BAB II

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

A. concepts and constraints on environmental health

1. definition of healthy
a. according to who
circumstances that include physical, mental and social health that not only constitute a state free
of disease and disability
b according to uu no 23/1992 about healthy
a prosperous state of body, soul, and social that enables everyone to live socially and
economically productive
2. definition of environment
a. according encyclopedia Americana (1974)
influence over / around the organism
b. according encyclopedia of science and technology (1960)
a number of conditions outside and affecting the life and development of the organism
3. definition of healthy environment
a. according HAKLI ( himpunan ahli kesehatan lingkungan indonesia)
an environmental condition capable of supporting a dynamic ecological balance between humans
and their environment to support the achievement of a healthy and happy human life quality
b. according WHO
an ecological balance that must exist between humans and the environment in order to ensure a
healthy state of humanity

according to the sentence which is a composite (synthesis of azrur anwar, slamet riyadi, WHO
and sumengen)
environmental protection, management, and modification directed towards an ecological balance
at an increasingly human welfare level
B. scope of environmental health
1. according to WHO there are 17 environmental health scopes:
a. a. provision of drinking water
b. waste water management and pollution control
c. solid waste disposal
d. vector control
e. prevention / control of soil pollution by human excreta
f. food hygiene, including milk hygiene
g. control of air pollution
h. control of radiation
i. occupational health
j. noise control
k. residential housing
l. aspects of environmental health and air transport
m. regional and urban planning
n. accident prevention
o. public recreation and tourism
p. sanitation measures related to epidemic / pandemic state, natural disaster and population
movement
2. according to Article 22 paragraph (3) uu no 23 1992 the scope of environmental health is 8
a. water and air sanitation
b. security of solid waste / garbage
c. safeguarding liquid waste
d. gas waste protection
e. radiation protection
f. security of noise
g. vector disease protection
h. health and other security: ect post disaster

C. Environmental health targets (Article 22 paragraph (2) uu 23/1992

1. public places: hotels, terminals, markets, shops, and similar business enterprises
2. residential neighborhood: dwelling house, dormitory / the like
3. work environment: office, industrial area / the like
4. public transport: land vehicles, sea and air used publicly
5. other environments: such as special ones such as environments in emergencies, massive
displacement disasters, reactors / special places

D. concept of interaction relationship between host-agent-environmental

1. three components / factors that play a role in causing disease ecological model (jhon gordon)
a. agent (agent / cause): is the cause of disease in humans
b. host (host / host / host / host): is a human being carrying the disease
c. environment: everything that is outside the life of the organism example: the physical,
chemical, and biological environment
2. characteristics of 3 components / factors that play a role in causing the disease
a. environmental characteristics
1. physical: water, air, soil, climate, geography, housing, food, heat, and radiation
2. social: social status, religion, dat-customs, socio-political organizations and others
3. biology:
microorganisms, insects, animals, plants
b. characteristic of agent / cause of disease
agent disease can be a live agent / agrnt is not alive. disease agents can be qualified into 5
groups, namely:
1. biological agents
agent type species agent Disease name

Metazoan Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis

Protozoa Plasmodium vivax Malaria quartana
fungi Candida albicans Candidias
bacteria Salmonella typhi Typhus abdominalis

Riekettsia Rickettsia tsutsusugamushi Scrub typhus

virus Virus influenza influenza
c. host / host characteristics
1. age: the disease of arterosklerosis in old age, cancer in middle age
2. sex: the risk of pregnancy in women, prostate cancer in men
3. race: sickle cell anemia in the negro race
4. genetic: color blindness, hemophilia, diabetes, thalassemia
5. occupation: asbestosis, bysinosis
6. nutrition: less nutrition causes tuberculosis, obesity, and diabetes
7. Immune status: immune to long-lasting and lifelong viral disease
8. customs: the habit of eating raw fish causes the liver worms
9. lifestyle: smoking, drinking alcohol
10. Psychic: stress causes hypertension, peptic ulcer, and insomnia

E. environmental health problems in indonesia

1. clean water
clean water is water that is used for everyday purposes whose quality meets health requirements
and can be drunk when it has been dimas. drinking water is water quality that qualifies health
and can be drunk directly. the terms of water quality as follows:
a. physical requirements: odorless, tasteless, colorless
b. chemical requirements: iron content (maximum allowed 0.3 mg / l, hardness (maximum 500
mg / l)
c. microbiological requirements: coliform stool / total koluform (maximum 0 per 100 ml water)
2. sewage / faeces disposal
a. surface soil should not occur contamination
b. there should be no contamination of groundwater that may enter a well or well
c. should not be contaminated with surface water
d. feces can not be reached by flies and other animals
e. no fresh feces should be handled: or, if absolutely necessary, should be limited to a minimum
f. latrines must be free of odors / unsightly conditions
g. methods of manufacture and operation should be simple and inexpensive
3. residential health
in general, the house can be said to be healthy if it meets the following criteria:
a. meet the physiological needs, namely: lighting, airing and sufficient space, avoid the
disturbing noise
b. meet the psychological needs, namely: adequate privacy, healthy communication between
family members and residents of the house
c. fulfill the requirements of prevention of disease transmission, among the inhabitants of the
house with the provision of clean water, the management of stool and household waste, the
disease-free vectors and the mice, the density of the occupation is not excessive, enough morning
sun, sheltered food and drink from pollution, in addition to lighting and penghawaan enough
d. fulfill the requirement to prevent accidents arising from both external and internal
circumstances, among others, road line demarcation requirements, non-flammable construction,
non-flammability, and not likely to make the occupants fall
4. garbage disposal
Good waste management techniques should pay attention to the factors / elements:
a. garbage collection
b. storage
c. collection, processing and reuse
d. transportation
e. disposal
5. insects and pests
insects as reservoirs (habitats and survival) disease seeds which are then referred to as vectors of
various diseases. prevention of diseases such as by designing a house / food management place
with rat proff, mosquito net dipped with pesticide to prevent anopheles sp's mosquito bites, 3 m
movement (mebguras, burying and closing) water reservoir for prevent dengue, use of gauze in
vent at home or by pesticide to prevent elephant foot disease and sanitation efforts and so forth
6. food and drink
targets hygiene sanitation food and beverages are restaurants, restaurants, catering, and jajana
food
requirements of food and beverage sanitation hygiene where food management includes:
a. location and building requirements
b. requirements of sanitation facilities
c. requirements of kitchen, dining room, and food warehouse
d. requirements of foodstuff and finished food
e. food processing requirements
f. food storage and food storage requirements
g. requirements of equipment used
7. environmental pollution
environmental pollution such as water pollution, soil contamination, and air pollution

air pollution can be subdivided into indoor air pollution and out door air pollution. indoor air
pollution is a housing / settlement problem as well as public building, railway bus, and others.
this problem is more potential to be a real health problem, given that humans tend to be in the
room rather than being on the streets.
allegedly due to burning firewood, other high fuel homes is one of the risk factors for respiratory
tract infection for children under five. on the issue of out door air pollution / outside air
pollution, various data analyzes showed differences in the risk of pollution impacts in some high-
risk groups of urban dwellers over rural areas. the relative risk is 12.5 times greater

forest burning for agricultural land / timber harvesting has serious consequences, such as acute
respiratory infections, eye irritation, disruption of flight schedule, disturbance of forest ecology