Professional Documents
Culture Documents
329
2-2 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 2-3
(d) Fabricated hubbed flanges shall be in accordance required for the operating conditions, sq in.
with the following. (mm2)
(1) Hubbed flanges may be machined from a hot
rolled or forged billet or forged bar. The axis of the p Wm1 / Sb
finished flange shall be parallel to the long axis of the Am2 p total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of
original billet or bar. (This is not intended to imply thread or section of least diameter under stress,
that the axis of the finished flange and the original required for gasket seating, sq in. (mm2)
billet must be concentric.)
(2) Hubbed flanges [except as permitted in (1) p Wm2 / Sa
above] shall not be machined from plate or bar stock
material unless the material has been formed into a Bp inside diameter of flange, in. (mm). When B is
ring, and further provided that: less than 20g1 , it will be optional for the de-
(a) in a ring formed from plate, the original signer to substitute B1 for B in the formula for
plate surfaces are parallel to the axis of the finished longitudinal stress SH.
flange. (This is not intended to imply that the original B1 p B + g1 , in. (mm), for loose type flanges and for
plate surface be present in the finished flange.) integral type flanges that have calculated values
(b) the joints in the ring are welded butt joints h / ho and g1 / go which would indicate an f value
that conform to the requirements of this Division. of less than 1.0, although the minimum value
Thickness to be used to determine postweld heat treat- of f permitted is 1.0.
ment and radiography requirements shall be the lesser B1 p B + go , in. (mm), for integral type flanges when
of f is equal to or greater than one
bp effective gasket or joint-contact-surface seating
(A − B) width, in. (mm) [see Note 1, 2-5(c)(1)]
t or
2 bo p basic gasket seating width, in. (mm) (from Table
2-5.2)
where these symbols are as defined in 2-3. Cp bolt-circle diameter, in. (mm)
01 (c) the back of the flange and the outer surface cp basic dimension used for the minimum sizing
of the hub are examined by either the magnetic particle of welds, in. (mm), equal to tn or tx , whichever
method as per Appendix 6 or the liquid penetrant is less
method as per Appendix 8. dp factor, in.3 (mm3)
(e) Bolts, studs, nuts, and washers shall comply with
the requirements in this Division. It is recommended U
that bolts and studs have a nominal diameter of not dp h g 2 for integral type flanges
V o o
less than 1⁄2 in. If bolts or studs smaller than 1⁄2 in.
are used, ferrous bolting material shall be of alloy U
dp h g 2 for loose type flanges
steel. Precautions shall be taken to avoid over-stressing VL o o
small-diameter bolts.
ep factor, in.−1 (mm−1)
2-3 NOTATION F
ep for integral type flanges
The symbols described below are used in the formulas ho
for the design of flanges (see also Fig. 2-4):
Ap outside diameter of flange or, where slotted FL
ep for loose type flanges
holes extend to the outside of the flange, the ho
diameter to the bottom of the slots, in. (mm)
Ab p cross-sectional area of the bolts using the root Fp factor for integral type flanges (from Fig. 2-7.2)
diameter of the thread or least diameter of un- FL p factor for loose type flanges (from Fig. 2-7.4)
threaded position, if less, sq in. (mm2) fp hub stress correction factor for integral flanges
Am p total required cross-sectional area of bolts, taken from Fig. 2-7.6 (When greater than one, this is
as the greater of Am1 and Am2 , sq in. (mm2) the ratio of the stress in the small end of hub
Am1 p total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of to the stress in the large end.) (For values below
thread or section of least diameter under stress, limit of figure, use f p 1.)
