Rock Mechanics Meeting Society's Challenges and Demands VOLUME 1: FUNDAMENTALS, NEW TECHNOLOGIES & NEW IDEAS led ea Pree) aC oy (@) Taylor & Francis Ee teaberPROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST CANADA-US ROCK MECHANICS SYMPOSIUM, VANCOUVER, CANADA, 27-31 MAY 2007 Rock Mechanics Meeting Society’s Challenges and Demands VOLUME 1: Fundamentals, New Technologies & New Ideas Editors Erik Eberhardt University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Doug Stead Simon Fraser Unive ty; Burnaby, Canada Tom Morrison Greater Vancouver Regional District, Canada Taylor & Francis faylor&Franels Group LONDON / LEIDEN / NEW YORK / PHILADELPHIA / SINGAPORECRC Press Taylor & Francis Group {6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works ‘Version Date: 20150129 International Standard Book Number-13:978-1-398-5657-4 (eBook - PDE) ‘This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://wwwtaylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at ttps/fwww.crepress.comRock Mechanics: Meeting Society's Challenges and Demands ~ Eberhardt, Stead & Morrison (eds) © 2007 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-44401-9 Table of contents Preface XIX VOLUME | — Fundamentals, New Technologies & New Ideas New Trends in Data Collection & 3-D Ground/Deformation Characterization Geology, technology and site characterisation 3 CD. Martin Four dimensional considerations in forensic and predictive simulation of hazardous slope movement ul Dad. Hutchinson, M.S. Diederichs, C. Carranza-Torres, R. Harrap. S. Rozie & P. Graniero Integrated, real-time, 3D GIS-based geotechnical hazard assessment 21 J McGaughey, R. McLeod & G. Pears Application and limitations of ground-based laser scanning in rock slope characterization 29 M. Sturzenegger, M. Yan, D. Stead & D. Elmo Comparison of terrestrial-based, high resolution, LiDAR and digital photogrammetry surveys of a rock slope 37 CD. Martin, D.D. Tannant & H. Lan A digital approach for integrating geotechnical data and stability analyses 48 H. Lan & C.D. Martin The use of Slope Stability Radar (SSR) in managing slope instability hazards 53 NJ. Harries & H. Roberts New insight techniques to analyze rock-slope relief using DEM and 3D-imaging cloud points: COLTOP-3D software 61 M, Jaboyedoff. R. Metzger, T. Oppikofer, R. Couture, M.-H. Derron, J. Locat & D. Turmel High resolution 3D imaging for site characterisation of a nuclear waste repository 69 A. Gaich, M. Potsch & W. Schubert The application of metric 3D images for the mechanical analysis of keyblocks " M. Potsch, W. Schubert & A. Gaich Assessment of laser-based displacement mapping in an underground opening 85 E Lemy, S. Yong & T. Schulz Use of a 3-D scanning laser to quantify drift geometry and overbreak due to blast damage in underground manned entries 93 J Warneke, LG. Dwyer & T. Orr Directional roughness profiles from three-dimensional photogrammetric or laser scanner point clouds 101 WC. HanebergJoint set definition using topology based structure mapping GV Poropat, M.K. Elmouttie & D. Walford ‘The surface expression of strain accumulation in failing rock masses Nok Rosser, D.N, Petley, S.A. Dunning, M. Lim & S, Ball Predicting inter-well rock mechanics parameters using geophysical logs and 3-D seismic data ¥.G. Zhang, HLX. Han, M.B. Dusseault, XJ. Wang, ZX. Zhang, K.M. Fan & YM. Yu Geotechnical data management using acQuire workflows and data integrity MJ. Murphy & BA. Murphy Characterising the in situ fragmentation of a fractured rock mass using a discrete fracture network approach S.E Rogers, D.K. Kennard, WS. Dershowitz & A. Van As 3D simulation and aggregation of fracture network M. Cravero, F. Piana, S. Ponti, S. Tallone & G. Balestro Discrete fracture network modeling for carbonate rock WS. Dershowitz & PR. La Pointe Analysis of block removability in rock excavation by probabilistic approach G. Chen, H. Li & W, Zhou Accounting for local roughness in geostatistical simulation of fracture surface