EBGN 509 Problem Set 2

a) In this case, we have that 𝑝 ⇐ 𝑞, because not every holiday is Thanksgiving Day, for example
Christmas.
b) In this case, we have that 𝑝 ⇐ 𝑞, because not every geometric figure that has 4 sides is a
rectangle, for example a rhombus.
c) In this case, we have that 𝑝 ⟺ 𝑞. For every pair (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are equal if and only
if 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 . Then (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑏, 𝑎) if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑎.
d) In this case, we have that 𝑝 ⟺ 𝑞. Definition of rational number are those that can be
expressed as a fraction of two integers.
e) In this case, we have that 𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞, because I couldn’t start my car for other mechanical
reason.
f) In this case, we have that 𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞, because I could have written a wrong address (for another
person who has the same name living in the wrong address) but it could still be valid.

𝑄𝑑 = 𝑄𝑠
21 − 3𝑃 = −4 + 8𝑃
25
𝑃∗ =
11
𝑄 ∗ = 8𝑃∗ − 4
156
𝑄∗ =
11
a) 𝑝(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) =
(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 3)

(𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 18)

b) 𝑞(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5)

(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)
(𝑥 − 8𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 10)(𝑥 − 3)
3

(𝑥 4 − 11𝑥 3 + 41𝑥 2 − 61𝑥 + 30)

𝑄𝑑 = 𝑄𝑠

3 − 𝑃2 = −4 + 6𝑃

𝑃2 + 6𝑃 − 7 = 0
(𝑃 + 7)(𝑃 − 1) = 0

Either 𝑃∗ = −7 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 ∗ = 1, given that we are not working with negative prices, 𝑃∗ = 1. Then,

𝑄 ∗ = 3 − 𝑃2 = 2

𝑄𝑑1 = 𝑄𝑠1
18 − 3𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 4𝑃1 − 2 (1)

𝑃2 = 7𝑃1 − 20
𝑄𝑑2 = 𝑄𝑠2
 𝑃1 = 5𝑃2 − 14 (2)

Then (1) in (2)

𝑃1 = 5(7𝑃1 − 20) − 14

𝑃1 = 35𝑃1 − 114
57
𝑃1∗ =
17
And
57 59
𝑃2∗ = 7 ∗ − 20 =
17 17
57 194
𝑄1∗ = 4 ∗ −2=
17 17
59 143
𝑄2∗ = 3 ∗ −2=
17 17

2 4 0
a) i. 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [ ]
4 −2 4
ii. 𝐴 + 𝐶 → 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, (2𝑥3) ≠ (2𝑥2))
iii. 𝐵 + 𝐶 → 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, (2𝑥3) ≠ (2𝑥2))
iv. 𝐴 − 𝐷 → 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, (2𝑥3) ≠ (2𝑥2))
−2 −2 −2
v. 𝐵 − 𝐴 = [ ]
4 0 0
1 −1
vi. 𝐷 − 𝐶 = [ ]
−2 2
0 3 −3
vii. 3𝐵 = [ ]
12 −3 6
viii. 𝐴𝐵 → 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, (2𝑥3) 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 (2𝑥3))
2+0 3−2 1+4 2 1 5
ix. 𝐶𝐴 = [ ]=[ ]
6−0 9+1 3−2 6 10 1
2+3 4−1 5 3
x. 𝐷𝐶 = [ ]=[ ]
1+3 2−1 4 1
1−2 −1
xi. 𝐶𝐸 = [ ]=[ ]
3+1 4
xii. 𝐸𝐶 → 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, (2𝑥1) 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 (2𝑥2))
 0 4
′
xiii. 𝐵 = [ 1 −1]
−1 2
−2 −1
xiv. −𝐷 = [ ]
−1 −1
2 6
2 1 5 ′
xv. (𝐶𝐴)′ = (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑥. ) ([ ]) = [1 10]
6 10 1
5 1
2 0 2 6
1 3
xvi. 𝐴′ 𝐶 ′ = [3 −1] ∗ [ ] = [1 10]
2 −1
1 2 5 1
′
′ −1
xvii. (𝐶𝐸) = (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥𝑖. ) ([ ]) = [−1 4]
4
′ ′ 1 3
xviii. 𝐸 𝐶 = [1 −1] ∗ [ ] = [1 − 2 3 + 1] = [−1 4]
2 −1
4 2
4+0 6−1 2+2 ′
b) (𝐷𝐴)′ = ([ ]) = [5 2]
2+0 3−1 1+2
4 3
2 0 4+0 2+0 4 2
2 1
𝐴′ 𝐷 ′ = [3 −1] ∗ [ ] = [6 − 1 3 − 1] = [5 2]
1 1
1 2 2+2 1+2 4 3
Which verifies that (𝐷𝐴)′ = 𝐴′𝐷′

2+2 1+2 4 3
c) 𝐶𝐷 = [ ]=[ ]
6−1 3−1 5 2
5 3
𝐷𝐶 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥. ) = [ ]
4 1
Which verifies that 𝐶𝐷 ≠ 𝐷𝐶

1+0 0+0 1 0
a) 𝐼𝐼 = [ ]=[ ]=𝐼
0+0 1+0 0 1
3+0 6+0 3 6
b) 𝐼𝐴 = [ ]=[ ]=𝐴
0−1 0−2 −1 −2
9 − 6 18 − 12 3 6
c) 𝐴𝐴 = [ ]=[ ]=𝐴
−3 + 2 −6 + 4 −1 −2
An idempotent matrix refers to a matrix that remains unchanged when it is multiplied by
itself.

a) ∑3𝑖=1 𝑖 ∙ 𝑥𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 − 1)
b) ∑4𝑖=2 𝑎𝑖 (𝑥𝑖+1 + 𝑖)
1
c) ∑𝑛𝑖=0 𝑖
𝑥
a) We can notate D by its components: {𝑑𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗}, for U: {𝑢𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗}, L:
{𝑙𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 < 𝑗} and S: {𝑠𝑖𝑗 = 𝑠𝑗𝑖 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗} (𝐷, 𝑈, 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑥𝑛)

i. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶: {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 } and given that 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 =

0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, then {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗} ⇒ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐷
Let 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶: {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 ∙ 𝑏𝑘𝑗 } and given that 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, then {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝑏𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗} ⇒ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐷
ii. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑈 ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶: {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 } and given that 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑈, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 =
0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗, then {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗} ⇒ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑈
Let 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑈 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶: {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 ∙ 𝑏𝑘𝑗 } and given that 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑈, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗, then {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 ∙ 𝑏𝑘𝑗 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 > 𝑘 > 𝑗; 𝑐𝑖𝑗 =
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 } ⇒ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑈
iii. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐿 ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶: {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 } and given that 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐿, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 =
0 ∀ 𝑖 < 𝑗, then {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 < 𝑗} ⇒ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐿
Let 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐿 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶: {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 ∙ 𝑏𝑘𝑗 } and given that 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐿, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗, then {𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 ∙ 𝑏𝑘𝑗 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 < 𝑘 < 𝑗; 𝑐𝑖𝑗 =
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 } ⇒ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐿

b)
i. 𝐷 = {𝑑𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗}, 𝑈 = {𝑢𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗}
𝐴 ∈ 𝐷 ∩ 𝑈 ⟺ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗} , 𝑏𝑢𝑡
{𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗} ⊆ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗}, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
⟺ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗} ⟺ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐷
𝐷∩𝑈 =𝐷
ii. 𝑆 = {𝑠𝑖𝑗 = 𝑠𝑗𝑖 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗}, 𝑈 = {𝑢𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗}
𝐴 ∈ 𝑆 ∩ 𝑈 ⟺ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗}
⟺ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 < 𝑗} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗}
⟺ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗} ⟺ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑆∩𝑈 =𝐷
iii. 𝐷 = {𝑑𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗}, 𝑆 = {𝑠𝑖𝑗 = 𝑠𝑗𝑖 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗}
𝐴 ∈ 𝐷 ⇒ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗}
⇒ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 ∀ 𝑖 = 𝑗}
 ⇒ {𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗} ⟺ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑆, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝐷⊆𝑆
But 𝑆 ⊊ 𝐷. Take for example 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝛼 ∀𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∉ 𝐷 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐴 ∈ 𝑆. So,
𝐷⊂𝑆