330
2-3 APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY 2-3
Gp diameter, in. (mm), at location of gasket load Kp ratio of outside diameter of flange to inside
reaction. Except as noted in sketch (1) of Fig. diameter of flange
2-4, G is defined as follows (see Table 2-5.2):
When bo ≤ 1⁄4 in. (6 mm), G p mean diameter p A/B
of gasket contact face, in. (mm)
When bo > 1⁄4 in. (6 mm), G p outside diame- Lp factor
ter of gasket contact face less 2b, in. (mm)
go p thickness of hub at small end, in. (mm) te + 1 t 3
p +
g1p thickness of hub at back of flange, in. (mm) T d
Hp total hydrostatic end force, lb (kN) MD p component of moment due to HD , in.-lb (kNWm)
p HD hD
p 0.785G 2 P
MG p component of moment due to HG , in.-lb (kNWm)
HD p hydrostatic end force on area inside of flange,
lb (kN) p H G hG
331
2-3 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 2-5
SR p calculated radial stress in flange, psi (kPa) (2) Integral Type Flanges. This type covers designs
ST p calculated tangential stress in flange, psi (kPa) where the flange is cast or forged integrally with the
Tp factor involving K (from Fig. 2-7.1) nozzle neck, vessel or pipe wall, butt welded thereto,
tp flange thickness, in. (mm) or attached by other forms of arc or gas welding of
tn p nominal thickness of shell or nozzle wall to such a nature that the flange and nozzle neck, vessel
which flange or lap is attached, in. (mm) or pipe wall is considered to be the equivalent of an
tx p two times the thickness g0 , when the design is integral structure. In welded construction, the nozzle
calculated as an integral flange, in. (mm), or neck, vessel, or pipe wall is considered to act as a
two times the thickness, in. (mm), of shell noz- hub. See Fig. 2-4 sketches (5), (6), (6a), (6b), and (7)
zle wall required for internal pressure, when the for typical integral type flanges and the location of
design is calculated as a loose flange, but not the loads and moments. Welds and other details of
less than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) construction shall satisfy the dimensional requirements
Up factor involving K (from Fig. 2-7.1) given in Fig. 2-4 sketches (5), (6), (6a), (6b), and (7).
Vp factor for integral type flanges (from Fig. 2-7.3) (3) Optional Type Flanges. This type covers de-
VL p factor for loose type flanges (from Fig. 2-7.5) signs where the attachment of the flange to the nozzle
Wp flange design bolt load, for the operating condi- neck, vessel or pipe wall is such that the assembly is
tions or gasket seating, as may apply, lb (kN) considered to act as a unit, which shall be calculated
[see 2-5(e)] as an integral flange, except that for simplicity the
Wm1 p minimum required bolt load for the operating designer may calculate the construction as a loose
conditions, lb (kN) [see 2-5(c)]. For flange pairs type flange provided none of the following values is
used to contain a tubesheet for a floating head exceeded:
for a U-tube type of heat exchangers, or for any
other similar design, Wm1 shall be the larger of
the values as individually calculated for each g0 p 5⁄8 in. (16 mm)
flange, and that value shall be used for both
flanges. B / g0 p 300
Wm2 p minimum required bolt load for gasket seating,
lb (kN) [see 2-5(c)]
wp width, in. (mm), used to determine the basic P p 300 psi (2 070 kPa)
gasket seating width b0 , based upon the contact
width between the flange facing and the gasket operating temperature p 700°F (371°C)
(see Table 2-5.2)
Yp factor involving K (from Fig. 2-7.1) See Fig. 2-4 sketches (8), (8a), (9), (9a), (10), (10a),
yp gasket or joint-contact-surface unit seating load, and (11) for typical optional type flanges. Welds and
psi (kPa) [see Note 1, 2-5(c)] other details of construction shall satisfy the dimensional
Zp factor involving K (from Fig. 2-7.1) requirements given in Fig. 2-4 sketches (8), (8a), (9),
(9a), (10), (10a), and (11).
332
2-5 APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY 2-5
min. = 0.7c
on the other, gasket seating on each flange at the same the amount of the bolting Am1 . This load is also used
time, or operating on each flange at the same time. for the design of the flange, per Formula (3) in (d)
Although no specific rules are given for the design of below.
the flange pairs, after the loads for the most severe
(2) Gasket Seating. The conditions existing when
conditions are determined, calculations shall be made
for each flange following the rules of Appendix 2. the gasket or joint-contact surface is seated by applying
(b) Design Conditions an initial load with the bolts when assembling the joint,
(1) Operating Conditions. The conditions required at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The minimum
to resist the hydrostatic end force of the design pressure initial load considered to be adequate for proper seating
tending to part the joint, and to maintain on the gasket is a function of the gasket material, and the effective
or joint-contact surface sufficient compression to assure gasket or contact area to be seated, per Formula (2)
a tight joint, all at the design temperature. The minimum in (c)(2) below, and determines the other of the two
load is a function of the design pressure, the gasket requirements for the amount of bolting Am2 . For the
material, and the effective gasket or contact area to design of the flange, this load is modified per Formula
be kept tight under pressure, per Formula (1) in (c)(1) (4) in (d) below to take account of the operating
below, and determines one of the two requirements for conditions, when these govern the amount of bolting
333
2-5 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 2-5
334
APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY Fig. 2-4
min. = c
min. = c
min. = c but not
1/ in. less than 1/4 in. (6 mm)
max. = c 4 (8a) (9) (9a)
(6 mm) min. = 0.7c
(8)
(11)
GENERAL NOTES: (Optional Type Flanges):
(a) Optional type flanges may be calculated as either loose or integral type. See 2-4.
(b) Loadings and dimensions not shown in sketches (8), (8a), (9), (9a), (10), and (10a) are the same
as shown in sketch (2) when the flange is calculated as a loose type flange and as shown in
sketch (7) when the flange is calculated as an integral type flange.
(c) The groove and fillet welds between the flange back face and the shell given in sketch (8) also
apply to sketches (8a), (9), (9a), (10), and (10a).
Inside Inside
g1 diameter diameter
r = 1/4 in. (6 mm) r = 3/8 in. (10 mm)
For integrally 3/
16 in. (4.8 mm)
reinforced nozzles, 5/
Subtype (a) 16 in.
min. = nut height (8 mm) g1
1/ in. (6 mm)
4 Subtype (b)
Subtype (c)
All other details as
shown in sketch (12)
go
Subtype (d)
Nut stop diameter
(12) For Flanged Nozzles 18 in. (457 mm) (12a) For Flanged Nozzles Over
and Smaller Nominal Size 18 in. (457 mm) Nominal Size
335
Table 2-5.1 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1
TABLE 2-5.1
GASKET MATERIALS AND CONTACT FACINGS1
Gasket Factors m for Operating Conditions and Minimum Design Seating Stress y
Gasket Min. Design Facing Sketch
Factor Seating Stress y, and Column
Gasket Material m psi (MPa) Sketches in Table 2-5.2
(1a),(1b),(1c),(1d),
2-ply 2.50 2,900 (20)
(4),(5); Column II
(continued)
336
APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY Table 2-5.1
TABLE 2-5.1
GASKET MATERIALS AND CONTACT FACINGS1 (CONT’D)
Gasket Factors m for Operating Conditions and Minimum Design Seating Stress y
Min. Design
Gasket Seating Facing Sketch
Factor Stress y, psi and Column
Gasket Material m (MPa) Sketches in Table 2-5.2
Corrugated metal:
Soft aluminum 2.75 3,700 (26)
Soft copper or brass 3.00 4,500 (31)
(1a),(1b),(1c),(1d);
Iron or soft steel 3.25 5,500 (38)
Column II
Monel or 4%–6% chrome 3.50 6,500 (45)
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys 3.75 7,600 (52)
Grooved metal:
Soft aluminum 3.25 5,500 (38)
Soft copper or brass 3.50 6,500 (45)
(1a),(1b),(1c),(1d),
Iron or soft metal 3.75 7,600 (52)
(2),(3); Column II
Monel or 4%–6% chrome 3.75 9,000 (62)
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys 4.25 10,100 (70)
Ring joint:
Iron or soft steel 5.50 18,000 (124)
Monel or 4%–6% chrome 6.00 21,800 (150) (6); Column I
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys 6.50 26,000 (179)
NOTES:
(1) This Table gives a list of many commonly used gasket materials and contact facings with suggested design values of m and y that have
generally proved satisfactory in actual service when using effective gasket seating width b given in Table 2-5.2. The design values and other
details given in this Table are suggested only and are not mandatory.
