Third Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

1 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Introduction –
Concept of Stress
J. Walt Oler
On successfully completion this
Texas Tech University chapter, student should be able to
define and apply basic concept of:
- Types of Stress
- Factor of Safety

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

1.1 Mechanics

Branches of mechanics

Mechanics

Rigid Bodies Deformable Bodies Thermal/Fluids

(Things that do not change shape) (Things that do change shape)

Statics Dynamics Incompressible Compressible

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Axial Loading: Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

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Axial Loading: Normal Stress – Example 1

The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.

Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is
subjected to the loading shown.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Axial Loading: Normal Stress – Example 1

Solutions

• Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Axial Loading: Normal Stress – Example 1

Solutions
• By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC  30 kN
• Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant, the largest average normal
stress is

 BC 
PBC

30 103  
 85.7 MPa (Ans)
A 0.0350.01

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Shearing Stress Examples

Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A

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Shearing Stress – Example 2

The circular punch B exerts 2 kN force on the top of plate A.
Determine the average shear stress in the plate due to this loading.

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Factor of Safety

Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:

must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
FS  Factor of safety
u ultimate stress
• types of failure
FS  
 all allowable stress • maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
FS 
Fu

ultimate load
• importance of member to structures
Fall allowable load
integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

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Example 3
A link is made of steel subjected to 40 kN force, P and supported
using a pin and bracket as shown.
a) Knowing that the ultimate normal stress of steel is 600 MPa,
determine the thickness of which the factor of safe with respect
to failure will be 2.5.
b) The pin is to be made of steel having an ultimate shearing stress
of 350 MPa, determine the diameter d of the pin for which the
factor of safety with respect to shear is also 2.5.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 3
A link is made of steel subjected to force P and supported using a
pin and bracket as shown.
 40kN
FS  u 
ultimate stress  all   240MPa
 all allowable stress A
40kN
 600 M Pa A  166.67mm2
 all  u   240MPa 240MPa
FS 2.5
t

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 3
A pin is made of steel ultimate shearing stress of 350 MPa.

u ultimate shear stress 40kN

FS    all   140MPa
 all allowable shear stress 2A
 u 350 M Pa 20kN
 all    140MPa A  142.86mm2
FS 2.5 140MPa
d

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STRESS AND SHEAR STRESS

SUMMARY
Shear Stress
Normal Stress

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