topography H. Saito, G. Grasselli & A.M. Ferrero Rock Mass Classification, Characterization & Behaviour Future directions for rock mass classification and characterization ~ Towards a cross-disciplinary approach N. Barton Rock mass classification challenges D. Milne Automatic drilling process monitoring (DPM) for in-situ characterization of weak rock mass strength with depth ZO. Yue, J. Chen & W. Gao RDi- A new method for evaluating of rock mass drillability S.H. Hoseinie, M. Ataie, H. Aghababaei & ¥. Pourrahimian Rock slope design using slope stability rating (SSR) ~ Application and field verifications A. Taheri & K, Tani ‘A new geomechanical evaluation system for slopes: SFi system U. Jeong, WS. Yoon, J. Park, BH. Han, Hal. Park & JW. Choi Establishing a site specific mining geotechnical logging atlas BA. Murphy & JR. Campbell Rock mass strength with non-persistent joints B.H. Kim, M. Cai & PK. Kaiser VI 107 113. 121 129 137 145 153, 159 167 179 191 199 207 223 231 241A modified approach for prediction of strength and post yield behaviour for high GSI rockmasses in strong, brittle ground MS. Diederichs, LL. Carvalho & T.G. Carter Peak and residual strengths of jointed rock masses and their determination for engineering design M. Cai, PK. Kaiser ¥. Tasaka & M. Minami Characteristics and classification of New Zealand greywackes SAL. Read & L. Richards An approach for prediction of strength and post yield behaviour for rock masses of low intact strength JL. Carvalho, TG. Carter & M.S. Diederichs Deformation moduli of soft rocks in Japan through Geological Strength Index (GSI) T. Yamamoto, K. Tsusaka & C. Tanimoto Estimation of rock mass deformation modulus using the rock mass classifications and seismic measurements HR. Zarei, A. Uromeihy & S. Khalesi Analysis of permeability using BPP, ANFIS & SOM K. Shahriar & H. Owladeghaffari Numerical Modelling ~ Continuum & Discontinuum Limit equilibrium, strength summation and strength reduction methods for assessing slope stability J Krahn Shear Strength Reduction (SSR) approach for slope stabil MS. Diederichs, M. Lato, R. Hammah & P. Quinn ty analyses, Analysis of blocky rock slopes with finite element shear strength reduction analysis RE, Hammah, T. Yacoub, B. Corkum, E Wibowo & LH. Curran Three-dimensional kinematic conditions for toppling MR. Yeung & K.L. Wong A synthetic rock mass model for jointed rock M. Pierce, P. Cundall, D. Potyondy & D. Mas Ivars Investigating raise stability using fracture system and particle flow tools J. Hadjigeorgiou, K. Esmaieli & M. Grenon Quantification of energy absorption capacity of trees against rockfall using finite element analysis, ‘MJ. Jonsson, A. Volkwein & Wel, Ammann Validation of a synthetic rock mass model using excavation induced microseismicity JM. Reyes-Montes, WS. Pettitt & RP Young Effect of dilation angle on failure process and mechanical behavior for a rock specimen with initial random material imperfections XB. Wang Boundary conditions effects on the formation of kink bands in fractured rock masses JoE Noél & G. Archambault vu 249 259 269 217 287 297 303 ail 319 329 335 341 351 359 365 371 379DEM boundary conditions for modeling uniaxial and biaxial tests DD. Tannant & C. Wang ‘Compaction behavior of unbonded granular media: Discrete particle vs. experimental vs. analytical modeling RM. Holt, L. Li & LF Stenebriten Effect of characteristic length in the finite element solution of elastic deformation of layered materials A. Righi & JH. Curran ‘An equivalent continuum approach to coalmine water simulation DP. Adhikary & H. Guo Long term tunnel stability in soft rock considering the influence of permeability using coupled analysis K. Kishida, f Sakata, T; Hosoda, A. Tomita & T. Adachi ‘Three dimensional modelling of spiling bolts for tunnelling in a weakness zone ON. Trinh, E. Broch & M. Lu A finite element model for the stability analysis and optimum design of pressure tunnels H. Ahmadi, A. Soltani & A. Fahimifar Hydromechanical