(2) The surface of a gasket having a lap should not be against the nubbin.
337
Table 2-5.2 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1
TABLE 2-5.2
EFFECTIVE GASKET WIDTH2
Basic Gasket Seating Width bo
Facing Sketch (Exaggerated) Column I Column II
(1a)
N
N
N N
2 2
N
(1b)
N
See Note (1)
w
(1c)
T
N w N
冢 冣 冢 冣
w+T w+N w+T w+N
; max ; max
w 2 4 2 4
(1d)
T
w
(2)
1/ in. nubbin
64
w+N w + 3N
4 8
N w N/2
w
(3)
1/ in. nubbin N 3N
64
4 8
N w N/2
(4)
3N 7N
See Note (1) N 8 16
(5)
N 3N
N 4 8
See Note (1)
(6) w
w ...
8
(continued)
338
2-5 APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY 2-5
TABLE 2-5.2
EFFECTIVE GASKET WIDTH2 (CONT’D)
HG HG
G hG G hG
O.D. contact face C Gasket
b face
NOTES:
(1) Where serrations do not exceed 1⁄64 in. (0.4 mm) depth and 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) width spacing, sketches (1b) and (1d) shall be used.
(2) The gasket factors listed only apply to flanged joints in which the gasket is contained entirely within the inner edges of the bolt holes.
339
2-5 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 2-6
(d) Total Required and Actual Bolt Areas, Am and Sa used in Formula (4) shall be not less than that
Ab . The total cross-sectional area of bolts Am required tabulated in the stress tables (see UG-23). In addition
for both the operating conditions and gasket seating is to the minimum requirements for safety, Formula (4)
the greater of the values for Am1 and Am2 where Am1 p provides a margin against abuse of the flange from
Wm1 / Sb and Am2 p Wm2 / Sa . A selection of bolts to overbolting. Since the margin against such abuse is
be used shall be made such that the actual total cross- needed primarily for the initial, bolting-up operation
sectional area of bolts Ab will not be less than Am . which is done at atmospheric temperature and before
(e) Flange Design Bolt Load W. The bolt loads used application of internal pressure, the flange design is
in the design of the flange shall be the values obtained required to satisfy this loading only under such condi-
from Formulas (3) and (4). For operating conditions, tions (see Note 2).
W p Wm1 (3) NOTE 2: Where additional safety against abuse is desired, or where
it is necessary that the flange be suitable to withstand the full
available bolt load Ab Sa , the flange may be designed on the basis
For gasket seating, of this latter quantity.
(Am + Ab ) Sa
Wp (4)**
2
2-6 FLANGE MOMENTS
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result In the calculation of flange stress, the moment of a
in SI units. load acting on the flange is the product of the load
340
2-6 APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY 2-7
and its moment arm. The moment arm is determined 2-7 CALCULATION OF FLANGE
by the relative position of the bolt circle with respect STRESSES
to that of the load producing the moment (see Fig. 2-
The stresses in the flange shall be determined for both
4). No consideration shall be given to any possible
the operating conditions and gasket seating condition,
reduction in moment arm due to cupping of the flanges
whichever controls, in accordance with the following
or due to inward shifting of the line of action of the
formulas:
bolts as a result thereof.
