StructAeroBeamsPart2 PDF

University of Liège
Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering
Aircraft Structures
Beams – Torsion & Section Idealization
Ludovic Noels
Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials – CM3

http://www.ltas-cm3.ulg.ac.be/
Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B4000 Liège
L.Noels@ulg.ac.be
Elasticity
• Balance of body B
– Momenta balance
• Linear T
• Angular
– Boundary conditions
• Neumann b
• Dirichlet
n
• Small deformations with linear elastic, homogeneous & isotropic material
– (Small) Strain tensor , or
– Hooke’s law , or
with
– Inverse law l = K - 2m/3 2m
with
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 2

Pure bending: linear elasticity summary
• General expression for unsymmetrical beams z
– Stress q
With a y
Mxx
– Curvature
– In the principal axes Iyz = 0
• Euler-Bernoulli equation in the principal axis
– for x in [0 L]
z f(x) Tz
Mxx
uz =0 x
– BCs duz /dx =0 M>0
L
– Similar equations for uy

Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary
• General relationships z f(x) Tz
Mxx
uz =0 x
– duz /dx =0 M>0
• Two problems considered L
– Thick symmetrical section h
• Shear stresses are small compared to bending stresses if h/L << 1

– Thin-walled (unsymmetrical) sections L
• Shear stresses are not small compared to bending stresses
• Deflection mainly results from bending stresses t
h
• 2 cases
– Open thin-walled sections
» Shear = shearing through the shear center + torque
– Closed thin-walled sections
» Twist due to shear has the same expression as torsion

• Shearing of symmetrical thick-section beams z
z
– Stress b(z)
h
y t
h
• With t
• Accurate only if h > b t

A*
– Energetically consistent averaged shear strain z Tz+ ∂xTz dx
• with g dx x
g
• Shear center on symmetry axes Tz gmax
– Timoshenko equations dx
• & z qy
qy x
• On [0 L]: g

• Shearing of open thin-walled section beams Tz
z
– Shear flow
y
•
S C Ty
q
z
s
y
• In the principal axes Tz Ty x
Ty
– Shear center S
Tz
• On symmetry axes
• At walls intersection z
• Determined by momentum balance
h C
– Shear loads correspond to y
t
t
• Shear loads passing through the shear center & t
S
• Torque b

z Tz
• Shearing of closed thin-walled section beams
– Shear flow
• Ty
• Open part (for anticlockwise of q, s) T y
C
p
q s
z Tz
• Constant twist part
• The completely around integrals are related to the Ty

closed part of the section, but if there are open parts, T y
their contributions have been taken in qo(s)
C dAh ds
p
q s

• Shearing of closed thin-walled section beams z Tz
– Warping around twist center R
•
Ty
T y
C dAh ds
• With
p
– ux(0)=0 for symmetrical section if origin on q s
the symmetry axis
z Tz
– Shear center S
• Compute q for shear passing thought S
• Use
S y
C
p ds
With point S=T q s

Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
• General relationships
– We have seen ss + ∂sss ds q + ∂sq ds
• sxx + ∂xsxx dx
q + ∂xq dx x
ds
s
dx
• q
sxx q ss
Mx
– If the section is closed

• Bredt assumption for closed sections:
Stresses are constant on t, and if there is
only a constant torque applied then ss = sxx = 0
z
y
Constant shear flow (not shear stress)
x Mx

z
• Torque
– As q due to torsion is constant
•
Mx y
• Displacements C dAh ds
– It has been established that p
q s
•
• So in linear elasticity
n
– But for pure torsion q is constant dux x

ds
dus
• Remark mt is not constant along s s
dx
but it is assumed constant along x
• As sxx= ss =0

z
• Displacements (2)
– It has been established that for a twist around
the twist center R
us
R q
pR Y
y
– As
C p
for all values of s (so all value of Y )

• The only possible solution is
, &
– So displacement fields related to torsion are linear with x

z
• Rate of twist
– Use
• Relation us
developed for shearing, but with q due
R q
pR Y
to torsion constant on s y
• Torque expression C p
– Twist
• constant with x
– Torsion rigidity
•
• Torsion second moment of area for constant m :

z
• Warping
– Use
• Relation us
R q
pR Y
y
developed for shearing, but with q due C p
to torsion constant on s
• Swept from twist center R
• Torque expression
– Warp displacement
•

