PAPER

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

BY : GROUP II

DEBI ASRIANTI
DWI SUCI KARMILA
DIMAS PRAMESTI
EDO ALVIAN PAKAN
FIKA SARI
GUSTI ARINI RORIMPANDEY

NURSE ACADEMY SAWERIGADING PEMDA LUWU

ACADEMIC YEAR 2017/2018
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude we pray for the presence of God Almighty who has bestowed His
grace and guidance so that we can finish our paper entitled “healt and environment”
In the preparation of this paper, we realize there are still many shortcomings caused by
the knowledge and abilities possessed. However we are trying as closely as possible to be able to
arrange this paper well.Therefore we are looking forward to suggestions and contribute
constructive criticism from readers to more perfectly well.
Finally, we thank all those who have participated in the compilers of this paper from
start to finish. May Allah SWT always bless our efforts. Amen

Palopo, 15 mei 2018

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ......................................................................................................... 1
FOREWORD ................................................................................................ 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. 3

CHAPTER I PREMILINARY ...................................................................... 4

A. Background ....................................................................................... 4
B. Formulation of the problem .............................................................. 4
C. Writing purpose…………………………………………………….4

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………….…6

1. Concepts and constraints on environmental health……………... 6
2. The scope of environmental health……………………………..7
3. Target environmental health…………………………………….8
4. the concept of interaction relationships between hosts………….9
5. environmental health problems in indonesia……………………10
6. causes of environmental health problems in indonesia………….10

BAB III CLOSSING………………………………………………………11

A. Conclusion………………………………………..………………..12
B. Suggestion………………………………………….……………..12

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….13

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 CHAPTER I

PREMILINARY

A. Background

Health is the single most important factor in living a life in this world. When we are
healthy then all affairs can be achieved. But if our life is not healthy, to do activities will
be hampered. Health is not just for ourselves, but for the environment around us. When
we are healthy but unhealthy environment it becomes a bad factor for our life
Environmental health is an important factor in social life, even one of the determinants or
determinants in the welfare of the population. With us healthy, around us healthy it
makes us live a society will be comfortable and calm, unlike around us many people
experience illness.
Calmness can not be us, but anxiety to come. Public health efforts continue to be
applied by the government, but socialization to the community is prone to leakage. We
still see many of our brothers living abandoned and unfit for living in society. There are
still many infant mortality rates in an area due to lack of awareness and the importance of
health and also environmental behavior that makes infant care less vulnerable. Health
facilities such as puskesmas that are far from where they live become difficult factors
people get adequate health care Here the role of government is very important to create a
comfortable, healthy, smart community from all corners of the country, not just urban
areas but to remote areas of the region.
It is therefore the responsibility of the government to protect the community. With
the proliferation of cheap health facilities, so that people are affordable and avoid the
social gap that has been a polemic. How can people be healthy if the only treatment
people who have large funds while for the small community who really need not be able
to enjoy health services due to not being able to buy drugs. So people are looking for
other alternatives that make their health worse.

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B. Formulation of the problem
1. How the concepts and constraints on environmental health ?
2. How the scope of environmental health ?
3. Who Target environmental health?
4. How the concept of interaction relationships between hosts?
5. What the environmental health problems in indonesia?
6. What causes of environmental health problems in indonesia?

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. concepts and constraints on environmental health

1. definition of healthy
a) according to who
circumstances that include physical, mental and social health that not only constitute a
state free of disease and disability
b) according to uu no 23/1992 about healthy
a prosperous state of body, soul, and social that enables everyone to live socially and
economically productive
2. definition of environment
a) according encyclopedia Americana (1974)
influence over / around the organism
b) according encyclopedia of science and technology (1960)
a number of conditions outside and affecting the life and development of the
organism
3. definition of healthy environment
a) according HAKLI ( himpunan ahli kesehatan lingkungan indonesia)
an environmental condition capable of supporting a dynamic ecological balance
between humans and their environment to support the achievement of a healthy and
happy human life quality
b) according WHO
an ecological balance that must exist between humans and the environment in order
to ensure a healthy state of humanity
according to the sentence which is a composite (synthesis of azrur anwar, slamet riyadi,
WHO and sumengen)

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environmental protection, management, and modification directed towards an ecological balance
at an increasingly human welfare level..