5 3 7 𝑥1
Column vectors: 𝑢 = [1] , 𝑣 = [ 1 ] , 𝑤 = [5] , 𝑥 = [𝑥2 ]
3 −1 8 𝑥3
15 5 −5
a) 𝑢𝑣 ′ = [ 3 1 −1]
9 3 −3
𝑥12 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥3
b) 𝑥𝑥′ = [𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥22 𝑥2 𝑥3 ]
𝑥1 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥32
c) 𝑣 ′ 𝑢′ 𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 (1𝑥3 𝑏𝑦 1𝑥3)
d) 𝑢′ 𝑣 ′ 𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 (1𝑥3 𝑏𝑦 1𝑥3)
e) 𝑤 ′ 𝑥 = 7𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 8𝑥3
f) 𝑥′𝑥 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑥32

a) 𝑑 = √(3 − 0)2 + (2 − 1)2 + (8 + 5)2 = √179

b) 𝑑 = √(9 − 2)2 + (0 − 0)2 + (4 + 4)2 = √113

3 −4 ′ 3 −1
a) (𝐴 + 𝐵)′ = [ ] =[ ]
−1 4 −4 4
 0 −1 ′ 3 0 3 −1
𝐴′ + 𝐵′ = [ ] +[ ]=[ ]
4 3 −8 1 −4 4
24 17
24 4 4 ′
b) (𝐴𝐶)′ = [ ] =[4 3]
17 3 −6
4 −6
1 6 24 17
0 −1
𝐶 ′ 𝐴′ = [0 1] [ ]=[4 3]
4 3
9 1 4 −6

1
−32 5
73 97 1 0 2]
𝐷𝐸 = [ ] , 𝐷𝐹 = [ ] , 𝐷𝐺 = [
18 24 0 1 3
−9
2
2
1 −3
𝐸𝐹 = [ 3 ] , 𝐸𝐺 = [1 0
]
1 0 1
6 −21
3
𝐷 −1 = 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 −1 = 𝐺

0 −1 −4 6 1 0 6 1 0 6 1 0
a) [3 1 2 ] ∼ [3 1 2 ] ∼ [0 1 4 ] ∼ [0 1 4] ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝐴) = 2
6 1 0 0 −1 −4 0 −1 −4 0 0 0

2 7 9 −1 2 7 9 −1 2 7 9 −1
b) [1 1 0 1 ] ∼ [0 5 9 −3] ∼ [0 5 9 −3] ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝐵) = 2
0 5 9 −3 0 5 9 −3 0 0 0 0
a) 4 ∙ 9 − 8 ∙ 3 = 12
b) 1 ∙ (7 ∙ 9 − 5 ∙ 6) − 2 ∙ (4 ∙ 9 − 3 ∙ 5) + 3 ∙ (4 ∙ 6 − 3 ∗ 7) = 33 − 42 + 9 = 0
c) 𝑥 ∙ (8𝑦 + 2) − 5 ∙ (3 ∙ 8 − 2 ∙ 9) = 8𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 30
1 2 9
d) Using 3rd column: −4 ∙ |1 6 −1| = −4 ∙ (6 ∙ 8 − 5 ∙ 1 − 2 ∙ 8 ∙ 1 − 9 ∙ 5) = 72
0 −5 8

