Using ANSYS for

Finite Element
Analysis
 Using ANSYS for
Finite Element
Analysis
Dynamic, Probabilistic Design and
Heat Transfer Analysis

Volume II

Wael A. Altabey, Mohammad Noori,

and Libin Wang

MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK

Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis: Dynamic, Probabilistic
Design and Heat Transfer Analysis, Volume II

Copyright © Momentum Press®, LLC, 2018.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—­
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First published by Momentum Press®, LLC

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 Abstract

Finite Element Method (FEM) is a well-established technique for analyz-

ing the behavior and the response of structures or mechanical components
under static, dynamic, or thermal loads. Over the past two decades the use
of finite element analysis as a design tool has grown rapidly. Easy to use
commercial software have become common tools in the hands of students
as well as practicing engineers. The objective of this two volume book is
to demonstrate the use of one of the most commonly used Finite Element
Analysis software, ANSYS, for linear static, dynamic, and thermal anal-
ysis through a series of tutorials and examples. Some of the topics and
concepts covered in these tutorials include development of beam, frames,
and grid equations; 2-D elasticity problems; dynamic analysis; and heat
transfer problems. We are hoping these simple, yet, fundamental tutorials
will assist the users with the better understanding of finite element mod-
eling, how to control modeling errors, the safe use of the FEM in sup-
port of designing complex load bearing components and structures. There
are many good textbooks currently used for teaching the fundamentals of
finite element methods. There are also detailed users manuals available
for commercial software (ANSYS). However, those sources are useful for
advanced students and users. Therefore, there was a need to develop a
tutorial that would supplement a course in basic finite element or can be
used by practicing engineers who may not have the advanced training in
finite element analysis. That is the gap addressed by this book.

Keywords

ANSYS, composite materials, Dynamics, Failure analysis, Fatigue loads,

FEM, optimization, statistics
 Contents

List of Figures ix
Preface  xi
1  Dynamic Analysis  1
1.1 Tutorial 1: Harmonic Analysis of Structure  1
1.2 Tutorial 2: Modal Analysis of Structure 11
2  Composite Materials 19
2.1  Composites—A Basic Introduction 19
2.2  Modeling Composites Using ANSYS 26
2.3 Tutorial 3: Simply Supported Laminated Plate
Under Pressure 38
3  Probabilistic Design Analysis 69
3.1  Probabilistic Design 69
3.2  Probability Distributions 75
3.3 Choosing a Distribution for a Random Variable 91
3.4  Probabilistic Design Techniques 96
3.5 Postprocessing Probabilistic Analysis Results 98
3.6 Tutorial 4: Probabilistic Design Analysis of Circular
Plate Bending 107
4  APDL Programming 145
4.1  Create the Analysis File 145
4.2 Tutorial 5: Stress Analysis of Bicycle Wrench 148
4.3 Tutorial 6: Heat Loss from a Cylindrical Cooling Fin 155
viii  •  Contents

5  Design Optimization 167

5.1  Optimum Design 167
5.2  Design Optimization Using ANSYS 172
5.3  Tutorial 7: Design Optimization Tutorial 193
Bibliography 217
About the Authors 219
Index 221
 List of Figures

Figure 2.1. Illustrating the combined effect on modulus of the

addition of fibers to a resin matrix. 21
Figure 2.2. Illustrates the tensile load applied to a composite
body.22
Figure 2.3. Illustrates the compression load applied to a
composite body. 22
Figure 2.4. Illustrates the shear load applied to a composite
body.23
Figure 2.5. Illustrates the loading due to flexure on a composite
body.23
Figure 2.6.  Tensile strength of common structural materials. 24
Figure 2.7.  Tensile modulus of common structural materials. 25
Figure 2.8. Specific tensile strength of common structural
materials.25
Figure 2.9. Specific tensile modulus of common structural
materials.26
Figure 2.10.  Layered model showing dropped layer. 29
Figure 2.11.  Sandwich construction. 32
Figure 2.12.  Layered shell with nodes at midplane. 32
Figure 2.13.  Layered shell with nodes at bottom surface. 33
Figure 2.14.  Example of an element display. 36
Figure 2.15. Sample LAYPLOT display for [45/−45/−45/45]
sequence.37
Figure 3.1. The flow of information during a probabilistic design
analysis.75
Figure 3.2.  The normal probability density function (pdf). 77
x  •   List of Figures

