Year 1910

The plan of Saint Luis

On October 5, 1910, the so-called Plan de San Luis was announced by Francisco I
Madero, a document by means of which the presidential election of 1910 in which
Porfirio Diaz was the winner was unknown and declared illegal. The plan also
invited the population in Mexico to support the ideal of effective suffrage, not re-
election, through the armed uprising summoned in the same document for
November 20, 1910. The document called establish free and democratic elections,
also committed to restitution to the peasants the land that had been taken from
them by the landowners.

Porfirio Diaz had spoken to a presidential succession through the interview

conducted by the American journalist James Creelman. The interview published in
March 1908 provoked political reactions aimed at finally living a democratic
process in the presidential election of 1910.
Madero along with Emilio Vázquez Gómez, founder of the National Anti-
reelectionist Party (PAN). The party launches Francisco I Madero as presidential
candidate and Francisco Vázquez Gómez as vice president candidate.

The popularity gained by the aspirants to a Mexican government, on the part of the
antiporfirista society, causes that the government of Diaz takes measures to avoid
that its permanence in the power finishes. Madero is accused of attacks against
the authorities and other charges as a pretext for imprisoning him before the
elections. Arrested in Nuevo León, Madero in prison held the primary elections in
June and July 10 the secondary ones, declaring himself the undisputed winner of
Porfirio Diaz. The triumph was ratified in September by the Chamber of Deputies,
after an appeal filed by Madero and the anti-re-electionists, where the cancellation
of the elections was requested as fraudulent.

Madero was released on bail and fled to the city of San Antonio, Texas and
became with his collaborators the drafting of a document to call a fight against the
law against Diaz, so as not to have political repercussions with the US government
- which maintains relations diplomatic with Mexico-, the document was dated on
October 5 last day that passed in the city of San Luis Potosí.
Soon copies of the San Luis Plan arrived in Mexico City, the capital press reported
the development of a possible plot. On November 18, 1910, a conspiracy was
discovered against Díaz in the city of Puebla. This plot was directed by Aquiles
Serdán. The house of the Serdán family was besieged by the police and the militia
and after a few hours of resistance Serdán was assassinated.

Although a real movement did not begin on November 20, as a result of Madero's
call -but above all its promises of an agrarian reform- armed uprisings began to
emerge throughout Mexico in 1910, in the north commanded by Pascual Orozco
and Pancho Villa and in Morelos by Emiliano Zapata, 10 whose military triumphs
finally culminated in the resignation of Porfirio Díaz, the triumph of Madero in the
presidential elections of 1911, as well as the beginning of the Mexican Revolution -
a revolution of a social nature- , which demanded an improvement in living and
working conditions for the marginalized classes, such as workers and peasants,
that would last around a decade and claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of
Mexicans.
 Year 1911
The Treaties of Ciudad Juárez
The Treaties of Ciudad Juárez are a concrete agreement between revolutionaries and the
Mexican government, with the aim of ending a series of hostilities that had been unleashed
in 1910.

By 1910, the then president, Porfirio Díaz, had been elected 9 times since 1876.
Although during his first term he had been opposed to re-election, he soon
introduced amendments to be able to re-elect as many times as he wished. This
succession of governmental periods became known as El Porfiriato. In spite of the
efforts of Díaz to promote and raise the level of Mexico in arts, sciences and
culture, it was a historical stage dotted with numerous protests and revolts.
These protests reached a high point when, in 1910, Díaz obtained an electoral
triumph of dubious legitimacy against Francisco Madero, whom he imprisoned.
Although later Madero is released, he dedicated himself to harangue the crowds to
overthrow Porfirio Diaz. This was the beginning of the Mexican Revolution.
After his release, Madero went into exile in the city of Tucson, from where he
launched his proclamations to overthrow Diaz, and formulated the so-called Plan of
San Luis de Potosí, which offered agrarian vindications, the end of the Porfiriato
and transparent elections.
To these proclamations responded notorious figures of the Mexican Revolution
such as Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco, who initiated a series
of violent revolts that had their nerve center in the state of Chihuahua, specifically
in Ciudad Juárez. Madero returned from exile to join the seizure of the city, and
eventually the state.
Madero led the rebellion in the north, along with Villa and Orozco. However, the uprising led
by Zapata in central and southern Mexico was broader and difficult to contain. Zapata
aroused enormous admiration among the population. He had become a leader on his own
merit, especially because he expected the peasants to see the restitution of the land they
had been stripped of.

The relevance that Zapata aroused was what convinced Diaz to negotiate a treaty with his
political rival. For his part, Madero always sought a negotiated solution, trying as much as
possible to generate the least amount of violence. The representatives of the Díaz
government and the hacendados considered that the Zapata movement had taken on its
own, and could overcome and clothe even Madero. They decided then that the most
convenient was a treaty with Madero, which was held on May 21, 1911. Until there was an
opportunity to hold elections, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Francisco León de la Barra,
was appointed interim president. Amnesty conditions for the insurgents and financial
compensation were agreed upon to the relatives of the soldiers who had perished trying to
quell the rebellion. As agreed, Diaz and Corral resigned shortly after which they both went
into exile in France.
The treaties were signed on May 21, 1911 in the building of the Border Customs of Ciudad
Juarez, by the representative of the government of Díaz, the lawyer Francisco S. Carvajal
and Dr. Francisco Vázquez Gómez, Francisco Madero father and the lawyer José María
Pino Suarez, as representatives of the revolutionaries. His most important point was the
resignations of Porfirio Díaz and his vice president, Ramón Corral, before the end of May
1911. It was also established that according to the law, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Francisco León de la Barra would be appointed interim president and that he should
organize free elections as soon as possible.2

In addition, the treaty stipulated that: 4

 Hostilities between the government and the revolutionaries would cease.