i. Using 1st column: 15 ∙ (5 ∙ 12) − 2 ∙ (7 ∙ 12) + 9 ∙ (7 ∙ 6 − 9 ∙ 5) = 705

ii. Using 3rd row: 9 ∙ (7 ∙ 6 − 9 ∙ 5) + 12 ∙ (15 ∙ 5 − 2 ∙ 7) = 705

4 0 −1
|2 1 −7| = 4 ∙ (9 + 21) − (6 − 3) = 117
3 3 9
i. Property I: Interchange of rows and columns does not affect the value of a
determinant.
4 2 3
|0 1 3| = 4 ∙ (9 + 21) − 2 ∙ 3 + 3 ∙ 1 = 117
−1 −7 9

ii. Property II: Interchange of any two rows (or columns) will alter the sign but not the
numerical value, of the determinant.
 2 1 −7
|4 0 −1| = 2 ∙ 3 − (4 ∙ 9 + 3) − 7 ∙ (4 ∙ 3) = −117
3 3 9

iii. Property III: multiplication of any one row (or column) by a scalar k, will change the
value of the determinant k-fold.
4 ∙ 2 0 ∙ 2 −1 ∙ 2
| 2 1 −7 | = 8 ∙ (9 + 21) − 2 ∙ (6 − 3) = 234 = 2 ∙ 117
3 3 9
iv. Property IV: addition (or subtraction) of a multiple of any row to (from) another row
will leave the value of the determinant unaltered.
1
𝑅2′ = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
2
4 0 −1
4 0 −1 1 1
|2 1 −7| = |0 1 6 | = 4 ∙ (9 + 19 ) + 3 = 117
2 2
3 3 9
3 3 9

1
𝐴−1 = [|𝐶 |]′
|𝐴| 𝑖𝑗
a) |𝐴| = −3 + 21 = 18
−1 −3 ′ −1 7
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ] =[ ]
7 3 −3 3
−1/18 7/18
𝐴−1 = [ ]
−1/6 1/6
b) |𝐵| = −6 + 12 + 14 = 20
3 −7 −6 3 2 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [ 2 2 −4] ′ = [−7 2 7]
−3 7 26 −6 −4 26
3/20 1/20 −3/20
𝐵−1 = [−7/20 1/20 7/20 ]
−3/5 −1/5 13/10
c) |𝐶| = 1
1 0 0
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐶 = [0 1 0]
0 0 1
1 0 0
𝐶 −1 = [0 1 0]
0 0 1
 3 1
|𝐴1 | |4 |
−1 = −3 − 4 = 1
𝑥1 = =
|𝐴| 5 1
| | −5 − 2
2 −1
5 3
|𝐴2 | | |
𝑥2 = = 2 4 = 20 − 6 = −2
|𝐴| 5 1
| | −5 − 2
2 −1

2 1
a) |𝐴| = | |=1
1 1
1 −1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ ]
−1 2
1 −1 5 2 𝑥1
𝐴−1 𝑑 = [ ] ( ) = ( ) = (𝑥 )
−1 2 3 1 2
2 1 0
b) |𝐵| = | 6 2 6| = 2 ∙ (18 + 18) − (54 + 24) = −6
−4 −3 9
36 −78 10 ′ 36 −9 6
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = [−9 18 2 ] = [−78 18 −12]
6 −12 −2 10 2 −2
−24 + 30 − 3 𝑥1
−6 3/2 −1 4 3
52 − 60 + 6
𝐴−1 𝑑 = [ 13 −3 2 ] (20) = ( 20 20 ) = (−2) = (𝑥2 )
−5/3 −1/3 1/3 3 − + +1 1 𝑥3
3 3