• Twist & Warping under pure torsion
– Twist
– Warp
– Deformation
• Plane surfaces are no longer plane
• It has been assumed they keep the same
projected shape + linear rotation
• Longitudinal strains are equal to zero
– All sections possess identical warping
– Longitudinal generators keep the same
length although subjected to axial
displacement

• Zero warping under pure torsion z
– Warp
us
– Zero warping condition requires
R q
pR Y
• for all values of s y
C p
• As right member is constant the condition of zero warping
is constant with respect to s

• Solutions at constant shear modulus
– Circular pipe of constant thickness
– Triangular section of constant t
(pR is the radius of the inscribed circle which
R
origin coincides with the twist center)
– Rectangular section with th b = tb h

z
• Example
– Doubly symmetrical rectangular closed section
B A
– Constant shear modulus th
Mx y
C
– Twist rate? h
C D
tb b
– Warping distribution?

z
• Twist rate
– As the section is doubly symmetrical, the twist
B A
center is also the section centroid C th
C Mx y
– Twist rate h
C D
tb b
•
– For a beam of length L and constant section
• Torsion rigidity

z
• Warping
– As the section is doubly symmetrical, the twist
B A
center is also the section centroid C th
C Mx s y
– Warping
E
• It can be set up to 0 at point E h
C D
tb
– By symmetry it will be equal to zero wherever b
a symmetry axis intercept the wall
• &
• On part EA
– &

z
• Warping (2)
– On part EA
B A
th
C Mx s y
E
h
C D
tb b
– So using symmetry and as distribution is linear z
C y
• Zero warping if b th = h tb x
Mx

Torsion of thick section
• Torsion of a thick section
Mx
– The problem can be solved explicitly by
recourse to a stress function
– Hydrodynamic analogy
• Shear stresses have the same expression
z
than the velocity in a rotational flow in a box
of same section
y
z z Mx
x
t Mx y
t Mx y
C C

• Torsion of a thick circular section
z
– Exact solution of the problem
• By symmetry there is no warping
sections remain plane Mx
t y
C
– In linear elasticity r
• Shear stresses
• Torque
• Torsion rigidity
– At constant shear modulus (required for symmetry):

– For circular cross sections (only) Ip=IT
• Maximum shear stress

• Torsion of a rectangular section
z
– Exact solution of the problem with stress function
• Assumptions
h
– Linear elasticity
tmax Mx y
– Constant shear modulus
C
• Maximum stress at mid position of larger edge
• Torsion rigidity (constant m) b
– h/b 1 1.5 2 4 ∞
a 0.208 0.231 0.246 0.282 1/3
b 0.141 0.196 0.229 0.281 1/3
• Approximation for h>>b
– &

• Torsion of a rectangular section (2)
z
– Warping
• As q h
t y
• For a rigid rotation (first order approximation) C
• For a thin rectangular section

– &
–
– Doubly symmetrical section

Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Rectangle approximation of open thin-walled
z
section beams
– Thin rectangle
• &
h
• For constant shear modulus
t Mx y
C z
• Warping
s
– Thin curved section n
Mx
• If t << curvature an approximate solution is
t t yt
t
– C
–
t
– Open section composed of thin rectangles t z
3
• Same approximation l3
– t2 y
l2
– t1
l1

• Warping n
– Warping around s-axis
dux x
• Thin rectangle
ds
dus
• Here Ci are not equal to 0 s
dx
• Part around s-axis
– Warping of the s-line (n=0)
• We found z
• If R is the twist center
– s
Mx n
pR t yt
t
R C
q
– As txs(n=0) = 0
us
t
• Eventually s-axis warp (usually the larger)

• Example z’ z tf = 1.5 mm
– U open section
– Constant shear modulus (25 GPa)

Mx y’ y
– Torque of 10 N.m S C
h = 50 mm tw = 2.5 mm
– Maximum shear stress?
tf = 1.5 mm
– Warping distribution?
b = 25 mm

• Maximum shear stress z’ z tf = 1.5 mm
– Torsion second moment of area
Mx y’ y
S C
h = 50 mm tw = 2.5 mm
– Twist rate tf = 1.5 mm
b = 25 mm
– Maximum shear stress reached in web

• Twist center z’ z tf = 1.5 mm
Tz
– Zero-warping point
– Free ends so the shear center S corresponds
to twist center R Mx y’ y
• See lecture on structural discontinuities
S C
– By symmetry, lies on Oy axis
h = 50 mm tw = 2.5 mm
– Apply Shear Tz to obtained y’S
tf = 1.5 mm
– Shear flow for symmetrical section
• b = 25 mm
• With

• Twist center (2) z’ z tf = 1.5 mm
Tz
– Shear flow for symmetrical section (2)
•
Mx y’ y
• On lower flange O’
S C
– h = 50 mm tw = 2.5 mm
tf = 1.5 mm
b = 25 mm
• Momentum due to shear flow s
– Zero web contribution around O’
– Top and lower flanges have the same contribution
• Moment balance
• Be carefull: clockwise orientation of q, s

• Warping of s-axis z’ z
B
– A
– Origin in O’ as by symmetry ux(O’)=0 ARp
• On O’A branch Mx s
y’ y
– Area swept is positive
S O’ C
h = 50 mm
– At point A
b = 25 mm
z’ z
B
• On AB branch A
– Area swept is negative ARp
Mx s
y’ y
S O’ C
h = 50 mm
b = 25 mm
• Warping of s-axis (2) z’ z
B
– A
– Origin in O’ as by symmetry ux(O’)=0 (2) ARp
• On AB branch Mx s
y’ y
– Area swept is negative O’
S C
h = 50 mm
b = 25 mm
– At point B
• Branches for z’<0 obtained by symmetry

• Warping of s-axis (3)
– On O’A branch
z
– On AB branch
– Branches for z’<0 obtained by symmetry

y
S C
Mx
x

Combined open and closed section beams
• Wing section near an undercarriage bay z
– Bending
• There was no assumption on section shape
• Use same formula
y
– Shearing
C
• Shear center has to be evaluated for
the complete section
• Shearing results into a shear load passing
through this center & a torque
• Shear flow has different expression in open
& closed parts of the section
– Torsion
• Rigidity of open section can be neglected most of the time
• But stress in open section can be high

• Example z’
– Simply symmetrical section

– Constant thickness z
bf = 0.1 m
– Shear stress? y’
hf = 0.1 m
O’
hb = 0.2 m
C
Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
bb = 0.2 m

• Centroid
– By symmetry, on O’z’ axis
– z’C ?
•
z’
z
bf = 0.1 m
y’
hf = 0.1 m
O’
hb = 0.2 m
C
Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
bb = 0.2 m
• Second moment of area
– As z’C = -0.075 m
–
z’
z
bf = 0.1 m
y’
hf = 0.1 m
O’
hb = 0.2 m
C
Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
bb = 0.2 m
• Shear flow
– As Ixy = 0 & as shear center on Cz
z
• bf = 0.1 m
hf = 0.1 m
with B C’ O’ F G
y
hb = 0.2 m
• At A & H shear stress has to be zero q s C
H
– If origin on A, q(0) = 0 A
– Corresponds to an open section
Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
– Branch AB D I
E
bb = 0.2 m

• Shear flow (2)
– Branch BC’
•
z
bf = 0.1 m
– Branches FG & GH
hf = 0.1 m
• By symmetry B C’ O’ F G
y
hb = 0.2 m
q s C
H
A
Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
D I
E
bb = 0.2 m

• Shear flow (3)
– Closed part:
• With &
– Let us fix the origin at O’

• By symmetry q(0) = 0 (if not the formula would have required anticlockwise s, q)
q = qo(s)
– Branch O’F
z
B C’ O’ s F G
y
hb = 0.2 m
q
C
H
A
Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
D I
E
bb = 0.2 m

• Shear flow (4) z
– Branch FE
• Shear flux should be conserved B C’ O’ s F G
at point F y
hb = 0.2 m
q
C s H
A
Tz = 100 kN
• Shear flux on branch D I
E
bb = 0.2 m

• Shear flow (5)
– Branch EI
•
– Other branches by symmetry
B C’ O’ s F G
y
hb = 0.2 m
q
C s H
A
Tz = 100 kN
D
E
I

• Shear flow (6)
– Remark, if symmetry had not been used, shear stress at O’ should be
computed (but require anticlockwise s and q for these signs of yT & zT)
•
z
– With
• pO’F = pC’O’ & qO’F = -qC’O’ &

B C’ O’ s F G
dsO’F = dsC’O’ y
hb = 0.2 m
q
C s H
A
• etc Tz = 100 kN
D
E
I
z
• Example Ac = 0.02 m2
– Closed nose cell tb = 2 mm
tc = 1.5
• 0.02 m2 – area
h = 0.3 m
mm tc = 1.5
• 0.9 m – outer length y
mm
– Open bay l = 0.9 m C
Mx tb = 2 mm
– Constant shear modulus
bb = 0.6 m
m = 25 GPa
– Torque 10 kN.m
– Twist rate?
– Shear stress?

z
• Twist rate Ac = 0.02 m2
– As an approximation the tb = 2 mm
tc = 1.5
2 torsion rigidities are added
h = 0.3 m
mm tc = 1.5
– Cell y
mm
• Closed section with constant m l = 0.9 m C
Mx tb = 2 mm
– bb = 0.6 m
– Bay
• Open section with constant m
– Twist rate
•

z
• Shear stress Ac = 0.02 m2
– Cell t tb = 2 mm
tc = 1.5
• Closed section ( )
h = 0.3 m
mm tc = 1.5 y
• mm
l = 0.9 m C
Mx tb = 2 mm
t bb = 0.6 m
•
– Bay
• Open section ( )

Structural idealization
• Example 2-spar wing (one cell)
– Stringers to stiffen thin skins
– Angle section form spar flanges
• Design stages
– Conceptual
• Define the plane configuration
– Span, airfoil profile, weights, …
• Analyses should be fast and simple
– Formula, statistics, …
– Preliminary design
• Starting point: conceptual design
• Define more variables
– Number of stringers, stringer area, …
• Analyses should remain fast and simple
– Use beam idealization
» See today
– FE model of thin structures
» See next lectures
– Detailed design
• All details should be considered (rivets, …)
• Most accurate analyses (3D, non-linear, FE)
Wing section idealization
• Principle of idealization
– Booms
• Stringers, spar flanges, …
– Have small sections compared to airfoil
– Direct stress due to wing bending is
almost constant in each of these
– They are replaced by concentrated area
called booms
• Booms
– Have their centroid on the skin
– Are carrying most direct stress due
to beam bending
– Skin
• Skin is essentially carrying shear stress
• It can be assumed
– That skin is carrying only shear stress
– If direct stress carrying capacity of skin is
reported to booms by appropriate
modification of their area

b
• Panel idealization z
– Skin panel
• Thickness tD, width b
• Carrying direct stress linearly distributed y
tD
– Replaced by
• Skin without thickness
• 2 booms of area A1 and A2 x sxx2
sxx 1
– Booms’ area depending on loading

• Moment around boom 2
b
z
A1 A2
• Total axial loading y
x sxx2
sxx 1

• Example
– 2-cell box wing section ta = 2 mm
hr = 0.2 m
tb = 1.5 mm
hl = 0.4 m
– Simply symmetrical
– Angle section of 300 mm2
tl = 3 mm tm = 2.5 mm tr = 2 mm
lb = 0.6 m
la = 0.6 m
– Idealization of this section
z
to resist to bending moment? A1
A2 A3
• Bending moment along y-axis
ta = 2 mm
hr = 0.2 m
• 6 direct-stress carrying tb = 1.5 mm
hl = 0.4 m
booms y
• Shear-stress-only carrying tl = 3 mm tm = 2.5 mm tr = 2 mm
skin panels A5
A6 A4
lb = 0.6 m
la = 0.6 m

• Booms’ area A1
z
A2
– Bending moment A3
• Along y-axis ta = 2 mm
hr = 0.2 m
tb = 1.5 mm
hl = 0.4 m
• Stress proportional to z y
stress distribution is
linear on each section edge tl = 3 mm tm = 2.5 mm tr = 2 mm
– Contributions A6
A5
A4
• Flange(s)’ area lb = 0.6 m
• Reported skin parts la = 0.6 m
– Use formula for linear distribution
•

Section idealization consequences
• Consequence on bending
– Idealization depends on the loading case
• Booms area are dependent on the loading case
– Direct stress due to bending is carried by booms only
• For bending the axial load is equal to zero
• But direct stress depends on the distance z from neutral axis
– It can be concluded that for open or closed sections, the position of the
neutral axis, and thus the second moments of area
• Refer to the direct stress carrying area only
• Depend on the loading case only

• Example z
– Idealized fuselage section A1 = 640 mm2 z’1 = 1.2 m
• Simply symmetrical A2 = 600 mm2 z’2 = 1.14 m
• Direct stress carrying booms A3 = 600 mm2 z’3 = 0.960 m
• Shear stress carrying skin panels
– Subjected to a bending moment A4 = 600 mm2 z’4 = 0.768 m
A5 = 620 mm2 My z’5 = 0.565 ym
• My = 100 kN.m
– Stress in each boom? C
A6 = 640 mm2 z’ z’6 = 0.336 m
A7 = 640 mm2 z’7 = 0.144 m
A8 = 850 mm2 z’8 = 0.038 m
A9 = 640 mm2 O’ y’

• Centroid z
– Of idealized section A1 = 640 mm2 z’1 = 1.2 m
A2 = 600 mm2 z’2 = 1.14 m
A3 = 600 mm2 z’3 = 0.960 m
A4 = 600 mm2 z’4 = 0.768 m
A5 = 620 mm2 My z’5 = 0.565 ym
C
A6 = 640 mm2 z’ z’6 = 0.336 m
A7 = 640 mm2 z’7 = 0.144 m
A8 = 850 mm2 z’8 = 0.038 m
A9 = 640 mm2 O’ y’

• Second moment of area z
– Of idealized section A1 = 640 mm2 z’1 = 1.2 m
A2 = 600 mm2 z’2 = 1.14 m
A3 = 600 mm2 z’3 = 0.960 m
A4 = 600 mm2 z’4 = 0.768 m
A5 = 620 mm2 My z’5 = 0.565 ym
C
A6 = 640 mm2 z’ z’6 = 0.336 m
A7 = 640 mm2 z’7 = 0.144 m
A8 = 850 mm2 z’8 = 0.038 m
A9 = 640 mm2 O’ y’

• Stress distribution z
– Stress assumed constant in each boom A1 = 640 mm2 z’1 = 1.2 m
– As we are in the principal axes A2 = 600 mm2 z’2 = 1.14 m
A3 = 600 mm2 z’3 = 0.960 m
A4 = 600 mm2 z’4 = 0.768 m
A5 = 620 mm2 My z’5 = 0.565 ym
C
A6 = 640 mm2 z’ z’6 = 0.336 m
A7 = 640 mm2 z’7 = 0.144 m
A8 = 850 mm2 z’8 = 0.038 m
A9 = 640 mm2 O’ y’

• Consequence on open-thin-walled section shearing
– Classical formula ss + ∂sss ds q + ∂sq ds
sxx + ∂xsxx dx
• q + ∂xq dx x
ds
s
dx
sxx q
• Results from integration of balance q ss
equation
– With
– So consequences are
• Terms & should account for the direct
stress-carrying parts only (which is not the case of shear-carrying-only skin
panels)
• Expression of the shear flux should be modified to account for discontinuities
encountered between booms and shear-carrying-only skin panels

• Consequence on open-thin-walled section shearing (2) z
– Equilibrium of a boom of an idealized section
Tz
y
x
– Lecture on beam shearing
• Direct stress reads
Ty
z
• With & dx
y
– Eventually
•
x sxx
qi+1
qi+1 qi+1 qi
(no sum on i) qi dx
qi
sxx+∂xsxx
• Consequence on open-thin-walled section shearing (3)
– Shear flow
Tz
y
Ty
dx