 An amnesty would be declared for all revolutionaries, with the possibility that some
of them would request their entry into rural areas.

 The revolutionary forces were going to be demobilized as soon as possible and the
federal forces were going to be the only army in Mexico. This in order to appease
the military, who had opposed to reach an agreement with Madero.

 Madero and his supporters had the right to appoint fourteen provisional governors
and approve de la Barra's cabinet.

 Pensions were established for the relatives of the soldiers who died fighting the
rebels.

 The police, judges and state legislators, who had been appointed or "elected" during
the Diaz administration, would retain their positions.

Emiliano Zapata did not like the interim appointment of De la Barra, and began to
distance himself from the revolutionaries. In addition, he considered that Madero,
who was elected president in November 1911, was betraying the ideals of the San
Luis Potosí Plan, not advancing improvements in agrarian policies or including
peasant demands. He remained in rebellion.
Madero was overthrown and killed in a coup led by Victoriano Huerta, in February
1913.
 Year 1911
The Plan Of Ayala
The Plan of Ayala was a proclamation issued by Emiliano Zapata and Otilio
Montaño within the framework of the Mexican Revolution, on November 28, 1911,
and published in the press on December 15 of the same year. It owes its name to
having been proclaimed in the city of Ayala, in the state of Morelos.
The Mexican Revolution had begun in 1910 following the election of Porfirio Diaz
as president for the ninth time, an election that was labeled as fraudulent. The
imprisonment of Francisco Ignacio Madero, who had been a rival of Diaz, finished
lighting up the spirits. After being freed and exiled, Madero joined with Pancho Villa
and Pascual Orozco to proclaim the San Luis Plan, which called for the resignation
of Porfirio Díaz and peasant demands. Revolts began in the state of Chihuahua,
and the capture of Ciudad Juárez.
Emiliano Zapata, in central and southern Mexico, led another outbreak of riots that
became larger and more difficult to subdue, forcing Diaz to negotiate his own exit.
The same was agreed with Madero in the Treaties of Ciudad Juárez.
Emiliano Zapata always manifested himself prone to peasant demands. He
considered that many peasants had been stripped of their land by legal means, to
favor landowners and caciques. It is in this context that it joins the revolts that led
to the resignation of Díaz.
But later events disappointed him. Once elected, Madero discarded the part of the
San Luis Plan devoted to repaying the peasants. Although the new president tried
to approach Zapata to dissuade him, he felt betrayed. He distanced himself from
Madero and decided not to lay down his arms.
Once distanced from Madero, Zapata decides to prepare a document that
summarizes the demands of the revolutionary movement. With the help of Otilio
Montaño and several school teachers, he writes a proclamation that begins by
ignoring the government of Madero for, in his opinion, betraying the Revolution by
not addressing the necessary peasant reforms; so that it proposes its overthrow
and the prompt convocation to free elections.

