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Introduction
Two variables: 1 Categorical variable
(factor/IV), 1 Quantitative variable
(response/DV)
Main Question: Do (the means of) the
quantitative variables depend on which group
(given by categorical variable) the individual is in?
ANOVA looks at differences between
groups.
– Similar to t-test
Group i has
• ni = # of individuals in group i
• xij = value for individual j in group i
• xi = mean for group i
• si = standard deviation for group i
How ANOVA works
ANOVA measures two sources of variation in the data and
compares their relative sizes
( xij - xi ) 2
How ANOVA works
The ANOVA F-statistic is a ratio of the Between Group Variation divided
to the Within Group Variation:
Between MSG
F
Within MSE
This compares the variation between groups (group means to overall mean)
to the variation within groups (individual values to group means). This is
what gives it the name “Analysis of Variance.”
H0 : 1 2 3
Note:
•ANOVA is still robust even when the homogeneity assumption is not fulfilled,
as long as the sample sizes are roughly equal or the deviation is only of a
moderate level. As a rule of thumb, if the largest std.dev < (2 x the smallest
std.dev) then we need not to be concerned about this assumption.
•Equal variance assumed or not assumed will affect to Post Hoc test methods
(p.20)
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
One-way ANOVA
– Choose Analyze > General Linear Model >
Univariate
– Click the DV (only one click) to highlight it and
then transfer it to Dependent Variable box by
clicking the corresponding arrow.
– Doing a similar procedure for IV and transfer it to
Fixed Factor(s) box by clicking the corresponding
arrow.
– After that, click the option button and check for
Homogeneity of Variance. Note: SPSS uses a
Levene’s test of homogeneity of variance.
– Back to the former box.
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
Post Hoc Test: The results from the ANOVA do not
indicate which of the three groups differ from one another.
To locate the source of this difference we use a post hoc
test (commonly Tukey test and the more conservative is
Scheffé test; equal variance is assumed in these tests).
– Click Post Hoc and check Tukey box, click Continue button.
– Last, click OK button and wait a moment while SPSS analyzes the
data.
Note:
• Tukey performs all of the pairwise comparisons between groups.
• Scheffe performs simultaneous joint pairwise comparisons for all
possible pairwise combinations of means. Can be used to examine all
possible linear combinations of group means, not just pairwise
comparisons.
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
Is F-value significant?
Yes No
Yes No
Exercise 1:
Open job satisfaction.sav
An organization has three branches in three
different region. Management wishes to know
whether employees are satisfied with their job
differs across regions. A total of 218
employees are randomly selected at the
regions and given a questionnaire measuring
how satisfied they currently are with their
job”.
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
This is how
the data set
is shown
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
Transfer Satisfaction
variable to
dependent variable
box and region
variable to Fixed
Factor(s) box. After
that click Options
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
Check the
homogeneity
check-box and
after that click
Continue
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
3. Click Continue
How to perform ANOVA in SPSS?
Homogeneity test’s
result
Result of ANOVA
Exercise 2:
Open Training.xlsx file.
Read the instruction in the Training.xlsx file and the raw
data.
Open Training.sav file.
Observe how we handle the raw data and convert it
into three treatments in order to analysis it using
ANOVA.
Perform the ANOVA test using file Training.sav.
Answer the questions.
Report this exercise 2 in written form by the end of this
course week.
Test yourself
What is ANOVA?
Why do we use ANOVA?
What are ANOVA assumptions?
How to test ANOVA assumptions?
What do we do when the equal variance is
not fulfilled?
What does it mean when the F value in
ANOVA result is statistically significant?
What does the post hoc test answer?
References
Agresti, A. (2007) Ch 12: Comparing group: Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) method, Retrieved on 26/04/2012, from
http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/sta6127/ch12.pdf.
Bloomfield, R., O’Hara M., and Saar G. (2007) ”How Noise Trading
Affects Markets: An Experimental Analysis”, Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=994379 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.994379.
Cianci, A. and Bierstaker, J. 2009. "The Effect of Client Importance
and Performance Feedback on Auditors' Technical and Ethical
Judgments." Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 24 Iss: 5, pp.455 – 474.
Ghozali, I. (2005) Multivariate analysis application with SPSS,
Diponegoro University Publishing, Semarang.
Ho, R. (2006) Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis and
interpretation with SPSS, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.
McKean, J. R., and Kania, J. J. (1978) “An Industry approach to
owner-manager control and profit performance”, Journal of
Business, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. 327-342.
Murray, J. (2010) Analysis of Variance – Homework and Exam,
Retrieved on 27/04/2012, from
http://www.murraylax.org/bus735/fall2010.
Pruim, R. (nd) ANOVA: Analysis of Variance, Retrieved on
30/04/2012, from
http://www.calvin.edu/~rpruim/courses/m243/F03.