Figure 3.3.  The normal cumulative distribution function (cdf). 78

Figure 3.4.  The uniform probability density function. 83
Figure 3.5.  The uniform cumulative distribution function. 84
Figure 3.6. The lognormal probability density function for
four values of s.86
Figure 3.7. The lognormal cumulative distribution function for
four values of s.87
Figure 3.8. The Weibull probability density function for four
values of g.89
Figure 3.9. The Weibull cumulative distribution function for four
values of g.90
Figure 3.10. The graph of X1 and X2 illustrating bad sample
distribution.97
Figure 3.11. The graph of X1 and X2 illustrating good sample
distribution.98
Figure 3.12. The cumulative distribution function of the random
property X. 100
Figure 5.1.  Optimization tree listing the optimization methods. 171
Figure 5.2.  Optimization data flow. 175
 Preface

Finite element method (FEM) is a well-established technique for analyz-

ing the behavior of mechanical and structural components of systems. In
recent years, the use of finite element analysis (FEA) as a design tool has
grown rapidly. Easy-to-use commercial software have become common
tools in the hands of students as well as practicing engineers.
In the first volume of this tutorial, we demonstrated the use of ANSYS
for Static Analysis of solid structures. In this volume we introduce the
­following applications:

• Dynamic Analysis
• Composite Materials
• Probabilistic Design
• Heat Transfer
• Design Optimization Problems.

The main objective of this book is to serve as a practical tutorial to

help the readers gain insight into appropriate use of finite element mod-
eling, understand how to control modeling errors, benefit from hands-on
exercise at the computer workstation, and understand the safe use of the
FEM in support of designing complex load-bearing components and struc-
tures. There are many good textbooks already in existence that cover the
theory of FEMs. Similarly, there are detailed user’s manuals available for
commercial software (ANSYS). But, those are useful for advanced stu-
dents and users. Therefore, there was a need to develop a computer session
manual in line with the flow of a course and utilizing a software platform,
ANSYS, that is available in most engineering schools. Students will be
able to acquire the required level of understanding and skill in modeling,
analysis, validation, and report generation for various design problems.
This book could also be very helpful for the students of senior design
(Mechanical System Design) and FEA for Large Deformation Problems.
xii  •  Preface

In addition, it could be used for computer sessions of short courses on

stress analysis techniques and FEA offered by Mechanical Engineering
departments.
After giving a brief introduction to the finite element analysis and
modeling, various guided examples have been included in this book.
Several new tutorials have been developed and others adapted from
­
­different sources including ANSYS manuals in 2-volumes, ANSYS
workshops, and Internet resources. Tutorials have been arranged in each
­volume according to the flow of the course and covered topics, such as
solid modeling using 2D and 3D primitives available in ANSYS, dynamic
analysis (harmonic and modal analysis), and thermal analysis.
 Chapter 1

Dynamic Analysis

Structural analysis is mainly concerned with finding out the behavior of a

physical structure when subjected to force. This action can be in the form
of load due to the weight of things such as people, furniture, wind, snow,
and so on, or some other kind of excitation such as an earthquake, shaking
of the ground due to a blast nearby, and so on. In essence all these loads are
dynamic, including the self-weight of the structure because at some point in
time these loads were not there. The distinction is made between the dynamic
and the static analysis on the basis of whether the applied action has enough
acceleration in comparison to the structure’s natural frequency. If a load is
applied sufficiently slowly, the inertia forces (Newton’s first law of motion)
can be ignored and the analysis can be simplified as static analysis. Structural
dynamics, therefore, is a type of structural analysis that covers the behavior
of structures subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) load-
ing. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and
blasts. Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis
can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history, and modal analysis.
A dynamic analysis is also related to the inertia forces developed by a
structure when it is excited by means of dynamic loads applied suddenly
(e.g., wind blasts, explosion, and earthquake).
Dynamic analysis for simple structures can be carried out manually,
but for complex structures finite element analysis can be used to calculate
the mode shapes and frequencies.

1.1 Tutorial 1: Harmonic Analysis

of Structure

In this tutorial, the harmonic analysis of a cantilever beam will be

addressed. Harmonic analysis is used to determine the response of a
2  •  Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis

structure to harmonically time-varying loads. This tutorial was created

using ANSYS 7.0. The purpose of this tutorial is to explain the steps
required to perform harmonic analysis on the cantilever beam shown as
follows.

0.01 m

0.01 m
1.0 m

Modulus of elasticity (E) = 206800(106) N/m2

Density = 7830 kg/m3

We will now conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a

cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of the beam. The frequency of the load
will be varied from 1– 100 Hz. The following figure depicts the beam
with the application of the load.

Cyclic load
Magnitude: 100 N
Frequency range: 1–100 Hz.

ANSYS provides three methods for conducting a harmonic analy-

sis. These three methods are the Full, Reduced, and Modal Superposition
methods. This example demonstrates the Full method because it is simple
and easy to use as compared to the other two methods. However, this
method makes use of the full stiffness and mass matrices and thus is the
slower and costlier option.

1.1.1  Step-by-Step ANSYS Solution

1.1.1.1  Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

Student should be able to make simple cantilever model himself or other-

wise use the following command list:
 Dynamic Analysis   •  3

1.1.1.2  The Command Log File

/TITLE, Dynamic Analysis

/FILNAME,Dynamic,0 ! This sets the jobname to “Dynamic”
/PREP7
K,1,0,0
K,2,1,0
L,1,2
ET,1,BEAM3
R,1,0.0001,8.33e-10,0.01
MP,EX,1,2.068e11
MP,PRXY,1,0.33
MP,DENS,1,7830
LESIZE,ALL,,,10
LMESH,1
FINISH

1.1.1.3  Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define analysis type (Harmonic)

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis >
Harmonic ANTYPE,3
2. Set options for analysis type
Select Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options.
The following window will appear.
As shown, select the Full Solution method, the Real + imag-
inary DOF (degrees of freedom) printout format and do not use
lumped mass approx. Click “OK”

The following window will appear. Use the default settings

(shown as follows).
4  •  Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis

3. Apply constraints
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply >
Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
The following window will appear once you select the node
at x=0 (Note small changes in the window compared to the static
examples):

Constrain all DOF as shown in the above window.

4. Apply Loads
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >
Force/Moment > On Nodes
Select the node at x=1 (far right). The following window will
appear. Fill it in as shown to apply a load with a real value of 100
and an imaginary value of 0 in the positive “y” direction.
Note: By specifying a real and imaginary value of the load we are
providing information on magnitude and phase of the load. In this
case the magnitude of the load is 100 N and its phase is 0. Phase
information is important when you have two or more cyclic loads
 Dynamic Analysis   •  5

being applied to the structure as these loads could be in or out

of phase. For harmonic analysis, all loads applied to a structure
must have the SAME FREQUENCY.

5. Set the frequency range

Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequency
> Freq and Substps...
As shown in the f o l l o w i n g window, specify a frequency
range of 0–100 Hz, 100 substeps, and stepped b.c. By doing this
we will be subjecting the beam to loads at 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, .....
100 Hz. We will specify a stepped boundary condition (KBC) as
this will ensure that the same amplitude (100 N) will be applied
for each of the frequencies. The ramped option, on the other hand,
would ramp up the amplitude where at 1 Hz the amplitude would
be 1 N and at 100 Hz the amplitude would be 100 N.

You should now have the following in the ANSYS Graphics

window
6  •  Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis

6. Solve the system

Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE

1.1.1.4  Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

We want to observe the response at x=1 (where the load was applied)
as a function of frequency. We cannot do this with General PostProcess-
ing (POST 1); rather we must use TimeHist Post-Processing (POST26).
POST26 is used to observe certain variables as a function of either time
or frequency.

