Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vol. 26, No. 02, pp. 317 - 329, April - June, 2009
(Submitted: May 6, 2008 ; Revised: September 1, 2008 ; Accepted: September 26, 2008)
Abstract - The objectives of this work were to study and evaluate the process of drying a pharmaceutical granule
from 21% to 3 % (d.b.) moisture, also determining the power absorbed by the product, using a microwave assisted
vacuum dryer with two absolute pressures: 50 and 75 mbar. A specific objective was to compare the drying kinetics
of the microwave assisted vacuum process (MAVP) with two other drying processes, one using hot air convection
and the other combining microwaves with hot air convection. The results of such a study showed that the drying
kinetics were not affected by the vacuum levels, whereas the absorbed microwave power was higher for smaller
vacuum levels. It was also observed that the samples obtained by the microwave assisted vacuum process, when
submitted to compression, complied with the required specifications. The drying kinetics of the MAVP showed the
shortest drying times when compared to the other drying processes.
Keywords: Drying; Vacuum; Microwave; Granule.
electromagnetic energy penetrates the dielectric different microwave powers and vacuum pressure
material, a transformation into heat occurs by a levels. It was observed that the temperatures
number of mechanisms at the molecular and atomic assumed by the honey being dried were very close to
levels, amongst which ionic conduction and dipolar the water saturation temperatures corresponding to
rotation stand out (Schiffmann, 1987). the vacuum levels applied (30 and 50mbar) at the
The parameters characterizing dielectric materials beginning of the drying period, when much water
are: the relative permittivity ε’ (or dielectric constant), needed to be evaporated. In the latter drying stages,
that represents the capacity of the material to store the when only a small amount of water was available,
electrical field in a reversible manner; the relative loss and the energy needed for moisture vaporization was
factor ε”, indicating the capacity of the material to much less than the thermal energy converted from
dissipate electrical energy irreversibly in the form of the microwave power, the sample temperature was
heat; the loss tangent, which is the quotient between the higher than the water saturation temperature. It could
two previous parameters: tan α = ε " ε ' . also be observed that the higher the microwave
Microwaves are not usually applied alone in the power density, the faster the drying rate. In the latter
drying process, but are combined with conventional drying stages, the temperature of the low moisture
heating. The combined dielectric plus forced sample rises rapidly if the microwave power is not
convection heating exhibits a synergistic effect on properly supplied. Thus, sophisticated process
the drying process, that is, a higher drying speed as controls are needed to obtain high evaporation rates
compared to forced convection drying or microwave under gentle conditions with minimal deterioration
drying, considered separately. This happens because of temperature-sensitive compounds in the materials
the pressure gradient inside the product due to the being dried. The study of the effect of vacuum
dielectric heating favors the transport of moisture to pressure on the drying curves showed that the drying
the surface, from where it is removed by the hot air curves at 50 mbar were almost the same as those at
(Smith, 1979). 30 mbar.
The use of vacuum in the microwave drying process In another study (Yu Li et al., 2007), fresh garlic
could be of interest especially for thermo-labile slices were dried to a final moisture content of about
products such as food and pharmaceutical powders and 5% (wet basis) by two methods: freeze drying and
granules (Kelen et al., 2006a; Kelen et al., 2006b; microwave-vacuum combined with final vacuum
Kelen et al., 2006c). In effect, the use of vacuum drying MVD/VD. According to the authors, amongst
lowers the solvent boiling temperature, permitting others, freeze drying is still the best drying method to
operation at lower temperatures, directly influencing obtain high quality dried materials, although it was
final product quality (Péré and Rodier, 2002). much more time-consuming than MVD/VD.
Drouzas & Saravacos (1999) reported on the study However, the latter technology can provide a good
of a combined process for drying by microwaves under quality finished product, comparable to the product
vacuum, starting from a model fruit gel, aiming to dry prepared by freeze drying and conserving similarly
from 38% d.b. to 3% d.b. The drying operation took high allicin contents. In addition, freeze drying
just 4 minutes. By comparison, similar gel samples shows other disadvantages in the drying of garlic
dried using hot air at 60°C under atmospheric pressure, slices, such as the use of expensive equipment, high
took 8 hours to reduce the product moisture to 10%. energy consumption and high costs. They therefore
This same product, when compared to that obtained by concluded that garlic slices dried by MVD/VD
microwave assisted drying at atmospheric pressure, would obviously be much more competitive on the
exhibited a darker color. market than those dried by freeze drying.
In another example of microwave drying under Two drying techniques based on different
vacuum carried out with carrots (Cui et al., 2004), a principles, fluid-bed and microwave-vacuum, were
great influence of the power levels applied in relation compared (Hegedus & Pintye-Hódi, 2006). The
to the drying kinetics curves of the product was granules produced in a traditional high-shear
observed. On the other hand, the variation in vacuum granulator and dried in a vacuum chamber had a
pressure showed little influence on the kinetics. lower level of porosity and higher bulk and tapped
Microwave vacuum drying was also investigated densities, due to the special characteristics of the
as a potential method for obtaining high quality dried drying process. They retained their spherical form, in
honey (Cui et al., 2008). In this study the drying contrast to the granules dried using fluid-bed
curves and the temperature changes of the samples technology. These characteristics of the granules also
were tested during microwave vacuum drying at determined the properties of the tablets pressed from
them, and made it necessary to apply a greater granules during the drying process (Figure 1).
compressing force in the case of the granules Measurements were carried out in a Perkin Elmer
prepared from material obtained using the DSC-7 (USA) equipment, of the Centre de Poudres
microwave-vacuum drying process. At the same et Procédés.
time, the mass distribution and disintegration time The measurements showed that no modifications
were not affected. were observed in the temperature range from 20 to
The objectives of the present work were to study 80°C. Thus, a similar temperature ramp was chosen
the drying kinetics of a pharmaceutical granule that because the temperature of the granule was not
is the basis of the drug hydrochlorthiazide (HCT), allowed to exceed 70°C, in order to preserve the
from the initial moisture content of around 21% effective drug principle (HCT) (Calligaris, 2001).
(d.b.) to the final moisture content of 3% (d.b.), as
well as determining the power absorbed by the Granulation
product at 20 W of incident power, using a
microwave assisted vacuum dryer under two HCT granules were obtained in the proportions
absolute pressure conditions: 50 and 75 mbar. A described above, using a Laboratory Mixer – P1/6,
specific objective was to compare the drying kinetics Diosna (Germany) belonging to the Centre de
of the microwave assisted vacuum process with two Poudres et Procédés, using the following stages and
other drying processes, one using hot air convection operational parameters:
and the other combining microwaves with hot air Blending of the powdered constituents:
convection. blender speed: 360 rpm/min;
blending time: 5 min;
initial amount of powders: 0.5kg.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Moistened granulation, with the addition of de-
ionized water as the solvent:
The raw material employed was the blender speed: 360 rpm;
compositional basis of a pharmaceutical drug called granulator speed: 1500 rpm/min;
hydrochlorthiazide (HCT). The initial moisture granulation time: 10 min, with a maximum time
content was about 21 % d.b., which was to be of 5 min to add the water;
reduced to 3 % d.b. HCT is composed of 30 % of the water flow rate: 0.025 l/min; amount of water:
effective drug active principle, plus excipients of 28 0.12 l.
% mannitol, 42 % corn starch and de-ionized water After granulation, the granules were submitted to
as the moistening agent (Calligaris, 2001). sifting at 2mm mesh. The initial moisture content
was maintained in the range from 20 to 22% d.b.
Characterization of the Constituent Powders (16.67 – 18.03% w.b.).
