CE 3112

SESSIONAL ON STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN-I

SAGAR GHOSH
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Analysis & Design of Roof Truss
 Chapter-01
Introduction
Roof trusses are used in workshop, industrial buildings, auditoriums etc. to support roofing
materials, which consist of sheets. The roof trusses may be supported on walls, columns or
girders.
A truss is any structural framework of bars placed together to form triangles. The bars may be
riveted or pin jointed together.
Properties of Truss
1. Members are arranged in triangles for stability.
2. All the joints of a truss are semi-rigid or fully rigid. However, theoretically these joints
may be considered pin joints and the analysis as a pin jointed frame is valid.
3. Centroidal axes of all the members at a joint must intersect at a single point.
4. The loads are only applied at the panel points.

Common Roof Trusses

• Trusses can be divided into two categories, Type-I & Type-II.
• Type-I trusses are preferred in those areas where snow fall or rainfall is common and
Type-II trusses are used in hot climates.
• The roofs of Type-I trusses are inclined at greater angles (10° to 60°) to drain part of the
snow falling on the roof surface.
• The roofs of Type-II trusses are either nearly flat or are inclined at angles less than 10°.
• If the forces in the diagonal members are all compressive and that in the vertical
members are all tensile, the truss is called Howe Truss.

Type-I Trusses
Type-II Trusses
Note:
Common truss configurations such as fink truss, compound fink truss, fan trusses, howe trusses
etc. are mostly designed roof shapes.

Scissor truss configurations are used when cathedral or vaulted ceilings are needed. Most
economical when the difference in slope between the top and bottom chords is at least 3/12 or
the bottom chord pitch is no more than half the top chord pitch.

Mono configurations such as North Light Truss is used where the roof is required to slope in
only one direction. Also in pairs with their high ends abutting on extremely long span with a
support underneath the high end.
Flat truss configurations provide a depth of truss that is approximately equal to the span in
inches.

Stability and Determinacy of Truss

m=2j-3;
j= number of joints.
m = number of members.
3= number of support reaction
Assumptions of truss analysis:
 Truss joints are frictionless pin joints. They cannot resist moments.
 Loads are applied only at the joints.
 Truss members are straight and uniform in section.
 Each member of the truss is subjected to axial force only.
 The truss is assumed perfect.(i.e. m= 2j-3)
 Members of truss have negligible weight as compare to the loads applied.
 Each member of the truss is two force member.
 The truss is rigid and does not change in shape.
 Components of an Industrial Roof Truss
Purlin

Top chord

Sag Rod Beam

Bay

Top chord
bracing
Bottom chord
Diagonal
Span

Notes: When Span ≥ 40 ft Use truss system.

Trusses are normally spaced at 15 to 25 ft apart.

Terminology

Pitch of a Roof Truss: Pitch of a roof truss is defined as the maximum rise of top chord of the
truss (h) divided by the total span of the truss (L). For symmetrical trusses the pitch is equal to
double the inclination of the top chord.
Pitch = h / L

Inclination of a Roof Truss: The slope (tan α) or angle (α) of top chord of a truss with respect to
the horizontal is called inclination of the truss. For un-symmetrical trusses, inclination may be
completely independent of the pitch of the trusses.

For Type-I trusses, α ≤ 60° (most suitable range 20° -30°)

For Type-II trusses, α ≤ 10°

Height / Rise of Truss: The maximum height of the truss (h) with respect to the ends of the
bottom chord is called height or rise of the truss. The highest point is called crown of the truss.

For Type-I trusses, h = L/3 to L/5 (most suitable value L/4)

For Type-II trusses, h = L/8 to L/12 (most suitable value L/10)

Panel Length: In case of roof trusses, the distance between two consecutive top chord joints is
known as the panel length. If panel length is more, the perpendicular beams supporting the roof
(called purlins) have to be placed within the top chord members producing bending moment in
the truss members.

The reason of doing this is that the usual roof coverings cannot have greater span lengths. Panel
lengths can be the projected horizontal or the actual inclined lengths.

