Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences

Vol. 23, February 2016, pp. 37-44

Tribological and dynamic mechanical analysis of epoxy based hybrid sisal/jute

composite
M K Gupta* & R K Srivastava
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad 211 004, India

Received 7 August 2015; accepted 14 December 2015

In this paper, wear, frictional and dynamic mechanical analysis of developed hybrid sisal/jute fiber reinforced epoxy
composite are studied. Composites are fabricated by hand lay-up technique keeping constant 30 wt% of fibers content.
Wear and frictional properties of hybrid composites are carried out at different operating parameters such as applied load
(10-30 N), sliding speed (1-3 m/s) and sliding distance (1000-3000 m). The dynamic mechanical analysis of composites in
the term of storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E") and damping parameter (Tan δ) in a temperature range of 30°C to 200°C
is investigated. The hybrid composite with 50% of sisal fiber content (J50S50) shows the minimum value of specific wear
rate and coefficient of friction while maximum value of storage modulus and loss modulus. Alkali treatment of fibers further
reduced the value of specific wear rate and coefficient of friction, and improved the value of storage and loss modulus for
hybrid composite J50S50.

Keywords: Hybrid, Epoxy, Sliding wear, Sliding friction, DMA, Alkali treatment

The researchers are trying to manufacture high
performance engineering materials by using natural
fibers as reinforcement and polymers as matrix. These
composite materials are replacing conventional
materials due to their excellent properties such as
lightweight, low cost,1-3 environmental friendly, good
thermal properties, high toughness, reduced tool wear,
non irritation to skin, renewability, biodegradability,
high specific strength and abundance.4-5 Natural fiber
reinforced polymer composites have a lot of
applications in automotive parts, packaging, building
materials and electrical industries.6-11
Bajpai et al.12 presented study on the frictional and
wear properties of natural fibers (grewia optiva, nettle
and sisal) reinforced PLA composite. Their results
indicate that incorporation of natural fibers into PLA
improved the wear property of neat PLA. Friction
coefficient and specific wear rate of composites are
found to reduce by 10-44% and 70% respectively as
compared to neat PLA. Kumar et al.13 investigated the
frictional coefficient of hybrid sisal/glass fiber
reinforced epoxy composites with different sliding
speeds such as 0.2, 2 and 4 mm/s with constant
applied load of 10 N. The results indicate that
increasing the fiber length in the composites the
frictional coefficient is found to increase. The optimal
——————
*Corresponding author (E-mail: mnnit.manoj@gmail.com)
improvement is found at 2 cm treated fiber reinforced
composites as compared to untreated ones. Lin et al.14
studied the hybrid effect of nano particles (ZrO2) on
wear properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer
composite. It was found that the value of wear
resistance increased due to incorporation of nano
particles. Deo et al.15 presented study on abrasive
wear of lantana camara fiber reinforced epoxy
composite. They found that the abrasive wear loss
increases on increasing the load and optimum wear
loss is found for 40 wt% of fibers content composite.
Nowadays dynamic mechanical analysis has
become very popular technique to determine the
interfacial characteristics of fiber reinforced polymer
composites. Shinoj et al.16 investigated the dynamic
mechanical properties of oil palm fiber reinforced low
density polyethylene biocomposite in terms of storage
modulus, loss modulus and damping parameter. They
highlighted that the storage and loss modulus
increased with increase in fiber content whereas the
values of Tan δ peak decreased. Junior et al.17
reported study on the dynamic mechanical analysis of
hybrid curaua and glass fiber reinforced polyester
composites which are prepared by compression
moulding method. Storage and loss modulus are
found to increase due to incorporation of glass fiber
into curaua polyester composite. Glass transition
temperature is not significantly increase due to
38 INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., FEBRUARY 2016

incorporation of glass fibers. Shanmugam and laminates are made by conventional hand lay-up
Thiruchitrambalam18 proposed study on dynamic technique followed by light compression moulding
mechanical properties of alkali treated hybrid palmyra technique. A stainless steel mould having dimensions
palm leak stalk fiber and jute fiber reinforced of 300 mm × 200 mm × 3 mm is used for casting of 3
polyester composite. The results indicated that mm thick composite laminates for DMA analysis.
addition of jute fibers to palmyra palm leak stalk fiber Another stainless steel mould having dimensions of
and alkali treatment of fibers has enhanced storage 200 × 100 × 5 mm3 is used for casting of 5 mm thick
and loss modulus. The maximum damping behavior is composite laminates for wear test. Silicon spay as a
observed for composite with higher jute fiber loading. releasing agent is used to facilitate easy removal of
In this study, the hybrid composites are prepared the composite from the mould after curing. The cast
with different percentage of jute and sisal fibers and of each composite is cured under a load of 50 kg for
their tribological characteristics (specific wear rate 24 h before it is removed from mould. Dimension of
and coefficient of friction) and dynamic mechanical specimen are cut as per ASTM standard by using a
characteristics (storage modulus, loss modulus, diamond cutter. The composites are manufactured
damping) are investigated. The value of Tg is obtained with varying wt% of fibers have been given notations
from loss modulus curve, Tan δ curve and DSC as shown in Table 2.
analysis.
Alkali treatment
The fibers are immersed in 5% NaOH aqueous
Experimental Procedure solution for 30 min. The fibers are then cleaned
Materials several times with distilled water followed by
Jute and sisal fibers are used as reinforcement and immersing the fibers in very dilute HCl in order to
epoxy resin (AY 105) with hardener (HY 951) as remove the NaOH adhering to the surface of the
matrix in this work. Both fibers and epoxy matrix are fibers. Finally the fibers are again washed several
purchased from local resource. The density and times with distilled water and then dried in an oven
dynamic viscosity (at 25ºC) of epoxy AY 105 is maintained at 70ºC for 24 h.18
1.108 g/cm3 and1 11789 mPa.s, respectively. The
Wear test
properties of jute and sisal fiber are given in Table 1. Wear and friction characteristics of prepared hybrid
Fabrication of composites composite are carried out using instrument Ducom
Continuous jute and sisal fibers are aligned India- TR20LE. The counterface is made of ground
unidirectionally with bi-layer arrangement in epoxy hardened steel disc EN-31, 64-HRC. The maximum
matrix to prepare the hybrid composites. The epoxy diameter, thickness and surface roughness of disc are
resin (AY105) and corresponding hardener (HY 951) 140 mm, 8 mm and 0.7 mm Ra, respectively. Normal
are mixed in a ratio of 10:1 by weight to prepare the load, sliding speed and sliding distance varies from
matrix. The mixture is stirred manually to disperse the 10-30 N, 1-3 m/s and 1000-3000 m, respectively.
resin and the hardener in the matrix. The composite Wear test is performed as per the ASTM G99-95
standard. The test specimens are cut with dimension
Table 1 – Properties of jute fiber and sisal fiber19, 20 10 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm from developed composite’s
Properties Jute fiber Sisal fiber Table 2 – Notation for hybrid sisal/jute fiber reinforced epoxy
composite
Density (g/m³) 1.3 1.5
Elongation at break (%) 1.5-1.8 2-2.5 Composite Jute fibers Sisal fibers Total fiber Chemical
Tensile strength(MPa) 393-773 511-700 content content content treatment
Young’s modulus (GPa) 26.5 9.4-22 (%) (%) (wt %)
Cellulose (%) 61-71 65 J100S0 100 0 30 -
Lignin (%) 12-13 9.9 J75S25 75 25 30 -
Microfibrillar angle 80 220 J50S50 50 50 30 -
Wax (%) 0.5 2 J25S75 25 75 30 -
Hemi-cellulose (%) 14-20 22 J0S100 0 100 30 -
Pectin (%) 0.2 10 J50S50 T 50 50 30 Alkali treated
Ash (%) 0.5-2 0.6-1 J = jute, S = sisal, T = alkali treatment
 GUPTA & SRIVASTAVA: EPOXY BASED HYBRID SISAL/JUTE COMPOSITE 39

laminates. Water proof silicon carbide abrasive paper temperature. The composites are cut into samples
is used to maintain required roughness to get intimate having dimensions of 50 mm × 13 mm × 3 mm
contact between specimen and counterface of disc. according to ASTM D 5023. Experiments are carried
The specimens and counterface is cleaned by acetone out in the temperature range of 30°C–200°C at
before starting the test. The frictional coefficient is heating rate of 10°C /min. The viscoelastic properties
calculated using Eq. (1): such as storage modulus, loss modulus and damping
f of specimens are measured.
Frictional coefficient (µ ) = … (1)
F Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
where f is frictional force (N) and F is normal load The thermal properties such as glass transition
(N). temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc),
Before start of the test, initial weight of specimen decomposition temperature (Td) and enthalpy of
(W1) is calculated using an electronic balance with hybrid composites are studied using differential
0.0001 g least count then test specimen is allowed scanning calorimetry (Perkin Elmer model DSC
to run on the counterface of disc with particular 4000). The experiments are carried out in the
variable parameter. After completion of test, the temperature range of 30°C– 400°C at heat flow rate of
weight of tested specimen is taken and reported as 10°C/min.
(W2). The difference of weight of samples before and
after test gives the value of weight loss (∆W). The Results and Discussion
wear rate and specific wear rate is calculated using Wear test
Eqs (2) and 3.12 Figures 1-3 show the variation of specific wear rate
with respect to load at different operating parameters
Wear rate (K) = ∆ W … (2) such as load (10-30 N), sliding speed (1-3 m/s) and
ρL
sliding distance (1000-3000 m). Figure 1 shows the
Specific wear rate (K0) = ∆ W … (3)
ρFL
where K is wear rate, K0 is specific wear rate, L is
sliding distance and ρ is density of specimen (g/cm3).
The different test conditions for each composite are
given in Table 3.
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
The viscoelastic properties of epoxy and hybrid
composites are studied using the dynamic mechanical
analyzer (Seiko instruments DMA 6100). The
viscoelastic properties are determined in 3 point Fig. 1 – Variation of specific wear rate versus load at sliding
bending test at 1 Hz frequency as a function of speed 1 m/s and sliding distance 1000 m

Table 3 – The different test conditions for each composite

Normal load Condition I Condition II Condition III
(N)
Sliding speed Vs= 1 m/s & sliding Sliding speed Vs= 2 m/s & sliding Sliding speed Vs = 3m/s & sliding distance
distance L = 1000 m distance L = 2000 m L = 3000 m
10 Vs= 1m/s, Vs = 2 m/s, Vs = 3 m/s,
L= 1000 m L= 2000 m L= 3000 m
15 Vs= 1m/s, Vs = 2 m/s, Vs = 3 m/s,
L= 1000 m L= 2000 m L= 3000 m
20 Vs= 1m/s, Vs = 2 m/s, Vs = 3 m/s,
L= 1000 m L= 2000 m L= 3000 m
25 Vs= 1m/s, Vs = 2 m/s, Vs = 3 m/s,
L= 1000 m L= 2000 m L= 3000 m
30 Vs= 1m/s, Vs = 2 m/s, Vs = 3 m/s,
L= 1000 m L= 2000 m L= 3000 m
40 INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., FEBRUARY 2016
Fig. 2 – Variation of specific wear rate versus load at sliding
speed 2 m/s and sliding distance 2000 m
Fig. 3 – Variation of specific wear rate versus load at sliding
speed 3 m/s and sliding distance 3000 m
variation of specific wear rate with respect to load at
constant sliding speed (1 m/s) and constant sliding
distance (1000 m). The value of specific wear rate
increases on increasing the load for all composites. It
can be observed that epoxy matrix has higher value of
specific wear rate but this value is found to decrease
by incorporation of fibers into it as shown in Fig.1.
This fact shows the positive effect of reinforcement of
fibers into epoxy matrix. The composites J100S0 and
J0S100 show the 22% and 41% reduced specific wear
rate as compared to neat epoxy at maximum load
(30 N). The minimum value of specific wear is shown
by hybrid composite J50S50 due to strong adhesion
between fibers and epoxy matrix which allowed a
uniform transfer of stress from matrix to fibers. The
hybrid composite J50S50 shows 74% less specific
wear rate as compared to neat epoxy. Hybrid
composite J50S50 shows 67%, 56%, 25% and 7%
low specific wear rate as compared to composites
J100S0, J0S100, J75S25 and J25S75 respectively.
Alkali treatment of fibers has further reduced the
lower value of specific wear rate for hybrid composite
J50S50 by 24%. Thus alkali treated hybrid composite
J50S50T shows the lowest value of specific wear rate.
Alkali treatment of fibers increases its surface
roughness resulting in better mechanical interlocking
and hence increases in specific wear resistance.
Figure 2 shows the variation of specific wear rate
with respect to load at constant sliding speed (2 m/s)
and constant sliding distance (2000 m). The
composites J100S0 and J0S100 show the 16% and 35%
reduced specific wear rate as compared to neat epoxy
at maximum load (30 N). The minimum value of
specific wear is shown by hybrid composite J50S50
which is 48% less as compared to neat epoxy. Hybrid
composite J50S50 shows 39%, 21%, 20% and 19%
low specific wear rate as compared to composites
J100S0, J0S100, J75S25 and J25S75, respectively.
The alkali treated hybrid composite J50S50T shows
further reduced value of specific wear rate by 15% as
compared to hybrid composite J50S50.
Figure 3 shows the variation of specific wear rate
with respect to load at constant sliding speed (3m/s)
and constant sliding distance (3000 m). The
composites J100S0 and J0S100 show the 31% and
36% reduced specific wear rate as compared to neat
epoxy at maximum load (30 N). The hybrid
composite J50S50 shows the minimum value of
specific wear rate, which is 55% less as compared to
neat epoxy. Hybrid composite J50S50 shows 36%,
30%, 29% and 11% low specific wear rate as
compared to composites J100S0, J0S100, J75S25 and
J25S75, respectively. Alkali treatment of fibers has
further reduced the lower value of specific wear rate
for hybrid composite J50S50 by 9%. Thus, alkali
treated hybrid composite J50S50T shows the lowest
value of specific wear rate at constant sliding speed
(3 m/s) and constant sliding distance (3000 m).
Coefficient of friction
Figures 4-6 show the variation of coefficient of
friction with respect to load at different operating
parameters such as load (10-30 N), sliding speed
(1-3 m/s) and sliding distance (1000-3000 m).
Figure 4 shows the variation of coefficient of friction
with respect to load at constant sliding speed (1 m/s)
and constant sliding distance (1000 m). The value of
coefficient of friction decreases on increasing the load
for all composites. From Fig. 4, epoxy matrix has
higher value of coefficient of friction but this value is
found to decrease by incorporation of fibers into
epoxy matrix. The composites J100S0 and J0S100
show the 5% and 8% reduced coefficient of friction as
compared to neat epoxy at maximum load (30 N). The
minimum value of coefficient of friction is shown by
 GUPTA & SRIVASTAVA: EPOXY BASED HYBRID SISAL/JUTE COMPOSITE
Fig. 4 – Variation of coefficient of friction versus load at sliding
speed 1 m/s and sliding distance 1000 m
Fig. 5 – Variation of coefficient of friction versus load at sliding
speed 2 m/s and sliding distance 2000 m