Density
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GRANULE
The densities of the HCT, corn starch and
mannitol were determined using a Micromeritics - Particle Size Distribution
USA, AccuPyc 1130 helium pycnometer, belonging
to the Centre de Poudres et Procédés, École des A sieve analysis was done in order to obtain the
Mines d’Albi Carmaux - France. The determinations size distribution of the moisture granules. This was
were carried out starting from the dried materials at a accomplished by using Tyler sieves of mesh sizes 10
temperature of around 27°C. The results obtained to 100 (approximately 1.8 to 0.1 mm) of sieve
were: HCT = 1.692 g/cm3; corn starch = 1.521 aperture. The operation was carried out in a Ro-Tap
g/cm3; and mannitol = 1.486 g/cm3. (Laval Lab, Canada, RX 29) sieve shaker at
approximately 280 oscillations per minute and 150
Calorimetric Measurements taps per minute, during 5 minutes of analysis time.
The granule mass percentages are shown on the
These measurements were carried out in order to ordinate axis as a function of the average diameter
obtain information concerning any eventual structure on the abscissa axis, shown as differential values in
evolution of the effective drug principle within the Figure 2 and as accumulated values in Figure 3.
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 26, No. 02, pp. 317 - 329, April - June, 2009
320 M. N. Berteli, E. Rodier and A. Marsaioli Jr.
%, smaller or equal to
40 80
Percentage (%)
30 60
20 40
10 20
0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Size of Opening (mm) Diameter (mm)
Figure 2: Particle size distribution of the granules. Figure 3: Granulometric curve for the granules.
0.025
Moisture content, X
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Adsorption Desorption
0.000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water activity, aw
Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) circulator. The three other stubs allowed for the
smooth regulation of the microwave power
After microwave assisted vacuum drying, both furnished to the product. Thus, since the
the moistened and dry granules were analyzed by magnetron provided 800W of a fixed power, the
low vacuum SEM (FEI Company – USA, product received a remaining power that could be
XL30ESEM FEG), of the Centre de Poudres et varied from 10 to 100 W. In this study the
Procédés. A GSE (gaseous secondary electrons) incident power was adjusted to a fixed value of 20
detector was used to capture the images of the W (Berteli et al., 2007).
granules. During the drying operation, the values of mass
(precision ± 0.001 g), microwave power (precision ±
Laboratory Scale Microwave Vacuum Dryer 0.1 W) and pressure (precision ± 5 mbar) were
recorded continuously by a data acquisition system.
The experiments were carried out using an In order to study the drying kinetics and the
equipment, developed at the Centre de Poudres et microwave power absorbed by the HCT granules, the
Procédés, composed of a cylindrical vacuum chamber experiments were run at two absolute pressure levels,
of about 100 liters volumetric capacity (Figure 5), 50mbar and 75mbar, for samples weighing 1.4g,
crossed by a horizontal single mode microwave guide with an average moisture content of 21% d.b. Five
(Péré, Rodier, 2002). Most of the waveguide was at repetitions were made at the two absolute pressure
atmospheric pressure, except for inside a vertical quartz levels.
tube, where the pressure was reduced. Quartz was used To monitor temperature evolution in the sample,
since it does not absorb microwaves. after each microwave vacuum drying cycle, the
The microwaves were generated by a system was turned off and a Testo 925 (Germany)
magnetron at one end of the waveguide, at a type thermocouple inserted into the sample. The
frequency of 2450 MHz. Four stubs and two readings were taken at six different cycles times (3,
circulators were located on the guide so as to 6, 9, 12, 15 and 20 minutes), in triplicate for each
protect the magnetron against reflected power and cycle, for each absolute operational pressure.
to control the incident power arriving in the The final product moisture was determined with
product. The first stub reflected most of the power an infrared dryer LJ16 (Mettler-Toledo, France) at
coming from the magnetron towards the first the end of each experiment.
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 26, No. 02, pp. 317 - 329, April - June, 2009
322 M. N. Berteli, E. Rodier and A. Marsaioli Jr.
Visualization and Behavior under Compression the end of the 1200 s the product reached a moisture
content of 2% d.b.
