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Measure of the spread
Range : the difference between
the largest and smallest values
in the data set.
Standard Deviation : the spread
of individual measurement about
the mean.
Relative Standard Deviation (RSD, sr)
2. Method Error
Due to inadequacies in physical or chemical behaviour
of reagents or reactions (e.g. slow or incomplete reactions)
3. Personal Error
e.g. insensitivity to colour changes; tendency to estimate
scale readings to improve precision; preconceived idea of
“true” value.
How to characterize the data?
2 Cu2+ + 4 I- 2 CuI(s) + I2
I2 + 2 S2O3-2 2 I- + S4O6 -2
High results are observed for the percentage of copper because the iodine
produced will be a measure of the copper(II) and iron(III) in the sample. If
the sample size is doubled, for example, the amount of iodine liberated by
both the copper and the iron contaminant is also doubled.
With proportional errors, the absolute error varies with sample size, but
the relative error stays constant when the sample size is changed.
How to minimize of systematic error?
Population
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Sampling Information/est
imator
Sample
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18
Standard Deviation
Standard deviation population :
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Standard deviation sample :
19
Degree of freedom
The distribution of repeated measurement
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20
Probability Distributions
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Gaussian Curve
Shows the symmetrical distribution of data around
the mean of infinite set of data
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symmetrical μ
The greater the
value of σ, the
greater the spread
of curve
22
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23
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24
The confidence interval for the
mean is the range of value
within which the population
mean μ is expected to lie with
a certain probability.
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The confidence level is the
probability that the true
mean lies within a certain
interval and is often
expressed as a percentage
25
The confidence interval for large sample :
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26
The confidence interval for small sample :
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Where t :
27
The confidence Limit :
The confidence Limit :
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30
*5-4. Describe at least three systematic errors that might
occur
while weighing a solid on an analytical balance.
*5-5. Describe at least three ways in which a systematic error
might occur while using a pipet to transfer a known
volume of liquid.
5-6. How are systematic method errors detected?
*5-7. What kind of systematic errors are detected by varying
the sample size?
5-8. A method of analysis yields masses of gold that are low
by 0.4 mg. Calculate the percent relative error caused
by this result if the mass of gold in the sample is
*(a) 500 mg. (b) 250 mg.
The color change of a chemical indicator requires an
overtitration of 0.03 mL. Calculate the percent relative
error if the total volume of titrant is
*(a) 50.00 mL. *(b) 10.0 mL.
*(c) 25.0 mL. (d) 30.0 mL.