0.1 0.5
a) 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 (𝐴) = [ ]
0.6 0
 0.9 −0.5
𝐿𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 (𝐼 − 𝐴) = [ ]
−0.6 1
1,000
𝐸𝑞. (𝐼 − 𝐴)𝑥 = 𝑑 = ( )
2,000
b) |𝐼 − 𝐴| = 0.6
1 1 0.5 5/3 5/6
(𝐼 − 𝐴)−1 = [ ]=[ ]
0.6 0.6 0.9 1 3/2
5/3 5/6 1,000 10,000/3 𝑥1
(𝐼 − 𝐴)−1 𝑑 = [ ]( )=( ) = (𝑥 )
1 3/2 2,000 4,000 2

Δ𝑦 5(𝑥+Δ𝑥)2 −4(𝑥+Δ𝑥)−5𝑥 2 +4𝑥 5𝑥 2 +10𝑥Δ𝑥+(Δ𝑥)2 −4𝑥−4Δ𝑥−5𝑥 2 +4𝑥

a) = = = 10𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 4
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Δ𝑦
b) 𝑑𝑥
= lim Δ𝑥 = 10𝑥 − 4
Δ𝑥→0
′ (2)
c) 𝑓 = 16
′ (3)
𝑓 = 26

a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 18 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = 18 ∧ 𝑓 ′ (2) = 18

b) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑐𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = 3𝑐 ∧ 𝑓 ′ (2) = 12𝑐
c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥 −3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = 10 ∧ 𝑓 ′ (2) = 5/4
1 1
d) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = 1 ∧ 𝑓 ′ (2) = 23
2 1
e) 𝑓 ′ (𝑤) = 2𝑤 −3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = 2 ∧ 𝑓 ′ (2) = 23
7 13
1 1
f) 𝑓 ′ (𝑤) = 2 𝑤 −6 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = 2 ∧ 𝑓 ′ (2) = 2− 6

𝑑𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑄 ∙ 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ 𝑀𝐶 = = 3𝑄 2 − 8𝑄 + 174
𝑑𝑄
It seems more appropriate a long-run function, because it is not including fixed costs (every
component of the polynomial function depends on the quantity produced). It means that all
cost is variable, and that will only happen if we are in the long-run, without sunk costs.
a) 18𝑥(3𝑥 − 1) + 3(9𝑥 2 − 2) = 81𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 6
b) 3(6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥) + (12𝑥 − 7)(3𝑥 + 10) = 54𝑥 2 + 78𝑥 − 70
c) 2𝑥(4𝑥 + 6) + 4𝑥 2 = 12𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
d) 2𝑎𝑐𝑥 3 + 2𝑐𝑥(𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏) = 4𝑎𝑐𝑥 3 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑥
e) −3(1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 + 2) + (2 − 3𝑥)(𝑥 + 2) + (2 − 3𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 6 − 3𝑥 2 −
4𝑥 + 4 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = −9𝑥 2 − 14𝑥
𝑥 2 +3
f) 2− 𝑥2
= (𝑥 2 − 3)𝑥 −2 = 1 − 3𝑥 −2

2𝑥 2 −(𝑥 2 +3) 3
a) = 1 − 𝑥 2 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 (𝑓))
𝑥2
𝑥−(𝑥+9) 9
b) 𝑥2
= − 𝑥2
6(𝑥+5)−6𝑥 30
c) (𝑥+5)2
= (𝑥+5)2
2𝑎𝑥(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)−𝑐(𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏) 𝑎𝑐𝑥 2 +2𝑎𝑑𝑥−𝑏𝑐
d) (𝑐𝑥+𝑑) 2 = (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)2

a) 3 ∙ 6𝑥 ∙ (3𝑥 2 − 13)2
b) 9 ∙ 21𝑥 2 ∙ (7𝑥 3 − 5)8
c) 5𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)4

𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
a) = 6𝑥12 − 22𝑥1 𝑥2 ∧ = −11𝑥12 + 6𝑥2
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2
 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
b) 𝜕𝑥1
= 7 + 6𝑥22 ∧ 𝜕𝑥2
= 12𝑥1 𝑥2 − 27𝑥22
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
c) 𝜕𝑥1
= 2(𝑥2 − 2) ∧ 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥1 + 3
2
𝜕𝑦 5 𝜕𝑦 5𝑥1 +3
d) 𝜕𝑥1
= 𝑥2 −2
∧ 𝜕𝑥 = − (𝑥 −2) 2
2 2

𝜕𝑄 𝐿 0.7 𝜕𝑄 𝐾 0.3
𝑀𝑃𝑃𝐾 = 𝜕𝐾 = 28.8 (𝐾) ∧ 𝑀𝑃𝑃𝐿 = 𝜕𝐿
= 67.2 ( 𝐿 )
𝐼𝑓 𝐾 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑀𝑃𝑃𝐿 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒, 𝑖𝑓 𝐾1 = 1.1 𝐾0 (10% 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑀𝑃𝑃𝐿 |𝐾=𝐾1 𝐾1 0.3
= ( ) = 1.10.3
𝑀𝑃𝑃𝐿 |𝐾=𝐾0 𝐾0

𝜕𝑌 ∗ 1
𝜕𝐼0
= 1−𝛽+𝛽𝛿 > 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 0 < 𝛽 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽𝛿 > 0, an increase in investment has a
positive effect on income.
𝜕𝑌 ∗ 1
= > 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 0 < 𝛽 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽𝛿 > 0, an increase in fixed consumption
𝜕𝛼 1−𝛽+𝛽𝛿
requires a higher income.
𝜕𝑌 ∗ −𝛾 (𝛼+𝐼0 +𝐺0 )(1−𝛿)
𝜕𝛽
= (1−𝛽+𝛽𝛿)2 + (1−𝛽+𝛽𝛿)2
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠, 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠. an
increase in the marginal propensity to consume (MMC) could be interpreted as a decrease in
the marginal propensity to save and an increase in the investment multiplier, then there is not
clear the effect of the increase of the MMC.

𝑑𝑄 𝑃 20 1
𝜀𝑄𝑑 ,𝑃 = = −2 ∙ =−
𝑑𝑃 𝑄 160 4
𝑑𝑄 𝐼 5,000 5
𝜀𝑄𝑑 ,𝐼 = = 0.02 ∙ =
𝑑𝐼 𝑄 160 8

a) 𝑑𝑈 = −(15𝑥 2 + 12𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (12𝑥 + 30𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦

b) 𝑑𝑈 = 14𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 21𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
c) 𝑑𝑈 = (96𝑥 4 − 63𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 21𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦
d) 𝑑𝑈 = (10𝑥(2𝑥 − 4𝑦 3 ) + 2(5𝑥 2 + 7𝑦))𝑑𝑥 + (7(2𝑥 − 4𝑦 3 ) − 12𝑦 2 (5𝑥 2 + 7𝑦))𝑑𝑦 =
(30𝑥 2 − 40𝑥𝑦 3 + 14𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (14𝑥 − 60𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 112𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦
 9𝑦 3
e) 𝑑𝑈 = − (𝑥−𝑦)2 𝑑𝑥 + (27𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)−1 + 9𝑦 3 (𝑥 − 𝑦)−2 )𝑑𝑦 =
9𝑦 3 27𝑥𝑦 2 −18𝑦 3
− (𝑥−𝑦)2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥−𝑦)2
𝑑𝑦
f) 𝑑𝑈 = 3(𝑥 − 3𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 − 9(𝑥 − 3𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
2

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
a) 𝑑𝑦
= 5 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 30𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 9𝑦 2 + 28𝑦
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8 3 3 8
b) = 8𝑥 − 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = − 3 + − + 4𝑦 = 4𝑦 − 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑧
c) 𝑑𝑡
= 7𝑢′ + 𝑣 ′ 𝑡 + 𝑣 = 28𝑡 + 𝑡 + 𝑡 + 1 = 30𝑡 + 1
𝑏
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑧
d) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑡 = ∇𝑧 ∙ (𝑘 )
1