(a) for integral type flanges [Fig. 2-4 sketches (5),
For the operating conditions, the total flange moment
(6), (6a), (6b), and (7)]; for optional type flanges
Mo is the sum of the three individual moments MD ,
calculated as integral type [Fig. 2-4 sketches (8), (8a),
MT , and MG , as defined in 2-3 and based on the flange
(9), (9a), (10), (10a), and (11)]; and for loose type
design load of Formula (3) with moment arms as given
flanges with a hub which is considered [Fig. 2-4 sketches
in Table 2-6.
(1), (1a), (2), (2a), (3), (3a), (4), and (4a)]:
For gasket seating, the total flange moment Mo is
based on the flange design bolt load of Formula (4),
Longitudinal hub stress
which is opposed only by the gasket load, in which
case
fMo
SH p (6)**
Lg12 B
341
2-7 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 2-8
(1.33te + 1) Mo
SR p (7)**
Lt 2 B SR p 0 SH p 0
342
2-8 APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY 2-9
343
2-9 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 2-11
(a) When the flange consists of a single split flange largest circle, concentric with the bore, inscribed entirely
or flange ring, it shall be designed as if it were a solid within the outside edges of the flange. Bolt loads and
flange (without splits), using 200% of the total moment moments, as well as stresses, are then calculated as
Mo as defined in 2-6. for circular flanges, using a bolt circle drawn through
(b) When the flange consists of two split rings each the centers of the outermost bolt holes.
ring shall be designed as if it were a solid flange
(without splits), using 75% of the total moment Mo as
2-11 FLANGES SUBJECT TO
defined in 2-6. The pair of rings shall be assembled
so that the splits in one ring shall be 90 deg. from EXTERNAL PRESSURES
the splits in the other ring. (a) The design of flanges for external pressure only
(c) The splits should preferably be midway between [see UG-99(f)]3 shall be based on the formulas given
bolt holes. in 2-7 for internal pressure except that for operating
conditions:
2-10 NONCIRCULAR SHAPED FLANGES
WITH CIRCULAR BORE 3
When internal pressure occurs only during the required pressure
test, the design may be based on external pressure, and auxiliary
The outside diameter A for a noncircular flange with devices such as clamps may be used during the application of the
a circular bore shall be taken as the diameter of the required test pressure.
344
2-11 APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY 2-13
Mo p HD (hD − hG ) + HT (hT − hG ) (10)** (2) for ASME /ANSI B16.5 or other standard
flanges, the dimension of the hub go shall be increased
For gasket seating, as necessary to provide a nut-stop.
Mo p WhG (11)
where
2-13 REVERSE FLANGES 01
Am2 + Ab
(a) Flanges with the configuration as indicated in
Wp Sa (11a) Fig. 2-13.1 shall be designed as integral reverse flanges
2
and those in Fig. 2-13.2 shall be designed as loose
ring type reverse flanges. These flanges shall be designed
HD p 0.785B 2 Pe (11b) in conformance with the rules in 2-3 through 2-8, but
with the modifications as described in the following.
HT p H − HD (11c) Mandatory use of these rules is limited to K ≤ 2.
When K > 2, results become increasingly conservative
and U-2(g) may be used.
H p 0.785G 2 Pe (11d)** (1) Integral Type Reverse Flange. The shell-to-
flange attachment of integral type reverse flanges may
Pepexternal design pressure, psi (kPa) be attached as shown in Fig. 2-4 sketches (5) through
(11), as well as Fig. UW-13.2 sketches (a) and (b).
See 2-3 for definitions of other symbols. Sa used in The requirements of 2-4(a)(3) apply to Fig. 2-4 sketches
Formula (11a) shall be not less than that tabulated in (8) through (11) as well as Fig. UW-13.2 sketches (a)
the stress tables (see UG-23). and (b).
