HVAC DPE

TEMPERATURE
Definition
Temperature (sometimes called thermodynamic temperature) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in a system. Adding heat to a system causes its temperature to rise.

Temperature Scales
[°F] = [°C] × 9⁄5 + 32 [°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9

[K] = [°C] + 273.15 [°C] = [K] − 273.15

[°R] = ([°C] + 273.15) × 9⁄5
[°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9
[K] = ([°F] + 459.67) × 5⁄9
[°R] = [°F] + 459.67
[°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9
[K] = ([°F] + 459.67) × 5⁄9
[°R] = [°F] + 459.67
[°C] = ([°R] − 491.67) × 5⁄9 [°R] = ([°C] + 273.15) × 9⁄5
[°F] = [°R] − 459.67
[K] = [°R] × 5⁄9
Absolute Temperature
Temperature measured from absolute zero in kelvins.
[°C] = ([°R] − 491.67) × 5⁄9
[°F] = [°C] × 9⁄5 + 32
[°F] = [K] × 9⁄5 − 459.67
[°F] = [°R] − 459.67
[°F] = [°C] × 9⁄5 + 32
[°F] = [K] × 9⁄5 − 459.67
[°F] = [°R] − 459.67
[°R] = [°F] + 459.67
[°R] = [K] × 9⁄5

Dry Bulb
The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but
shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the
true thermodynamic temperature.

Wet Bulb
The wet-bulb temperature is the temperature a parcel of air would have if it were cooled to saturation by the
evaporation of water into it, with the latent heat being supplied by the parcel.

Ambient Temperature
Ambient temperature simply means the temperature of the surrounding air

Dew Point
The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor. When further
cooled, the airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid water (dew). When air cools to its dew point through
contact with a surface that is colder than the air, water will condense on the surface.

Icing Point
In theory, the melting point of a solid should be the same as the freezing point of the liquid

Steam Point
The temperature at which water vapor condenses at a pressure of one atmosphere, represented by 212°F (100°C).

Saturation Temperature
Saturation temperature means boiling point. The saturation temperature is the temperature for a
corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boil into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to
be saturated with thermal energy.
 PRESSURE
standard atmosphere, which is defined as the pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C under
standard gravitational acceleration (g =9.807 m/s2).
The standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg (29.92 inHg) at 0°C. The unit mmHg is also called the torr in honor
of Torricelli. atmospheric pressure at a location is simply the weight of the air above that location per unit surface area.
The decline of atmospheric pressure with elevation has far-reaching ramifications in daily life. For example, cooking
takes longer at high altitudes since water boils at a lower temperature at lower atmospheric pressures. Nose bleeding is
a common experience at high altitudes since the difference between the blood pressure and the atmospheric pressure is
larger in this case, and the delicate walls of veins in the nose are often unable to withstand this extra stress. For a given
temperature, the density of air is lower at high altitudes, and thus a given volume contains less air and less oxygen. The
actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute pressure, and it is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e.,
absolute zero pressure). Most pressure-measuring devices, however, are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere and
so they indicate the difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. This difference is called
the gage pressure. Pressures below atmospheric pressure are called vacuum pressures and are measured by vacuum
gages that indicate the difference between the atmospheric pressure and the absolute pressure. Absolute, gage, and
vacuum pressures are all positive quantities and are related to each other by
Pvac = Patm – Pabs
Pgage = Pabs – Patm

At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance changes phase is called the saturation temperature
Tsat. Likewise, at a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance changes phase is called the saturation
pressure Psat. At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, Tsat is 99.97°C. Conversely, at a temperature of 99.97°C, Psat is 101.325
kPa. (At 100.00°C, Psat is 101.42 kPa. Tsat increases with Psat. Thus, a substance at higher pressures boils at higher
temperatures. The atmospheric pressure, and thus the boiling temperature of water, decreases with elevation. For each
1000 m increase in elevation, the boiling temperature drops by a little over 3°C. Perfect vacuum is an ideal state of no
particles at all. Atmospheric air can be viewed as a mixture of dry air (air with zero moisture content) and water vapor
(also referred to as moisture), and the atmospheric pressure is the sum of the pressure of dry air Pa and the pressure of
water vapor, called the vapor pressure Pv Air can hold a certain amount of moisture only, and the ratio of the actual
amount of moisture in the air at a given temperature to the maximum amount air can hold at that temperature is called
the relative humidity f. The relative humidity ranges from 0 for dry air to 100 percent for saturated air (air that cannot
hold any more moisture). The vapor pressure of saturated air at a given temperature is equal to the saturation pressure
of water at that temperature. The amount of moisture in the air is completely specified by the temperature and the relative
humidity, and the vapor pressure is related to relative humidity f by
Pv = fPsat @ T

In a hydraulic circuit, net positive suction head (NPSH) may refer to one of two quantities in the analysis
of cavitation:

1. The Available NPSH (NPSHA): a measure of how close the fluid at a given point is to flashing, and so to
cavitation.
2. The Required NPSH (NPSHR): the head value at a specific point (e.g. the inlet of a pump) required to keep the
fluid from cavitating.

NPSH is the head required at the pump inlet to keep the liquid from cavitating or boiling. The pump inlet or suction
side is the low-pressure point where cavitation will first occur. The NPSH is defined as
 HEAT ENERGY

Units of Heat: SI (Joule, kgm2s-2); MKS (Joule, kgm2s-2); British (BTU, British Thermal Unit)
Joule: It is the equivalent of one watt of power radiated or dissipated for one second.
BTU: Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one-degree Fahrenheit.

1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1055.06 J = 107.6 kpm = 2.931 10-4 kWh = 0.252 kcal = 778.16 ft.lbf = 1.0551010 ergs
= 252 cal = 0.293 watt-hours

The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.

Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a thermodynamic system that changes the temperature of the system without
changing some variables such as volume or pressure. As the name implies, sensible heat is the heat that you can feel.
The sensible heat possessed by an object is evidenced by its temperature.

Latent Heat is the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapour, or a liquid into a vapour, without change of
temperature.

Total Heat or Enthalpy is a measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. It is equal to the internal energy of
the system plus the product of pressure and volume

PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE RELATIONS

The gas laws are a set of laws that describe the relationship between thermodynamic temperature (T), pressure (P) and
volume (V) of gases.

Boyle's law - the product of the volume and pressure of a fixed quantity of an ideal gas is constant, given constant
temperature.

Charles's law - at constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas increases or decreases by the same factor as
its temperature increases or decreases.

These were combined to form the combined gas law:

Ideal-gas equation of state: Pv = RT or PV = mRT

An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation Pv = RT. It has been experimentally observed that the
ideal-gas relation given closely approximates the P-v-T behavior of real gases at low densities. At low pressures and
high temperatures, the density of a gas decreases, and the gas behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions.

Isentropic process: process during which the entropy remains constant or idealized thermodynamic process that is
both adiabatic and reversible. For ideal gas, PT relations are:

Isothermal Process: process in which the temperature remains constant: ΔT = 0. For the special case of a gas to
which Boyle's law applies, the product pV is a constant if the gas is kept at isothermal conditions.

Isobaric process is a thermodynamic process in which the pressure remains constant.

Adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a thermodynamic system and its
surroundings. In adiabatic process, energy is transferred to its surroundings only as work. The mathematical equation
for an ideal gas undergoing a reversible (i.e., no entropy generation) adiabatic process can be represented by
the polytropic process equation: