Application of this procedure in design and control should alleviate much,

if not most, of the rutting in p a v e m e n t s caused b y additional compaction

under traffic loading.
This concept can be illustrated by results from full-scale tests con-
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ducted by the Corps of Engineers. Figs. 14-16 are extracted from Ref.
20. Fig. 14 is a schematic of the gyratory testing machine. Fig. 15 shows
typical results of density versus revolutions (cycles of kneading) using
stress applications at selected d e p t h s . The required density for the an-
ticipated loading is taken at the point w h e r e the rate of increase per 100
gyrations is 1 lb/cu ft (0.016 g/cc). This is considered essentially the
ultimate density required for designing against further densification u n -
der traffic.
Fig. 16 shows a comparison of results of laboratory compaction test
densities [American Association of State Highway Transportation Offi-
cials (AASHTO) a n d Gyratory] with in-place densities at construction
and after traffic on some field test sections conducted b y the Corps of
Engineers. Note particularly the good correlation b etw e en the gyratory
and after-traffic densities. The ruts in these test sections were largely
attributed to the increase in density during the traffic tests.

APPENDIX.—REFERENCE

20. "Gyratory Compaction Method for Determining Density Requirements for

Subgrade and Base of Flexible Pavements," Miscellaneous Paper No. 4-494,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Miss., May, 1962.

DYNAMIC DETERMINATION OF PILE CAPACITY 3

Discussion by H. A. Simons4 and M. F. Randolph 5

The authors have s h o w n that, for the case of a rigid-plastic soil re-
sponse, the soil resistance used in the CAPWAP analysis may be uniquely
determined. However, in practice the soil resistance in the CAPWAP
analysis is modeled by distinct elastic-plastic spring a n d da shpot com-
ponents. Thus the uniqueness of the determination of these components
is somewhat equivocal.
As published (19) the CAPWAP analysis treats the soil in a m a n n e r
similar to that first suggested by Smith (17). In that approach, the static
"March, 1985, Vol. I l l , No. 3, by Frank Rausche, George G. Goble, and Gar-
land E. Likins, Jr. (Paper 19551).
"Asst. Proj. Engr., Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Wayne, NJ 07470.
5
Lect., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth 6009,
Australia.

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J. Geotech. Engrg., 1987, 113(9): 1060-1062

 elastic-plastic soil resistance is augmented by a dashpot component to
allow for viscous effects in the soil. The inertial damping provided by
the soil is not explicitly catered for. It is not clear how the use of this
relatively crude model in the back analysis of pile-driving data may be
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expected to provide an accurate picture of the profile of soil resistance.

In recent studies (22,24) the finite element method has been used to
analyze the response of piles to impact loading. These studies have cast
considerable doubt on the accuracy of the representation of dynamic pile-
soil interaction in the Smith (17) approach.
The finite element method is too cumbersome for general use in the
analysis of pile drivability. However, the method may be used to devise
and calibrate improved models of pile-soil interaction for one-dimen-
sional analyses. Simons and Randolph (23) have outlined how elasto-
dynamic theory, particularly the solutions of Novak (21) and Lysmer and
Richart (20), may be used to determine the spring and dashpot com-
ponents of the soil resistance. These resistances are combined with ap-
propriate yielding mechanisms to provide a simple, yet theoretically
consistent, analysis of pile driving.
Responses obtained using this new method for an example problem
are compared with those from a finite element analysis (22) and with
those from an analysis using the Smith (17) soil idealization. A closed
ended steel pile with 1.5-m outside diameter and 70-mm wall thickness
is embedded to a depth of 30 m in clay. The limiting skin friction along
the shaft is taken as 100 kPa and the base resistance as 900 kPa. The soil
density is taken as 2,100 kg/m 3 and the shear modulus as 10 MPa. In
the Smith (17) type analysis quake values of 2.5 mm and damping pa-
rameter, /, values of 0.16 s/m and 0.49 s/m are used at the shaft and
tip, respectively. The hammer blow is idealized as a mass of 12,000 kg
impacting the pile head at 5 m/s.
The pile head displacement response obtained using the finite element
method is shown, along with that using the new one-dimensional method
in Fig. 10. The response using the Smith (17) method is shown in Fig.
11. The response using the new one-dimensional method is seen to be

• ]• 4a fr» *a IB9
Tim. (mj)

FIG. 10.—Responses Using New One- FIG. 11.—Response Using Smith (17)
Dimensional and Finite Element Meth- Method
ods

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J. Geotech. Engrg., 1987, 113(9): 1060-1062

 in much better agreement with the more rigorous finite element analysis
than the response based o n the Smith (17) method. The dispersion a n d
spurious oscillations evident in the finite element solution are as ex-
pected from the explicit temporal operator employed. This example
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problem corroborates the n e w approach to specifying the dynamic soil

resistance.
The demonstration by the authors that responses measured d u r i n g
pile driving can be related uniquely to a rigid-plastic idealization of soil
resistance is a useful advance. It is not clear, however, that the same
can be done for a spring a n d d a s h p o t representation of the soil resis-
tance. Nonetheless, the n e w m e t h o d of modeling the dynamic pile-soil
interaction discussed herein offers a more promising approach to the
accurate representation of soil resistance t h a n m e t h o d s based on the for-
mulation of Smith (17).

APPENDIX.—REFERENCES

19. Goble, G. G., and Rausche, F., "Pile Drivability Predictions by CAPWAP,"
Proc, Conference on Numerical Methods in Offshore Piling, Institute of Civil
Engineers, London, England, May, 1979, pp. 29-36.
20. Lysmer, J., and Richart, F. E. (1966). "Dynamic Response of Footing to Ver-
tical Loading," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,
Vol. 92, No. 1, Jan., 1966, pp. 65-91.
21. Novak, M., "Vertical Vibration of Floating Piles," Journal of the Engineering
Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. 1, Jan., 1977, pp. 153-168.
22. Simons, H. A., thesis presented to University of Cambridge, Cambridge
England, in 1985, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy.
23. Simons, H. A., and Randolph, M. F., "A New Approach to One Dimen-
sional Pile Driving Analysis," Proc, 5th International Conference on Nu-
merical Methods in Geomechanics, Nagoya, Japan, Apr., 1985.
24. Smith, I. M., and Chow, Y. K., "Three Dimensional Analysis of Pile Driv-
ability," Proc, 2nd International Conference on Numerical Methods in Off-
shore Piling, Austin, Tex., Apr., 1982, pp. 1-20.

SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF EMBANKMENTS

ON SOFT CLAYS 3
Discussion by W. David Carrier III, 3 F. ASCE

The authors have pointed out that a high value of compression index,
C c , after the preconsolidation pressure, a'p, results in slow pore-pressure
dissipation relative to the surface settlement. This issue h a s been re-
cently discussed in more detail by Mitchell (26) in his 1984 Terzaghi lec-
a
April, 1985, Vol. I l l , No. 4, by G. Mesri and Y. K. Choi (Paper 19650).
3
Prin., Bromwell & Carrier, Inc., P.O. Box 5467, Lakeland, FL 33807-5467.

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