• Example z’ z
– Idealized U shape
• Booms of 300 mm2- area each Tz = 4.8 kN A3 A4
• Booms are carrying all the direct stress
h = 0.4 m
• Skin panels are carrying all the shear flow y’ y
– Shear load passes through the shear center S C
– Shear flow?
A2 A1
b = 0.2 m

• Shear flow
– Simple symmetry principal axes
z’ z
Tz = 4.8 kN A3 A4
– Only booms are carrying direct stress

y’ y
h = 0.4 m
S C
– Second moment of area A2 q A1
b = 0.2 m
– Shear flow

• Comparison with uniform U section
– We are actually capturing the average value in each branch
z’ z z’ z t
A3 A4 q
Tz Tz
y’ y q y’ y
S C S h O’ C
h
t
A2 q A1 t
q
b b
s

• Consequence on closed-thin-walled section shearing
– Classical formula
•
• With
• And
for anticlockwise q and s

– So consequences are the same as for open section

• Example
– Idealized wing section
• Simply symmetrical
• Skin panels are carrying all the shear flow
– Shear load passes through booms 3 & 6
– Shear flow?
Tz = 10 kN
z
z’ A3 = 400 mm2 A2 = 250 mm2
A1 = 200 mm2
hm = 0.2m
A4 = 100 mm2
y
hl = 0.1 m hr = 0.06 m
O’ C y’
A5 = A4 A8 = A1
A6 = A3 A7 = A2
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m

• Open part of shear flow
– Symmetrical section
• Shear center & centroid on Cy axis
• Ixy = 0 (we are in the principal axes)
• Only booms are carrying direct stress
– Second moment of area
Tz = 10 kN
z
z’ A3 = 400 mm2 A2 = 250 mm2
A1 = 200 mm2
hm = 0.2m
A4 = 100 mm2
y
hl = 0.1 m hr = 0.06 m
O’ C y’
A5 = A4 A8 = A1
A6 = A3 A7 = A2
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m

Tz = 10 kN
• Open part of shear flow (2) z
– Choose (arbitrarily) the origin z’ A3 = 400 mm2 A2 = 250 mm2
between boom 2 and 3 A1 = 200 mm2
A4 = 100 mm2 s 0
hm = 0.2m
y
hl = 0.1 m hr = 0.06 m
O’ C y’
A5 = A4 A8 = A1
A6 = A3 A7 = A2
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m

• Open part of shear flow (3)
– Choose (arbitrarily) the origin between boom 2 and 3 (2)
z
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
qo=18 kN.m-1
4
hm = 0.2m
1
hl = 0.1 m y
kN.m-1 hr = 0.06 m qo=22.4 kN.m-1
-qo=32.5 O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 qo=18 kN.m-1
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m

• Constant part of shear flow
– (anticlockwise s, q)
– If origin is chosen at point O’

• With
&
z
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
qo=18 kN.m-1
4
hm = 0.2m
1
hl = 0.1 m y
-qo=32.5 kN.m-1 hr = 0.06 m qo=22.4 kN.m-1
O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 qo=18 kN.m-1
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m
• Constant part of shear flow (2)
–
z
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
qo=18 kN.m-1
4
hm = 0.2m
1
hl = 0.1 m y
-qo=32.5 kN.m-1 hr = 0.06 m qo=22.4 kN.m-1
O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 qo=18 kN.m-1
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m
• Total shear flow
–
z
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
qo=18 kN.m-1
4
hm = 0.2m
1
hl = 0.1 m y
-qo=32.5 kN.m-1 hr = 0.06 m qo=22.4 kN.m-1
O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 qo=18 kN.m-1
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m
z
-q=34.2 kN.m-1 -q=5.3 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
q=12.7 kN.m-1
4 1
y
kN.m-1 q=17.1 kN.m-1
-q=37.8 O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 q=12.7 kN.m-1
-q=34.2 kN.m-1
-q=5.3 kN.m-1

• Consequence on torsion
– If no axial constraint
• Torsion analysis does not involve axial stress
• So torsion is unaffected by the structural idealization