Panel lengths for type-I trusses= 3 ft to 10 ft (most appropriate value 6 ft)

Panel lengths for type-II trusses = 10 ft to 13 ft

Purlins : These are small beams which run perpendicular to the trusses and rest at the panel
points of the trusses. The purlins provide the lateral bracing to the top chord and carry the load of
the roof transferring it to the panel points of the trusses. The span of these beams is equal to the
centre-to-centre spacing of the trusses. Usually the purlins are continuous over the trusses but are
designed as simply supported for convenience of design and construction.

The purlins may consist of angle sections, channel sections or I-sections. Small depth trusses
may be used as purlins if the spacing of the trusses is more. Zee section purlins are preferable for
inclined roofs if they are easily available. The angle and the channel purlins are connected to the
top chord (sometimes called rafter) by cleat angles as shown. I-section purlins are usually bolted
to the top chord. Because of the inclination of the roof, a component of load acts along both the
centroidal axes of the member producing both in plane and lateral bending known as double or
biaxial bending. Sag rods may be used with channels or other sections to reduce lateral bending.

The nature of the loading on the purlin requires a beam section that is strong in bending about
both the axes. For this reason, W-sections are preferred when the loads are heavy and the spans
are bigger.

Clip or Cleat Angles:These angles are previously bolted, riveted, or welded to the top chord
above which the purlins may rest while it is being fastened to the truss.

Sag Rods: When channels are used for purlins, it is good design practice to use sag rods to take
the tangential component of the roof loads.

These are placed either at mid span or at the third points, depending on the weight of the roof,
the span of the purlins, and the pitch of the roof truss.

A Typical Configuration

Selection of the type of truss

The type of roof truss to be provided depends primarily upon the pitch of the truss. Fink truss,
pratt and howe truss, warren trusses are provided for large, medium and small pitch respectively.
Some other factors are:

1. Roof Coverings

2. Fabrication and transportation

3. Aesthetic

4. Climate

Loads

 Dead Loads (Self wt., fixed objects etc.)

 Live Loads ( Any loads those are not fixed)
 Environmental Loads (Wind, Earthquake, snow etc.)

Dead Loads

Roof Covering

Light roofing:

Corrugated Galvanized Iron (C.G.I) sheets

″
 For 40 psf roof use depth of corrugation 212

Thickness:

No. 22 gauge (US Standard) wt. 1.5 psf and span 3’6”

No. 20 gauge (US Standard) wt. 1.8 psf and span 3’10”

No. 18 gauge (US Standard) wt. 2.3 psf and span 4’6”

For 30 psf roof decrease to the next even gauge no.

For 50 psf roof  increase to the next even gauge no.

Corrugated Asbestos Cement Concrete (A.C.C.) sheets

For 30 to 40 psf roof

Thickness:

1/4”  wt. 3 psf and span 4 ft

1/3”  wt. 4 psf and span 5 ft

3/8” wt. 4.5 psf and span 6 ft

Purlin

Unit wt. varies from 2 to 4.5 psf of roof surface

Roof Truss

For pitch 1/3 to ¼ and span length 40 ft wt. varies from 2 to 4.5 psf of roof surface.

For larger span, 1 psf is added for each 10 ft up to 80 ft.

Sag rod, Bracings and struts

1 to 2 psf of roof surface is added to the dead load.

Live load

10 psf

Dead Loads Wind P

P
Wind Load Analysis

Basic wind pressure at 30 ft,

α
q (psf) = 0.00256 V2

where, V is wind speed (mph)

Windward Leeward
Side Side

For windward side

−0.7𝑞 00 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 200
(0.07𝛼 − 2.1)𝑞 200 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 300
P=
(0.03𝛼 − 0.9)𝑞 300 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 600
{ 0.9𝑞 𝛼 ≥ 600

where, P is the pressure intensity perpendicular to the roof surface and α is in degree (0)

For leeward side

P =−0.7𝑞

If P is +ve Pressure

If P is -ve Suction
Maximum P will be taken.

