For questions 1–10, read the text below.

Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the

lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

1. The moon is vital to our survival.

The moon is more than just a (0) BEAUTIFUL face to gaze upon at night. BEAUTY
It helps direct our ocean currents and tides, the (1)________ of MOVE
Earth’s atmosphere and climate, and even the tilt of our planet’s
axis.

So what would happen to Earth, and us, if it (2)________ disappeared PROMPT

without notice? Would we survive it? Sadly, probably not.

Right away, we would notice that “night-time” would be (3)________ SIGNIFY

darker. The moon’s surface reflects the sun’s light, brightening our
night sky. Without that indirect glow, any areas that don’t have access
to artificial light, like country roads or (4)________ campsites, would WOOD
become far riskier to travel through at night.

The moon’s sudden absence would also confuse animals. In a 2013

review in the Journal of Animal Ecology, (5)________ found animals RESEARCH
that use vision as their primary mode of (6)________ with the world INTERACT
benefit (survival-wise) from the moon’s presence. That’s no big
surprise, but it does have (7)________ implications for the question at INTERESTED
hand. Many predators, like owls and lions, rely on the cover of DARK
(8)________
with just a bit of moonlight to hunt effectively. With no moon, they
would have trouble finding food. Rodents, on the other hand, tend to
hide more when the moonlight is strong. It’s (9)________ for their EASY
predators to
detect them. With no moon, they would thrive.

(10)________ , there’s no evidence that the moon is going to self-destruct THANK

or collide with another orbit anytime soon.
For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

2. Rising temperatures and creatures

For most animals, climate change is (0) SERIOUSLY bad news. SERIOUS
By 2050, it will be the (1)________ growing threat to biodiversity FAST
in the Americas, and by 2100 it could have wiped out more
than half of African bird and mammal species. From sea turtles
to polar bears to pikas, many of our most (2)________ species CHARISMA
are in jeopardy.

But certain less cuddly animals may fare better-and will cope
with (3)________ temperatures by moving to new latitudes. “There’s RISE
always (4)________ and losers, and it seems that some of the organisms WIN
that are doing well and may do well into the future are the
(5)________ species,” says Isabelle Neylan, a graduate student in VENOM
marine ecology at the University of California, Davis.

Many animals that live on land will migrate north or south in

coming decades, away from (6)________ areas and into places TROPIC
that are more (7)________ inhabited by people, Neylan and her DENSE
colleagues recently reported in the journal Wilderness &
Environmental Medicine. The team pored over (8)________ other PREDICT
researchers have created in recent years for all manner of toxic
creatures and predict that, on the whole, they will cross our paths
more (9)________ in future. What’s more, many of these species are FREQUENT
already on the move.

“It looks like for a lot of species in the U.S. it’s a range expansion,
so we’re going to see them in places we’re not expecting them or
they haven’t been found in the past,” Neylan says. Still, she says,
there’s no need to panic. “There’s not going to be an (10)________ of EXPLOSIVE
spiders or anything crazy like that.” And there are steps we can take
to prepare for their arrival.
For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

3. Eyeball tattoos

Sometimes white eyeballs just aren’t jazzy enough. Why? It’s

(0) HONESTLY not clear, but hey: if you want lime green instead, HONEST
that's your business. Even if the (1)________ of the scleral tattoo INVENT
now says he wishes it were (2)________ , and that he thought people LEGAL
would take the whole thing a lot more seriously. It's still your
body, and you can get your eyeballs dyed if you want. But you
should (3)________ take certain precautions if you don't want to PROBABLE
lose your ability to see.

It is possible to (4)________ tattoo the whites of one’s eyes. Relatively SAFETY

speaking, that is. The trick is getting the needle inside a
barely-millimetre-wide gap between two layers of the eye.

Ink needs to get between the conjunctiva and the sclera. In the
body art community, there’s (5)________ just one method of tattooing: BASIC
injecting small volumes of dye into the space between the two layers,
and allowing that ink to spread in patches.

A surgeon would (6)________ be the safest bet, and there are actually REAL
medically sanctioned eye tattoos out there in the world.
Like any (7)________ defect, people with congenital eye problems or PHYSICS
damage can suffer not just from the thing itself, but from the stigma of
having a visible scar. A corneal tattoo can’t repair vision, but it can
dye (8)________ bits back to white. Ophthalmic surgeons do those COLOUR
kinds of operations sometimes to improve patients' quality of life,
though it’s not common.

Tattoo artists, on the other hand, have definitely not been trained to
poke eyeballs with needles; there’s no (9)________ for corneal tattooing. CERTIFICATE
All you can really go on is their experience and reputation.
For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

4. The study of words

Neurosemantics is the study of how words are interpreted within

a person’s psychology, and the overall (1)________ that result. Some REACT

experts define neurosemantics as the study of the way that meaning

gets converted into feeling. This complex kind of (2)________ study has SCIENCE

generated various theories and ideas within its field, and within the
(3)________ context of the human sciences. LARGE

Another way to understand neurosemantics is that words often influence

emotions. This issue can also be seen as the study of the (4)________ of TAKE

language or other semantic symbols into the central nervous system,

where nerve responses can (5)________ to emotional reactions. RELATE
It’s important to understand the meaning of semantics: semantics
themselves are visual, literary or other (6)________ symbols that SENSE

humans, and some animals, interpret in various ways.

The field of neurosemantics is (7)________ . This means that it takes DISCIPLINE

place within a larger array of human sciences. Other more technical

sciences like linguistics and anatomy also border on (8)________ UNDERSTAND
neurology and semantics.

Some scientists approach "neurosemantics" in different ways. One of

these is to understand semantic (9)________ as something that happens INTERNALIZE
through the electromagnetic spectrum. Another way to understand this is
in terms of "cognitive territory" where scientists may talk about
(10)________ semantic concepts. MAP
For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

5. Carbon footprint

You have (0) PROBABLY heard about the concept of a carbon footprint. PROBABLE

The carbon footprint is a quite common (1)_____________ of the bad INDICATE

Impact on the environment caused by (2)_____________ goods and CONSUMPTION

services.
Sometimes it comes up in (3)_____________ contexts. For example, I was EXPECT

looking for a hotel room (4)_____________ and they presented the RECENT

environmental impact for staying one night in their hotel room in the form of
the carbon footprint.

The carbon footprint can be used for (5)_____________ everything. Here BASIC

are more examples of things for which you can calculate a carbon footprint: a
mile (6)_____________ in a specific car, buying a pound of beef, even just DRIVE
breathing over the course of one’s life.

The carbon footprint tells you how much carbon dioxide (7)_____________ EMIT
and methane each thing produces.

The gaseous carbon dioxide (8)_____________ when solids or liquids ORIGIN

containing carbon burn. Most of the carbon dioxide is produced due to

burning gas in cars, power plants, heating, and for (9)_____________ INDUSTRY
production.

Gas(natural gas or gasoline) and coal consist of carbon atoms. When you
burn gas or coal, their carbon atoms connect to the air’s oxygen molecules.
Each carbon atom connects to two oxygen atoms, due to
CHEMIST
(10)_____________ rules.
For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

6. Bringing Families Closer

A recent survey has (0) SURPRISINGLY revealed that home computers SURSPRISE

do not (1) __________ relationships within families but do, WEAK

in fact, bring children and parents together. A (2) __________ GROW

number of parents have now become involved in their children's

(3) __________ activities through the computer, which appears to EDUCATION

(4) __________ bonds between family members. STRONG

One further (5) ___________ reached in a report based on the CONCLUDE

survey is that children's (6) ___________ needs are satisfied when COMPETE

they consistently beat their parents at computer games.

The survey must come as a great (7) ___________ to those parents RELIEVE

who were (8) about the wisdom of having a computer at DOUBT

home. Furthermore, parents who have so far shown no (9) ___________ WILLING

to buy a computer due to the strong (10) ___________ they have of SUSPECT

them may now do so.

For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

7. Small talk

Small talk is (0) MEANINGLESS conversation in terms of content, MEANING

but is often seen as (1)________ important in certain situations, SOCIAL
or context. In many English-speaking countries, it can be viewed
as rude or (2)________ not to participate in it. Non-personal FRIEND
comments about non-controversial subjects are usually
(3)________ as appropriate for this type of conversation. CONSIDER

(4)________ the weather with people who you don't really know DISCUSS
is an example of small talk that many of us are very familiar with
on a daily (5)________ . We may chat about the weather with the BASE
cashier at the supermarket or with the attendant at the gas station.
Making conversation like this may also be related to the situation
such as waiting in line.

Some people like small talk because they find silence (6)________ COMFORT
and/or they enjoy communicating (7)________ . Others enjoy meeting VERBAL
new people and use it to start conversations. Some people don't like
these kinds of conversations at all, and often dread going to parties
at least partly because of it.

When making small talk, especially with (8)________ or those you don't STRANGE
know very well, it's important to observe certain socially (9)________ ACCEPT
conventions. First, all subjects should be general and not personal or
about (10)________ topics. Second, while compliments are acceptable, CONTROVERSY
they shouldn't refer to the person's body or sound like a pick-up line.
For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

8. Speech Corpus

It is a (0) COLLECTION of speeches preserved in audio or text COLLECT

format. These collections are useful in developing
speech software and in conducting linguistic (1)________ . STUDY
The two varieties of speech corpus are spontaneous
speech and read speech.

Speech comprises collections of (2)________ and facts, usually THINK

in a spoken form. One may also view any spoken utterance
as speech. A corpus, in turn, references a formal collection of
(3)________ pieces of information. VARY

Any type of speech may be found in a speech corpus, but

such databases are (4)________ divided into two categories. GENERAL
The first, spontaneous speech, contains non-formalized
speeches a person might give, such as those found in
conversations or in oral story-telling. Read speeches, however,
have a more formalized and pre-planned structure. Examples
might include (5)________ speeches, news broadcasts, and audio POLITICS
book readings. Some varieties may be (6)________ on the specific DEPEND
context, like interviews.

