Equations for Inference KEY

statistic − parameter
General Formulas: Test Statistic: Confidence Interval: statistic ± (critical value)(s tan dard deviation)
s tan dard deviation

Formula Formula for Conditions Calculator

Procedure
State DF when appropriate Margin of Error Be Specific Program
One Sample Mean and Proportion
Confidence Interval for σ Random, Normal (n > 30), Independent (10%)
mean µ when given σ x ± z* z*
σ Z-Interval
n
n
x − µo
Test for mean µ when z= Random, Normal (n > 30), Independent (10%) Z-Test
given σ σ
n
Confidence Interval for
s Random, Normal (n > 30 or graph & check for
mean µ when σ is s
x ±t* df = n – 1 t* skewness/outliers), Independent (10%) T-Interval
unknown n n
x − µo
Test for mean µ when σ
t= df = n – 1 Random, Normal (n > 30 or graph & check for
T-Test
s skewness/outliers), Independent (10%)
is unknown n

p̂(1− p̂) Random, Normal ( np̂ ≥ 10 & n(1− p̂) ≥ 10 ),

Confidence Interval for pˆ (1 − pˆ ) z* 1-PropZInt
proportion p pˆ ± z * n Independent (10%)
n

pˆ − p o Random, Normal ( np ≥ 10 & n(1− p) ≥ 10 ),

Test for proportion p z= 1-PropZTest
p o (1 − p o ) Independent (10%)
n
Two Sample Means and Proportions
2 2
s 1 s 2 Random, Normal (n > 30 or graph & check for
Confidence Interval for ( x1 − x2 ) ± t * + s2 s2 skewness/outliers), Independent (10%)
2-SampTInt
difference of means n1 n2 t* 1 + 2
when σ is unknown n1 n2
DF = smaller of n – 1
 (x1 − x2 ) − (µ1 − µ 2 )
Test for difference of t= Random, Normal (n > 30 or graph & check for
means when σ is s12 s22 skewness/outliers), Independent (10%)
2-SampTTest
unknown +
n1 n2
(Ho: ___ = ___)
DF = smaller of n – 1

Confidence Interval for p̂1 (1− p̂1 ) p̂2 (1− p̂2 ) z*

( p̂1 − p̂2 ) ± z *
difference of proportions n1
p̂1 (1− p̂1 ) p̂2 (1− p̂2 )
+
Random, Normal ( n1 p̂1 ≥ 10 , n1 (1− p̂1 ) ≥ 10 ,
+ n1 n2 2-PropZInt
n2 n2 p̂2 ≥ 10 , n2 (1− p̂2 ) ≥ 10 ), Independent (10%)

( p̂1 − p̂2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) X1 + X 2
z= where p̂C = Random, Normal ( n1 p̂1 ≥ 10 , n1 (1− p̂1 ) ≥ 10 , 2-PropZTest
Test for difference of n1 + n2
p̂C (1− p̂C ) p̂C (1− p̂C )
proportions + n2 p̂2 ≥ 10 , n2 (1− p̂2 ) ≥ 10 ), Independent (10%)
n1 n2

Random, Normal (n > 30 or graph & check for

sd sd T-Interval
xd ± t * skewness/outliers), Independent (10%)
Paired t interval df = n – 1 t*
n n Only care about the DIFFERENCES

xd − µ d Random, Normal (n > 30 or graph & check for

Paired t test t= df = n – 1 skewness/outliers), Independent (10%) T-Test
sd Only care about the DIFFERENCES
n
Categorical Distributions & Slope
(O − E ) 2 DF (1 variable):
χ2 = ∑ # categories – 1 Random, Large Sample Size (expected counts > 5), X2-GOF
Chi Square Test E DF (2 variables): Independent (10%) 1 category
G. of Fit – 1 sample, 1 variable
Independence – 1 sample, 2 variables (row – 1)(column – 1) X2-Test
Homogeneity – 2 samples, 2 variables 2 categories
Linear (Scatterplot is linear), Independent (10%),
Confidence Interval for t * SEb
b ± t * SEb df = n – 2 Normal (Residuals are normal), Equal Variance LinRegTInt
β
(equal scatter on Residual Plot), Random

b − B0 Linear (Scatterplot is linear), Independent (10%),

t= df = n – 2 LinRegTTest
Test for β Normal (Residuals are normal), Equal Variance
SEb (equal scatter on Residual Plot), Random