Fig. 6 – Variation of coefficient of friction versus load at sliding
speed 3 m/s and sliding distance 3000 m
hybrid composite J50S50 which is 36% less as
compared to neat epoxy. Hybrid composite J50S50
shows 32%, 31%, 26% and 28% low coefficient of
friction as compared to composites J100S0, J0S100,
J75S25 and J25S75, respectively. This fact shows the
positive effect of hybridization. Alkali treatment of
fibers has further reduced the lower value of
coefficient of friction for hybrid composite J50S50 by
16%. Thus, alkali treated hybrid composite J50S50T
shows the lowest value of coefficient of friction at
41
constant sliding speed (1 m/s) and constant sliding
distance (1000 m).
Figure 5 shows the variation of coefficient of
friction with respect to load at constant sliding speed
(2 m/s) and constant sliding distance (2000 m). The
composites J100S0 and J0S100 show the 3% and 15%
reduced coefficient of friction as compared to neat
epoxy at maximum load (30 N). The hybrid
composite J50S50 shows the minimum value of
coefficient of friction, which is 34% less as compared
to neat epoxy. Hybrid composite J50S50 shows 33%,
23%, 23% and 7% low coefficient of friction as
compared to composites J100S0, J0S100, J75S25 and
J25S75, respectively. The alkali treated hybrid
composite J50S50T shows 11% less coefficient of
friction as compared to hybrid composite J50S50.
Figure 6 shows the variation of coefficient of
friction with respect to load at constant sliding speed
(3 m/s) and constant sliding distance (3000 m). The
composites J100S0 and J0S100 show the 5% and 7%
reduced coefficient of friction as compared to neat
epoxy at maximum load (30 N). The minimum value
of coefficient of friction is shown by hybrid
composite J50S50 which is 33% less as compared to
neat epoxy. Hybrid composite J50S50 shows 29%,
28%, 22% and 15% low coefficient of friction as
compared to composites J100S0, J0S100, J75S25 and
J25S75, respectively. Alkali treatment of fibers has
further reduced the lower value of coefficient of
friction for hybrid composite J50S50 by 7%. Thus,
alkali treated hybrid composite J50S50T shows the
lowest value of coefficient of friction.
Dynamic mechanical analysis
Viscoelastic properties of fiber reinforced polymer
composites depend upon the nature of matrix,
distribution and orientation of fibers, and fiber-matrix
interfaces.17 Figures 7-9 show the variation of E', E"
and Tan δ of the epoxy and composites as a function
of temperature at frequency of 1 Hz.
Storage modulus (E')
The maximum energy stored by material during
one cycle of oscillation is known a storage modulus.
It also gives the suggestion about stiffness and
load-bearing capability of the composite material.16
The variation of the storage modulus of epoxy and the
composites as a function of temperature can be
divided into three regions namely glassy, transition
and rubbery region as shown in Fig. 7. The
temperature range of glassy region for composites
J100S0, J75S25, J50S50, J25S75, J0S100, J50S50T
42 INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., FEBRUARY 2016
Fig. 7 – Variation of storage modulus with temperature of epoxy
and composites
Fig. 8 – Variation of loss modulus with temperature of epoxy and
composites
Fig. 9 – Variation of tan δ with temperature of epoxy and composites
and epoxy are up to 52.84, 49.66, 60.70, 57.26, 54.03,
66.68°C and 54.65°C respectively. The maximum
value E' is found to be 3.50 GPa for the hybrid
composite J50S50 in the glassy region further this
value is increased up to 4.75 GPa after alkali
treatment of fibers for hybrid composite J50S50 T.
The storage modulus of the epoxy and composites
deceased as temperature increased due to loss in
stiffness of fibers. Figure 7 shows that the composites
have a gradual fall in the value of E' when
temperature is increased but epoxy has very sudden
fall in the value of E'. This fashion is due to
incorporation of high modulus fibers in the epoxy
matrix.18 The temperatures of rubbery region for the
composites J100S0, J75S25, J50S50, J25S75, J0S100,
J50S50T and epoxy starts from 77.38°C, 71.90°C,
110.48°C, 93.22°C, 76.26°C, 91.16°C and 70.24°C,
respectively to viscous region. It is observed that E' of
epoxy has the lowest value in rubbery region which
shows increase in molecular mobility in epoxy. The
composite with higher amount of sisal fibers is found
have a higher value of storage modulus in the rubbery
region. In the rubbery region storage modulus of
epoxy is much lower than all the other composites.
The value of E' for epoxy is 0.23 GPa whereas with
incorporation of fibers the value increased to 0.6130
GPa for the composite J50S50. This is attributed to
the reinforcement of fibers which allowed stress
transfer from the matrix to the fibers.21 Eq. (4) is used
to calculate the effectiveness constant of
reinforcement (∈) for composites.
 E'g 
 