One major advantage of speech corpus tools is their practical

(7)________ in helping create speech-based software. For example, USE
many computers and other electronic devices present speech
(8)________ features as an option, such as reading back typed text, RECOGNIZE
transforming spoken words into text, or identifying a speaker by
unique vocal traits. Extractions from a speech corpus might aid in
(9)________ this technology by applying mathematically based sets ENHANCE
of statistics called acoustic models to each individual sound.

The final step of corpus study involves analysis, or deriving

(10)________ and theoretical ideals from a collection of COMPARE
speech components.
For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

9. A better place to live

The recent (0) SUCCESS of an animal charity in moving five SUCCEED

tigers from an extremely (1) __________ cage in Italy to much COMFORT

more (2) _________ surroundings in England is another LUXURY

encouraging example of (3) _________ cooperation between NATION

animal welfare organisations.

The tigers' (4) _________ at a new home in Kent has brought ARRIVE

hope to people who fight to prevent (5) _________ to animals CRUEL

on a daily basis. (6) _________, not all animals can be liberated FORTUNE

from the (7) _________ conditions in which they are discovered. HEALTH

This is usually because of (8) _________ delays in legal procedures REASON

and the fact that many courts are (9) _________ to the needs of SENSE

animals in captivity. In order to end this (10) _________ suffering, NECESSITY

there must be greater understanding of the problem.

For questions 1–10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
________________________________________________________________________

10. The Model-T Ford

One of the most important (1)____________ in ACHIEVE

the history of the motorcar was the (2 )________________ DEVELOP

of the Model-T Ford in 1913, which was the first car to be

produced on a large scale. The (3)_________________ INVENT

of this method of production was Henry Ford, the founder

of the Ford Motor Company. The production line, as it came

to be (4 )_________________, offered (5 )_________________ KNOW/EMPLOY

to thousands of (6)__________. It cut costs as WORK

well, making cars affordable to (7 )____________________ . CONSUME

In addition, the replacement of old work practices made

cars more (8 )____________________, while numerous RELY

(9)____________________ to the interior of the car made IMPROVE

driving a pleasure. So, car (10)____________________ have OWN

Henry Ford to thank for his enormous contribution to the

car industry.
ANSWERS

Word Formation

1 2 3 4 5
1. MOVEMENT 1. FASTEST 1. INVENTOR 1- REACTIONS 1. INDICATOR /
2. PROMPTLY 2. CHARISMATIC 2. ILLEGAL 2- SCIENTIFIC INDICATION
3. SIGNIFICANTLY 3. RISING 3. PROBABLY 3- LARGER 2. CONSUMING
4. WOODED 4. WINNERS 4. SAFELY 4- INTAKE 3. UNEXPECTED
5. RESEARCHERS 5. VENOMOUS 5. BASICALLY 5- CORRELATE 4. RECENTLY
6. INTERACTING 6. TROPICAL 6. REALLY 6- SENSORY 5. BASICALLY
7. INTERESTING 7. DENSELY 7. PHYSICAL 7- INTERDISCIPLINARY 6. DRIVEN
8. DARKNESS 8. PREDICTIONS 8. DISCOLORED 8- UNDERSTANDING 7. EMISSIONS
9. EASIER 9. FREQUENTLY 9. CERTIFICATION 9-INTERNALIZATION 8. ORIGINATES
10. THANKFULLY 10. EXPLOSION 10- MAPPING 9. INDUSTRIAL
10. CHEMICAL /
CHEMISTRY

6 7 8 9 10
1. WEAKEN 1. SOCIALLY 1. STUDIES 1. UNCOMFORTABLE 1. ACHIEVEMENTS
2. GROWING 2. UNFRIENDLY 2. THOUGHTS 2. LUXURIOUS 2. DEVELOPMENT
3. EDUCATIONAL 3. CONSIDERED 3. VARIOUS 3. INTERNATIONAL 3. INVENTOR
4. STRENGTHEN 4. DISCUSSING 4. GENERALLY 4. ARRIVAL 4. KNOWN
5. CONCLUSION 5. BASIS 5. POLITICAL 5. CRUELTY 5. EMPLOYMENT
6. COMPETITIVE 6. 6. DEPENDENT 6. UNFORTUNATELY 6. WORKERS
7. RELIEF UNCOMFORTABLE 7. USEFULNESS 7. UNHEALTHY 7. CONSUMERS
8. DOUBTFUL 7. VERBALLY 8. RECOGNITION 8. UNREASONABLE 8. RELIABLE
9. WILLINGNESS 8. STRANGERS 9. ENHANCING 9. INSENSITIVE 9.
10. SUSPICION(S) 9. ACCEPTABLE 10. COMPARISONS 10. UNNECESSARY IMPROVEMENTS
10. 10. OWNERS
CONTROVERSIAL