The plan also calls for the return of lands held by the big landowners to the
peasants who originally owned them since the days of the Viceroyalty. This
reaffirms the mainly agrarian sense of the Mexican Revolution. Pascual Orozco is
also proclaimed as the main leader of the struggle.
Many phrases typical of peasant revolutions and agrarian movements take their
slogans and slogans on variations of the main motto of the proclamation: "Reform,
Freedom, Justice and Law". Some phrases such as "The land belongs to those
who work it", "Land and Freedom", or "Bread, Land and Work" are undoubted
Zapatista affiliation.
In 1913 Francisco Madero is overthrown and assassinated, and the power is taken
by Victoriano Huerta. Pascual Orozco adds his support to Huerta, which provokes
the rejection of Zapata, who in 1914 modifies the text of the Plan of Ayala, and
from that moment until his death assumes the leadership of the Mexican
Revolution.
Zapata organized an alliance with Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza, which
allowed them to overthrow Huerta in 1914. However, Carranza also had
differences, so severe that they led to the point of offering a reward for Zapata's
head.
Persecuted in this way, Zapata is assassinated in 1919; and to his death, his fight
is assumed by Gildardo Magaña, who would reach an agreement with Álvaro
Obregón, who would succeed Carranza in the presidency.
 Year 1912
Zapatista movements
During this period of transition, on November 27, 1911, the Mexican Constitution
was modified in its articles 78 and 109, thus prohibiting the re-election of the
president and vice president, although the latter could run for office in the
immediate period.82 In addition, in December In 1911 the electoral law was
formulated, which was reformed in May 1912. The purpose of this law was to
expand electoral freedom, limit state intervention in elections and expand the
universe of voters, seeking greater electoral equality.
During Madero's term, the pyramid of power was transformed almost entirely: new
governors arrived, very different from those who had participated in the Diaz
government, and old political leaders were displaced by a new governmental
apparatus dominated by the middle classes, although workers and peasants
remained relegated from political processes.
Two days after the inauguration of Madero, the president sent a representative to
Morelos asking that Zapata leave his troops. Zapata put as conditions that the
Governor of the State Ambrosio Figueroa was removed from office, the withdrawal
of federal troops, pardon and safe conduct for the members of his army and the
establishment of an agrarian law to improve the quality of life in the countryside.
Madero rejected the conditions and sent the army to Villa de Ayala, where they
established a siege and opened fire with the intention of ending the movement.
Zapata and his men managed to flee to the state of Puebla, and on November 28
they announced the Plan de Ayala, a document written by Otilio Montaño and
signed by elements of the Liberation Army of the South. In that document, Madero
was accused of having imposed on the vice president and the governors of the
states against the popular will, he was accused of being a dictator and being "in
scandalous conspiracy with the scientific party, feudal landowners and enemy
oppressor caciques of the revolution". In addition, Pascual Orozco was recognized
as "Chief of the Revolution" and, if he did not accept, Emiliano Zapata would
remain as head.
Upon learning of the Plan of Ayala, President Madero redoubled his efforts to end
the movement without success, which at the same time led him to greater enmity
with the hacendados.
Throughout 1912, the struggle between the Zapatistas and the government was of
limited intensity, between a few and small Zapatista rebel groups and the troops of
General Felipe Angeles, who had received instructions from Madero that the
struggle should not be excessively violent.
 Year 1912
Lifting of Pascual Orozco
From the moment that Pascual Orozco disobeyed Madero's orders and went to
attack Ciudad Juárez, relations between these two characters broke down. The
situation worsened when he was not elected to be part of the cabinet of the
provisional government formed after the signing of the Treaties of Ciudad Juarez
and when during the elections for governor of Chihuahua, Orozco lost to the
candidate that Madero supported, Abraham González.
In March 1912 Orozco ignored the government of Madero and called to take up
arms against him through the Plan of the Empacadora.89 His movement managed
to summon the popular classes, middle and high, 90 in addition to which it gained
strength after defeating Villa Victoriano Huerta was entrusted by the Maderista
government to quell the rebellion, after defeating the Orozquismo, he became a
national hero, winning the president's confidence as well.
 Year 1911
Counterrevolutionary movements
Bernardo Reyes had tried to compete in the elections for president in 1911, but
before the threats of the maderistas decided to leave the country and from San
Antonio, Texas, launched the Plan of Solitude in November 1911, which sought to
ignore the government of Log. He returned to Mexico on December 5 but found
that his followers had deserted, so he ended up surrendering to the federal
authorities. He was imprisoned in the prison of Santiago Tlatelolco and later tried
by a war tribunal accused of sedition. This court found him guilty, so he was put in
a court martial.
In the state of Veracruz, Felix Diaz, Porfirio's nephew, took up arms on October 16,
1912, followed by some soldiers from the area. However, the movement did not
have the expected impact and a few days later it was defeated by federal troops.
On October 23, he was captured and sent to Mexico City, where he was
imprisoned, was subjected to a war court, which sentenced him to death, despite
pressure from members of the Supreme Court (porfiristas). , The sentence was
commuted to him for life imprisonment.
The American ambassador in the country during the government of Madero was
Henry Lane Wilson, who, at odds with Madero, intervened in the national policy to
overthrow him. Wilson had several frictions with the Mexican government because
it had not favored the commercial interests of US investors, but, on the contrary,
proclaimed a series of nationalist measures that affected them. For example, new
rail legislation caused those American workers who did not know Spanish to be
replaced by Mexican workers. In addition, new legislation regarding oil exploitation
in the country obliged foreigners to pay taxes.
Wilson was then in charge of increasing the frictions between both countries
sending to his government alarmist reports about the situation of the country,
reason why the government of the United States demanded that the integrity of its
citizens residing in Mexico be safeguarded and that the investments made be
guaranteed. .
 Year 1913
The Tragic Ten
From the middle of 1912 a conspiracy had been brewing involving Rodolfo Reyes,
Bernardo's son, and Generals Manuel Mondragón, representative of Félix Díaz,
and Gregorio Ruiz.
On February 9, the coup d'état that was consummated in ten days began, so that
such an event as "Ten Tragic" is known. During that day the students of the School
of Aspirants of Tlalpan and a troop of the barracks of Tacubaya rebelled. They
marched in two columns: one towards Tlatelolco and another towards Lecumberri,
with the purpose of liberating both General Bernardo Reyes and Felix Diaz.
After being released, Reyes went to the Zocalo in Mexico City, where he was
looking for the garrison of the National Palace to support him. However, General
Lauro Villar, head of the plaza, ordered the fire, killing Reyes in the place. Felix
Diaz, for his part, went to the Plaza de La Ciudadela, where he established his
barracks. Meanwhile, Madero left the then presidential official residence, the castle
of Chapultepec, and went to the National Palace, where he relieved General Villar,
who had been wounded during the fight with Reyes, and ordered Victoriano Huerta
to quell the rebellion while He went out to meet Felipe Ángeles in Cuernavaca.
Madero returned confidently to the capital accompanied by General Angeles and
Rubio Navarrete, who had moved from Querétaro. Huerta was responsible for
delaying and obstructing the attacks, so Gustavo Madero ordered him arrested.On
February 17, Huerta challenged the charges of Gustavo, reaffirming his loyalty to
Francisco I. Madero. The latter ordered his release, accusing his brother of being
impulsive, and the next day Huerta and Felix Diaz signed the so-called Pact of the
Citadel, also known as the Pact of the Embassy because it was signed at the US
Embassy in the presence of Henry Lane Wilson. . The agreement established the
commitment of Huerta to arrest the president and dissolve the Executive to take
the Presidency of the Republic provisionally, so that, after the elections, Felix Diaz
was appointed president.
Shortly before the meeting, Gustavo A. Madero was arrested in a restaurant in
Mexico City and transferred to the Ciudadela, where he was tortured and
subsequently killed.
General Aureliano Blanquet was in charge of capturing President Madero and Vice
President Pino Suarez in the National Palace. On the morning of February 19, in
an extraordinary session of the Chamber of Deputies, the resignation of both was
accepted, and the Secretary of the Interior, Pedro Lascuráin, was appointed as
president, whose only government action was to appoint, in turn, Victoriano Huerta
as Secretary of the Interior, so that 45 minutes later he could resign and Huerta
would serve as the interim president of Mexico, in accordance with current
legislation.
Madero and Pino Suarez remained prisoners in the National Palace until the night
of February 22, being then transferred to the Penitentiary of the Federal District,
but almost upon arriving at their destination they were murdered.
 Year 1913
Dictatorship of Huerta
Victoriano Huerta, when he came to power, became a dictator who annulled
democracy and freedom through military force, Huerta received the support of the
great landowners, high military commanders, the clergy and almost all the
governors, except for José María Maytorena, governor of Sonora, and Venustiano
Carranza, governor of Coahuila. The Huerta administration then proposed two
goals: to achieve the pacification of the country and achieve international
recognition of its government, especially by the United States.
He tried to get the support of the Orozquistas and Zapatistas, granting general
amnesties and sending representatives. Pascual Orozco put some conditions that
were granted him, such as the employment of rural guards for his soldiers,
payment of salaries at the expense of the treasury and pensions for widows and
orphans, so that on February 27, 1913 Orozco made official his support for the
government . Zapata, on the other hand, emphatically rejected any offer, so the
Morelos movement continued its fight against the Huerta government.
The Chamber of Deputies opposed the Huerta government and even the Maderista
faction was extremely critical of its actions. Belisario Domínguez, Chiapas deputy,
wrote a speech in which he condemned the unleashed violence and accused
Victoriano Huerta of murdering. After being banned from reading in Congress by
the Senate, it was disseminated in writing. Shortly afterwards he was murdered
and when members of the Chamber demanded that his death be investigated and
the lives of the members of the Legislative Power be guaranteed, Huerta decided
to dissolve the House and ordered the arrest of several of its members. When the
Chamber of Senators learned of these facts, its members agreed to dissolve their
own Chamber, so Huerta assumed extraordinary powers.
 Year 1913
Guadalupe plan
Given the urgency and seriousness of the moment when Victoriano Huerta broke
the constitutional order and criminalized her ambition to depose and order the
death of President Francisco I Madero, on February 19, 1913, the Congress of the
Sovereign, Free and Independent State of Coahuila de Zaragoza decided to grant
the governor extraordinary powers and faculties to integrate a military force that
replaces the legal order and cancels the option of permanence to the usurper.
Gathered in the Hacienda de Guadalupe, Saltillo, Carranza and other personalities,
including Lucio Blanco and Jacinto B. Treviño, proclaimed the Plan of Guadalupe,
which ignored the three powers of the federation and reported that they would take
arms to restore constitutional order. Carranza was also named head of the
"Constitutionalist Army" and was given the faculty to occupy the presidency of
Mexico temporarily to call elections.
 Year 1913
Movements in the north of the
country
This movement was characterized by having a legalistic nature, whose second
commands were made up of the main politicians and state bureaucrats. Between
the military that integrated their ranks were: Jesus Carranza - brother of the
governor -, Pablo González, Francisco Coss, Cesáreo Castro and Jacinto B.
Treviño, veterans of the fight against the government of Díaz.In the state of
Sonora, Generals Álvaro Obregón and Plutarco Elías Calles gave their support to
Carranza immediately, taking the leadership of the movement in the state along
with Salvador Alvarado, Manuel Diéguez and Adolfo de la Huerta, among others.
This faction was represented by a middle class with a certain military capacity, who
had experience to make pacts with popular groups.
In Chihuahua, although the middle class had been the protagonist during the
struggle against Porfirio Díaz and his government, the death of Abraham González
and the adhesion to the Huertista camp of Pascual Orozco resulted in the struggle
in the state being led by Francisco Villa, member of the lower classes, so his
lieutenants and second managers -including those of Maclovio Herrera, Rosalío
Hernández and Toribio Ortega- were also part of the popular sectors.
Other important movements were established in the states of Durango, where the
main rebel leaders were of popular origin -such as Tomás Urbina, Orestes
Pereyra, Calixto Contreras and the Arrieta brothers (Domingo, Mariano and
Eduardo); and in Zacatecas, headed by Fortunato Maycotte and Pánfilo Natera,
which was a movement of middle class and popular.On April 18, a convention was
held in Monclova, Coahuila, attended by representatives of the revolutionary
movement of the states of Chihuahua, Sonora and Coahuila, whose duration was
three days, during which the Guadalupe Plan was ratified, the union of the forces
of the three states in a single army, and the commitment of Carranza to fulfill the
Plan of Guadalupe, which made him the First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army
and leader of the rebellion in the north.
As the movement spread, additions were made to the original plan, mainly by
Coahuila and anti-Huerta politicians from Sonora and Chihuahua.In May, the
Northwest Division, led by Álvaro Obregón, took the towns of Santa Rosa and
Santa María, thus practically securing control of Sonora. For that reason it
advanced by the coast of the Pacific until arriving at the center of Jalisco.
 In Chihuahua and part of the Comarca Lagunera operated the North Division of
Francisco Villa. The Northeast Division, commanded by Pablo González, and the
Center Division, under Pánfilo Natera, completed the Constitutionalist troops that
confronted the Huerta regime during the second half of 1913.
 Year 1913
Movements in the center and south of
the country
Unlike the active participation that was experienced during this stage in the north of
the country, the regions of the center and south of the national territory were little
involved in the process, except for some important movements.
In the center of the country, due to the fact that the population had an urban-
industrial character and the control maintained by the Huerta army, the rebellion
had a weak development. In the state of San Luis Potosí, the Cedillo brothers -
Saturnino, Cleofás and Magdaleno - rose up in arms, although they acted
independently to the local anti-Huerta activists who recognized Carranza as a
leader.Nicolás Flores, Vicente Salazar operated in the state of Hidalgo. , Francisco
Mariel and Daniel Cerecedo, and in Tlaxcala Máximo Rojas and Domingo and
Cirilo Arenas.
In the south, its distance from the United States -where weapons were bought for
the revolution-, from the main battle fronts, and its virtual isolation from the country,
caused the population to be reluctant to participate in the armed conflict.
Among the movements in the area stood out Zapata, who also fought against the
federal government which he did not know on March 4, although he did it as an
independent movement to the so-called "constitutionalist". In addition, the drastic
and bloody methods of repression used against them by the Huerta government
made the number of rises increase considerably, as the inhabitants were forced to
intensify the defensive struggle, in the state of Guerrero operated by Jesús
Salgado, of filiation Zapatista, the Figueroa brothers-Romulo, Francisco and
Ambrosio; all of them former maderistas-, and Julián Blanco, on the coast of
Acapulco. At the same time, in Oaxaca, Juan José Baños operated, while in
Tabasco several leaders participated, such as Ignacio Gutiérrez Gómez, Pedro
Colorado, Fernando Aguirre Colorado, Ernesto Aguirre Colorado, Luis Felipe
Domínguez and Carlos Greene, although their actions did not bother the
government. federal.
 Year 1914
American intervention
On April 9, six US ships anchored near the port of Tampico, and when one of them
approached the port, his staff was apprehended by Mexican federal soldiers.
Although the Americans were released shortly thereafter, the US Rear Admiral
Mayo asked Huerta General Morelos Zaragoza for an exemplary punishment for
those who had made the arrests and demanded that the United States flag be
raised, to which he should be honored.
The huertista government tried to reach an agreement, but all in vain because
President Wilson had already given instructions for the occupation of the port of
Veracruz, preventing Huerta from receiving a shipment of ammunition from
Germany that was transported in the Ipiranga .
The American infantry took the customs of Veracruz on April 21, 1914, then the
entire port and on day 22 that of Tampico.
Huerta then broke diplomatic relations with the United States and sent most of his
army to the state. Argentina, Brazil and Chile (group known as ABC) offered to act
as mediators in the conflict during the conferences in Niagara Falls, Canada, on
May 20 of that same year. On June 24 an agreement was finally signed stating that
the United States would recognize any provisional government that resulted from
the armed conflict, would compensate US citizens who were affected by the
revolution and that their government would not demand compensation for the
Tampico incident.
 Year 1914
Taking of Zacatecas
By the beginning of 1914, revolutionaries dominated almost the entire north of the
country (with the exception of Baja California). In Durango, Pablo González and
Jesús Carranza, (or Jesús Agustín Castro and Luis Caballero in his absence), had
taken the leadership of the movement when Carranza had to leave for Sonora after
Huerta forces took control of the state in mid-1913 By then, the Cedillo brothers
had become the dominant force of San Luis Potosí; in Tepic Rafael Buelna
operated successfully; in Jalisco Félix Bañuelos and Julián Medina; and in
Michoacán José Rentería Luviano, Gertrudis Sánchez and Joaquín Amaro
Domínguez. In Veracruz, the fight was headed by Antonio Galindo, Cándido