E '
 r Composite
∈= … (4)
 E'g 
 
 E'r  Epoxy
where E'g and E'r are the storage modules in the glassy
and rubbery region. The higher value of ∈ shows
lower efficiency of the reinforcement and vice-versa.
The effectiveness constant of reinforcement is given
in Table 4. The lowest value of effectiveness constant
of reinforcement is found for the composite J25S75. It
may be due to addition of high strength sisal fibers
caused better stress transfer from matrix to fibers.
Loss modulus (E")
Loss modulus is the amount of energy dissipated in
form of heat by material during one cycle of
sinusoidal load.22 The glass transition temperature is
 GUPTA & SRIVASTAVA: EPOXY BASED HYBRID SISAL/JUTE COMPOSITE 43

defined as the peak of either E" or Tan δ curve. The function of temperature is shown in Fig. 9. The
variation of the loss modulus as a function of maximum value of Tan δ (0.617) for the epoxy shows
temperature at 1 Hz frequency is shown in Fig. 8. On better damping properties as compared to all the other
increasing the temperature the value of E" is found to composites. The hybrid composite J50S50 shows
be increased up to glass transition temperature and lower value (0.2784) of Tan δ which shows good load
then decreased. The maximum value E" is found capacity and strong adhesion between fibers and
0.525 GPa for the composite J50S50 but this value matrix. The value of Tan δ peak and Tg obtained from
increased up to 0.75 GPa for the composite J50S50 T Tan δ curve for epoxy and composites are given in
after alkali treatment of sisal and jute fibers in the Table 5.
composite J50S50. The glass transition temperature
of the hybrid composites J50S50 is shifted to higher Differential scanning calorimetry
temperature due to incorporation of sisal fibers Thermal properties of epoxy and composites such
into jute composite leads to decrease in mobility as glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization
of epoxy.21 The value of Tg for epoxy and composites temperature(Tc), decomposition temperature (Td) and
which is obtained from loss modulus curve is given enthalpy obtained from DSC analysis and summarized
in Table 5. in Table 6. Further, these corresponding data are plotted
in Fig. 10. Epoxy exhibited the value of Tg, Tc and Td
Damping (Tan δ) 65.16°C, 111.13°C and 348°C, respectively. The glass
Damping is the ratio of loss modulus and storage transition temperature for composites lies between
modulus which indicates the damping properties of 65°C to 73°C, crystallization temperature between
material. The higher value of Tan δ associated with 111°C to 119°C and decomposition temperature
better damping properties.16 The temperature between 348°C to 357°C. Similar type of results
corresponding to the Tan δ peak represents glass earlier reported by Cheng et al.23 The enthalpy of the
transition temperature of the composite. The effect of all composites is found approximately 28.46 J/g.
damping parameter on epoxy and composites as a There is no significantly change observed in the value
of enthalpy for epoxy and composites.
Table 4 – Effectiveness constant of reinforcements (∈) for
hybrid composites
Composite Eg of Er of Eg of Er of ∈
Composite Composite Epoxy Epoxy
(GPa) (GPa) (GPa) (GPa)
J100S0 2.4746 0.4887 3.6532 0.2263 0.313
J75S25 3.4160 0.5889 3.6532 0.2263 0.359
J50S50 3.5038 0.6130 3.6532 0.2263 0.354
J25S75 2.532 0.6790 3.6532 0.2263 0.230
J0S100 2.0903 0.2047 3.6532 0.2263 0.632
J50S50 T 4.7487 0.7729 3.6532 0.2263 0.380

Table 5 – Peak height and glass transition temperature (Tg) from

loss modulus and tan δ curve Fig. 10 – Variation of heat flow rate with temperature of epoxy
and composites
Composite Peak height Peak Tg (°C) Tg (°C)
of loss height of from loss from Table 6 – DSC results for epoxy and composites
modulus tan δ curve modulus tan δ
curve (GPa) curve curve Hybrid composite Tg (°C) Tc(°C) Td (°C)
Epoxy 0.482 0.6170 62.17 71.77 Epoxy 65.16 111.13 348
J100S0 0.494 0.4635 65.84 70.86 J100S0 68.51 118.45 356
J75S25 0.494 0.5106 61.10 68.02 J75S25 68.36 114.12 355
J50S50 0.525 0.2784 84.39 93.26 J50S50 73.36 115.14 349
J25S75 0.351 0.3416 78.61 89.03 J25S75 72.86 118.67 352
J0S100 0.286 0.5558 62.61 71.63 J0S100 68.19 115.48 357
J50S50 T 0.750 0.4228 77.60 80.15 J50S50 T 71.26 114.19 348
44 INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., FEBRUARY 2016

Conclusions 2 Li Z, Zhou X & Pei C, Int J Polym Sci, (2011), ID803428.