Design Procedures:

1. Selection of truss type

2. Estimation of loads
3. Analysis and design of purlins
4. Analysis and design of sagrods
5. Dead load and wind load analysis
6. Combination of D.L and W.L to determine the design bar forces
7. Design of members
8. Design of bracing system
9. Design of connections (welded)
10. Detailing
 Selection of Truss type Compound Fink Truss
Span = 30 to 50 ft
U4

U3 U5

U2 U6 10 ft

U1 U7

L0 L5
L1 L2 L3 L4
40 ft

Length of Members
Bar Length (ft)
L0U1 =5.55 ft = L5U7 =
L0L1 * cos 26.57 = L0U1 =
5.55
 L0L1 = 5.55/cos 26.57
= 6.24 ft
L1L2 = 6.24 ft
L2L3 = 15.04 ft

3.76 b+ ht 5

Spacing of Truss = 20 ft.

Estimation of Loads
Dead loads
1. CGI sheets = 2.3 psf
2. Purlins = 3 psf
3. Roof Truss = 4 psf
4. Sag rod and Bracings = 1.5 psf

Total = 10.8 psf

Live loads = 10 psf

Wind load
Basic wind pressure, q (psf) = 0.00256 V2
Wind speed = 135 mph
So, q =46.66 psf
Windward Side
Inclination angle, α = 26.570
So, P = (0.07*26.57 − 2.1) ∗ 46.66 = -11.23 psf
Leeward Side Note: -ve sign means
P = -0.7q = -0.7*46.66= - 32.662 psf suction

So design pressure, P = 32.662 psf

Roofing
Sag Rod
Purlins

40 ft

Analysis & Design of Purlin

CGI sheet (2.3 psf) + Sag
Rod and Bracings (1.5 psf)
+ Live load (10 psf) +
Design Wind Pressure, P
(32.662 psf)
 Purlin

Trial-1:
Let the section is C 6 X 13
Load Calculation
1. Dead load
 CGI sheet = 2.3 psf * Spacing of Purlin
= 2.3*5.55 = 12.77 lb/ft
 Self-wt. of purlin = 13 lb/ ft
 Sag Rod and Bracings = 1.5 psf * Spacing of Purlin
= 1.5 * 5.55 = 8.33 lb/ft
2. Live load = 10 psf * Spacing of Purlin
= 10*5.55 = 55.5 lb/ft

Gravity load W1 = (Dead load + Live load) = 12.77+13+8.33+55.5 = 90 lb/ft

3. Design Wind Pressure, P = 32.662 psf

Wind load W2 = P* Spacing of Purlin = 32.662 * 5.55 = 182 lb/ft
 W1
W2

W2 W1

40 ft

Total load on one intermediate purlin normal to the roof surface, WT= W1 cosα+W2
= 90* cos26.570 + (-182)
= -102 lb/ft
102 lb/ft

Total load on one intermediate purlin parallel to the roof surface WL= W1 sinα
= 90 * sin 26.590
= 40 lb/ft
𝑊𝑇 ∗(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛)2 102∗202
Bending Moment, Mx-x = = = 5057 lb-ft
8 8
𝑊𝐿 ∗(0.5∗𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛)2 40∗102
Bending Moment, My-y = = = 401 lb-ft
10 10
Allowable bending stress, Fb = 0.66 Fy = 0.66* 36000 = 23760 psi
𝑀𝑥−𝑥 𝑀𝑦−𝑦 5057∗12 401∗12
Maximum bending stress, fb = + = + = 17952 psi < Fb OK
𝑆𝑥−𝑥 𝑆𝑦−𝑦 5.80 0.642
13 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
Check for Self wt. = = 2.34 psi < Assumed wt. OK
5.55 𝑓𝑡
So, the section for purlin is C 6X13