1. Open the TimeHist Processing (POST26) Menu

Select TimeHist Postpro from the ANSYS Main Menu.
2. Define variables
Here we have to define variables that we want to see plotted.
By default, Variable 1 is assigned either Time or Frequency. In our
case it is assigned Frequency. We want to see the displacement UY
at the node at x=1, which is node #2. (To get a list of nodes and
their attributes, select Utility Menu > List > nodes.)
Select Time Hist Postpro > Variable Viewer...
 Dynamic Analysis   •  7

And the following window should pop up:

Select Add (the green “+” sign in the upper left corner) from this
window and the following window should appear:
8  •  Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis

We are interested in the Nodal Solution > DOF Solution >

Y-Component of displacement. Click OK.
Graphically select node 2 when prompted and click OK. The
“Time History Variables” window should now look as follows:

3. List Stored Variables

In the “Time History Variables” window click the “List” ­button,
three buttons to the left of “Add.” The following window will
appear listing the data:
 Dynamic Analysis   •  9

4. Plot UY vs. frequency

In the “Time History Variables” window click the “Plot” button,
two buttons to the left of “Add.” The following graph should be
plotted in the main ANSYS window.

Note that we get peaks at frequencies of approximately 8.3

and 51 Hz. This corresponds with the predicted frequencies of
8.311 and 51.94 Hz.
To get a better view of the response, view the log scale of UY.
Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style >Graphs
> Modify Axis
The following window will appear:
10  •  Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis

As marked by an “A” in the above window, change the Y-axis

scale to “Logarithmic.”
Select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot
You should now see the following:

This is the response at node 2 for the cyclic load applied at this
node from 0–100 Hz.
 Dynamic Analysis   •  11

For ANSYS version lower than 7.0, the “Variable Viewer”

window is not available. Use the “Define Variables” and “Store
Data” functions under TimeHist Postpro. See the help file for
instructions.

1.2 Tutorial 2: Modal Analysis of

Structure

In this tutorial, the modal analysis of a cantilever beam will be addressed.

Modal analysis—used to calculate the natural frequencies and mode
shapes of a structure. Different mode extraction methods are available.
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0. The purpose of this t­utorial
is to outline the steps required to do a simple modal analysis of the
­cantilever beam shown as follows.

0.01 m

0.01 m
1.0 m

Modulus of elasticity (E) = 206800(106) N/m2

Density = 7830 kg/m3

1.2.1  Step-by-Step ANSYS Solution

1.2.1.1  Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

The simple cantilever beam is same as used in the previous tutorial.

1.2.1.2  Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define analysis type

Solution >Analysis Type > NewAnalysis > Modal ANTYPE,2
2. Set options for analysis type:
Select Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options..
12  •  Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis

The following window will appear:

As shown, select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the “No.

of modes to extract.” Check the box beside “Expand mode shapes”
and enter 5 in the “No. of modes to expand.” Click “OK.”
Note that the default mode extraction method chosen is the
Reduced Method. This is the fastest method as it reduces the system
matrices to only consider the Master Degrees of Freedom (MDOFs)
(see the following figure). The Subspace Method extracts modes
for all DOFs. It is therefore more exact but it also takes longer to
­compute (especially when the geometry is complex).
The following window will then appear:
 Dynamic Analysis   •  13

For a better understanding of these options see the Commands

manual.
For this problem, we will use the default options so click on OK.

1. Apply constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >
Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1
(i.e., all DOFs constrained).
2. Solve the system
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE

1.2.1.3  Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions

Select General Postproc > Results Summary...
The following window will appear:
14  •  Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis

The following table compares the mode frequencies (in Hz)

predicted by theory and ANSYS.

Mode Theory ANSYS Percent error

1    8.311    8.300 0.1
2  51.94  52.01 0.2
3 145.68 145.64 0.0
4 285.69 285.51 0.0
5 472.22 472.54 0.1
Note: To obtain accurate higher mode frequencies, this mesh
would have to be refined even more (i.e., instead of ten ele-
ments, we would have to model the cantilever using 15 or more
­elements depending on the highest mode frequency of interest).
2. View mode shapes
Select General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
This selects the results for the first mode shape.
Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape.
Select “Def + undef edge”
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read
Results > Next Set As above choose General Postproc > Plot
Results > Deformed shape. Select “Def + undef edge.”
The first four mode shapes should look like the following:
 Dynamic Analysis   •  15

3. Animate mode shapes

Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls
> Animate > Mode Shape
The following window will appear:

Keep the default setting and click “OK.”

