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Buckling x x
• Sudden large deformation of a structure due to a
slight increase of an existing load.
P y M
• Failure due to instability of the member.
L
Types of Column: y P
1. Short Column (Crushing failure governs)
2. Long Column (Buckling failure governs)
P Pcr
P Pyp = σ ypA
P
m=±
P
i π 2EI
EI Pcr = 2
The general solution is
L
P P
y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x where Pcr - critical buckling load for columns with pin supports
EI EI E - modulus of elasticity for the material
I - least moment of inertia about the bending axis
Boundary Conditions: L - unsupported length of column (sine wave)
(1) at x = 0, y = 0
(2) at x = L, y = 0 NOTE:
Substitute boundary condition (1) to the general solution, 1. The critical load is independent of the strength of the material;
0 = C1 cos 0 + C2 sin 0 rather it depends only on the column's dimensions (I and L)
and the material's stiffness or E.
⇒ C1 = 0 2. The load carrying capacity of a column will increase as the
Substitute boundary condition (2) to the general solution, moment of inertia of the cross section increases.
3. A column will buckle about the principal axis of the cross
P
0 = C2 sin L section having the least moment of inertia (weakest axis).
EI
P
This is true if C2 = 0 or sin L=0 x y
EI x
y
Since C2 can not be zero, therefore,
P
sin L=0
EI
which is satisfied if,
P
L = nπ
EI
Solving for P,
Letting I = Ar2
where A - cross sectional area COLUMNS HAVING VARIOUS TYPES OF SUPPORTS
r - radius of gyration
Buckling Formula becomes, • Euler buckling formula applies to column where ends
2 have zero moment.
π EA
π2EAr 2 Pcr =
Pcr = &L#
2
L2 $ ! P P P P
%r"
where L/r - slenderness ratio.
Pcr π2E
=
A & L #2 Le = 0.7L
L
$ ! L = Le
L Le = 0.5L L
%r "
π 2E
σ cr = 2 Le = 2L
&L#
$ !
%r "
Pinned Ends Fixed Ends Pinned and
Fixed Ends
where σ cr - critical buckling stress K=1 K = 0.5
K = 0.7
L/r - slenderness ratio
NOTE:
1. If σ cr > σ yp, failure by crushing governs.
If σ cr < σ yp, failure by buckling governs.
Fixed and Free Ends
P K=2
σ yp = where σ yp = stress at yield point
A
L &L# π2E
2. If 〈$ ! π 2EI σcr =
r % r " min , failure by crushing governs. Pcr = 2 & KL #
2
L &L#
(KL) $ !
If 〉$ ! % r "
r % r "min , failure by buckling governs.
where Le - effective length
(L% E K - effective length factor
where & r #
=π
' $min σ yp KL/r - effective-slenderness ratio