Exercise: Structural idealization
• Box section
– Arrangement of
• Direct stress carrying booms positioned at the four corners and
• Panels which are assumed to carry only shear stresses
• Constant shear modulus
– Shear centre?
10 mm
8 mm
Angles Angles
10 mm 60 x 50 x 10 mm 50 x 40 x 8 mm 300 mm
10 mm
500 mm

References
• Lecture notes
– Aircraft Structures for engineering students, T. H. G. Megson, Butterworth-
Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier Science, 2003, ISBN 0 340 70588 4
• Other references
– Books
• Mécanique des matériaux, C. Massonet & S. Cescotto, De boek Université, 1994,
ISBN 2-8041-2021-X

• As shear center lies on Oy by symmetry we consider TZ
– Section is required to resist bending moments in a vertical plane
– Direct stress at any point is directly proportional to the distance from the
horizontal axis of symmetry, i.e. axis y
– The distribution of direct stress in all the panels will be linear so that we can
use the relation below
z Tz
1 2
yT
b 300 mm
z O S y
A1 A2 3
4 500 mm
y
x sxx2
sxx 1
– In addition to contributions from adjacent panels, booms areas include the
existing spar flanges
• Booms area
z Tz
10 mm 1 2
yT
Angles 8 mm
60 x 50 x 10 mm 300 mm
10 mm 300 mm
Angles O S y
10 mm 50 x 40 x 8 mm
4 500 mm 3
500 mm
– By symmetry
• A3 = A2 = 3540 mm2
• A4 = A1 = 4000 mm2

• Shear flow z Tz
– Booms area 1 2
• A3 = A2 = 3540 mm2 yT
• A4 = A1 = 4000 mm2
300 mm
– By symmetry Iyz = 0 O S y
4 500 mm 3
As only booms resist direct stress

• Open shear flow z Tz
1 s 2
–
yT
300 mm
O S y
>0
4 500 mm 3

• Constant shear flow
– Load through the shear center z Tz
1 s 2
no torsion
yT
-1.77 x 10-3 Tz
1.57 x 10-3 Tz
300 mm
O S y
>0
4 500 mm 3
• With
and

• Total shear flow
z Tz
1 s 2
yT
-1.77 x 10-3 Tz
1.57 x 10-3 Tz
300 mm
O S y
>0
4 500 mm 3
z Tz -0.034 x 10-3 Tz
1 2
yT
-1.804 x Tz10-3 1.536 x 10-3 Tz
300 mm
O S y
>0
4 500 mm 3
-0.034 x 10-3 Tz
• Shear center
– Moment around O
• Due to shear flow
• Should be balanced by the external loads
z Tz -0.034 x 10-3 Tz
1 2
yT
-1.804 x 10-3
Tz 1.536 x 10-3 Tz
300 mm
O S y
>0
4 500 mm 3
-0.034 x 10-3 Tz

Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
z
• Twist due to torsion
– As torsion analysis remains valid for idealized section,
one could use the twist rate
• Closed section
Mx y
C dAh ds
p
• Open section q s
– In general
– How can we compute deflection for other loading cases?

• Symmetrical bending z Mz
– For pure bending we found
– Therefore the virtual work reads
a y
x
• My
– Let us assume Cz symmetrical axis, Mz= 0 & pure bending (My constant)
• Consider a unit applied moment, and s(1) the corresponding stress distribution
• The energetically conjugated displacement (angle for bending) can be found by

integrating the strain distribution multiplied by the unit-loading stress distribution

• Virtual displacement z
– Expression for pure bending My
x
Dqy = -uz,x(L)
My
– In linear elasticity the general formula of virtual
displacements reads
• s (1) is the stress distribution corresponding to a (unit) load P(1)

• DP is
– The energetically conjugated displacement to P
– In the direction of P(1)
– Corresponds to the strain distribution e

z Tz
• Symmetrical bending due to extremity loading
uz =0 x
– Example Cz symmetrical axis, Mz= 0 & duz /dx =0 M>0
bending due to extremity load
L
•
• Case of a semi-cantilever beam
• Eventually
• s (1) is the stress distribution corresponding to a (unit) load Tz(1)

• Duz is the energetically conjugated displacement to Tz in the direction of Tz(1) that
corresponds to the strain distribution e