analysis of the effect of fracture properties on tunnel inflow M. Sharifzadeh & S. Karegar A model for coupled micro and macro-scale swelling processes in clay shales M, Deriszadeh & R.CK. Wong Numerical Modelling ~ Brittle Fracture & Damage Simulation of multi-fracturing rock media including fluid/structure coupling D.RoJ. Owen, ¥-T. Feng, M. Labao, C.R. Leonardi, S.Y. Zhao & J. Yu ‘Combined finite-discrete element modelling of surface subsidence associated with block caving mining A. Vyazmensky, D. Elmo, D. Stead & JR. Rance ‘Computational modeling of multiple fragmentation in rock masses with application to block caving JM. Rance, A. van As, DRL Owen, ¥.L. Feng & RJ. Pine Methodology for estimation of excavation damaged zone around tunnels in hard rock S.W. Shin, CD. Martin, E.S. Park & R. Christiansson Characterization of step-path failure mechanisms: A combined field based-numerical modeling study M. Yan, D. Elmo & D. Stead A discrete element damage model for rock slopes A, Alzo’ubi, C.D. Martin & DM. Cruden PFC modeling of rock cutting under high pressure conditions LW Ledgerwood Ii Numerical modeling of rock ridge breakage in rotary cutting B. Yu & A.W. Khair Vill 385 303 403 41 419, 427 447 457 467 477 485 493 503 sul 519)Fracture pattern of anisotropic rock by drilling or cutting using the PFC N. Schormair & K. Thuro A hydraulie fracture model with filtration for biosolids injection GW. Xia, M.B. Dusseault & E. Marika Brittle Fracture & Damage Mechanics Effects of alteration on the engineering behaviour and intact rock fracture characteristics of granite under uniaxial compression JS. Coggan, JL. Chilton, D. Stead, LH. Howe & R. Collins Crack initiation and propagation from frictional fractures CH. Park & A. Bobet Crack growth study of a 3-D surface fracture under compression using strain and acoustic emission measurements RHC. Wong, TC. Li, K.T. Chau, S.C. Li & WS. Zhu Sliding crack model for the uniaxial compression of rock E. David & R.W. Zimmerman Coalescence behavior in Carrara marble and molded gypsum containing artificial flaw pairs under uniaxial compression L.N.Y. Wong & HH. Einstein ‘A fracture mechanics code for modelling sub-critical crack growth and time dependency B. Shen & M. Rinne Experimental study of suberitical crack growth in brittle materials ¥. Nara, M. Takada, K. Kaneko, H. Owada & T. Hiraishi Subcritical erack growth of rocks using the double torsion method with consideration of the crack length K.W. Kwok, H.C, Wong, K.T. Chau & Tf Wong Experimental relationship between fracture toughness and fracture roughness in anisotropic granitic rocks MMB. Nasseri, G. Grasselli, B. Mohanty, J. Wirth & M. Brawn Effect of confining stress and loading rate on fracture toughness of rocks TY. Ko & J. Kemeny The evolution of fracture toughness and permeability in thermally cracked Westerly granite from elastic wave velocities MHLB. Nasseri, R.P Young & A. Schubnel Fracture processes of rocks in dynamic tensile-splitting test SH. Cho, B. Mohanty, ¥. Nakamura, ¥. Ogata, H. Kitayama & K. Kaneko Advanced characterization and numerical simulation of indentation induced damage in hard sandstone HL. hin, NV Bangaru, Gl, Block & V. Gupta Homogenization of hydromechanical behavior of fractured rocks L. Jeannin, R. Marmier & JF Barthélemy Ix 527 535 347 591 599 607 617 625 ol 639 647 655‘Computerized Tomographic (CT) study of brittle material with internal flaw under hydrautic pressure and triaxial compression W. Zhu, ¥S.H. Guo, S.C. Li, S.B. Li, N. Lee & H. Jian Closure of hydraulic fractures visualized by X-ray CT technique in sand. ¥. Dong & C.J. de Pater In Situ Stress & Stress Measurement Is there a relation between the in situ principal stress magnitudes in rock masses? AP. Harrison, A. Hudson & JN. Carter In-situ stress estimation using crack closure energy in crystalline rock SS Lim, C.D. Martin & R. Christianson ‘A novel method for in situ stress measurement — concept, theory and numerical simulation “LP. Loui, C-H, Ryu & D-W. Ryu Interpretation of stressmeter data in variable temperature conditions T. Smith, D. Milne & Z. Szczepanik ‘The contemporary stress field of the offshore Carnarvon Basin, North West Shelf, Western Australia M.C. Neubauer, RR. Hillis, R.C. King & S.D. Reynolds ‘Measurement of the regional and local stress field along a 10 km strike of the Zuleika Shear Zone in the Kundana gold mining province of Western Australia CR. Windsor, E. Villaescusa, T. Funatsu & R. Lachenicht ‘The measurement and interpretation of in-situ stress using an overcoring technique from surface I. Gray & L. See Evaluation of initial rock stress state by hydraulic fracturing test in Korea: Overall characteristics and a case study SH, Bae, JM. Kim, JS. Kim, ES. Park & SW. Jeon Laboratory Testing & Coupled Behaviour Determination of aperture distribution and DNAPL migration in a rough-walled rock fracture WM.S.B. Weerakone & R.C.K. Wong A laboratory study of grout flow and settlement in open fractures B. Shen & H. Guo Investigations on the swelling behavior of pure anhydrites E Raith & K. Thuro Shear testing of a model dam monolith under varying lateral constraint conditions D. Galic, SD. Glaser & RE. Goodman ‘Time-dependant behavior of rock foundation by laboratory and numerical modeling in Gotvand Dam M. Ahmadi, H.M.D. Niasar & M.R. Bidgoli Shear failure and shear fracturing in shales R. Nygrd, M. Gutierrez & K. Hoeg Influence of scale on the uniaxial compressive strength of brittle rock L. Li, M. Aubertin, R. Simon, D. Deng & D. Labrie 661 665 675 683 691 699 705 13 721 729 239 747 755 763 ™ 7 785The confining effect of end roughness on unconfined compressive strength Z. Szezepanik, D. Milne & C. Hawkes ‘The long-term stress-strain behaviour of chalk KL. Stone & K.1. Katsaros ‘The effect of diagenesis on stress-strain behavior and acoustic velocities in sandstones R. Nygard, K. Bjorivkke, K. Hoeg & G. Hareland The effective stress coefficient in porous sandstone LO. Ojala & E. Fjer Development of upper and lower bounds to describe engineering properties as a function of macroporosity A. DaCosta, C. Wright, ¥ Ye, M. MacLaughlin & N. Hudyma Determining abrasivity with the LCPC Test K. Thuro, J Singer, H. Kiisling & M. Bauer Weathering and geomechanical properties of Alvand granitic rocks, Western Iran A. Shafiei, M. Heidari & M.B, Dusseault Evaluation of the mechanical and physical properties of rock containing pyrite by leaching tests I. Woo, LG. Kim, GH. Lee, H.J. Park & LG. Um Author index VOLUME 2 - Case Histories Natural & Engineered Slopes The use of geological models for foundations on rock; “Test Section’ of the Sea to Sky Highway Upgrade, B.C. P Schlosfeldt & M. Goldbach Estimating lateral support pressure for rock cuts at Washington-Dulles International Airport expansion C.D, Martin, E.B. Rehwoldt & V. Gall Dip slope analysis and parameter uncertainty ~ Case history and practical recommendations BAR. Fisher & E. Eberhardt Rockslope engineering challenges for power transmission lines, Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada WCB. Gates & C. Lukkarila Rock fall hazard assessment of Chapmans Peak Drive, Cape Town, South Africa P Schlowfeldt Seismic monitoring of rockfall, Helmet Mountain, British Columbia JR. Moore, JW. Sanders, K.M. Cuffey, LR. Haught & S.D. Glaser line rock Deformation behavior of deep-seated rockslides in erys C. Zangerl, E. Eberhardt, H. Schdntaub & J. Anege Investigation of possible failure mechanisms of the Portillo Rock Avalanche, Central Andes, Chile D. Welkner, E. Eberhardt & R.L, Hermanns XI 793 799 805 813 821 827 835 843 847 853 861 871 879 887 895 901 909A complex rock slope failure investigated by means of numerical modelling based on laser scanner technique M. Ghirotti & R. Genevois Ground-based and airborne LiDAR for structural mapping of the Frank Slide M. Sturzenegger, D. Stead, C. Froese, F Moreno & M. Jaboyedoff Geomechanical analysis of the instability phenomena at Stromboli voleano P