(b) When flanges are subject at different times during (2) Loose Ring Type Reverse Flange. The shell-
operation to external or internal pressure, the design
to-flange attachment of loose ring type reverse flanges
shall satisfy the external pressure design requirements
may be attached as shown in Fig. 2-4 sketches (3a),
given in (a) above and the internal pressure design
(4a), (8), (9), (10), and (11) as well as Fig. UW-13.2
requirements given elsewhere in this Appendix.
sketches (c) and (d). When Fig. UW-13.2 sketches (c)
NOTE: The combined force of external pressure and bolt loading and (d) are used, the maximum wall thickness of the
may plastically deform certain gaskets to result in loss of gasket shell shall not exceed 3⁄8 in. (10 mm), and the maximum
contact pressure when the connection is depressurized. To maintain
a tight joint when the unit is repressurized, consideration should be design metal temperature shall not exceed 650°F
given to gasket and facing details so that excessive deformation of (343°C).
the gasket will not occur. Joints subject to pressure reversals, such The symbols and definitions in this paragraph pertain
as in heat exchanger floating heads, are in this type of service.
specifically to reverse flanges. Except as noted in (b)
below, the symbols used in the equations of this para-
graph are defined in 2-3.
2-12 FLANGES WITH NUT-STOPS
The formulas for SH , SR , and ST1 correspond, respec-
(a) When flanges are designed per this Appendix, tively, to Formulas (6), (7), and (8) in 2-7, in direction,
or are fabricated to the dimensions of ASME / ANSI but are located at the flange outside diameter. The sole
B16.5 or other acceptable standards [see UG-44(a)], stress at the flange inside diameter is a tangential stress
except that the dimension R is decreased to provide a and is given by the formula for ST2 .
nut-stop, the fillet radius relief shall be as shown in (b) Notation
Fig. 2-4 sketches (12) and (12a) except that: Bp inside diameter of shell, in. (mm)
(1) for flanges designed to this Appendix, the B ′p inside diameter of reverse flange, in. (mm)
dimension g1 must be the lesser of 2t (t from UG-27) dr p Ur ho r go 2 / V **
or 4r, but in no case less than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm), where er p F / hor
rp the radius of the undercut Fp factor (use ho r for ho in Fig. 2-7.2)
fp factor (use ho r for ho in Fig. 2-7.6)
Hp total hydrostatic end force on attached compo-
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result nent, lb (kN)
in SI units. p 0.785G 2 P **
345
TABLE 2-7.1
FLANGE FACTORS IN FORMULA FORM
Table 2-7.1
346
(10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), (23), and (26) below based on the values of g1 , go , h,
and ho as defined by 2-3.
Equations
2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1
(11) C9 p 533/30,240 + 653A/73,920 + (1/2 + 33A/14 (12) C10 p 29/3780 + 3A/704 − (1/2 + 33A/14
+ 39A2/28 + 25A3/84)/C + 81A2/28 + 13A3/12)/C
(13) C11 p 31/6048 + 1763A/665,280 + (1/2 + 6A/7 + 15A2/28 (14) C12 p 1/2925 + 71A/300,300 + (8/35 + 18A/35
+ 5A3/42)/C + 156A2/385 + 6A3/55)/C
(15) C13 p 761/831,600 + 937A/1,663,200 + (1/35 + 6A/35 (16) C14 p 197/415,800 + 103A/332,640 − (1/35 + 6A/35
+ 11A2/70 + 3A3/70)/C + 17A2/70 + A3/10)/C
TABLE 2-7.1
FLANGE FACTORS IN FORMULA FORM (CONT’D)
(17) C15 p 233/831,600 + 97A/554,400 + (1/35 + 3A/35 (18) C16 p C1C7C12 + C2C8C3 + C3C8C2 − (C32C7
+ A2/14 + 2A3/105)/C + C82C1 + C22C12)
(19) C17 p [C4C7C12 + C2C8C13 + C3C8C9 − (C13C7C3 (20) C18 p [C5C7C12 + C2C8C14 + C3C8C10 − (C14C7C3
+ C82C4 + C12C2C9)]/C16 + C82C5 + C12C2C10)]/C16
(21) C19 p [C6C7C12 + C2C8C15 + C3C8C11 − (C15C7C3 (22) C20 p [C1C9C12 + C4C8C3 + C3C13C2 − (C32C9
+ C82C6 + C12C2C11)]/C16 + C13C8C1 + C12C4C2)]/C16
(23) C21 p [C1C10C12 + C5C8C3 + C3C14C2 − (C32C10 (24) C22 p [C1C11C12 + C6C8C3 + C3C15C2 − (C32C11
+ C14C8C1 + C12C5C2)]/C16 + C15C8C1 + C12C6C2)]/C16
(25) C23 p [C1C7C13 + C2C9C3 + C4C8C2 − (C3C7C4 (26) C24 p [C1C7C14 + C2C10C3 + C5C8C2 − (C3C7C5
+ C8C9C1 + C22C13)]/C16 + C8C10C1 + C22C14)]/C16
(27) C25 p [C1C7C15 + C2C11C3 + C6C8C2 − (C3C7C6 (28) C26 p − (C/4)1/4
347
+ C8C11C1 + C22C15)]/C16
(29) C27 p C20 − C17 − 5/12 + C17C26 (30) C28 p C22 − C19 − 1/12 + C19C26
1/2
(31) C29 p − (C/4) (32) C30 p − (C/4)3/4
(33) C31 p 3A/2 − C17C30 (34) C32 p 1/2 − C19C30
APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY
(35) C33 p 0.5C26C32 + C28C31C29 − (0.5C30C28 + C32C27C29) (36) C34 p 1/12 + C18 − C21 − C18C26
3/4
(37) C35 p − C18(C/4) (38) C36 p (C28C35C29 − C32C34C29)/C33
(39) C37 p [0.5C26C35 + C34C31C29 − (0.5C30C34 + C35C27C29)]/C33 (40) E1 p C17C36 + C18 + C19C37
(41) E2 p C20C36 + C21 + C22C37 (42) E3 p C23C36 + C24 + C25C37
(43) E4 p 1/4 + C37/12 + C36/4 − E3/5 − 3E2/2 − E1 (44) E5 p E1(1/2 + A/6) + E2(1/4 + 11A/84)
+ E3(1/70 + A/105)
(45) E6 p E5 − C36 (7/120 + A/36 + 3A/C) − 1/40
− A/72 − C37(1/60 + A/120 + 1/C)
Table 2-7.1
2-13 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 2-13
HD p hydrostatic end force on area inside of flange, hT p radial distance from the bolt circle, to the circle
lb (kN) on which HT acts, in. (mm)
p 0.785B 2 P **
冢 冣
HT p difference between hydrostatic end force on p1 B+G
attached component and hydrostatic end force ⁄2 C −
2
on area inside of flange, lb (kN) Kp ratio of outside diameter of flange to inside
p H − HD diameter of flange
hD p radial distance from the bolt circle to the circle p A /B′
on which HD acts, in. (mm) Lr p factor
p (C + g1 − 2go − B) / 2 for integral type reverse
flanges
p ter + 1 t 3
p (C − B) / 2 for loose ring type reverse flanges +
Tr dr
ho r p factor, in. (mm)
348
2-13 APPENDIX 2 — MANDATORY 2-13
of moment arm hT may be positive as in Fig. (c) For Integral Type Reverse Flanges
2-13, or negative. If Mo is negative, use its abso- (1) Stresses at the Outside Diameter
lute value in calculating stresses to obtain posi-
tive stresses for comparison with allowable SH p fMo / Lr g12 B ′
stresses.
SR p (1.33ter + 1) Mo / Lr t 2 B ′
冤 冥
0.668 (K + 1)
␣r p 1 + / K2
Y
SR p 0 SH p 0
349