• General pure bending z Mz
– If neutral axis is a-inclined
a y
•
x My
• With
z
q
• It has been shown that
a y
Mxx
– Eventually, as M is constant with x
•
Mz
z y
My Mz Dqz = uy,x(L)
x
x
Dqy = -uz,x(L)
My

• General bending due to extremity loading
– Bending moment depends on x
Ty
•
y
Duy
• Integration by parts
x
Tz
z
Duz
x
• Semi-cantilever beam

• General bending due to extremity loading (2)
– Virtual displacement method
•
• With s(1) due to the (unit) moments M(1) resulting from the unit extremity loading
• With DPu displacement in the direction of the unit extremity loading

and corresponding to the strain distribution
Ty Tz
y z
Duy Duz
x x

• General bending due to extremity loading (3)
– Virtual displacement method (2)
• After developments, and if DPu is the displacement in the direction of T(1) = 1
• In the principal axes Iyz = 0

• Shearing
– Internal energy variation
•
z
– Variation of the work of external forces Tz
g dx x
•
g
gmax
• Defining the average deformation of a section
– See use of A’ for thick beams
– Vectorial value
– Applied shear loading

• Shearing (2)
– Virtual work
• With DTu the average deflection of the section in the direction of the applied unit
shear load
• With q(1) the shear flux distribution resulting from this applied unit shear load
• With q the shear flux distribution corresponding to the deflection DTu
• {q(0)} meaning only for closed sections

• Example z’ z
– Idealized U shape
• Booms of 300-mm2- area each Tz = 4.8 kN A3 A4
h = 0.4 m
• Skin panels are carrying all the shear flow y’ y
• Actual skin thickness is 1 mm
S C
– Beam length of 2 m
• Shear load passes through the shear center
at one beam extremity A2 A1
• Other extremity is clamped
– Material properties b = 0.2 m
• E = 70 GPa z Tz
• m = 30 GPa uz =0 x
– Deflection ? duz /dx =0 M>0

• Shear flow (already solved)
– Simple symmetry principal axes
z’ z
Tz = 4.8 kN A3 A4
– Only booms are carrying direct stress

y’ y
h = 0.4 m
S C
– Second moment of area A2 q A1
b = 0.2 m
– Shear flow

• Unit shear flow
– Same argumentation as before but with Tz = 1 N
z’ z
Tz A3 A4
y’ y
h = 0.4 m
S C
A2 q A1
b = 0.2 m
• Displacement due to shearing

–

• Bending
z Tz
– Moment due to extremity load
uz =0 x
•
duz /dx =0 M>0
L
– Deflection due to extremity load
• In the principal axes
• Total deflection
– No torsion as shear load passes through the shear center
–

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University of Liège

Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering

Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials – CM3

– (Small) Strain tensor , or

– Inverse law l = K - 2m/3 2m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 2

– In the principal axes Iyz = 0

• Euler-Bernoulli equation in the principal axis

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 3

• Two problems considered L

– Thick symmetrical section h

• Shear stresses are small compared to bending stresses if h/L << 1

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 4

• Accurate only if h > b t

• Shear center on symmetry axes Tz gmax

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 5

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 6

• The completely around integrals are related to the Ty

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 7

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 8

– If the section is closed

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 9

– But for pure torsion q is constant dux x

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 10

for all values of s (so all value of Y )

– So displacement fields related to torsion are linear with x

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 11

• Torsion second moment of area for constant m :

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 12

• Swept from twist center R

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 13

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 14

• As right member is constant the condition of zero warping

is constant with respect to s

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 15

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 16

– For a beam of length L and constant section

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 17

a symmetry axis intercept the wall

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 18

– So using symmetry and as distribution is linear z

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 19

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 20

– At constant shear modulus (required for symmetry):

• Maximum shear stress

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 21

• Torsion rigidity (constant m) b

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 22

• For a thin rectangular section

– Doubly symmetrical section

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 23

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 24

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 25

– Constant shear modulus (25 GPa)

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 26

– Torsion second moment of area

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 27

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 28

• Be carefull: clockwise orientation of q, s

• Branches for z’<0 obtained by symmetry

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 31

– Branches for z’<0 obtained by symmetry

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 32