B. scope of environmental health

1. according to WHO there are 17 environmental health scopes:
a. provision of drinking water
b. waste water management and pollution control
c. solid waste disposal
d. vector control
e. prevention / control of soil pollution by human excreta
f. food hygiene, including milk hygiene
g. control of air pollution
h. control of radiation
i. occupational health
j. noise control
k. residential housing
l. aspects of environmental health and air transport
m. regional and urban planning
n. accident prevention
o. public recreation and tourism
p. sanitation measures related to epidemic / pandemic state, natural disaster and
population movement

2. according to Article 22 paragraph (3) uu no 23 1992 the scope of environmental health is

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a. water and air sanitation
b. security of solid waste / garbage
c. safeguarding liquid waste
d. gas waste protection
e. radiation protection
f. security of noise

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 g. vector disease protection
h. health and other security: ect post disaster

C. Environmental health targets (Article 22 paragraph (2) uu 23/1992

1. public places: hotels, terminals, markets, shops, and similar business enterprises
2. residential neighborhood: dwelling house, dormitory / the like
3. work environment: office, industrial area / the like
4. public transport: land vehicles, sea and air used publicly
5. other environments: such as special ones such as environments in emergencies, massive
displacement disasters, reactors / special places

D. concept of interaction relationship between host-agent-environmental

1. three components / factors that play a role in causing disease ecological model (jhon
gordon)
a. agent (agent / cause): is the cause of disease in humans
b. host (host / host / host / host): is a human being carrying the disease
c. environment: everything that is outside the life of the organism example: the physical,
chemical, and biological environment
2. characteristics of 3 components / factors that play a role in causing the disease
a. environmental characteristics
1. physical: water, air, soil, climate, geography, housing, food, heat, and radiation
2. social: social status, religion, dat-customs, socio-political organizations and others
3. biology:
4. microorganisms, insects, animals, plants

b. characteristic of agent / cause of disease

agent disease can be a live agent / agrnt is not alive. disease agents can be qualified
into 5 groups, namely:
biological agents
agent type species agent Disease name

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 Metazoan Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis
Protozoa Plasmodium vivax Malaria quartana
fungi Candida albicans Candidias
bacteria Salmonella typhi Typhus abdominalis

Riekettsia Rickettsia tsutsusugamushi Scrub typhus

Virus Virus influenza Influenza

c. host / host characteristics

1. age: the disease of arterosklerosis in old age, cancer in middle age
2. sex: the risk of pregnancy in women, prostate cancer in men
3. race: sickle cell anemia in the negro race
4. genetic: color blindness, hemophilia, diabetes, thalassemia
5. occupation: asbestosis, bysinosis
6. nutrition: less nutrition causes tuberculosis, obesity, and diabetes
7. Immune status: immune to long-lasting and lifelong viral disease
8. customs: the habit of eating raw fish causes the liver worms
9. lifestyle: smoking, drinking alcohol
10. Psychic: stress causes hypertension, peptic ulcer, and insomnia

E. environmental health problems in Indonesia

1. clean water
clean water is water that is used for everyday purposes whose quality meets health
requirements and can be drunk when it has been dimas. drinking water is water quality
that qualifies health and can be drunk directly. the terms of water quality as follows:
a. physical requirements: odorless, tasteless, colorless
b. chemical requirements: iron content (maximum allowed 0.3 mg / l, hardness
(maximum 500 mg / l)
c. microbiological requirements: coliform stool / total koluform (maximum 0 per 100 ml
water)

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2. sewage / faeces disposal
a. surface soil should not occur contamination
b. there should be no contamination of groundwater that may enter a well or well
c. should not be contaminated with surface water
d. feces can not be reached by flies and other animals
e. no fresh feces should be handled: or, if absolutely necessary, should be limited to a
minimum
f. latrines must be free of odors / unsightly conditions
g. methods of manufacture and operation should be simple and inexpensive
3. residential health
in general, the house can be said to be healthy if it meets the following criteria: meet the
physiological needs, namely: lighting, airing and sufficient space, avoid the disturbing
noise
a. meet the psychological needs, namely: adequate privacy, healthy communication
between family members and residents of the house
b. fulfill the requirements of prevention of disease transmission, among the inhabitants of
the house with the provision of clean water, the management of stool and household
waste, the disease-free vectors and the mice, the density of the occupation is not
excessive, enough morning sun, sheltered food and drink from pollution, in addition
to lighting and penghawaan enough
c. fulfill the requirement to prevent accidents arising from both external and internal
circumstances, among others, road line demarcation requirements, non-flammable
construction, non-flammability, and not likely to make the occupants fall
4. garbage disposal
Good waste management techniques should pay attention to the factors / elements:
a. garbage collection
b. storage
c. collection, processing and reuse
d. transportation
e. disposal
5. insects and pests

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 insects as reservoirs (habitats and survival) disease seeds which are then referred to as
vectors of various diseases. prevention of diseases such as by designing a house / food
management place with rat proff, mosquito net dipped with pesticide to prevent anopheles
sp's mosquito bites, 3 m movement (mebguras, burying and closing) water reservoir for
prevent dengue, use of gauze in vent at home or by pesticide to prevent elephant foot
disease and sanitation efforts and so forth
6. food and drink
targets hygiene sanitation food and beverages are restaurants, restaurants, catering, and
jajana food
requirements of food and beverage sanitation hygiene where food management includes:
a. location and building requirements
b. requirements of sanitation facilities
c. requirements of kitchen, dining room, and food warehouse
d. requirements of foodstuff and finished food
e. food processing requirements
f. food storage and food storage requirements
g. requirements of equipment used
7. environmental pollution
environmental pollution such as water pollution, soil contamination, and air pollution
air pollution can be subdivided into indoor air pollution and out door air
pollution. indoor air pollution is a housing / settlement problem as well as public building,
railway bus, and others. this problem is more potential to be a real health problem, given
that humans tend to be in the room rather than being on the streets.
allegedly due to burning firewood, other high fuel homes is one of the risk
factors for respiratory tract infection for children under five. on the issue of out door air
pollution / outside air pollution, various data analyzes showed differences in the risk of
pollution impacts in some high-risk groups of urban dwellers over rural areas. the relative
risk is 12.5 times greater
Porest burning for agricultural land / timber harvesting has serious
consequences, such as acute respiratory infections, eye irritation, disruption of flight
schedule, disturbance of forest ecology

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F. causes of environmental health problems in Indonesia
1. increase and population density
2. socio-cultural diversity and customs and the vast majority of the population
3. inadequate implementation of management functions

G. relationship and influence of environmental conditions on public health in urban and settlement,
examples of relationships and the influence of environmental conditions on public health in urban and
settlement are as follows
1. urbanization city density land limitations slum areas environmental
sanitation
2. activities in the city (industrialization) produce waste water in the waste without
treatment (to the river) the river in use for bathing and washing infectious diseases
3. activities in the city (traffic transport) exhaust emissions (smoke) pollute urban
air not feasible inhaled ARIakit ARI
H. environmental health goals
1. do correlation, minimize the occurrence of danger and environment to environmental health and
welfare of human life
2. for prevention, by streamlining the regulation of various environmental sources to improve the
health and well-being of humans and cough prevent disease

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSSING

A. Conclusion
Environmental health is an integral part of public health science that deals specifically
with and studies human relationships with the environment in ecological balance.
Ways of Environmental Health Maintenance
1. Do not pollute water by dumping waste in the river
2. Reduce the use of motor vehicles
3. Cultivate the land as it should
4. Planting plants on empty fields
B. Suggestion
The contribution of the environment in realizing the degree of health is essential in
addition to issues of community behavior, health care and heredity

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 REFERANCE
Setiabudi ragil S.KM.2007. Dasar Kesehatan Lingkungan. di akses pada tanggal 10 mei 2018.
Http//ajago.blogspot.com/2007/12/dasar-kesehatan lingkungan.

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