technology.
ü IPRAN technology.
ü Propagation.
ü DSP systems.
ü Company Management.
 Experience
• CEO at NETWORKTEL CIA LTDA.
• PROYECT MANAGER at AKROS CIA LTDA.
• TECHNICAL MANAGER at TELPROYECT CIA LTDA.
• RF ENGINEER at ALCATEL SA.
• TELECOMMUNICATION SUPERVISOR at DATA FAST CIA LTDA.
• TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEER at EEPG SA.
 Publications
• Wireless sensor network for gas and oil industries. ESPOL.
• Study for increased efficiency in photovoltaic panels. FETIN BRASIL.
• Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol and Optimal Number of Cluster
Head Algorithm in a Randomized Wireless Sensor Network Deployment. 2017
International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer and
Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT). INDIA.
• Desing of system for electrical faults diagnostic in multibranch motorcycle,
using free hadware and Android APP. 2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics,
Communication, Computer and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT). INDIA.
Evaluation System
30 points divided: 20 points divided:
▪ 10 points homework and workshop ▪ 20 points Exam
□ 5 points homework
□ 5 points workshop
▪ 10 points project
▪ 10 points lesson and practice
□ 5 points lesson
□ 5 points practice
 THIS CHAPTER IS DIVIDED IN:

4.8 points homework

2.5 point workshop
3 points lesson
10 points project
Welcome to
ANTENNAS
MET. Gino A. Alvarado.
Introduction
In the world of telecommunications the propagation, data transmit
and data receive can not be possible without the passive element
called antenna.
The antenna allow the propagation on the free space, using EMW
(Electromagnetic waves) basics.
 1.
History
Antenna theory
Antenna theory starts with James
Maxwell, who did the equations of
EM fields in 1854.
In 1887 H. Hertz do the first
experiment.
And G. Marconi built the first
systems in 1897.
The equations allows us to see the shape of the waves, this shape can be:

• Guides, as waveguides.
• In the free space.

The wavelength is the characteristic of the Electromagnetic waves. The wave length is represented
By the Greek letter lambda ƛ.
𝑐
𝜆=
𝑓

Where c is the speed propagation of light, 𝑐 = 3𝑥10) m/s and f is the frequency.

The antenna has two mission: transmit and receive.

ANTENNA
"That part of a transmitter or receiver system
designed specifically to radiate or receive
electromagnetic waves"
Antenna
Transmitter Antennas
▪ A device that converts sound, light,
or electrical signals into radio,
microwave, or other electrical
signal.
Receiver antenna
▪ An antenna used to convert
electromagnetic waves in to
electrical energy.
Antenna types
Log Periodic Antennas
▪ Bow Tie Antennas
▪ Log-Periodic Dipole Array
Wire Antennas
▪ Short Dipole Antenna
▪ Dipole Antenna
▪ Monopole Antenna
▪ Loop Antenna
Travelling Wave Antennas
• Helical Antennas
• Yagi-Uda Antennas
Microwave Antennas
• Rectangular Micro strip Antennas
• Planar Inverted-F Antennas
Reflector Antennas
• Corner Reflector
• Parabolic Reflector
AVAC research, theory of all the
antenna types given last ppt.

HAND MADE AND SCANNED

1,4 point
Wavelength
▪ Is the distance from one wave peak "Calculate the wavelength of a wave
to the other peak in one frequency. traveling at 20 m / s at a frequency of 5
▪ Normally associated with the Hz”
electromagnetic spectrum. "Calculate the speed of a wave that has
* ,⁄- a wavelength of 450 nm and a
▪ The equation 𝜆 = where v is
+ /0 frequency of 45 Hz"
the speed of the wave and f the
frequency.
Calculate the wavelength
from the energy of a photon
12
▪ The equation E=
3
Where:
"Calculate the wavelength of a photon
▪ E is the energy in [J].
with an energy of 2.88 x 10-19 J"
▪ H is the Planck constant (6,626x10456)
[J*s]