The animated mode shapes for Mode 3 is shown as follows. Mode 3
16  •  Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis

1.2.1.4  Using the Reduced Method for Modal Analysis

This method employs the use of MDOFs. These are DOFs that govern
the dynamic characteristics of a structure. For example, the MDOFs for
the bending modes of cantilever beam are:
Master degrees of freedom (MDOFs)

For this option, a detailed understanding of the dynamic behavior

of a structure is required. However, going this route means a smaller
(reduced) stiffness matrix, and thus faster calculations.
The steps for using this option are quite simple.
Instead of specifying the Subspace method, select the Reduced
method and specify 5 modes for extraction.
Complete the window as shown in the following:

Note: For this example both the number of modes and frequency range
was specified. ANSYS then extracts the minimum number of modes
between the two.
Select Solution > Master DOF > User Selected > Define
When prompted, select all nodes except the left-most node (fixed).
 Dynamic Analysis   •  17

The following window will appear:

Select UY as the 1st degree of freedom (shown above). The same

constraints are used as above.
The following table compares the mode frequencies ( in Hz) pre-
dicted by theory and ANSYS (Reduced).

Mode Theory ANSYS Percent error

1    8.311    8.300 0.1
2  51.94  52.01 0.1
3 145.68 145.66 0.0
4 285.69 285.71 0.0
5 472.22 473.66 0.3

As you can see, the error does not change significantly. However,
for more complex structures, larger errors would be expected using the
reduced method.
 Index
A Continuous probability function,
Analysis file, ADPL programming
advantages and disadvantages,
145–146
using command log files,
147–148
using log files, 146–147
ANSYS Parametric Design
Language (APDL)
programming
creating analysis file, 145–148
heat loss from cylindrical cooling
fin, 155–165
stress analysis of bicycle wrench,
148–155
B optimization methods, 175–177
BEAM188, 29
BEAM189, 29
C flow, 173–174
cdf. See Cumulative distribution
function
Ceramic matrix composites
(CMCs), 20
Circular plate bending, 107–143
CMCs. See Ceramic matrix
composites
Compression, 22
Constitutive matrices, 31
Constraints, 170
Continuous distributions, 78–81
76
Convergence checking, 177
Correlation, 72
Correlation matrix, 106–107
Cumulative distribution function
(cdf), 77–78
D
Design optimization, ANSYS
program
general process for, 179–185
guidelines for performing,
185–187
optimization design tools,
177–179
sample optimization analysis,
187–193
terminology and information
Design optimization tutorial
approach and assumptions, 194
description, 193–194
input file using log file, 194–197
optimization problem, 197
solutions/results, 194
step-by-step analysis, 198–215
summary of steps, 197–198
Design set, 174
Design variables (DVs), 170, 173,
185
222  •  Index

Direct Monte Carlo sampling, Linear layered structural shell

97–98 element (SHELL99), 27
DVs. See Design variables Lognormal distribution, 85–88
Dynamic analysis Loop, 174
description of, 1 Loop file, 174
harmonic analysis of structure,
1–11 M
modal analysis of structure, Mean value, 73
11–17 Median value, 74
static analysis vs., 1 Metal matrix composites (MMCs),
Dynamic loads, 1 19
MMCs. See Metal matrix
E composites
Exceedence values, 92 Modal analysis of structure
assigning loads and solving,
F 11–13
Factorial tool, 179 description of, 11
Feasible design, 174 postprocessing-viewing results,
Finite strain shell (SHELL181), 27 13–15
First-order method, 177 preprocessing-defining problem,
Flexural loads, 23 11
using reduced method, 16–17
G Modeling composites using
Gradient tool, 179 ANSYS
failure criteria, 33–35
H layered configuration, 29–33
Harmonic analysis of structure modeling and postprocessing
assigning loads and solving, 3–6 guidelines, 35–38
command log file, 3 proper element type selection,
description of, 1–2 26–29
postprocessing-viewing results, Monte Carlo techniques
6–11 advantages, 96–97
preprocessing-defining problem, direct sampling, 97–98
2 Latin hypercube sampling, 98
Heat loss from cylindrical cooling
fin, 155–165 N
Node offset, 32–33
I Nonlinear layered structural shell
Individual layer properties, 29–31 element (SHELL91), 27
Normal distribution, 81–83
L
Latin hypercube sampling, 98 O
Layered structural solid element Objective function, 174, 186
(SOLID191), 28–29 Optimization database, 174

