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1.

Introduction

1.1. Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon in which the existence of zero-resistance and


repulsion of magnetic field outside occurs in certain materials (superconductors).
Superconductivity is a thermodynamic state of a solid material that achieved by
lowering the temperature until it reached the temperature below the critical
temperature (𝑇𝑐 ).The zero-resistance phenomenon was first discovered by Heike
Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, when a solid mercury wire immersed in liquid helium
[1]. With the argument that kinetic energy is low at lower temperature, the
behavior of the resistance was unexpected at the time, and it was thought that the
conductivity of a metal would drop at low temperature. There are attempts to
explain the behavior, one of them is using Bloch Model, which describe the
electron in terms of wavefunction as a charge carrier in an ordered crystal in
which the resistance is not actually described apart from electrical conductivity
described to be decreased with increasing scattering processes due to defects,
lattice vibrations (phonons) or higher order effects such as electron-electron
scattering, this effects occurs more frequent in higher temperature. However,
superconductivity was also experimentally observed to occurs in non-ordered
material, so Bloch model is not specifically a compatible description.
Bardeen-Cooper-Schreiffer theory (BCS theory) is one of the first microscopic
theory regarding superconductivity since its discovery. The main idea of the BCS
theory is that electrons could form pairs in phase-space (Cooper pairs). Which was
taken up from the description suggested by Fröhlich that the attraction between
electrons mediated by phonon could give rise to superconductivity.
The momentum states of these electron pairs can be considered as electrons with
opposing spins state

1.2. Josephson Effect

In 1962 B.D. Josephson predicted that unpaired electron and cooper pair are able
to cross the region between 2 superconductors that linked by a weak link. The
current over barrier between 2 superconductors depends on phase difference
between both sides (analogous to relation between current and phase gradient
in superconductor)

2. Experiment Setup

In this experiment a thin film layer contact of niobium with thickness of 100nm
was used as superconductor and aluminum oxide (AlOx ) with thickness of 17.83
m used as separating layer, placed in Si substrate with dimension of 6mm x
10mm and thickness of 250m.

3. Measurement

In the experiment, the I-U curve and field-dependent critical current was
measured. In order to do so, the sample rod was cooled down. After the sample
cooled down,
4. Discussion

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