The dry granule obtained from the microwave Figure 7 shows the drying curve obtained with a
vacuum drying process was compressed using an dimensionless moisture ratio ( X − Xeq ) ( X0 − Xeq ) on
Instron (USA) 5567 press, belonging to the Centre
the ordinate axis. The moisture X is defined as
de Poudres et Procédés. The compression system of
being the ratio of the mass of water in the product to
this single-axis press was based on the movement of
an upper punch, whereas the lower punch was fixed. the mass of dried solids; X eq as being the equilibrium
The press was equipped with a force catcher, being moisture under the air conditions and X0 , the initial
able to reach up to 30kN. The dies that were used moisture content of the product.
had a cylindrical geometry and were made of The equilibrium moistures applied to these
stainless steel or of treated copper, having different calculations were equivalent to the final moisture
diameters and heights. The compression speed values reached in the experiments at the pressures 50
ranged from 0 to 55mm/min. and 75 mbar, being respectively 1.6 and 2.0% d.b.
The work was developed using the 25kN force at The curves were plotted starting from the same
a compression speed of 15mm/min for the product initial moisture content for both experiments.
dried at 75 mbar of absolute pressure and at a According to Figure 7, it can be observed that the
compression speed of 5mm/min for the product dried evolution of water loss as a function of time was
at 50 mbar of absolute pressure. Compression was equal for both absolute pressures.
carried out with and without the addition of Figures 8 and 9 show the curves obtained
lubricants, which were composed of 5% talcum and considering the rate of evaporation density (Rdrying).
5% magnesium stearate. By definition, Rdrying is the mass of water evaporated
The images of the tablets were obtained by SEM - per unit of contact surface area of the product on the
USA with a BSE detector (Electron Backscattering), support and per unit time (g / m2 s), being calculated
providing images that were generated by chemical from the equation:
contrast, that is, elements with higher atomic
numbers showed up more brilliant than those with M sol dX
lower atomic numbers. R drying = − ⋅
A dt
0.30 1.0
Microwave-Vacuum - 50mbar Microwave-Vacuum - 50mbar
Moisture content, X (d. b.)
(X-Xeq) / (X0-Xeq)
0.20
0.6
0.4
0.10
0.2
0.00
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
time (s) time (s)
Figure 6: Product moisture as a function of time Figure 7: Dimensionless moisture as a function
at 50 and 75 mbar of time at 50 and 75mbar.
4.0 4.0
Rate, Rdrying (g / m2 s)
Rate, Rdrying (g / m *s)
3.0 3.0
2
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
Microwave-Vacuum - 50mbar Microwave-Vacuum - 50mbar
Microwave-Vacumm - 75mbar Microwave-Vacuum - 75mbar
0.0 0.0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Moisture content (d.b.) (X-Xeq) / (X0-Xeq)
Figure 8: Drying rate per unit area as a function Figure 9: Drying rate per unit area as a function
of the product moisture at 50 and 75mbar. of the dimensionless moisture at 50 and 75mbar.
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 26, No. 02, pp. 317 - 329, April - June, 2009
324 M. N. Berteli, E. Rodier and A. Marsaioli Jr.
50 10
Absorbed Power (W)
40 8
Temperature (°C)
30 6
20 4
Microwave-Vacuum - 50mbar
10 Microwave-Vacuum - 75mbar 2
Temperature evap. water - 50mbar Microwave-Vacuum - 50mbar
Temperature evap. water - 75mbar Microwave-Vacuum - 75mbar
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Moisture content (d.b.) (X-Xeq) / (Xo-Xeq)
Figure 10: Temperature as a function of the Figure 11: Power absorbed as a function of the
product moisture at 50 and 75mbar. dimensionless moisture at 50 and 75mbar.
160 160
Absorbed Power (W) / g water
80 80
40 40
0 0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Moisture content (d.b.) (X-Xeq) / (Xo-Xeq)
Figure 12: Absorbed power / amount of available Figure 13: Absorbed power / amount of available
water in the product as a function of product water in the product as a function of the
moisture content. dimensionless moisture content.
Figure 15: Moist granule (X = 25 – 28% d.b.) and the Figure 16: Moist granule (25 – 28% d.b.) and the ratio
ratio of chemical elements in the circled area - C = of chemical elements in the circled area – C= 68.05%;
72.14%; O = 26.17%; S = 1.11%; Cl = 0.58%. O = 12.90%; S = 13.69%; Cl = 5.36%.