Optimization data flow, 175
Optimization design tools
factorial tool, 179
gradient tool, 179
random tool, 178
single loop analysis tool, 178
sweep tool, 178–179
Optimization methods
description of, 175–176
first-order method, 177
subproblem approximation
method, 176–177
Optimization tree, 171
Optimization variables, 174
Optimum design
applications, 172
description, 167–169
examples, 172
fundamental concepts, 169–171
P Weibull distribution, 88–91
pdf. See Probability density
function
PMCs. See Polymer matrix
composites
Polymer matrix composites
(PMCs)
definition of, 19
description of, 20–22
loading of, 22–23
with other structural materials,
23–26
properties of, 20
Postprocessing probabilistic
analysis
statistical postprocessing,
99–101
trend postprocessing, 101–107
PREP7, 181
Probabilistic design analysis
circular plate bending, 107–143
definition of, 69–70
reliability and quality issues, 72
steps using ANSYS, 74–75
Index   •   223
terminology, 72–74
traditional (deterministic) vs.,
71–72
variables, 73
Probabilistic design techniques
advantages, 96–97
direct Monte Carlo sampling,
97–98
Latin hypercube sampling, 98
Probabilistic model, 73
Probabilistic sensitivities, 101–104
Probability density function (pdf),
76–77
Probability distributions
gallery of common continuous
distributions, 78–81
lognormal distribution, 85–88
normal distribution, 81–83
practical uses of, 75–76
uniform distribution, 83–85
Problem formulation, 169
Problem solution, 171
Q
Quality, probabilistic design, 72
R
Random input variables, 72
Random output variables, 73
Random tool, 178
Random variable distribution
exceedence values, 92
mean values, 92
measured data, 91
no data, 93–95
output parameters, 95
standard deviation, 92
Reduced method, modal analysis,
16–17
Reliability, probabilistic design, 72
S
Sample, 73
224  •  Index
Sample optimization analysis,
187–193
Scatter plots, 105–106
Shear loads, 22–23
SHELL63, 28
SHELL91 (nonlinear layered
structural shell element), 27
SHELL99 (linear layered
structural shell element), 27
SHELL181 (finite strain shell), 27
Simply supported laminated plate
under pressure
applying loads, 56–68
approach and assumptions, 39
step-by-step analysis, 40–56
summary of steps, 39–40
Simulation, 73
Single loop analysis tool, 178
SOLID46 (3-D layered structural
shell element), 27–28
SOLID65, 29
SOLID95, 28
SOLID191 (layered structural
solid element), 28–29
Standard deviation, 74
Standard lognormal distribution,
86, 89
Standard normal distribution, 81
Standard uniform distribution, 83
State variables (SVs), 174,
185–186
Static analysis vs. dynamic
analysis, 1
Statistical postprocessing
technique
cumulative distribution function,
100–101
histogram, 99
print inverse probabilities, 101
print probabilities, 101
sample history, 99
Stress analysis of bicycle wrench,
148–155
Subproblem approximation
method, 176–177
SVs. See State variables
Sweep tool, 178–179
T
Tension, 22
3-D layered structural shell
element (SOLID46), 27–28
Trend postprocessing technique
correlation matrix, 106–107
scatter plots, 105–106
sensitivities, 101–104
U
Uniform distribution, 83–85
W
Weibull distribution, 88–91