𝜕𝐹
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥+2𝑦
a) 𝜕𝑥
= − 𝜕𝐹 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦′ = −
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥+12𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑦
b) 𝑑𝑥
= 30𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 14𝑥+2𝑦 2
c) 𝑑𝑥
= − 4𝑥𝑦+36𝑦3
𝑑𝑦
d) 𝑑𝑥
= 6𝑥 2

𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 3 +𝑦𝑧
a) 𝜕𝑥
=− 𝜕𝐹 =− 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2𝑧+𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
=− 𝜕𝐹 =− 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 +4𝑦𝑧
b) =−
𝜕𝑥 3𝑦 2 +4𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2𝑥 3 𝑧+4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= − 3𝑦2 +4𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦 6𝑥𝑦 3 +𝑧 2 𝑦 2 +4𝑦3 𝑧𝑥 3
c) 𝜕𝑥
= − 9𝑥 2 𝑦2 +2𝑥𝑧2 𝑦+3𝑦2 𝑧𝑥 4 +2𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2𝑥𝑧𝑦 2 +𝑦 3 𝑥 4 +𝑦 2
= − 2 2
𝜕𝑧 9𝑥 𝑦 +2𝑥𝑧 2 𝑦+3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥 4 +2𝑦𝑧
 𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2𝑥+3𝑦 𝜕𝑧 8
𝜕𝑥
= − 𝜕𝐹 = − 2𝑦+2𝑧 𝑎𝑡 (1,2,0) 𝜕𝑥
= − 4 = −2
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 3𝑥+2𝑧+2𝑦 𝜕𝑧 7
𝜕𝑦
=− 𝜕𝐹 =− 2𝑦+2𝑧
𝑎𝑡 (1,2,0) 𝜕𝑦
= −4
𝜕𝑧

a) 𝑄𝑑 − 𝑄𝑠 = 0 → 𝐹(𝑃, 𝑌0 , 𝑇0 ) = 𝐷(𝑃, 𝑌0 ) − 𝑆(𝑃, 𝑇0 ) = 0

b) 𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 (𝑃∗ , 𝑌0 , 𝑇0 )
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝑆
= 𝐹𝑃 = − < 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹𝑃 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐷(𝑃∗ , 𝑌0 ) = 𝑆(𝑃∗ , 𝑇0 )
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑃∗ 𝜕𝑌0 𝐷𝑌 0 <0 𝜕𝑃∗
c) 𝜕𝑌0
=− 𝜕𝐹 =𝐷 → <0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 > 0 it means that increases in income lead to
𝑃∗ −𝑆𝑃∗ 𝜕𝑌0
𝜕𝑃∗
inflation (increase in prices).
𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑃∗ 𝜕𝑇0 𝑆𝑇0 <0 𝜕𝑃∗
𝜕𝑇0
=− 𝜕𝐹 =𝐷 → <0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 > 0 it means that increases in taxes lead to
𝑃∗ −𝑆𝑃∗ 𝜕𝑌0
𝜕𝑃∗
inflation (increase in prices).
𝜕𝑄 ∗ 𝜕𝑃∗ 𝜕𝑄 ∗
d) = 𝑆𝑃 ∗ ∙ → (> 0) ∙ (> 0) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 > 0 it means that increases in income lead to
𝜕𝑌0 𝜕𝑌0 𝜕𝑌0
an increase in the quantity of equilibrium. We cannot use the demand function because
we already assume that 𝐷𝑌0 is positive.
𝜕𝑄 ∗ 𝜕𝑃∗ 𝜕𝑄 ∗
= 𝐷𝑃 ∗ ∙ → (< 0) ∙ (> 0) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 < 0 it means that que quantity of equilibrium
𝜕𝑇0 𝜕𝑇0 𝜕𝑇0
will decrease when taxes rise.