▪ C is the speed of the light

(6,626x10456 ) [m/s]
A picture is worth
a thousand words
Radiation
No-Ionizing radiation Ionizing Radiation
▪ Refers to any type of ▪ Is radiation that carries enough
electromagnetic radiation that does energy to liberate electrons from
not carry enough energy per atoms or molecules, thereby
quantum (photon energy) to ionize ionizing them.
atoms or molecules—that is, to
completely remove an electron
from an atom or molecule.
 No-Ionizing
Source Wavelength Frequency Biological effects
Eye: photochemical cataract;
UVA Black light, Sunlight 318–400 nm 750–950 THz skin: erythema, including
pigmentation
Sunlight, fire, LEDs, light Eye: photochemical & thermal
Visible light 400–780 nm 385–750 THz
bulbs, lasers retinal injury; skin: photoaging
Sunlight, thermal
Eye: thermal retinal injury,
IR-A radiation, incandescent light 780 nm – 1.4 µm 215–385 THz
thermal cataract; skin: burn
bulbs, lasers, remote controls
Sunlight, thermal radiation,
Eye: corneal burn, cataract;
IR-B incandescent light 1.4–3 µm 100–215 THz
skin: burn
bulbs, lasers
Sunlight, thermal radiation,
Eye: corneal burn, cataract;
IR-C incandescent light bulbs, far- 3 µm – 1 mm 300 GHz – 100 THz
heating of body surface
infrared laser
Mobile/cell phones,
microwave ovens, cordless
phones, millimeter waves,
Microwaves airport millimeter scanners, 1 mm – 33 cm 1–300 GHz Heating of body tissue
motion detectors, long-
distance telecommunications,
radar, Wi-Fi
Mobile/cell phones, television,
Heating of body tissue, raised
Radio-Frequency radiation FM, AM, shortwave, CB, 33 cm – 3 km 100 kHz – 1 GHz
body temperature
cordless phones
Cumulation of charge on body
Low-frequency RF Power lines >3 km <100 kHz surface; disturbance of nerve
& muscle responses
0 Hz (technically static fields Electric charge on body
Static field Strong magnets, MRI Infinite
are not "radiation") surface
Band Frequency
A band is a small section of the
spectrum of radio communication
frequencies, in which channels are
usually used or set aside for the same
purpose.
AVAC research, Band, Frequency and
wavelength of:

▪ Microwaves
▪ By services
▪ Broadcasting 0,4 point
▪ Radio Amateurs

AVAC research, advantage and

disadvantage of bands: L - Ku – Ka
HAND MADE AND SCANNED
LESSON 1
1 POINT
Fundamental
2.
parameters of the
antennas
In order to describe the performance of an antenna, we use various,
sometimes interrelated, parameters.

Radiation Pattern
An antenna radiation pattern or antenna
pattern is defined as a mathematical
function or a graphical representation of
the radiation properties of the antenna
as a function of space coordinates.
• Defined for the far-field.
• As a function of directional
coordinates.
• There can be field patterns (magnitude
of the electric or magnetic field)
or power patterns (square of the
magnitude of the electric or magnetic
field).
• Often normalized with respect to their
maximum value.
• The power pattern is usually plotted
on a logarithmic scale or more
commonly in decibels (dB).
Radiation patterns are conveniently represented in
spherical coordinates.

Pattern: E 𝜃, ∅

Azimuth: ∅
;
Elevation: − 𝜃
<
Radiation Pattern
Lobes
A radiation lobe is a portion of the
radiation pattern bounded by regions of
relatively weak radiation intensity.
▪ Main Lobe
▪ Minor Lobe
▪ Side Lobe
▪ Back Lobe
• Minor lobes usually represent radiation in
undesired directions, and they should be
minimized. Side lobes are normally the largest of
the minor lobes.

• The level of minor lobes is usually expressed

as a ratio of the power density, often termed the
side lobe ratio or side lobe level.

• In most radar systems, low side lobe ratios are

very important to minimize false target
indications through the side lobes (e.g., -30 dB).
Isotropic, Directional (Directional Radiator). An antenna
and Omnidirectional having the property of radiating or
receiving more effectively in some
Patterns directions than in others. Usually the
maximum directivity is significantly
greater than that of a half-wave dipole.
(Isotropic Radiator). A hypothetical
lossless antenna having equal radiation
in all directions.
(Omnidirectional Radiator). An
antenna having an essentially non
directional pattern in a given plane
(e.g., in azimuth) and a directional
pattern in any orthogonal plane.
Beam width
• The beam width of an antenna is a
very important figure of merit and often
is used as a trade-off between it and the
side lobe level; that is, as the beam
width decreases, the side lobe increases
and vice versa.
• The beam width of the antenna is also
used to describe the resolution
capabilities of the antenna to
distinguish between two adjacent
radiating sources or radar targets.
(Half-Power Beam Width (HPBW)).
In a plane containing the direction of
the maximum of a beam, the angle
between the two directions in which the
radiation intensity is one-half value of
the beam.
(First-Null Beam width (FNBW)).
Angular separation between the first
nulls of the pattern. It means the angle
at which the first zero radiation
intensity occurs
 Resolution
• The most common resolution criterion
states that the resolution capability of an
antenna to distinguish between two
sources is equal to half the first-null beam
width (FNBW/2),which is usually used to
approximate the HPBW.
• That is, two sources separated by angular
distances equal or greater than FNBW/2 ≈
HPBW of an antenna with a uniform
distribution can be resolved.
• If the separation is smaller, then the
antenna will tend to smooth the angular
separation distance.
In a plane containing the maximum beam,
The angle between the two directions in
Which the radiation intensity is ½ value of
The beam.
Exercise
EX1: An antenna has a field pattern
given by E(θ) = cos2 θ for 0◦ ≤ θ ≤
90◦ Find the half-power beam width
(HPBW).
EX2: An antenna has a field pattern
given by E(θ) = cos θ cos 2θ for 0◦ ≤ θ
≤ 90◦ . Find (a) the half-power beam
width (HPBW) and (b) the beam width
between first nulls (FNBW).
AVAC HOMEWORK:

Find by two methods:

1. half-power beam width HPBW(in radians and degrees).
2. first-null beam width FNBW(in radians and degrees).

HAND MADE AND SCANNED

0,4 point
AVAC research, theory and 3
examples each of:

▪ BEAM AREA
▪ BEAM EFFICIENCY

Hand made and scanned

1,4 point
 • Since the area of a sphere of radius r
is A=4r^2, there are 4𝜋 sr in a closed
sphere.

Radiation Intensity
▪ Radiation intensity in a given
direction is defined as the power
radiated from an antenna per unit
solid angle.
□ The radiation intensity is a
Steradian (sr)
far-field parameter.
One steradian is defined as the solid □ It can be obtained by simply
angle with its vertex at the center of a multiplying the radiation
sphere of radius r that is subtended by a density by the square of the
spherical surface area equal to that of a distance. U= r^2*Wrad.
square with each side of length r .
Exercise
EX1: A hypothetical isotropic antenna EX2: Calculate the Prad if we have an
is radiating in free-space. At a distance BCDE
antenna with a Wrad=𝐴A G 𝑎I𝑟
F
of 100 m from the antenna, the total
electric field (Eθ) is measured to be 5
V/m. Find the:
(a) Power density (Wrad)
(b) Power radiated (Prad)
Beam solid angle
The beam solid angle ΩL is defined as
the solid angle through which all the
power of the antenna would flow if its
radiation intensity is constant (and
equal to the maximum value of U) for
all angles within ΩL .
 1- AVAC HOMEWORK:

0,8 point

2- AVAC RESEARCH, KRAUS

METHOD. EXERCICES
HAND MADE AND SCANNED

Directivity
The ratio of the radiation intensity in a
given direction from the antenna to the
radiation intensity averaged over all
directions.
If an antenna is very directive, can
concentrate the irradiation power in a
particular direction.
• The average radiation intensity: total
power radiated by the antenna divided
by 4pi.
• Stated more simply, the directivity of
a non isotropic source is equal to the
ratio of its radiation intensity in a given
direction over that of an isotropic
source.
▪ The directivity of an isotropic
source always be 1.
Exercise
 2.5 point

WORKSHOP
The normalized radiation intensity of an
antenna is rotationally symmetric in φ,
and it is represented by
Antenna Efficiency
and Gain
Efficiency
▪ The total antenna efficiency e0 is
used to take into account losses at
the input terminals and within the
structure of the antenna.
Gain
• The gain of the antenna is closely
related to the directivity.
▪ In addition to the directional
capabilities it accounts for the
efficiency of the antenna.
▪ Gain does not account for losses
arising from impedance mismatches
(reflection losses) and polarization
mismatches (losses).
T = voltage reflection coefficient at the input
terminals of the antenna .
Zin =antenna input impedance.
Z0 = characteristic impedance of the
transmission line.
VSWR = voltage standing wave ratio,
Exercise
EX1. A lossless resonant half-wavelength dipole antenna, with input impedance of
73ohms, is to be connected to a transmission line whose characteristic impedance is
50ohms. Assuming the pattern of the antenna is given approximately by
find the overall maximum gain of this antenna.

EX2. Calculate the antenna directivity with 𝜃ℎ𝑝 = 2 and ∅ℎ𝑝 = 1, find also the Gain of the
Antenna if efficiency k=0,5

EX3. Calculate the antenna Gain if the input potency is 10mw and the output potency is 1W.
LESSON 2
1 POINT
Bandwidth
The bandwidth can be considered to be the range of frequencies, on either side of a
center frequency, where the antenna characteristics (such as input impedance, pattern,
beam width, polarization, side lobe level, gain, beam direction, radiation efficiency)
are within an acceptable value of those at the center frequency.

▪ The bandwidth is usually expressed as the ratio of the upper-to-lower frequencies

of acceptable operation. For example, a 10 : 1 bandwidth indicates that the upper
frequency is 10 times greater than the lower.

Polarization
Polarization is the curve traced by the
end point of the arrow (vector)
representing the instantaneous electric
field. The field must be observed along
the direction of propagation.
▪ Polarization is classified as linear,
circular, or elliptical.
▪ If the vector that describes the
electric field at a point in space as a
function of time is always directed
along a line, the field is said to be
linearly polarized.
▪ In general, the figure that the
electric field traces is an ellipse,
and the field is said to be
elliptically polarized.
Polarization Types
▪ Linear polarization and circular polarization are special cases of
elliptic polarization.
▪ Polarization can be clockwise (CW, right-hand polarization), or
counter clockwise (CCW, left-hand polarization).
1- AVAC RESEARCH, Linear,
Circular and Elliptic Polarization.
Theory for each polarization

HAND MADE AND SCANNED

0,4 point
Input Impedance
The impedance of an antenna is defined as the relationship between
voltage and current at its input terminals. This impedance is generally
complex. The real part is called the antenna resistance and the
imaginary part is the antenna reactance.
The intrinsic impedance of space (= 377 Ω)
 Where:
Rr: radiation resistance disipated by the same
Potency radiated by the antenna.

Romh: Ohmmic Resistance

The efficiency of antenna can be obtained between
Both resistances:
VSWR
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred
to as Standing Wave Ratio (SWR). VSWR is a function of the
reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected from the
antenna. If the reflection coefficient is given by s11 or reflection
coefficient or return loss, then the VSWR is defined by the following
formula:
The VSWR must be calculated
knowing the Smith Chart
S11 is a measure of how much power is reflected back at the antenna port due to
mismatch from the transmission line.
Return Loss
The correct definition of return loss is the difference in dB between
the incident power sent towards the Device Under Test (DUT) and
the power reflected, resulting in a positive sign:
RL(dB)=10log10Pi/Pr
however taking the ratio of reflected to incident power results in a
negative sign for return loss:
RL′(dB)=10log10Pr/Pi
where RL'(dB) is the negative of RL(dB), Pi is the incident power
and Pr is the reflected power.
LESSON 3
1 POINT
Project:

Design a MATLAB program

that allow to calculate all
antenna parameters 10 point