Design of Sag Rod

 WL

10 ft 10 ft

Support
from sag rod
5 5
Tensile force on sag rod, F = Mid-span Reaction = 4 𝑊𝐿 ∗ 𝐿 = 4 40 ∗ 10 = 500 lb

Allowable Stress in tension, Ft = 0.6*Fy = 0.6*36000 = 21600 psi

𝐹 500
Area required for sag rod = Ft = 21600 = 0.023 in2

Use 10 mm diameter rod as sag rod

Design of Top chord Bracings

Bracing
2*5.55 = 11.1 ft

20 ft

Length, L = √202 + 11.12 = 23 𝑓𝑡

According to AISC for top chord bracings
L/rmin <300
Let, the equal angle section L 5 X 5 X 7/8
23∗12
L/rmin = = 282 < 300 OK
0.973

Design of Bottom Chord Strut

According to AISC for bottom chord struts
L/rmin <200
Let, the angle section L 8 X 6 X 7/16
20∗12
L/rmin = 1.31 =< 200 OK

Design of Main Roof Truss

Analysis for Dead Load and Live Load

Load Calculations

Load on top chord

1. Dead load
a. CGI Sheet 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐺𝐼 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 ∗ 𝐵𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2.3𝑋20 23 lb/ft
= = =
2 2
b. Purlin 𝑊𝑝 ∗ 𝑁𝑝 ∗ 𝐿𝑝 13 ∗ 5 ∗ 20 30 lb/ft
= = =
2 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 2 ∗ 4 ∗ 5.55
c. Sag rod 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ∗ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑡. 0.19 lb/ft
=
2 ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑
0.11
( 144 ) ∗ (4 ∗ 5.55) ∗ 490
=
2 ∗ (4 ∗ 5.55)
d. Bracings 𝑊𝑏 ∗𝑁𝑏 ∗𝐿𝑏 27.2∗4∗23 56 lb/ft
=2∗𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 = 2∗(4∗5.55) =
e. Roof Truss 𝑊𝑇 ∗𝐵𝑎𝑦 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 4∗20 40 lb/ft
= = =
2 2
2. Live load 𝐿𝐿𝑋𝐵𝑎𝑦 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 10𝑋20 100 lb/ft
= = 2 =
2
Total, W1 = 249 lb/ft

Load on bottom chord:

Bottom chord strut =
𝑊𝑡.𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡∗𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡∗𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡
2∗𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠
39.2∗4∗20
= = 39.2 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
2∗40
 U4

U3 U5

U2 U6 10 ft

U1 U7
W2 = 39.2 lb/ft
L0 L5
L1 L2 L3 L4
40 ft
Load on top chord normal to the roof surface, Ws = W1 * cos α = 249*cos 26.57 = 223 lb

U4

U3 U5

U2 U6 10 ft

U1 U7
W2 = 39.2 lb/ft
L0 L5
L1 L2 L3 L4
40 ft

Equivalent Loads on Joint

 U4

0.125 kip
0.125 kip

U3 U5

U2 U6
10 ft
U1 U7
W2 = 39.2 lb/ft
L0 L5
L1 L2 L3 L4

40 ft
0.25 kip 0.42 kip 0.42 kip 0.25 kip

Analysis for Wind Load

𝑃∗𝐵𝑎𝑦 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 32.662∗20
 Wind load, Ww = = = 327 lb/ft
2 2

U4

U3 U5

U2 U6
10 ft
U1 U7

L0 L5
L1 L2 L3 L4

40 ft
Equivalent Loads on Joint:

U4

U3 U5

U2 U6 10 ft
U1 U7

L0 L5
L1 L2 L3 L4

40 ft
 Bar Force (kip)
Length
Bar DL+LL Wind
(ft) Design
Compression Tension Compression Load
Tension (-)
(+) (-) (+)

LU 5.55 12.45 -- 11.2 -23.65

0 1

UU 5.55 -- 10.5 8 10.5

1 2

………
……
……… …………… ……… …………… …………
…… ………………..
……… ……. ………. ……. ………..
…
………
………
………
…… …………… ……… …………… …………
……… ……………
……. ……... …… ……….. ………..
………
…