The following conclusions can be drawn from 3 Mukhopadhyay S, Pal R, Narula V & Mayank M, Indian
Fiber Text Res, 38 (2013) 87-91.
present study:
4 Gupta M K & Srivastava R K, Int J Fiber Text Res,
(i) It is found that reduction in specific wear rate 5 (2015) 30-38.
and coefficient of friction due to incorporation 5 Gupta A, Kumar A, Patnaik A & Biswas S, Int J Polym Sci,
of fibers into epoxy matrix in all conditions. (2011), ID592906.
(ii) Specific wear rate and coefficient of friction are 6 Boopalan M, Niranjanaa & Umapanthy M J, Mater Des, 51
found to increase on increasing the load and (2013) 54-57.
sliding speed. 7 Venkateshwaran N, ElayaPerumal A, Alavudeen A &
Thiruchitrambalam M, Compos Sci Technol, 32 (2011)
(iii) The hybrid composite J50S50 shows the
4017-4021.
minimum specific wear rate and coefficient of 8 Panda K S, Veerraju C & Nayak N K, Mater Des,
friction as compare to those of other composites 32 (2011) 4094-4099.
at any operating parameters. 9 Ramesh M, Palanikumar K & Reddy K H, Compos:Part B,
(iv) Alkali treatment of fibers into hybrid composite 48 (2013) 1-9.
J50S50 further reduced the value of specific 10 Gupta M K & Srivastava R K, Mater Today: Proc, 2 (2015)
wear rate and coefficient of friction. 2909-2917.
11 Khan M N, Roy J K, Akter N, Zaman H U & Islam T,
(v) Storage modulus as well as loss modulus is
Open J Compos Mater, 2 (2012) 40-47.
found to be high for the hybrid composite 12 Bajpai P K, Singh I & Madaan J, Wear, 297 (2013)
J50S50, further this value is enhanced due to 829-840.
alkali treatment of sisal and jute fibers. 13 Kumar A M, Reddy R G & Bharathi S Y, J Compos Mater,
(vi) The value of Tg obtained from loss modulus 44 (2010) 3195-3202.
curve is lower than Tg from Tan δ curve. 14 Lin G, Xie G Y. Sui G X & Yang R, Compos: Part B,
(vii) Shifting of Tg towards right side for the 43 (2012) 44-49.
composite J50S50 indicates good fiber- matrix 15 Deo C & Acharya S K, Indian J Eng Mater Sci, 17 (2010)
219-223.
adhesion. 16 Shinoj S, Visvanathan R S, Panigrahi S & Varadharaju N,
Biosys Eng, 109 (2011) 99-107.
Acknowledgement 17 Junior J H S A, Junior H L O, Amico S C & Amado F D R,
The authors would like to thank the Head of Mater Des, 42 (2012) 111-117.
Mechanical Engineering Department and Head of 18 Shanmugam D & Thiruchitrambalam M, Mater Des, 50
Applied Mechanics Department of Motilal Nehru (2013) 533-542.
National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India, for 19 Faruk O, Bledzki A K, Fink H P & Sain M, Prog Polym Sci,
37, (2012) 1552-1596.
their support in allowing us to perform the tests. 20 Fuqua M A, Huo S & Ulven C A, Polym Rev, 52
The study is partially supported by Cumulative (2012)259-320.
Professional Development Allowances for teachers. 21 Muralidhar B A, Mater Des, 52 (2013) 835-840.
22 Jawaid M, Khalil H P S A, Hassan A, Dungani &
References Hadiyane A, Compos: Part B, 45 (2013) 619-624.
1 Gupta M K & Srivastava R K, Polym Plast Techno Eng, 55 23 Cheng S, Lau K, Liu T, Zhao Y, Lam P & Yin Y,
(2016) 626-642. Compos: Part B, 40 (2009) 650-654.