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Procedia CIRP 43 (2016) 58 – 63
Abstract
Traditional assembly do not consider mechanical deformation based on the rigid body hypothesis, while assembly precision has close relationship
with part’ deformation in practice. In this paper, temperature, gravity and working load are taken into account to calculate the deflection occurred
in assemblies. Both manufacturing error and deformation error are taken into consideration to establish deviation calculation model based on
Jacobian-torsor model. A tailstock is taken as an example to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 14th CIRP Conference on Computer Aided Tolerancing.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 14th CIRP Conference on Computer Aided Tolerancing
Keywords: deformation; temperature; gravity; working load; assembly error
2212-8271 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 14th CIRP Conference on Computer Aided Tolerancing
doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.02.007
Liu Ting et al. / Procedia CIRP 43 (2016) 58 – 63 59
[ J ]FEi [ J ]i0 « »
(c) « »
Fig.3 Bourdon tube bears bending load. (a) Bourdon tube model; (b) Load « > 0@3u3 i i
ª¬ R0 º¼ . ª¬ RPTi º¼ »
diagram; (c) Strain contours. ¬ 3u3 3u3 ¼ 6u6
(3)
3. Assembly error calculation considering where ª R0i º = >C1i C2i C3i @ is the local orientation changes
¬ ¼
deformation based on Jacobian-torsor of frame i with respect to original frame 0.
> RPTi @ >C1C2C3 @ , C1C2C3 represents the direction
PTi
3.1. The Jacobian–torsor model
change of tolerance with respect to the three coordinate axes
In the assembly process, the final product quality is of frame i.
determined by stack up, coupling and propagation of all ª 0 dzin dyin º
errors. The unified Jacobian-Torsor model introduced by « » is a skew-symmetric
ª¬Wi n º¼ « dzi
n
0 dxin »
Desrochers et al [25] is an innovative tolerance analysis « dyin dxin 0 »¼
¬
method which uses the small displacement torsor (SDT) [26]
matrix, indicates the position changes on frame n with
for tolerance representation and the Jacobian [27] for
tolerance propagation, The unified Jacobian-torsor model is respect to frame i, in which dxin dxn dxi ;
built that combine the advantages of these two methods. dyin dyn dyi ; dzi
n
dzn dzi . The final [FR] can be
The small displacement torsor can directly represent
calculated based on above equations.
potential variations along and about all three Cartesian axes
in its generic form. Jacobian matrix has been proposed to 3.2. Assembly error calculation taking into account part
map all SDT from their local origin to the point of interest. It deformation
is a matrix whose columns are extracted from the various
The factors referred in Section 2 may changes the
homogeneous transform matrices relating the reference
dimension, shape or position of parts, these errors will be
frames of the functional elements (FE) to that of the
added up and magnified in the assembly process.
functional requirement (FR). Therefore, Jacobian–torsor
Deformation in parts is shown as a translational vectors in
model can be expressed as follows:
the coordinate system and rotational vectors rounding the
[FR] = [J][FE] (1)
coordinate system, covered as follows:
where the functional requirement (play, gap, clearance)
represented by [FR] is the translational and rotational vectors S > 'u 'v 'w 'D 'E 'J
T
@ (4)
of general assembly. [FE] is related to the functional
where 'u , 'v and 'w are respectively three translational
elements for assembly parts mathematically. [J] is a
Jacobian matrix expressing a geometrical relation between a vectors of the origin of the coordinate system on axes x, y,
[FR] vector and corresponding [FE] vector; and z. Likewise, 'D , 'E and 'J are rotational vectors around
Spreading eq. (1) into: the axes.
ª ª[u u] º º The specific value in vector S can be obtained with the
«« »
« «[ v v ] »» » combination of ANSYS and MATLAB. Finite element is
« «[ w w] » » used to get the coordinate information for discrete points in
«« » » characteristics surfaces while MATLAB can associate
« «[D D ]» »
ª[u u] º « «[ E E ]» » corresponding surfaces and extract real derived element, to
«[ v v ] »» «« » »
« « «¬[G G ] »¼ FE1 » gain its position and direction information. The process for
«[ w w] » « »
« » [[ J1 J 2 J 3 J 4 J 5 J 6 ]FE1...[ J1 J 2 J 3 J 4 J 5 J 6 ]FEn ]. « ... » obtaining integral deformation information is shown in Fig.
«[D D ]» « » 4.
«[ E E ]» « ª[u u] º »
« » « «[ v v ] »» »
«¬[G G ] »¼ «« »
« «[ w w] » »
« «[D D ]»
» »
«« »
« «[ E E ]» »
«« » »
«¬ «¬[G G ] »¼ FEn ¼»
(2)
where [ܬଵ ܬଶ ܬଷ ܬଵସ ܬହ ] ܬ୧ is the Jacobian matrix which
describes the relationship between vector [FR] and [FE]. i
represents the number of functional elements on the
Liu Ting et al. / Procedia CIRP 43 (2016) 58 – 63 61
Three-dimensional
assemblage diagram
dxin' ' dxn ' dxi ' dx n
'un dxi 'ui
FE dx 'un 'ui
n
i
Discrete feature surface dyin' ' dyin 'un 'ui ; dzi '
n'
dzin 'wn 'wi
Temperature
into series of points Ideal Combine Eq. (4-7), we can get:
conditions
Gravity Deformation
Impact factors
ª ª Ri º ª Ri º
« ¬ 0 ¼ 3u3 ¬ PTi ¼ 3u3 3u3
... ¬ªWi n' ' ¼º ¬ª R0i ¼º . ¬ª RPT
3u3
i
º
i ¼ 3u3 »º
i'
[ J ]FEi ' [ J ] « » (8)
Discreted points 0
« »
Load diplacement information « >0@3u3 ª¬ R0i º¼ . ª¬ RPT
i
º
i ¼ 3u3
»
¬ 3u3 ¼ 6u 6
*36
Real derived feature Besides, [FE] can rewrite from equation following.
association > FE @FEi '
1
> RPTi ' @ >T @ (9)
In consequence, []ܴܨᇱ
affected by multiple fields is
Real derived feature Ideal derived feature accessible by uniting Eqs.8-9. Assembly error calculation
displacement information diplacement information
process after deformation is shown in Fig. 5.
3DUWV
GHIRUPDWLRQ
Translational Rotational
vector vector
300
250
200
z/mm
150
100
50
0
-100
-50
0
-100
50 -50
0
50
100
100 150
Fig.7 2-dimension model for assembly y/mm
200
x/mm
(a)
260
240
220
z/mm
200
180
160
50
Based on the connected relations among the assembly, y/mm -50 -80
-60
x/mm
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