Aguilar, Hilario Salas and Miguel Alemán.
During March and April of 1914 the armies of the north began to advance towards
the capital, Obregón to the west, Villa to the center, and Pablo González to the
east with the intention of overthrowing Huerta, which motivated and facilitated the
outbreak of numerous uprisings in the central states of the country.
Especially, the city of Zacatecas had a great importance for both sides because it
was a railway crossing that had to take revolutionaries from the north of the country
before reaching the capital. The city, which is surrounded by high hills, presented a
great obstacle for the attackers. General Medina Barrón, in charge of the defenses
of the city, placed the artillery of the federal army on the top of two of the highest
hills: La Bufa and El Grillo.
Felipe Ángeles arrived in Calera (25 kilometers from Zacatecas) on June 19, 1914
and went out to recognize the land for the battle. Francisco Villa appeared in the
vicinity of the city on June 22, and ordered that the offensive begin at 10 a.m. the
next day.
As planned, the Villistas attacked the federal positions in the hills of La Bufa, El
Grillo, La Sierpe, Loreto and La Tierra Negra, while forty guns supported the
deployment of the infantry that ascended the hills surrounding the city.
Around 05:40 in the afternoon the federal troops began to abandon their positions
and flee in a disorganized way, shortly after the revolutionaries took the hills of La
Bufa and El Grillo, advancing later on the city. Villa's troops killed a large number of
soldiers trying to flee, accounting for five thousand deaths on the federal side,
three thousand on the revolutionary side.
Despite the victory, Villa could not be the first to arrive in the capital because
Carranza blocked the coal shipments to the Northern Division, which was
necessary to feed the Villa railroads.
On the other hand, Obregón went down through Sinaloa and Jalisco, occupying
Guadalajara, from where he went to the center of the country. González went down
to Monterrey, Tampico, San Luis Potosi and Querétaro, and with these advances
the movement stopped being exclusive to the north of the country and covered
practically half of the national territory, which at the same time caused other social
sectors to join. In addition, as the revolutionary forces advanced, they had to
establish various pacts with the locals in exchange for support, so they made
worker and agrarian decrees.
 Year 1914
Revolutionary triumph and
Factional Warfare
On July 14, 1914 Huerta fled the capital and the next day, July 15, presented his
resignation to Congress. He moved to Havana, Cuba, and from there to the United
States, where he was arrested and sent to the prison in El Paso, Texas, where he
died in 1916.
Francisco Carvajal, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, was at the head of the
government with the task of handing over the capital to the revolutionary forces
and negotiating the surrender of the federal forces. Carvajal requested the
mediation of the United States, to which Carranza refused. After talks between the
government and Carrancistas, on August 14 of that same year, the Teoloyucan
Treaties were signed, formally presenting the unconditional surrender of the federal
army.
After the resignation of Huerta the capital was quickly occupied by the
Constitutionalist Army that same July 15. Venustiano Carranza arrived in the city
accompanied by Álvaro Obregón on August 20 and took political and military
command.
The fact that Carranza had denied him the possibility of entering the capital and
that he had not invited him to sign the Treaties of Teoloyucan created a strong
malaise in Francisco Villa, for which several generals tried to reach a peaceful
settlement. A meeting was then held, the result of which was reflected in the Pact
of Torreón, in which it was agreed that Carranza would remain the First Chief, the
North Division would have the same rank as that of the Northeast and Northwest,
and Felipe Ángeles would serve also like head of all the Constitutionalist Army.
Shortly after, Carranza summoned the governors and generals to a convention, in
which a revolutionary program had to be drawn up.
 Year 1914
Convention of Aguascalientes
The opening of the Convention was held on October 1 in Mexico City and was
chaired by Luis Cabrera. Without the presence of the Villista or Zapatista
delegates, Carranza resigned during the session of the third day, although this was
not accepted by the delegates. It was also agreed that the convention should be
transferred to Aguascalientes for the purpose of assisting the Villistas and
Zapatistas, in addition to the fact that only the military and civilians participated.
The sessions were resumed on October 10 in the city of Aguascalientes, being
presided over by Antonio I. Villarreal, José Isabel Robles, Pánfilo Natera, Mateo
Almanza, Marciano González, Samuel Santos and Vito Alessio Robles. With the
relocation of the headquarters, Villa decided to send his delegates and Zapata did
the same. Carranza for his part did not attend the convention, as he believed that
Aguascalientes was threatened by Villa. Instead he went to Veracruz.
During the sessions, which lasted until November 13, the Zapatistas asked that
Carranza resign as First Chief of the revolution and that he accept to integrate the
Ayala Plan. In a letter read to those present by Álvaro Obregón, Carranza claimed
to agree to renounce Villa and Zapata were withdrawing from public life and
renounced the election of their respective armies. The Convention appointed
Eulalio Gutiérrez interim president. Upon hearing of the appointment on November
10, Carranza ignored the agreement of the Convention and his right to appoint
president, declaring that Gutiérrez was a spurious president.
The Carrancista forces left the capital at the same time the Zapatistas entered.
Days later Villa's forces arrived, meeting both generals and signing the Xochimilco
Pact, which basically constituted an alliance against Carranza.134 Pressed by Villa
and Zapata, Gutiérrez could not govern, and on January 16 left the capital He tried
to establish his government in San Luis Potosí, although shortly afterwards he
resigned definitively. Roque González Garza was named provisional president,
134 governing from January 17 to June 9, 1915.135
Meanwhile in Veracruz Carranza governed the country de facto: on December 12,
1914, he reformed the Guadalupe Plan and shortly thereafter, on January 6, 1915,
he enacted a series of laws drafted by Luis Cabrera.135
On June 10, Francisco Lagos Cházaro received the Executive Power from the
Convention.
 Year 1915
Triumph of constitutionalism
From the beginning of 1915 it was clear that the struggle for power would continue,
now among Carrancistas, Villistas and Zapatistas. The last two groups had by then
the advantage of having a larger army and had occupied the capital, although as
that year progressed the balance was leaning towards the carrancista side thanks
to the victories of Álvaro Obregón against the army of Francisco Villa because,
despite the agreement made in Xochimilco, there was never a real collaboration
between Villa and Zapata because the latter was aimed at maintaining isolated his
region, so he stayed on the defensive.
On April 6 of that year Villa's forces tried to take Celaya, which was under the
control of Obregón, who was able to defend the plaza, causing about 2,000
casualties on the opposing side. A week later, Villa again tried to take the square,
this time losing around 4000 soldiers and failing in its objective. These defeats
strongly weakened the Villista army, which went to Leon with the intention of
recovering its forces, in total four battles were fought in the Guanajuato basin, and
although all of them were won by Obregon, in the last one, in the town of Santa
Ana del Conde, a helmet of shrapnel wounded him in the right arm, reason why the
doctors amputated it.
 Year 1915
Battle of Columbus
In October 1915, the US president gave de facto recognition to Carrancismo,
although he conditioned such recognition to the "good behavior" that Carranza
showed toward US interests. From that moment, the relationship between Wilson
and Carranza improved, which made Villa feel betrayed by the US government, at
the same time that Carranza had accepted American conditions at the expense of
sacrificing Mexico's politics and economy.
On January 11, a group of Villista soldiers stopped a train in Santa Isabel,
Chihuahua, murdering 17 US citizens, miners and engineers who had gone to the
country at the invitation of Carranza.
Shortly before dawn on May 10, 1916, Villa attacked the town of Columbus, New
Mexico with 400 men, shouting "Viva Mexico!" And "Viva Villa!" And the barracks of
the 13th Cavalry Regiment. . During the confrontation, 7 US soldiers and 7 civilians
died, while the US side claimed to have killed between 75 and 100 Villista soldiers
on Mexican soil.
The attack to Columbus caused that the Congress of the United States gave
authorization to punish those responsible for the attack, reason why American
troops were interned in the country. In this way, a total of 5,000 soldiers under
General John J. Pershing led a punitive expedition of eleven months.
During the expedition the Americans had altercations with the civilian population,
like the one of April 12 in Parral, Chihuahua, and even with the Carrancista army,
in June of 1916 in El Carrizal.
The troops, who numbered 15,000 in Mexican territory, finally left the country in
January 1917 without being able to find Villa.
 Year 1916
Constituent Congress
Although Carranza had risen up against the Huerta government with the promise of
restoring the Constitution of 1857, he chose to draft a new constitution that would
fulfill the promises made to peasants and workers during the armed conflict, in
order to prevent the main actors will be dissatisfied and once again a social and
political instability will be created.
In December of 1916, Carranza, virtual winner of the conflict, convened a
constituent Congress formed exclusively by Carranza followers and gathered in the
city of Querétaro. This congress was held until January 31, 1917,151 during which
Carranza and his intimates -of moderate tendencies- held debates with groups of
the same constitutionalism of more progressive ideas -including those of Pastor
Rouaix and Francisco J. Múgica, among others-. Between the different currents,
the agreement to promulgate the Constitution of 1917 was finally reached.
February 5, remaining since then in the country.
Among the articles promulgated in the stand out:
 Article 3.º: The education that the State imparts must be secular, free and
obligatory.
 Article 27.º: The soil and subsoil belong to the Nation, and no religious
corporation can be proprietary.
 Article 123. º: Regulates the worker-employer relations in the country,
granting authority to the State the right to intervene in conflicts of this type.
 Article 130: Regulates the relationship Church-State, making the separation
and stipulating that religious members can not own any or participate in
internal politics.
A day later, on February 6, Carranza issued the call to hold elections in the three
levels of government, 151 which were held in March. Carranza was elected
president with 98% of the vote for the period 1917-1920 and took office on May 1
of that same year.
 Year 1917
Promulgation of the Constitution
On January 31, 1917, after two months of debates, the Constituent Assembly
closed sessions, and on February 5, the new Constitution was promulgated, with
the name Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, which reforms the
Constitution of February 5, 1857. It would enter into force on May 1 of the same
year, that same day it was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation.
Because initially the intention was to reform the current Constitution, the new
Constitution took as fundamental basis the ordinances of the 1857, especially
regarding human rights, although no longer mentioned as such, but refers to the
so-called "guarantees" individual "; He also added several points of the Program of
the Mexican Liberal Party of 1906 and many more changes to adjust to the new
social reality of the country. Finally, the project to reform the Constitution of 57
resulted in a new Constitution.
On the other hand, regarding the organic part of the Constitution, the form of
government remained republican, representative, democratic and federal. The
division of powers in Executive, Legislative and Judicial was ratified and the
Legislative one continued divided in two chambers: the Senate and the Chamber of
Deputies. The Constitution of 1857 initially eliminated the Senate, which was
reinstated in 1875.
The system of direct elections was ratified, and the presidential re-election was
decreed, the vice-presidency was definitively suppressed. Greater autonomy was
given to the Judiciary and more sovereignty to the states.
In this framework the free municipality was created, and an agrarian order was
established in the country regarding the ownership of the land. Among other
guarantees, the current constitution determines freedom of worship, free and
secular education and the maximum working day of 8 hours, and recognizes
freedom of expression and freedom of association of workers.
Despite its changes, the new Constitution left intact some positions established in
the previous Constitution, some of them related to the Judiciary.
 Year 1918
Revolutionary and
Counterrevolutionary activity
Carranza governed from 1917 to 1920, although he failed to completely pacify the
country as they continued Villista uprisings in the north, Zapatistas in the south,
another counterrevolutionary movement by Felix Diaz that lasted until the mid-
1920s, as well as other rebellions in Chiapas, Oaxaca and Michoacán.
Broadly speaking, anti-racist movements can be divided into 3 groups: the anti-
constitutionalist revolutionaries, where the Villistas, the Zapatistas, the cedillistas in
San Luis Potosí, the Sandistas, located in the state of Tlaxcala, and the
Calimayoristas in Chiapas stand out; the counterrevolutionaries, among whom are
the Pelaecists, who were located on the upper coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the
Felicistas, who supported Felix Diaz during his incursion into the country through
Tamaulipas and later followed him through Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Guatemala; I
returned again for Veracruz, in a campaign that lasted until the mid-1920s, the
sovereigners, who operated in Oaxaca and whose main leaders were José Inés
Dávila and Guillermo Meixueiro, rackets and pinedistas, commonly known as
farmers and operating in the state of Chiapas , and the aguilaristas, who were in
Oaxaca.
Finally they were also raised without flags, such as the altamiranistas, cintoristas
and chavistas, who operated in the state of Michoacán but were finally defeated on
January 8, 1918 in the small municipality of Huandacareo of the same state with
only 83 men strategically placed in the village.
 Year 1919
Murder of Zapata and Carranza
To put an end to the Zapata movement, Carranza commissioned General Pablo
González Garza to carry out a campaign to exterminate the population. The
precarious situations of the inhabitants, attenuated by famines and epidemics, also
decimated the population but the Zapatista movement persisted, so Gonzalez
hatched a plan. Jesús María Guajardo, an assistant colonel of González, being
drunk or pretending to be, attacked Carranza and González, making sure that a
Zapatista prisoner listened to him and later allowed him to flee.
When Zapata heard what Guajardo said, he invited him to join their ranks. After a
series of negotiations and that Guajardo ordered the assassination of several
former Zapatistas who had joined the Carrancistas as a demonstration of their
alleged intentions, a meeting was arranged to seal the supposed alliance in the
Chinameca ranch on April 10 of 1919.
When Zapata crossed the gate, a bugle played the greeting and the ten soldiers of
the honor guard, who presented weapons, shot him simultaneously. Guajardo was
promoted to general and received from Carranza 50,000 pesos for outstanding
services in the exercise of his military functions.
At the time the presidential succession was near, Carranza favored Ignacio
Bonillas as his successor and tried to accuse Obregón of conspiracy, which
caused discomfort in Plutarco Elías Calles, Obregón and Adolfo de la Huerta, who
proclaimed the Plan de Agua Prieta, document through which they ignored the
constitutionalist government and proclaimed the sovereignty of the state of Sonora.
Faced with the impossibility of successfully confronting and defending the capital
before the imminent attack of the Sonora group, Carranza headed to Veracruz with
furniture from the National Palace, machines for printing money and the national
treasury, during which he was ambushed and killed in Tlaxcalantongo. , Puebla,
May 21, 1920.
 Year 1920
Interim Presidency of Adolfo de la
Huerta
After the death of Carranza, Adolfo de la Huerta was appointed by the Congress of
the Union, provisional president on June 1of 1920. During his tenure Francisco
Villa left the military life to sign the Conventions of Sabinas on July 28 of 1920, with
which he was granted the hacienda of Canutillo, in Chihuahua, where he retired to
work in the fields, in September he called for elections, 163 in which Álvaro
Obregón was elected to assume the presidency on April 1. December of that year.
On July 20, 1923 Francisco Villa, accompanied by Colonel Miguel Trillo, Rafael
Medrano and Claro Hurtado, as well as his assistant, Daniel Tamayo, was
ambushed by Jesús Salas Barraza at the entrance of Parral, the leader dying at
8:15 a.m. the morning in the place Ramón Contreras, also a member of his
personal guard, was the only one who survived.
To date, the true causes of his murder have been speculated, although this is
usually attributed to orders from Obregon or Calles.
 Year 1920
Presidencies of Álvaro Obregón and
Plutarco Elías Calles
Obregón was president between 1920 and 1924. De la Huerta wanted to be
elected president again, but when Obregon favored Plutarco Elías Calles ignored
the government, which triggered the so-called delahuertista rebellion, which was
supported by two thirds of the national army . The movement failed and on March
11, 1924 De la Huerta left the country, exiling in Los Angeles, California.

Plutarco Elías Calles was appointed president for the period from 1924 to 1928,
taking office on December 1. During the last two years of his government the
internal situation of the country became critical due to the position of Calles
regarding the Catholic Church, which led to the emergence of an armed movement
known as the Cristero War. Shortly before the end of his term, articles 13 and 82
were reformed, which would make it possible for Obregon to be elected president
again.In the elections held on July 1, 1928, Obregón was victorious by a wide
margin, but before Assuming the presidency was assassinated in a restaurant in
Mexico City by José de León Toral, a Catholic fanatic.

After the death of Obregón, Calles gave a public speech in which he assured that
the stage of the caudillos was coming to an end and that of the institutions began.
In 1929 he founded the National Revolutionary Party, later called the Party of the
Mexican Revolution and finally the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which
governed the country for 70 years.
 General High School
´´Centenario Lomas´´

Project
Anthology of the Mexican
Revolution

Students
Ortega Vázquez Gustavo
Hernández Gastelum Omar

Matter: English III

Teacher:manuel

23/March/2018