Tommasi, D. Boldini, F Cignitti, A. Graziani, A. Lombardi & T. Rotonda Characterization and back analysis of a complex slope deformation: San Bartolo Cliff S. D'Ambra Affect of shear strength criteria selection in probabilistic rock slope stability analyses: A case study for a jointed rock slope in Norway HS.B. Ditogiin & RK, Bhasin Dynamic rock fragmentation causes low rock-on-rock friction TR. Davies, M.d. McSaveney & A.M, Deganutti Geotechnical challenges facing infrastructure development in western China DH. Zou, P Cui & VY. Zhu Construction of a landslide suscepti Acase study U. Jeong, S.1. Park, CW. Lee, J-T. Lee, WS. Yoon, JW. Choi, H. Hong & Kk Kwan ty map using SINMAP technique and its validation Stability analysis of the slope of debris-flow fan under artificial rainfall YY. Zhu, P Cui & DHS. Zou Probabilities of casualties on Al-Baha mountain road, Saudi Arabia B.H. Sadagah Evaluating the slope instability of the Amiya slide TN. Singh & A.K. Verma Dams & Hydroelectric Projects A hydroelectric utility client's view of rock engineering consultants B.D. Ripley, D.P. Moore & A.D. Watson Estimating rock mass strength for a conerete dam founded on good rock: Blind Slough Dam, British Columbia, Canada ‘M.S, Lawrence & C.D. Martin Investigations and monitoring of rock slope: A.D. Watson, DP. Moore, TW. Stewart & LE Engineering geology, glacial preconditioning, and rockmass response to large scale underground excavations in the Niagara Region M.A. Perras & M.S. Diederichs Geomechanics overview of large-scale hydropower station development in China HC. Zhu, NC. Qi & HB. Wit Accounting for time-dependent deformation in the Niagara Diversion Tunnel design SU. Righey & M. Hughes XII 917 925 933, 943 951 959 967 975 979) 987 993, 1001 1007 lols 1023 1031 1039Hydraulic fracturing stress measurements in Iceland and the design of two hydroelectric power projects B. Haimson & A.K. Ingimarsson Upgrading the rock foundation stability of Hamidich Dam with relief wells HR. Zarei & S. Khalesi Rock mass characterization at the proposed Khorram-Roud dam site in western Iran A. Shafiei, M. Heidari & M.B. Dusseault The effects of jet grouting on slope stability at Shahriar dam, Iran B. Nikbakhtan, ¥. Pourrahimian & H. Aghababaei Tunnels & Deep Underground Excavations ‘Some opportunities for science and engineering at DUSEL D. Elsworth & C. Fairhurst Construction of a lange-deep permanent cavern for physics research at the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) C. Laughton Towards a transparent Earth S.D. Glaser, W. Roggenthen, L.R. Johnson & E.L. Majer Earth science collaborations for Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory JS.Y. Wang Investigating coupled mechanical-hydrological behavior in a DUSEL HF Wang, S.C. Blair; S.R. Carlson, S.J. Martel & T. Tokunaga The ‘Observational Approach’ in tunnelling W. Schubert Geomechanical characterisation of massive rock for deep TBM tunnelling M.C. Villeneuve, M.S. Diederichs, PK. Kaiser & C. Frenzel Brittle tectonics in metamorphic rocks: Implications in the excavation of the Bodio Section of the Gotthard Base Tunnel L. Bonzanigo Methods for the evaluation and interpretation of displacement monitoring data in tunnelling K. Grossauer & W. Schubert Rock classification based on convergence measurements in tunneling C. Tanimoto, K. Tsusaka, ¥. Mitarashi & 1. Aoki Experience with shear zones at the edge of an intrusive body during tunnel construction W. Steiner Material behaviour associated with tunnelling through the weak rock masses of the Alpine system in Northern Greece N. Vlachopoulos & M.S. Diederichs Environmental impacts of groundwater due to tunneling operations HL. Chung, YS. Lee, YW Kwon & J. Yu XI 1047 1055 1065 1075 1085 1091 10s iis 1123 131 141 1149 1157 1167 1179 1187Horonobe URL project — present status and future plans H. Matsui, H. Kurikami, T. Kunimaru, H. Morioka & K. Hatanaka Application of scientific visualisation ~ stress control on permeability anisotropy in moderately fractured rock L. Cotesta, PK. Kaiser, M. Cai & A. Vorauer Rock mass yielding in the Aspé Pillar Stability Experiment AC. Andersson, R. Christianson & C.D. Martin Design and operation ofa pilot plant for underground LNG storage E-S. Park, S-K. Chung, H-S. Lee, D-H. Lee & H-Y. Kim Numerical simulation evaluating the standoff distance of SPR caverns from the edge of the Big Hill Salt Dome, USA BLY. Park, C.G. Herrick, MY. Lee & B.L. Ehgartner Open Pit Mining Predicting the behaviour and failure of large rock slopes JRL, Read Analysis of slope stability in strong, fractured rock at the Diavik Diamond Mine, NWT KM, Moff, S.F Rogers, RJ. Beddoes & S. Greer Geotechnical study and optimum pit slope design of the Ashok Coal opencast project VK. Singh Forecasting potential rock slope failure in open pit mines using the inverse-velocity method ~ Case examples ND. Rose & O. Hungr Footwall slope slab failure at a mountain coal mine D.D. Tannant & R. LeBreton ‘The application of resource modeling and GIS tools to establish the kinematic stability of rock slopes M. Grenon, C. Lebleu, Ao). Laflamme & M.A. Mostafavi Geotechnical characterization and design for the transition from the Grasberg Open Pit to the Grasberg Block Cave mine A. Srikant, C. Brannon, D.C. Flint & T. Casten A hybrid FEM/DEM approach to model the interaction between open-pit and underground block-caving mining D. Elmo, A. Vvazmensky, D. Stead & LR. Rance Use of resource modeling tools in numerical analysis of slope stability M. Grenon & R. Caumartin Analysis of a rock slope failure in a limestone open pit M. Cravero, G. labichino & D. Lo Presti Underground Mining Geotechnical inputs for cave management in the DOZ block eave HLA. Sahupata & A. Srikant xIV 1193 1203 1213 1221 1227 1237 1245 1251 1255 1263 1271 1277 1287 1295 1301 1313Caving performance through integration of micro-seismic activity and numerical modeling at DOZ ~ PT Freeport Indonesia E, Rubio & D. Napitupulu ‘Modelling the caving of stope backs under high stress conditions: A case study of prediction and field trials RK. Brummer CP. O'Connor, G. Swan, D. Counter & N. Disley Numerical modeling analysis for Sao Bento Mineragdo S/A, Santa Barbara, MG, Brazil B. Foo & R. Pakalnis Stability assessment of non-entry stopes using nonlinear finite element analysis ¥. Zhang & HS. Mitri Learning from ground failures ~ Underground mining case studies J Ran Mining and rock mass factors influencing hangingwall dilution K. Forster, D. Milne & A. Pop Mining within a weak rock mass ~ Kencana Underground Mine case study ~ PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals (Newerest Mining Ltd), Indonesia 1. Febrian, A. Wahyudin, C. Gunadi, D. Peterson, P. Mah & R. Pakalnis Hazard assessment when mining orebodies under shear loading EL. Suorineni, PK. Kaiser & J. Delgado Monitoring the behavior of a sill pillar at failure in @ narrow-vein mine D. Labrie, R. Boyle, T. Anderson, B. Conlon & K. Judge Estimation of the peak and post-peak behaviour of fractured rock masses using spatial and temporal analysis of mine induced microseismicity AL. Coulson, WE Bawden & J.J. Crowder Seismic hazard assessment and the amelioration thereof in deep level mining operations SK. Murphy & G.E Hoffmann Coulomb Stress Triggering in the underground mining environment GE Hofmann & S.K. Murphy Seismic monitoring in mines — Design, operation, tricks and traps MLR. Hudyma & R.K. Brummer Back analysis and performance of Block A long hole open stopes ~ Kanowna Belle Gold Mine PM. Cepuritis, E. Villaescusa & R. Lachenicht Review of crown pillar investigations in a historie mine camp JG. Henning Observations and evaluation of floor benching effects on pillar stability in U.S. limestone mines GS. Esterhuizen, D.R. Dolinar & LL. Ellenberger Using confinement as a means to estimate pillar strength in a room and pillar mine D. Roberts, D. Tolfree & H. MeIntire XV 1321 1329 1337 1347 1393 1361 1367 1377 1385 1395 1405 1415 1423 1431 1455