Design of Tension Members

Design of top chord members:
Equal leg double angle section
Maximum tensile force, Ft = 23.24 kip
Maximum compressive force Fc = 24 kip
Length, L= 5.6 ft.
Allowable tensile strength, ft = 0.6 fy = 0.6*36 ksi = 21.6 ksi
𝐹 23.24
𝑡
Required Area for tension At = 2×𝑓 = = 0.54 𝑖𝑛2
𝑡 2∗21.6

2×𝜋 2 ×𝐸 2×𝜋 2 ×29×106

Limiting Slenderness ratio, 𝐶𝐶 = √ =√ = 126
𝐹𝑦 36×103

Allowable Compressive Stress,

12×𝜋 2 ×𝐸 𝐿
𝐿 2
≥ 𝐶𝑐
23×( ) 𝑟
𝑟
𝑓𝑎𝑐 = 𝐿 2
( ) 𝐹𝑦 𝐿
𝑟
[1 − 2×𝐶 ] × 𝐹.𝑆 < 𝐶𝑐
𝐶 𝑟
{
3
5 3×𝐿⁄𝑟 (𝐿⁄ )
Where, F.S = 3 + − 8×(𝐶𝑟 )3
8×𝐶𝑐 𝑐
 𝐹𝑐
Required Area for Compression, 𝐴𝑐 = 2×𝑓𝑎𝑐
Trial-1
Consider the section L 2 × 2 × 1⁄2
A = 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹 23.24
𝑡
Required Area for tension At = 2×𝑓 = = 0.54 𝑖𝑛2
𝑡 2∗21.6
r = from chart
𝐿
𝑖𝑓 = <300 OK
𝑟
𝑓𝑎𝑐 =
𝐹𝑐
If, Required Area for Compression, 𝐴𝑐 = = <A OK
2×𝑓𝑎𝑐

Type of Members Members Design Length Selected Section Selection Type

(ft)

Top Chord 𝐿0 𝑈1 5.6 L 4X4X1/2 Equal Leg

Double Angle

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Design of Joint
Weld Design
Section L 21⁄2 × 2 1⁄2 × 3⁄8
Size of fillet weld S = 3/16”

Toe of Weld
The maximum size of a fillet weld:
a) can’t be greater than the material thickness if it is ¼” or less
b) is permitted to be 1/16” less than the thickness of the material if it is over ¼”

Maximum weld size along the toe = S – 1/16 = 3/16 - 1/16 = 1/8 “
Effective throat thickness, T = 0.707 x S = 0.707 x 3/16 = 0.133 in
Capacity, Ra = 0.3xFEXX x T = 0.3x60x0.133 = 2.394 kip/in
 Fmax
L1

P3
L3

L2
P3 = Ra x L3 = 2.394 x 2.5 = 6 kip
∑ 𝑀𝑃2 + = 0
Fmax * (L3−𝑦̅) = 𝑃1 ∗ 𝐿3 + 𝑃3 ∗ 𝐿3/2
P1 = -23.39 kip
∑ 𝐹𝑥 +=0
P1+P2+P3-Fmax = 0
P2= -11.94 kip
𝑃1
L1 = 𝑅 = 9.8“
𝑎
𝑃2
L2 = 𝑅 = 5“
𝑎
Design of Riveted Joint
Bolts rarely fail in bearing. The material with the hole will more likely yield first.
For the determination of the net area of a bolt hole the width is taken as 1/16” greater than the
nominal dimension of the hole. Standard diameters for bolt holes are 1/16” larger than the bolt
diameter. (This means the net width will be 1/8” larger than the bolt.)

Consider the diameter of rivet = ¾”

Thickness of the gusset plate = 3/8”
Allowable shearing stress, t =
Allowable bearing stress, sb=
 3 1 13
Diameter of hole = 4 + 16 = 16 "

Allowable shear force for rivet,