Figure 18: Granules after microwave assisted Figure 19: Granules after microwave assisted
vacuum drying (X = 2% d.b.). vacuum drying (X = 2% d.b.).
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 26, No. 02, pp. 317 - 329, April - June, 2009
326 M. N. Berteli, E. Rodier and A. Marsaioli Jr.
Figure 20: Image obtained in the interior of the Figure 21: Image obtained in the interior of the
tablet and the ratio of chemical elements in the tablet.
lighter: C=57.43%; O=16.36%; S=16.36%;
Cl=6.79; and darker regions: C=72.48; O= 26.10%;
S = 0.69; Cl = 0.38%.
Visualization and Behavior under Compression active drug principle and the darker regions
represent the excipients.
After microwave assisted vacuum drying, the
granules were submitted to compression. Before the Comparison Between the Drying Processes
compression stage, two lubricants, talcum and
magnesium stearate, were added to the granules, Experiments were carried out on a laboratory
followed by manual homogenization inside a closed scale in the Department of Food Engineering/FEA
recipient, since the amount of product was too small of the State University of Campinas - Brazil, using
to use a mixer. tray driers, one working with hot air alone, and the
The tablets, obtained using a compression force other combining microwaves with hot air (adapted
of 25kN and speed of 15mm/min, presented the domestic ovens) (Berteli and Marsaioli, 2004),
following behavior: also working with the granule consisting of HCT,
tablets obtained without addition of a lubricant mannitol and corn starch, with the same
broke immediately after compression; composition but with a greater initial moisture
tablets obtained with the addition of a lubricant content. A comparison was made between the hot
did not show fissures after compression, but broke air processes with and without microwaves in the
the day after; tray dryer and the microwave assisted vacuum
In the face of these results, the compression speed process. The ratios of the initial amounts of
was changed, and thereafter a speed of 5 mm/min material to the contact area of the sample holder
was used. In order to verify if the reason for fissuring for the three types of drying process were 4522.3
of the tablets was water absorption from the g/m2, 4709.6 g/m2 and 4682.3 g/m2, respectively,
environment, two tablets prepared with lubricants that is, values of the same magnitude. The
were conditioned in a desiccator with the relative conditions of the hot air on entering were a
humidity controlled by means of a probe. The temperature of 70°C+1 and flow rate of 2.5
relative humidity of the system was about 20 %. m3/min, for the two tray dryer processes. The
Another four tablets were conditioned at the power available for the product in the combined
environmental relative humidity, two prepared with microwave and hot air process was 145.7W.
lubricants and two without. The drying time for the combined microwave and
None of the six tablets showed fissures, even hot air process was 45 minutes, from an initial
after several days. Thus it was concluded that the moisture content of 42% to 3% d.b., and 4 hours for
previous speed of 15mm/min was not suitable, and the convective hot air alone, for the same moisture
that the granules behaved well faced with the range. For the microwave assisted vacuum process
compression process. The SEM analyses were the drying time was 20 minutes, from an initial
carried out to visualize the distribution of the moisture content of 25% to 2.0% d.b. The drying
active drug principle and the excipients (Figures curves and the drying rate curves for the three
20 and 21), where the clearer regions show the processes are given in Figures 22 and 23.
1.0 5
Microwave-Hot Air - 145,7W Microwave-Hot Air - 145,7W
Ratedrying (g water / m2 s)
Hot Air Hot Air
0.8 Microwave-Vacuum - 75mbar 4
(X-Xeq) / (Xo-Xeq)
Microwave-Vacuum - 75mbar
0.6 3
0.4 2
0.2 1
0.0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
time (s) (X-Xeq) / (Xo-Xeq)
Figure 22: Dimensionless moisture as a function Figure 23: Drying rate per unit area as a function of
of time for the hot air processes with and without the dimensionless moisture for the hot air processes
microwaves using the tray dryer and the with and without microwaves in the tray dryer and
microwave assisted vacuum process. the microwave assisted vacuum process.
Considering the same moisture range, from 25 to vacuum process without the application of
3% d.b., the following can be observed: microwaves, was 2 hours, in contrast to 4 hours with
for the microwave assisted vacuum process: time the convective process.
required = 9 minutes; Another issue to consider is the temperature. The
for the combined microwave and hot air process: product treated by hot air combined with microwaves
time required = 30 minutes; at an initial power density of 484.9W/kg, showed a
for the convective hot air process alone: time maximum temperature of 65°C (Berteli and Marsaioli,
required = 205 minutes. 2004) and the product submitted to the microwave
If the last two processes are compared with the assisted vacuum process at an initial power density of
microwave assisted vacuum process, it can be 6,690.1W/kg showed a maximum temperature of 45°C.
observed that the latter process showed an average 3- The application of vacuum permitted working with
fold decrease in relation to the combined microwave higher power densities, although the product
and hot air processes and a 22-fold decrease in temperatures were lower.
relation to the convective hot air process alone.
Concerning the available power levels, the
combined microwave and hot air process worked with CONCLUSIONS
a value for Pavail. = 145.7 W, for an initial power density
of 494.9W/kg; for the microwave assisted vacuum Based on the results obtained it could be
process the initial power density was 4929.6 W/kg for concluded that:
50 mbar and 6690.1 W/kg for 75 mbar. It should be For the microwave assisted vacuum process, the
stressed that the wave configuration in a waveguide drying kinetics were similar for the two absolute
(monomode) is different from the configuration inside pressures. The power absorbed at 75 mbar was slightly
a cavity (multimode). Thus the real power absorbed by higher than that absorbed at 50 mbar. The drying
the product was not easy to evaluate, which is why it process to reach 3 % d.b. moisture was accomplished in
was not presented in this paper. the regimen of water evaporation, because the product
The big difference between the values of the temperatures were smaller than the boiling water
drying rates was probably due to the equally big temperatures at the respective pressures.
difference between the power densities of the two The vacuum assisted microwave drying showed
processes with the application of microwave energy. good results as compared to the combined microwave
Microwaves can generate an additional rate due to and hot air drying process. Shorter drying times and
the gaseous pressures inside the product, besides lower product temperatures were observed.
capillary and diffusional migration (Péré, 1999). In With respect to the granules, in agreement with
addition, the vacuum also helped mass transfer. As the sorption isotherms, the product was shown to
proof of this, an experiment was carried out in the have free, unbound water up to a moisture content of
microwave assisted vacuum dryer, but with only the around 3% d.b., such that the drying rate was much
vacuum connected. The corresponding time for the higher at that moisture content. It was found to be in
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 26, No. 02, pp. 317 - 329, April - June, 2009
328 M. N. Berteli, E. Rodier and A. Marsaioli Jr.
equilibrium with the lower air humidity, showing a Technology, 21, N° 3, p. 479 (2003).
tendency to lose water to the environment as the Berteli, M. N., Marsaioli, A. Jr., Rodier, E., Study of
main characteristic. a microwave assisted vacuum drying process
The amount of water in the material influenced applied to the granulated pharmaceutical drug
the power absorbed. For moistures close to 5% d.b., hydrochlorthiazide (HCT), Journal of Microwave
the power absorbed per unit of water mass in the Power & Electromagnetic Energy, 40, N° 4, p.
product was constant, and then increased due to 241 (2007).
absorption by the granule constituents. Bika, D., Tardos, G. I., Panmai, S., Farber, L,
Michaels, J., Strenght and morphology of solid
bridges in dry granules of pharmaceutical
NOMENCLATURE powders, Powder Technology, 150, p. 104 (2005).
Berteli, M. N., Marsaioli, A. Jr., Comparative drying
aw water activity behavior of a granulated product when submitted
A contact area of the sample m2 to hot air, fluidized bed and microwave processes,
support with the product ICEF – International Conference on Engineering
dX/dt variation in water content at (kg water/kg and Food, Montpellier, France, CR-ROM (2004).
instant t dry matter)/s Calligaris, D., personal communication, Furp –
Msol, mass of product solids (g Fundação para o Remédio Popular, Guarulhos,
dry solids) São Paulo (2001).
HCT hydrochlorthiazide Cui, Z. W., Sun, L. J., Chen, W., Sun, D. W.,
k diffusivity constant s-1 Preparation of dry honey by microwave-vacuum
Pabs power absorbed W drying, Journal of Food Engineering, 84, p. 582
Pavail available power W (2008).
Pinc waveguide incident power W Cui, Z. W., Xu, S. Y., Sun, D. W., Microwave-
Rdrying drying rate g/m2s vacuum drying kinetics of carrots slices, Journal
X product moisture g water/g dry of Food Engineering, 65, p. 157 (2004).
matter Drouzas, E. T., Saravacos, G. D., Microwave /
Xd.b. product moisture content, g water/g dry vacuum drying of model fruit gels, Journal of
dry weight basis matter Food Engineering, 39, p. 117 (1999).
Xw.b. product moisture content, g water/g Hegedus, Á., Pintye-Hóbi, K., Comparison of the
wet weight basis water + g dry effects of different drying techniques on
matter properties of granules and tablets made on a
Xeq product equilibrium g water/g dry production scale, International Journal of
moisture content matter Pharmaceutics, 330, p. 99 (2006).
X0 initial moisture content g water/g dry Iglesias, H. A., Chirife, J. Handbook of food
matter isotherms: water sorption parameters for food
ε’ relative permittivity dimensionless components, Academic Press (1982).
ε” loss factor dimensionless Kelen, A., Ress, S., Nagy, T., Pallai, E., Pintye-Hódi,
K. Mapping of temperature distribution in
pharmaceutical microwave vacuum drying,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Powder Technology, 162, p. 133 (2006).
Kelen, A., Pallai-Varsanyi, E., Ress, S., Nagy, T.,
The authors are grateful to CAPES – Pintye-Hodi, K. Practical method for choosing
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de diluent that ensures the best temperature
Nível Superior; CNPq - Conselho Nacional de uniformity in the case of pharmaceutical
Pesquisa; FURP - Fundação Para o Remédio Popular microwave vacuum drying of a heat sensitive
and to the École des Mines d’Albi Carmaux. product, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics, 62, p. 101 (2006).
Kelen, A., Ress, S., Nagy, T., Pallai-Varsanyi, E.,
REFERENCES Pintye-Hodi, K., “3D layered thermography”
method to map the temperature distribution of a
Arlabosse, A., Rodier, E., Ferrase, J. H., Lecomte, free flowing bulk in case of microwave drying,
D., Comparison between static and dynamic International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,
methods for sorption measurements, Drying 49, p. 1015 (2006).
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Study of the Microwave Vacuum Drying Process for a Granulated Product 329
Lê Hir, A., Noções de farmácia galênica. 6. ed. pharmaceutiques. Thèse de Doctorat, École de
Organização Andrei Editora Ltda, São Paulo Mines de Paris (1999).
(1997). Rantanen, J., Lehtola, S., Ramet, P.; Mannermaa, J.
Li, Y., Xu, S. Y., Sun, D. W., Preparation of garlic P., Yliruusi, J., On-line monitoring of moisture
powder with high allicin content by using content in an instrumented fluidized bed
combined microwave-vacuum drying as well as granulator with a multi channel NIR moisture
microencapsulation, Journal of Food Engineering, sensor, Powder Technology, 99, N° 2, p. 163
83, p. 76 (2007). (1998).
Péré, C., Rodier, E., Microwave vacuum drying of Schiffmann, R. F., Microwave and dielectric drying.
porous media: experimental study and qualitative IN: Mujundar, A. S. Handbook of industrial
considerations of internal transfers, Chemical drying. New YorK: Marcel Dekker (1987).
Engineering and Processing, 41, 427 (2002). Smith, F. J. Microwave hot air drying of pasta,
Péré, C., Étude du séchage sous vide et sous micro- onions and bacon, Microwave Energy Applications
ondes de billes de verre et granulés Newsletter, 12, N° 6, p. 6 (1979).
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 26, No. 02, pp. 317 - 329, April - June, 2009