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P.A. Walters, RDH, MSDH, MSOB J. Grender, PhD A.R. Biesbrock, DMD, PhD, MS
Procter & Gamble Company
Health Care Research Center
Mason, OH, USA
Abstract
• Objective: To assess and compare the plaque removal efficacy of five different Oral-B® manual toothbrushes: CrossAction®
Pro-Health® (CAPH), CrossAction® (CA), Exceed® (EX), Advantage 123® (ADV 123), and Indicator® (IND).
• Methods: This was a single-use, five-treatment, examiner-blind, randomized, five-period (visit) crossover study, with 10 different
treatment sequences (groups) that determined the order in which the five toothbrushes were assigned at study visits. Three tooth-
brushes had an advanced CrissCross® bristle design (CAPH, CA, EX), while two had more standard designs with straight bristles
(ADV 123 and IND). At the first visit, subjects disclosed their plaque with disclosing solution, and an examiner performed a baseline
plaque examination using the Rustogi, et al. Modification of the Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI). Subjects brushed for one minute
with their assigned toothbrush under supervision, after which they again disclosed their plaque and were given a second plaque
examination. The same procedure was followed for each of the visits in turn.
• Results: All five manual toothbrushes showed a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in plaque from baseline for the whole
mouth (84% to 93%), gingival margin (74% to 88%), and approximal surfaces (95% to 99%). For pair-wise treatment comparisons
for all three plaque measures, CAPH, CA, and EX demonstrated statistically significantly better plaque removal than ADV 123 and
IND (all p < 0.018). No other treatment comparisons were statistically significant.
• Conclusion: All five manual toothbrushes showed highly effective plaque reduction for whole mouth, gingival margin, and approximal
surfaces. Comparisons between brushes showed consistent advantages for CAPH, CA, and EX compared to ADV 123 and IND
for all three plaque measures, indicating that advances in toothbrush design can further enhance plaque removal.
(J Clin Dent 2010;21:8–12)
Discussion consistently and significantly (p < 0.05) better than ADV 123 or
An impressive variety of toothbrushes is available to the con- IND at removing plaque according to all three of the plaque
sumer, and the public can be confident that manufacturers strive measures (whole mouth, approximal, and gingival margin).
to introduce new models that offer advantages over those that are A number of design features may differentiate commercially
currently available. Advances in the design of the brush handle available brushes, but the defining feature of the three brushes
and head, and the configuration and type of brush head bristles, that showed superiority in our study, i.e., CA, CAPH, and EX,
often seek to maximize comfort and acceptability, which should is the bristle configuration, specifically, CrissCross bristles an-
directly help users comply with the well-known recommenda- gled in opposing directions. These results can be seen to support
tions for optimal brushing time and frequency (two minutes, the already documented benefits of CrossAction brushes.13 The
twice daily). Crucially though, new design features are intended CrissCross configuration aids plaque removal from hard-to-
to help the user achieve highly effective plaque removal despite reach areas, and in this respect has advantages over the straight
an often inefficient personal brushing technique. bristle configuration seen in numerous toothbrush models, and
Dental professionals and the public can make more informed currently in the IND and ADV 123 brushes used in this study. As
choices between different commercial products and their poten- noted by Cugini and Warren,13 the CrissCross bristle design
tial benefits when the relative merits of models for improved oral more effectively removes plaque on both forward and backward
hygiene have been evaluated. Single-use comparative clinical strokes, allowing greater coverage of the tooth surface than
studies7-9 are useful for determining the relative plaque removal straight bristles.
effectiveness of novel brushes, which may provide an indication In two separate four-period crossover studies that compared
of gingival health benefits long term.11 Ideally, these single-use plaque removal effectiveness between EX and Asian Colgate®
studies should be run as crossover designs, where the design is 360° (Colgate-Palmolive Company, New York, NY, USA), the
balanced for first-order carryover effects. In addition, the design EX model with a CrissCross bristle configuration showed sig-
should allow the treatment effect to be estimated in the presence nificantly greater plaque removal.14,15 These findings, together
of carryover effects, if they indeed exist. The design in the with the results of CA comparisons that include some earlier
current study has these features in that it is balanced for carry- models,9,16 provide highly relevant data for assessing the relative
over and can provide an estimate of treatment effects with min- merits of different brushes.
imal increase in variance, even if carryover is included in the
model. Other designs, such as the two-treatment, two-period, Conclusions
two-sequence crossover design, do not contain these desirable Five different manual toothbrushes all showed statistically
properties.12 significant plaque reduction from baseline with single use for
The present single-use comparative study of plaque removal whole mouth (at least 84%), gingival margin (at least 74%), and
effectiveness scored plaque on all tooth surfaces using a well- approximal surfaces (at least 95%). All brushes were highly
accepted index,10 and showed highly significant (p < 0.0001) effective, but comparisons between brushes showed consistent
plaque reductions from baseline with all five models of manual and statistically significant (p < 0.05) advantages for CAPH, CA,
toothbrushes. Significant plaque reduction (Figure 3) was seen and EX in comparison with ADV 123 and IND for all three
not only for the entire mouth (at least 84%), but also at those plaque measures. These differences demonstrate that advances
surfaces known to be difficult-to-reach during normal use, i.e., in toothbrush design can produce even greater plaque removal
along the gum line (at least 74%) and between the teeth (at least results.
95%). Of specific interest, and of direct importance for differ- Acknowledgments: The authors thank Dr. Jane Mitchell (MWS Ltd, Stafford-
entiating between brushes in terms of their plaque removal shire, UK) for assistance with manuscript preparation. This study was supported
effectiveness, was the finding that CA, CAPH, and EX were by the Procter & Gamble Company.
For further correspondence with the authors of this paper,
contact Dr. Aaron Biesbrock—biesbrock.ar@pg.com
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