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5
Wavelet Transform
WT
• OVERVIEW
❑ Fourier Analysis .
❑ its limitations.
➢ Cannot not provide simultaneous time and frequency
localization.
❑ Example in matlab
❑ Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT).
❑ Example in matlab
❑ Choosing Window W(t):STFT Window Size
The term 𝑒 −j2.πft describes sinusoidal variations in.real and complex spaces
.
1
0.5 35
0 30
-0.5 25
20
amplitude
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
15
150 10
5
100
0
20
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50 16
500
14 450
12 400
10 350
8 300
0 6
250
❑ EXAMPLE IN MATLAB :SHOW size of window.
❑ Choosing Window W(t)
2:shifting.
5.3 ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONTINUOUS WAVELET
TRANSFORM
Before introducing WT we need to take a closer look at the basic definition of “frequency”as.the.fundamental
concept.of.the.FT..We.need.to.focus.on.the.definition of frequency.at this.point.because.we are to.use.time-
limited.basis.functions for the new transform as opposed to the periodic.time-unlimited functions used in the FT.
therefore,we.need.to invent.a.new.concept that.can.represent.a.concept.similar.to.frequency
to.fnd.a.replacement.for.frequency, we need to see what.interesting features are captured by frequency
Consider.a.sinusoidal.basis.function.with.frequency.0.1.Hz..Having.a.basis.function.with.this.frequency,.another
basis.function.in.the.Fourier.decomposition.of.the.signal.would.be.the.second.harmonic.of this. basis. function,.
i.e.,. a. sinusoidal. basis function. with. frequency. 0.2.Hz..
The.Harmonic relation.among.the.basis.signals is the.fundamental.concept of signal
Transformation and decomposition. Therefore,. the. relation. among. harmonics is
something.that.we need to somehow represent by our new concept that will replace
frequency.
Replacing the time axis “t”.in.the original signal with “2t”.time.axis.results.in.the
second harmonic..This.is.essentially “scaling”.the signal
In time to.generate other basis functions.
The interesting.part.is.that unlike frequency that is defned only for periodic signals,
scale is.equally applicable to nonperiodic signals This proves that we.have found a.new
concept .i.e.,scale to replace frequency Using.scale as a variable, the new transform
which will.be based on.time-limited basis function can be meaningfully applied to both
time-unlimited and time-limited signals.
With the. introduction. provided. earlier,. we. are ready to defne the continuous.
wavelet.transform.(CWT).of.a.time.signal.x(t).as.follows:
Discrete.wavelet.transform.(DWT).accepts.continuous.signals.and.applies.only.discrete
.shifts.and.scales.to.form.the.transform..This.means.that.if.the.original.signal.
is.sampled.with.a suitable.set.of.scaling.and shifting,.the.entire.continuous.signal.
can.be.reconstructed from the DWT In.order.to.see.how this is done,.we start with
Providing the equations.for.the.DWT..Defne
where.Ψ(t).is.the.continuous.mother.wavelet,.0.≤.j.≤.N.-.1,.and.0.≤.k.≤.M.-.1..Then
the.coeffcients.of.the.DWT.are.calculated.as
In.this.equation,.c.is.a.constant.that.depends.on.the.exact.choice.of.the.mother.wavelet..
The.interesting.thing.about.this.equation.is.the.fact.that.we.can.reconstruct.the.continuos
signal.directly.from.a.set.of.discrete.coeffcients..This.capability.makes.the.DWT.and.the.
IDWT.particularly.interesting.and.useful.for.the.applications.where.a.continuous.signal.
must.be.decomposed.to.and.reconstructed.from.a.fnite.set.of.discrete.values.
A.relevant.question.at.this.point.is.how.to.choose.the.number.of.basis.functions.
for.a.given.signal..Specifcally,.how.many.shifted.and.scaled.versions.of.the.mother.
wavelet.are.needed.to.decompose.a.signal..We.start.this.discussion.by.describing the
difference.between.a.frame.and.a.basis..
This.set.can.be.minimal.or.nonminimal,.i.e.,.if.the.number.
of.basis.functions.in.the.frame.is.minimal.and.any.other.frame.would.need.the.same.
number.or.more.basis.functions,.the.frame.is.called.a.basis
To.see.the.differences.between.a.
frame.and.a.basis.more.clearly,.consider.the.energy.of.a.signal.x(t):
Now. consider. a. frame. Formed Based on the. functions.Ψjk(t) defned earlier For
such a frame,.it.can.be.proved.that.there.exist.some.bounded.positive.values.A.and.
B such.that
This.relation.intuitively.means.that.the.energy.of.the.wavelet.coeffcients.for.a.frame.
is.bounded.on.both.upper.and.lower.sides.by.the.true.energy.of.the.signal..In.the.case.
of.a.basis.(i.e.,.a.minimal.frame),.the.values.A.and.B.in.the.aforementioned.inequality.
become.the.same,.i.e.,.A.=.B..This.means.that.for.a.basis.we.have
This.indicates.the.energy.of.the.coeffcients.is.exactly.the.same.as.the.energy.of.the
signal.
Despite.the.usefulness.of.DWT.computed.from.continuous.signals,.this.transformation is
not very.popular..This.is.due.to.the.fact.that.the.original.time.signals.are.
often.discrete.and.not.continuous..As.a.result,.the.next.defnition.of.the.WT.that.is.
computed.over.discrete.signals.is.more popular.
5.4.1 Discrete wavelet transform on Discrete Signals
The question here. is. How to.form such basis sets Systematically?.. The. method.
described.next, called Mallat pyramidal algorithm or quadrature mirror filter (QMF)
allows systematic.creation.of.an.unlimited.number of orthogonal.basis.sets for.DWT.
Based.on the QMF.algorithm,.the.DWT.for.a.one-dimensional.(1-D).signal.is.
systematically.calculated as follows .Assuming.a.digital.flter.h(n),.we.form.another.
filter.g(n) as.follows:
Before.describing.the.IDWT,.let.us.answer.a.simple.but.fundamental.question
“What is the mother wavelet of the QMF algorithm?”. It seems that. we were so
emerged.in.the.description.of.the.algorithm.using.the.low-pass.flter.h(n).that.we.
did.not.notice.the.apparent absence of the.mother.wavelet.involved.in.the.process
The.QMF.is.indeed.based.on.a.mother.wavelet.that.is.represented.by.the.low-pass.
flter.h(n)..In.reality,.each.choice.of.this.flter.results.to.one.specifc.discrete.mother.
wavelet.Ψ(n).according.to.the.following.iterative.relations:
Another.question,.which.is.to.the.most.part.an.open.problem,.is.as.follows:.
“How Many decomposition levels are needed for a suitable transform?”. An. intuitive
criterion to choose.the.level of.the.decomposition.would
be.continuing.decomposition.until.the highest.known frequencies.in.the
signal.of.interest.are extracted and identified Loosely speaking,if
one.needs.to.have.more.detailed decomposition
Of the signal.in.higher.frequencies,.he or she.would.need.to.calculate.higher.levels.of.
decomposition..This simply.would.allow.more.specifc.description.of.high-frequency.
components.of.a.signal.
As. expected,. the. IDWT. is. formed. in. a. similar. multilevel. process. shown. in.
Figure.5.10
In the diagram.of.IDWT,.the.filters.h1(n).and g1(n) are defned based on h(n) and
g(n) as.follows: